A Taste of Differential Geometry: Ribbons and White's Formula
Transcript of A Taste of Differential Geometry: Ribbons and White's Formula
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A Taste of Differential Geometry:Ribbons and White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
The University of Iowa
April 15, 2015
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A common task
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A common task
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A common task
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A common task
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Overview
I IntroductionI Definitions
I Space curvesI Ribbons
I Linking numberI WritheI Twist
I White’s Theorem
I Examples
I Application
I Conclusion
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Space curves
The “Pringles” curve:
P(t) =
cos(t)sin(t)
sin(t) cos(t)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
The tangent to a curve
Tangent vector to the “Pringles” curve:
P(t) =
cos(t)sin(t)
sin(t) cos(t)
=⇒ T (t) =
− sin(t)cos(t)
cos2(t)− sin2(t)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A normal vector to a curve
For example:
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A normal vector to a curve
A calculation at t = π:
P(π) =
cos(π)sin(π)
sin(π) cos(π)
=
−100
T (π) =
− sin(π)cos(π)
cos2(π)− sin2(π)
=
0−11
We can then spot a normal vector:
U =
011
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A normal vector to a curve
A calculation at t = π:
P(π) =
cos(π)sin(π)
sin(π) cos(π)
=
−100
T (π) =
− sin(π)cos(π)
cos2(π)− sin2(π)
=
0−11
We can then spot a normal vector:
U =
011
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A normal vector to a curve
The fruit of our calculations:
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
A unit normal vector field to a curve
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Ribbon definition
A curve and normal vector field along it define a ribbon.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Ribbon definition
A curve and normal vector field along it define a ribbon.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Crossing types
A local crossing occurs when the ribbon appears “edge-on.”
Conversely, a nonlocal crossing occurs when one sectionpasses over another.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Crossing values
Positive crossings Negative crossings
Positive crossings are assigned a value of +1.
Negative crossings are assigned a value of −1.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
The linking number
To calculate the linking number, assign crossing values tothe crossings between the two edges, compute their sum,and divide by two.
Lk(R) = −1+1+1+12 = 2
2 = 1
Intuitively, Lk(R) describes the “tangledness” of the ribbonedges of R.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
The writhe
To calculate the writhe, choose a ribbon edge, assigncrossing values to its self-crossings, and compute their sum.
Wr(R) = +1 = 1
Intuitively, Wr(R) describes the “nonplanarity” of the chosenribbon edge.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
The twist
To calculate the twist, assign crossing values to the localcrossings, compute their sum, and divide by two.
Tw(R) = −1+12 = 0
2 = 0
Intuitively, Tw(R) describes how much the ribbon edgesrotate about each other.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
White’s formula connects Lk, Wr, and Tw.
Lk(R) = 1 Wr(R) = 1 Tw(R) = 0
Lk(R) = Wr(R) + Tw(R)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
White’s formula connects Lk, Wr, and Tw.
Lk(R) = 1 Wr(R) = 1 Tw(R) = 0
Lk(R) = Wr(R) + Tw(R)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
White’s formula connects Lk, Wr, and Tw.
Lk(R) = 1 Wr(R) = 1 Tw(R) = 0
Lk(R) = Wr(R) + Tw(R)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
Another example:
Lk(R) = −1+1+1+1+1+1+1+12 = 6
2 = 3
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
Another example:
Lk(R) = −1+1+1+1+1+1+1+12 = 6
2 = 3
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
Another example:
Wr(R) = +1 + 1 = 2
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
Another example:
Tw(R) = −1+1+1+12 = 2
2 = 1
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
Another example:
Lk(R) = 3 Wr(R) = 2 Tw(R) = 1
Lk(R) = Wr(R) + Tw(R)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
Apply an isotopy:
Lk(R) is invariant, but Wr(R) and Tw(R) can change.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
Apply an isotopy:
Lk(R) is invariant, but Wr(R) and Tw(R) can change.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
After isotopy:
Lk(R) = +1+12 = 2
2 = 1
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
After isotopy:
Wr(R) = 0
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
After isotopy:
Tw(R) = +1+12 = 2
2 = 1
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
White’s formula
After isotopy:
Lk(R) = 1 Wr(R) = 0 Tw(R) = 1
Lk(R) = Wr(R) + Tw(R)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
The Gauss-Bonnet Theorem
Like White’s Formula, the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem illustratesa connection between topological and geometric properties.
Theorem: If M is a compact, two-dimensional, Riemannianmanifold with boundary ∂M, then∫
MK dA +
∫∂M
kg ds = 2πχ(M),
Where K is the Gaussian curvature on M, kg is the geodesiccurvature on ∂M, and χ(M) is the Euler characteristic of M.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
The Gauss-Bonnet Theorem
Like White’s Formula, the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem illustratesa connection between topological and geometric properties.
Theorem: If M is a compact, two-dimensional, Riemannianmanifold with boundary ∂M, then∫
MK dA +
∫∂M
kg ds = 2πχ(M),
Where K is the Gaussian curvature on M, kg is the geodesiccurvature on ∂M, and χ(M) is the Euler characteristic of M.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Returning to the extension cord...
So, what can you do with this?
Direct applications:
I Engineering (modeling cable, wire, rope, etc.)
I Biology (modeling DNA packing, DNA transcription)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Returning to the extension cord...
So, what can you do with this?
Direct applications:
I Engineering (modeling cable, wire, rope, etc.)
I Biology (modeling DNA packing, DNA transcription)
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Energy minimization
Energy stored within a ribbon is given by the integral
E =1
2
∫ `
0aκ2 + bτ2 dt.
κ is the curvature at a point.
τ is the torsion at a point.
low κ and τ high κ, low τ low κ, high τ high κ and τ
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Energy minimization
Energy stored within a ribbon is given by the integral
E =1
2
∫ `
0aκ2 + bτ2 dt.
κ is the curvature at a point.
τ is the torsion at a point.
low κ and τ high κ, low τ low κ, high τ high κ and τ
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Energy minimization
Energy stored within a ribbon is given by the integral
E =1
2
∫ `
0aκ2 + bτ2 dt.
κ is the curvature at a point.
τ is the torsion at a point.
low κ and τ high κ, low τ low κ, high τ high κ and τ
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Possible configurations
Circle Helix
Plectoneme
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Conclusion
Process summary:
I Space curves can be used to define ribbons.
I The behavior of ribbons is constrained by White’sformula.
I Ribbons can be used to model real-life situations.
I Real-life situations desire to minimize stored energy.
I Methods from differential geometry allow us to predictconfigurations.
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Conclusion
Open questions:
I How do we model plectonemic regions?
I Can we model curves with nonuniform density?
I Is it possible to obtain results from purely geometricalmethods?
White’s Formula
Richard G. Ligo
Introduction
Definitions
Examples
Application
Conclusion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements:
I Dr. Oguz Durumeric
I G. Calugareanu, B. Fuller, and J. H. White
I The University of Iowa
References:
I M. Dennis & J. Hannay. The geometry ofCalugareanu’s Theorem.
I J. Hearst & Y. Shi. The Kirchoff elastic rod, thenonlinear Shrodinger equations, and DNA supercoiling.
I K. Hu. Writhe of DNA induced by a terminal twist.
I M. Podvratnik. Torsional instability of elastic rods.