Quantization and depth effects, XPS and Auger XPS: The Chemical Shift
Afforestation Effects On Phsycal, Chemical and Biological...
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Afforestation Effects On Phsycal, Chemical and Biological Soil properties Aliye Sepken Berber 1 Shima Farasat 2 Ayten Namlı 3 1 Research Institute for Forest Soil and Ecology 2 Ankara University, Soil Science Department 3 Ankara University, Soil Science Department Results It was seen that β-glucosidase enzyme activity changed at the same aspect with organic matter’s. Alcalin phosphatase activity increased with depth. It is considered that inorganic phosphorus’ larger amounts at high depths were inhibited the phosphatase activity at high depths. Afforestration increased electrical conductivity (from 0,264 mS/cm to 0,420 mS/cm), urease activity (from 0,187 µgN.g-1 soil to 0,236 µgN.g-1 soil) and CO2 evaluation (from 1,396 g C m-2 gün-1 to 1,574 g C m-2 gün-1); and decreased organic matter (from 2,622% to 2,321%) and β-glucosidase activity (from 5,752 mg pNP h-1 g-1 soil to 1,964 mg pNP h-1 g-1 soil). There is no significant difference observed in phosphatase activity. Soil reaction, total lime, organic matter, β-glucosidase and CO2 evaluation was affected from different aspects. It is founded that lime, pH, and CO2 evaluation was higher in South; organic matter and β-glucosidase activity was higher in North. Depending on the depth of soil there was seen decrease at organic matter content and increase at phosphatase activity. Table: The results of afforestation effects on soil with Duncan Test Conclusions Enzyme activities and other microbial factors may widely vary under natural conditions typically. Therefore, soil enzyme activities investigations should be conducted with other chemical, physical and microbial measurements to evaluate soil health accurately and more comprehensive studies should be done. Abstract In this study afforestation effects on physical, chemical and biological soil properties was investigated according to results from treeless area, 10 years old plantation, and 23 years old plantation in Kaymaz basin of the dam area of black pine plantation at Eskişehir which had been used like grassland. The results are also evaluated for different aspects and for different soil dephts. Afforestration increased electrical conductivity, urease activity and CO 2 evaluation; and decreased organic matter and β- glucosidase activity. There is no significant difference observed in phosphatase activity. Soil reaction, total lime, organic matter, β-glucosidase and CO 2 evaluation was affected from different aspects. It is founded that lime, pH, and CO 2 evaluation was higher in South; organic matter and β-glucosidase activity was higher in North. Depending on the depth of soil there was seen decrease at organic matter content and increase at phosphatase activity. Key Words: Afforestation, Soil Enzyme Activity, Soil Respiration Introduction Land use change alters the below-ground ecosystem, often leading to loss of biodiversity and depletion of soil carbon (Doran and Zeiss, 2000) . Some 1780 Mha of the world’s soils are now known to be degraded in some way , with conversion of forests and grasslands to agriculture causing dramatic effects on physical and chemical properties (Bossio et al., 2005). Some enzyme activity assays have been shown to be early and sensitive indicators of soil management (Bandick and Dick, 1999; Ndiaye et al., 2000). Research on sterilized soils without viable organisms has shown a significant enzyme activity (typically 40% to 60% of the enzyme activity of non-sterile soil) due to enzyme stabilized by the soil matrix (Skujins 1978; Knight and Dick 2004). Therefore, the present enzyme assay determines both the activity of the viable cells and long-term accumulation of enzymes stabilized in the soil. Soil microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration are often applied for understanding environmental factors’ effects on soil organisms, monitoring carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus cycles on soils exposed natural conditions or human activities and monitoring effects of human activities on soil ecosystems (Ocio et al. 1991). Material and Method The study was conducted at Kaymaz basin of the dam area