Aditya K. Jagannatham Indian Institute of Technology ...0.8 in a WiMAX system with a carrier spacing...

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4G MO W SS W MAX 4G MOBILE WIRELESS WIMAX Aditya K. Jagannatham Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Commonwealth of Learning Vancouver MOOC on M4D 2013

Transcript of Aditya K. Jagannatham Indian Institute of Technology ...0.8 in a WiMAX system with a carrier spacing...

Page 1: Aditya K. Jagannatham Indian Institute of Technology ...0.8 in a WiMAX system with a carrier spacing 0.4 of 15.625 KHz. 0.6 e r Amplitude • Observer, there is NO 0 guard band Subcarri

4G MO W SS WMAX4G MOBILE WIRELESS WIMAX

Aditya K. JagannathamIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KanpurCommonwealth of Learning Vancouver

MOOC on M4D 2013

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WSSUS Channel Variables DelayWSSUS Channel Variables ‐ Delay

• Typical wireless channel delay spreads are of the order of  3 μs.

~ Km~ Km~ Km

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WSSUS Channel Variables DelayWSSUS Channel Variables ‐ Delay

• Therefore, to avoid ISI, T > Td = 3 μs.• It is immediately clear the maximum symbol rate in outdoor channels is,

1 Kbps 3331031

6max

R

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Coherence bandwidthCoherence bandwidth

• Coherence bandwidth of the channel is defined in terms of delay spread as, 

c TB 1

d

c T

• For outdoor channels, Td ~ 3 s as seen earlier.– Hence, the coherence bandwidth Bc is given as,, c g ,

KHz3331B

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KHz333103 6

cB

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Single Carrier SchematicSingle Carrier Schematic

B

B/20B/2 B/2Carrier

0‐B/2

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B = 10 – 20 MHz

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Single Carrier Vs Multi CarrierSingle Carrier Vs. Multi Carrier

• Consider instead a multi‐carrier modulation (MCM) with N sub‐bands of bandwidth B/N.( )

E h b d f b d id h B/N h b i• Each band of bandwidth B/N has a subcarrier.

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Multi Carrier SchematicMulti Carrier Schematic

B

B/N 2B/N B/2‐B/N‐2B/N‐(N/2‐1)B/N

B/NSubcarriers

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B = 10 MHz, N = 1000, B/N = 10 KHz 

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Multi Carrier CommunicationMulti‐Carrier Communication

• The N subcarriers are at frequencies

NBN

NB

NB

NBN

NBN

2,,,0,,,2

2,1

2

• The ith SC is at if where f = B/N is the

The i SC is at ifo, where fo = B/N is the fundamental frequency of the multi‐carrier 

tsystem.

21

2 , NiN

NBiiff oi

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22

,N

ff oi

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MCM – Overall RateMCM – Overall Rate• In an MCM system one is transmitting NIn an MCM system, one is transmitting Nparallel symbols over time N/B. 

bols

rriers

lel sym

subcar

Nparal

Over N

N O

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Symbol Time = N/B

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

• By converting a wideband channel intoBy converting a wideband channel into multiple orthogonal narrowband channels, one can tremendously simplify the receiveone can tremendously simplify the receive processing.

If the subcarrier bandwidth is less than the– If the subcarrier bandwidth is less than the coherent bandwidth, then each narrowband carrier experiences flat‐fading.carrier experiences flat fading.

• It can be processed with much lower complexity compared to frequency selectivecomplexity compared to frequency‐selective fading.

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

• Orthogonal subcarriersOrthogonal Subcarriers in OFDM for WiMAX • Orthogonal subcarriers in a WiMAX system 0.8

g

with a carrier spacing of 15.625 KHz.0.4

0.6

er A

mpl

itude

• Observer, there is NO guard band0

0.2Sub

carri

e

guard band– Hence, efficient use of -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

-0.2

0

Frequency (KHz)

spectrumq y ( )

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Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingMultiplexing

• An OFDM schematic employing a bank of modulators (BoM) is given below.

