Alodine® EC2 General Characteristics:

•Coating based on Ti electrodeposited oxides from the electrically assisted hydrolysis of metal complexes.

•Coating forms readily on aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys aluminized, aluminum plated and IVD aluminum, and aluminized ferrous substrates.

•Useful coating thickness is 3-12 μm.•Coating provides excellent wear, corrosion and thermal resistance, and engine performance enhancements.

•Provides an excellent base for paint, adhesives and other coatings.

•Can be coated with PVD and CVD processes.

Alodine® EC2

Properties, Performance, Emissions, and Durability

Alodine® EC2 Physical Properties:•Hardness: 600 - 800 vickers (nanoindenter).•Surface Roughness: 0.2-0.6 μm Ra.•Coefficient of Friction 0.1-0.2 dry.•Abrasion resistance: cycles (CS-10 Wheel 10,000 cycles) TWI 1.5 (EN plating is 5-15 TWI).

•Flexibility: pass 1-2T bend (ASTM D 4145).•Impact test equivalent to the best paints (ASTM 2794).

•Thermal resistance: 600 ºC, 84 hours (no change in adhesion).

•Stable to thermal cycle of 600 ºC followed by -197°C quench

•Good bonding base for structural adhesives (3000-5000 psi lap shear depending on the adhesive).

1. Cleaning2. Water Rinse 3. Rinse D.I. Counter flowed4. Alodine® EC2 (1-3 min.) 5. DI Water Rinse6. Drying (air dry or force dry)

Alodine® EC2 Process Cycle:

Platinum

TiO2 Coating

Substrate

TEM Analysis of Alodine® EC2 on Aluminum:

Top-down view of Alodine® EC2 coating

Cross sectional view of Alodine® EC2 coating

Alodine® EC2 Corrosion & Adhesion Performance:

Aluminum Alloy

Neutral Salt Spray (ASTM B117) - Hours

Scribe Creep

356 2000 0

6061 5000 0

6063 5000 0

7075 1000 0

5052 5000 0

5083 5000 0

Clad-2024 3000 0

•No shot blast•Fe/Mo/C composite •3-4 ml. thermal

spray

Thermal Spray Adhesion:

•Clean and shot blast•Fe/Mo/C composite •3-4 ml. thermal

sprayCrosshatch/Impact Adhesion:

Crosshatch/impact adhesion evaluated after heating to 600˚C for 84 hours followed by water quench.

Alodine® EC2 Chemical Resistance:

•Boiling (230-270°F) ethylene glycol and water (30-70% ) mixtures for 3 weeks showed no effect.

• 10% H2SO4 for 2 days - no adhesion loss.

•10% CH3COOH for 30 days - no visible effect.

•Hot and cold solvent borne paint strippers do not attack ceramic layer.

Typical Applications:•Engine heads, pistons, and intake.• Cylinder liners.• Water pumps, turbochargers, EGR, and other engine components.

•Brake components.•Aluminum structural components.•Stainless steel replacement.•Fuel cells and battery applications.

Alodine® EC2 Engine Emissions Testing:

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Emis

sion

s Red

uctio

n

100 rpm,30 kPa

1600 rpm,20 kPa

1600 rpm,WOT

2200 rpm,20 kPa

2200 rpm,60 kPa

2200 rpm,WOT

Average

Fully Warm Engine - Out Emissions

HC CO NOx

Alodine® EC2 Engine Intake Testing:

Substrate Maximum

HorsepowerMaximum

Torque

Coated with Alodine® EC2 337.35 340.92

Uncoated: 326.00 330.00

Improvement > 3% > 3%

Engine Enhancements:

•No damage.•Significant reduction in carbon

residues.•Over 90% improvement in

durability.Conclusions:•Coating delivers a more durable piston coating and much simpler coating process.

•Coating allows more flexibility in ECM settings because of enhanced temperature stability and emissions reductions with resultant improvements in fuel economy.

•Coating reduces emissions when head and piston and/or exhaust manifold are coated with Alodine® EC2.

•Alodine® EC2 coating greatly enhances emissions 21-28% for CO, HC and NOx.

•Coating an intake with Alodine® EC2

improved engine horsepower and torque (3-10% depending on RPM).