of black pine plantation in Eskişehir (39 0 49 ı N, 30 0 49 ı E). The site’s average temprature is 11,2 0 C and average annual rainfall is 400,5 mm. In this study afforestation effects on physical, chemical and biological soil properties was investigated according to results from treeless area, 10 years old plantation, and 23 years old plantation. The area was used like grassland before it has been planted with Pinus nigra. Soil properties Treeless area 10 years old plantation 23 years old plantation Sand % 60,796 a 60,905 a 61,636 a Silt % 17,940 a 17,210 a 17,583 a Clay % 21,266 a 21,884 a 20,781 a pH 7,525 a 7,385 a 7,395 a Total Lime % 13,991 b 3,707 a 8,050 a Organic Material % 2,622 b 1,826 a 2,321 b EC (10 3 25 0 C mS/cm ) 0,274 a 0,264 a 0,420 b Β-Glicosidase ( mg pNP h -1 g -1 soil) 5,755 b 1,482 a 1,966 a Phosphatase (mg pNP h -1 g -1 soil) 0,033 a 0,039 a 0,035 a Urease (μgN.g-1 soil) 0,187 ab 0,154 a 0,236 b CO 2 evaluation (g C m -2 . day -1 ) 1,396 a 1,312 a 1,574 b Different letters on values shows different groups References Bossio D.A., Girvan M.S., Verchot L., Bullimore J., Borelli T., Albrecht A., Scow K.M., Ball A.S., Pretty J.N. and Osborn A.M., 2005. Soil Microbial Community Response to Land Use Change in an Agricultural Landscape of Western Kenya. Microbial Ecology 49: 50–62 Bandick AK, Dick RP (1999) Field management effects on soil enzyme activities. Soil Biol Biochem 31:1471–1479 Doran, JW, Zeiss, MR (2000) Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality. Appl Soil Ecol 15: 3–11 Knight TR, Dick RP (2004) Differentiating microbial and stabilized [beta]-glucosidase activity relative to soil quality. Soil Biol Biochem 36:2089–2096 Ndiaye EL, Sandeno JM, McGrath D, Dick RP (2000) Integrative biological indicators for detecting change in soil quality. Am J Altern Agric 15:26–36 Ocio J.A., Martinez J., Brookes P.C. (1991) Contribution of straw-derived N following incorporation of cereal starw to soil. Soil Biol and Biochem 23:655-659 Skujins J (1978) History of abiotic soil enzyme research. In: Burns RG (ed) Soil enzymes. Academic, London, pp 1–49
Transcript of Afforestation Effects On Phsycal, Chemical and Biological...
Afforestation Effects On Phsycal,
Chemical and Biological Soil properties Aliye Sepken Berber1 Shima Farasat2 Ayten Namlı3
1 Research Institute for Forest Soil and Ecology 2 Ankara University, Soil Science Department
3 Ankara University, Soil Science Department
Results
It was seen that β-glucosidase enzyme activity changed at the same
aspect with organic matter’s. Alcalin phosphatase activity increased with
depth. It is considered that inorganic phosphorus’ larger amounts at high
depths were inhibited the phosphatase activity at high depths.
Afforestration increased electrical conductivity (from 0,264 mS/cm to
0,420 mS/cm), urease activity (from 0,187 µgN.g-1 soil to 0,236 µgN.g-1
soil) and CO2 evaluation (from 1,396 g C m-2 gün-1 to 1,574 g C m-2 gün-1);
and decreased organic matter (from 2,622% to 2,321%) and β-glucosidase
activity (from 5,752 mg pNP h-1 g-1 soil to 1,964 mg pNP h-1 g-1 soil).
There is no significant difference observed in phosphatase activity. Soil
reaction, total lime, organic matter, β-glucosidase and CO2 evaluation was
affected from different aspects. It is founded that lime, pH, and CO2
evaluation was higher in South; organic matter and β-glucosidase activity
was higher in North. Depending on the depth of soil there was seen
decrease at organic matter content and increase at phosphatase activity.
Table: The results of afforestation effects on soil with Duncan Test
Conclusions
Enzyme activities and other microbial factors may widely vary under
natural conditions typically. Therefore, soil enzyme activities
investigations should be conducted with other chemical, physical and
microbial measurements to evaluate soil health accurately and more
comprehensive studies should be done.
Abstract
In this study afforestation effects on physical, chemical and
biological soil properties was investigated according to results
from treeless area, 10 years old plantation, and 23 years old
plantation in Kaymaz basin of the dam area of black pine
plantation at Eskişehir which had been used like grassland. The
results are also evaluated for different aspects and for different
soil dephts.