S/PDemux

Bank Of

ModulatorsSummer

nnel

k

Cha

Bank of

Correlators

P/SMux Repeater

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WIMAXW IWORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FORMICROWAVE ACCESS

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WiMAX Timeline BeginningsWiMAX Timeline ‐ Beginnings• IEEE 802 16 group was formed in 1998IEEE 802.16 group was formed in 1998 

– To develop an air‐interface standard for wireless b db dbroadband. 

• Initially focused at development of an LOS‐based point‐to‐multipoint WBS.– Slated for operation in the 10GHz–66GHzSlated for operation in the 10GHz 66GHz millimeter wave band. 

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WiMAX Timeline BeginningsWiMAX Timeline ‐ Beginnings

• The resulting standard—the original 802.16 was completed in December 2001.p

• Salient features of this standard includedSi l i h i l (PHY) l– Single‐carrier physical (PHY) layer.

– Burst time division multiplexed (TDM) MAC layer.

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WiMAX Timeline PrecursorWiMAX Timeline ‐ Precursor • The IEEE 802.16 group subsequently produced 802.16a, an amendment to the 802.16 standard.– Included NLOS applications in the 2GHz–11GHz band (Multipath Propagation).

– Employed an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based physical layer.

– Additions to the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer, such as support for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), were also included.

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WiMAX Timeline PrecursorWiMAX Timeline ‐ Precursor 

• Further revisions resulted in a new standard in 2004, called IEEE 802.16‐2004.– This formed the basis for the first WiMAXsolution.solution.

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WiMAX Timeline InceptionWiMAX Timeline ‐ Inception• Early solutions based on the IEEE 802.16‐y2004 targeted fixed applications.– Referred to as fixed WiMAX.Referred to as fixed WiMAX.

• In December 2005, the IEEE 802.16 group completed and approved IEEE 802 16ecompleted and approved IEEE 802.16e‐2005.

A d d th li fi d WiMAX IEEE 802 16– Amended the earlier fixed WiMAX IEEE 802.16‐2004 standard to add mobility support. Thi f th b i f th WiMAX l ti f– This forms the basis for the WiMAX solution for mobile applications.Oft f d t bil WiMAX

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– Often referred to as mobile WiMAX.

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PHY (Physical) LayerPHY (Physical) Layer• PHY is responsible for transmission andPHY is responsible for transmission and reception of radio signals

• The WiMAX physical layer (PHY) is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.g q y p g– This offers simplified reception in multipath and allows WiMAX to operate in NLOS conditions.allows WiMAX to operate in NLOS conditions.

– OFDM is now widely recognized as the PHY of choice for mitigating multipath in Broadbandchoice for mitigating multipath in Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) – WLAN, LTE, Bluetooth 

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WiMAX OFDM ParametersParameter Fixed Mobile WiMAXParameter Fixed 

WiMAXMobile WiMAX

Number of Subcarriers 256 128 512 1024 2048

Used data subcarriers 192 72 360 720 1440

Pilot subcarriers 8 12 60 120 240

/ 368Number of null/guardbandsubcarriers

56 44 92 184 368

Cyclic Prefix 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4

Oversampling Rate (Fs/BW)Depends on BW. 7/6 for  256 OFDM, 8/7 for multiples of 1.75 MHz and 28/25 for multiples of 1.25 MHz, 1.5 MHz, 2 

MHz or 2 75 MHzMHz or 2.75 MHz.

Channel BW (MHz) 3.5 1.25 5 10 20

Subcarrier spacing 15.625 10.94p g

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WiMAX FeaturesWiMAX Features• WiMAX Supports Several Advanced Features• WiMAX Supports Several Advanced Features

– Scalable Data rate and number of subcarriers (128 – 2048)

– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (Number of bits per symbol and Error Control)

– High Peak Data Rates ~ 75‐100 Mbpsg p– Advanced Antenna Techniques

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WiMAX FeaturesWiMAX Features

AlamoutiSpace‐Time CodeSpace‐Time Code

BeamformingBeamformingDirectional Transmission

Spatial MultiplexingTransmission of Multiple Streams

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WiMAX FeaturesWiMAX Features• Support for TDD and FDDSupport for TDD and FDD

– Fixed‐WiMAX and mobile‐WiMAX support both TDD d FDDTDD and FDD. 