Afforestration increased electrical conductivity, urease activity
and CO2 evaluation; and decreased organic matter and β-
glucosidase activity. There is no significant difference observed
in phosphatase activity. Soil reaction, total lime, organic matter,
β-glucosidase and CO2 evaluation was affected from different
aspects. It is founded that lime, pH, and CO2 evaluation was
higher in South; organic matter and β-glucosidase activity was
higher in North. Depending on the depth of soil there was seen
decrease at organic matter content and increase at phosphatase
activity.
Key Words: Afforestation, Soil Enzyme Activity, Soil Respiration
Introduction
Land use change alters the below-ground ecosystem, often
leading to loss of biodiversity and depletion of soil carbon (Doran
and Zeiss, 2000) . Some 1780 Mha of the world’s soils are now
known to be degraded in some way , with conversion of forests
and grasslands to agriculture causing dramatic effects on
physical and chemical properties (Bossio et al., 2005).
Some enzyme activity assays have been shown to be early and
sensitive indicators of soil management (Bandick and Dick, 1999;
Ndiaye et al., 2000). Research on sterilized soils without viable
organisms has shown a significant enzyme activity (typically 40%
to 60% of the enzyme activity of non-sterile soil) due to enzyme
stabilized by the soil matrix (Skujins 1978; Knight and Dick 2004).
Therefore, the present enzyme assay determines both the
activity of the viable cells and long-term accumulation of
enzymes stabilized in the soil.
Soil microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration are often
applied for understanding environmental factors’ effects on soil
organisms, monitoring carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus cycles on
soils exposed natural conditions or human activities and
monitoring effects of human activities on soil ecosystems (Ocio
et al. 1991).
Material and Method
The study was conducted at Kaymaz basin of the dam area of
black pine plantation in Eskişehir (39049
ıN, 30
049
ıE). The site’s
average temprature is 11,20C and average annual rainfall is 400,5
mm.
In this study afforestation effects on physical, chemical and
biological soil properties was investigated according to results
from treeless area, 10 years old plantation, and 23 years old
plantation. The area was used like grassland before it has been
planted with Pinus nigra.
Soil properties Treeless area 10 years old plantation 23 years old plantation
Sand % 60,796a 60,905a 61,636a
Silt % 17,940a 17,210a 17,583a
Clay % 21,266a 21,884a 20,781a
pH 7,525a 7,385a 7,395a
Total Lime % 13,991b 3,707a 8,050a
Organic Material % 2,622b 1,826a 2,321b
EC (103 250C mS/cm ) 0,274a 0,264a 0,420b
Β-Glicosidase ( mg pNP h-1 g-1 soil) 5,755b 1,482a 1,966a
Phosphatase (mg pNP h-1 g-1 soil) 0,033a 0,039a 0,035a
Urease (μgN.g-1 soil) 0,187ab 0,154a 0,236b
CO2 evaluation (g C m-2. day-1) 1,396a 1,312a 1,574b
Different letters on values shows different groups
References
Bossio D.A., Girvan M.S., Verchot L., Bullimore J., Borelli T., Albrecht A., Scow K.M., Ball A.S., Pretty J.N. and Osborn A.M., 2005. Soil Microbial Community
Response to Land Use Change in an Agricultural Landscape of Western Kenya. Microbial Ecology 49: 50–62
Bandick AK, Dick RP (1999) Field management effects on soil enzyme activities. Soil Biol Biochem 31:1471–1479
Doran, JW, Zeiss, MR (2000) Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality. Appl Soil Ecol 15: 3–11
Knight TR, Dick RP (2004) Differentiating microbial and stabilized [beta]-glucosidase activity relative to soil quality. Soil Biol Biochem 36:2089–2096
Ndiaye EL, Sandeno JM, McGrath D, Dick RP (2000) Integrative biological indicators for detecting change in soil quality. Am J Altern Agric 15:26–36
Ocio J.A., Martinez J., Brookes P.C. (1991) Contribution of straw-derived N following incorporation of cereal starw to soil. Soil Biol and Biochem 23:655-659
Skujins J (1978) History of abiotic soil enzyme research. In: Burns RG (ed) Soil enzymes. Academic, London, pp 1–49