– This allows for a low‐cost system implementation.

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Flexible & Dynamic Resource AllocFlexible & Dynamic Resource Alloc.• Both UL and DL resource allocation are controlled by a scheduler in the BS.

• Capacity is shared among multiple users on a p y g pdemand basis, using a burst TDM scheme.

• Further, using the OFDMA‐PHY mode, multiplexing is additionally done in the frequency dimension.

B ll i diff b f OFDM b i– By allocating different subsets of OFDM subcarriers to different users.

• Resources may be allocated in the spatial domain• Resources may be allocated in the spatial domain employing Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS).

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OFDMA Resource AllocationFrequency

Timee

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WiMAX Frame StructureWiMAX Frame StructureGuard Time

FCH

MAP

DL B #2

Burst 1

FAP

UL‐M DL Burst #2

Burst 3

Burst 2

Preamble

DL‐M

A DL Burst #1

DL Burst #4

DL Burst #3DL B t CK

‐CH

Burst 4

Burst 3

P

MAP

DL Burst #5DL Burst #6

AC

Burst 5

UL‐

DL Burst 7 RangingFast Feedback

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WiMAX Scheduling ServicesWiMAX Scheduling Services

• MAC uses a scheduling service to deliver and handle services with different QoS reqs.q

• Determines the mechanism the network uses to allocate UL and DL resources for theto allocate UL and DL resources for the services.

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WiMAX Scheduling ServicesScheduler type Services

Unsolicited grant services Support for fixed‐size data packets at a constant bitUnsolicited grant services (UGS):

Support for fixed size data packets at a constant bitrate (CBR). ‐ Voice

Real‐time polling services  Designed to support real‐time service flows, such asp g(rtPS):

g pp ,MPEG video, that generate variable‐size data packetson a periodic basis. ‐ Video

Non‐real‐time polling service (nrtPS):

Designed to support delay‐tolerant data streams, suchas an FTP, that require variable‐size data grants at aminimum guaranteed rate.g

Best‐effort (BE) service: Supports data streams, such as Web browsing, that donot require a minimum service‐level guarantee. –q gInternet, e‐mail

Extended real‐time variable t (ERT VR) i

For real‐time applications, such as VoIP with silencei th t h i bl d t t b t i

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rate (ERT‐VR) service suppression, that have variable data rates but requireguaranteed data rate and delay.

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Mobility Supporty pp• WiMAX supports the following types of mobilitmobility

Type Features

Nomadic. The user is allowed to take a fixed subscriber station and reconnect from a different point of attachment.

Portable. Nomadic access is provided to a portable device, such as a PC card with expectation of a best‐effort handoveras a PC card, with expectation of a best effort handover.

Simple mobility. The subscriber may move at speeds up to 60 kmph with brief interruptions (less than 1 sec) during handoff.

Full mobility: Up to 120 kmph mobility and seamless handoff (less

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Full mobility: Up to 120 kmph mobility and seamless handoff (less than 50 ms latency and <1% packet loss) is supported.

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AAA Authentication, Authorization, AccountingReference Network Architecture

ASN‐GW Access Service Network Gateway

ASP Application Service Provider

MIP HA Mobile IP Home AgentMIP‐HA Mobile IP Home Agent

MS Mobile Station

OSS Operational Support Systems

BSS Business Support Systems

BSAAA

Internet

ASP

MSBS

IP

MIP‐HA

IPNetwork

MS BSAccessNetwork

ASNGW

IPNetwork

OSS/ PSTN

MS

BS

BSS

Gateway

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3GPP/3GPP2

ASN CSN31