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.7-10: .11-14: .15-18: .19-21:

.22: Ons Geld .23: #5: .. .24: .25: .26-27: 5 2016.28: European Citizens' Initiative - ECI; .29: ! - .30:

3

& ECI CAMPAIGN: http://www.citizens-initiative.eu/#home

& ECI CAMPAIGN: http://www.citizens-initiative.eu/#home

4, 2007 ( ), 38 100 .

2014 , 19 100!

, ( ) .

. !

:

, 11 : -, 2016. , . .

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5

BRExit: .... Leave.Eu

, 12 : Brexit . . , email newsletter . . Aaron Banks :

, . , ( . ) , .

: https://leave.eu/

2016 . .. - . , , . , , .

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. , , . .

6

16 . , . To 1818 , 1880. .

20 '60 '70. , 1973 .

7

: To 1988

1988 1980, , [1] 1988 . 4 8 .

, 5 , [2], 56% ( 4 . ) 16 . 1989, . Patricio Aylwin, 1990.

Cvitas, - . , . 5 .

:: -. 11 1989 8 9 . 11 1990.

: -. - . - - 3 . - 11 1990.

Monica Jimenez, . Cvitas - - , , . .

X.

8 - . Ricardo Lagos, PPD, , : , . . . . - Cvitas . . 7.4 97.5%.

. -, , . , - , . .

, . 18 Coordinadora. .

. . ' . . , ' , . , , - ( ),

. , 29 .

(;) , , . , . , -

, . ' , -. - Harry Barnes , .

, , . , - , - - .

9 . , 7 . 11 , , , , . , , , . .

, , . , Fernando Matthei, . , , .

, Matthei , ' . , Matthei, , . , 16 , .

. , -, , - . Matthei . , 1989 . , .

. 1998 1980 . 1998 2000 ' 2004 . , 2006.

10

:

[1] 67% . [2] 30 1988.

(1) Chile. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile

(2) Chilean national plebiscite, 1988. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_national_plebiscite,_1988

(3) OSCARS: DECLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS TELL HISTORY BEHIND BEST FOREIGN FILM NOMINATION, "NO". The National Security Archive [Electronic Briefing Book No. 413]. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB413/

(4) Ways To Win: A Good Day to Die Hard and NO ntony Lane. New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/02/25/ways-to-win

1988 Pablo Larran, 2012. H , Ren (Gael Garca Bernal), , Vernica (Antonia Zegers). Vernica , , .

, Ren - .

, , , , jingle. H , , .

, , Genaro Arriagada, , , . Arriagada Frank Greer 24 Annie Burns GMMB. Greer , .

11

: .

, , , 176.220 . ( 131.957 ..) 3.286.314 ( 11.000.000).

16 , , 1828 1830.

, , - .

.

.

1) (Popular or citizen-initiated referendum [PCR] )

, 25% , . - .

: ) ) '' .''

.

, .

.

2) (Popular or citizens initiative and authorities counter-proposal [PCI+] )

, 10% . - .

, .

.

12

35% . .

.

.

3) (Obligatory referendum [LOR] )

( ) 2/5 () (General Assembly)

- .

.

35% .

.

.

(.. , , ) - , 1990, , . , .

, 20 . (LOR) , (PCI+) 1934, 1917. 1967 - (PCR) .

, , 20 - 1917 , .

Jose Batlle y Ordonez 2 (1903-1907, 1911-1915), , , .

Battle 30 . , .

1917, , ad hoc , (Colegiado), - -, , - .. , , 1919. ( 95,15%, 38,20%)

1934 ad hoc , , - , . , - , , . ( 97,75%, 56,34%)

1938, 1942, 1946, 1950, 1951, 1958 1962, - - . , -, 1951 (Colegiado).

13

1966, , Colegiado .

- (popular initiative) 1971, -: ) ) - -.

1973 - 1985. , , 1980, ad hoc , ( ), . ( 57.20%, 86,86%)

(PCR) , - (1973-1985). 0,5% (, >12.000 ) , 25% , .

- , , - 2000 : 2% - - 150 - 25% , 120 .

, , - . -

.

, , 1989,

( 87,8% : 55,95%) - (: 81,78%, 88,67%).

1992, (.. ) 72,55% 82,80%, 1994, - (: 68.92% 86,23%). 1994 - (popular initiative), '' '' (: 69,16%, : 91,40%) - 27% (: 67,42%, : 91,50%).

1996, - , 1998, : ) ) ( , 22,08 4,64% ).

1999 : ) (OXI: 61,95%) ) (: 56,92%, : 91,77%).

14

( ) 2001 . , '''' ( Altman) 2002, , .

2003, ANCAP (: 63,72%, : 83,40%) , 2004, (: 64,61%, : 89,61%).

: 1) 2010 '''' (: 63,07%, 89,85%) , (: 52,64%) 2) 2014 18 16 (: 53,19%, : 90,53%).

1978 2007, 87,40%.

, , . .

, , . , , . , , .

: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay http://www.direct-democracy-navigator.org/countries/uruguay/national https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category: Referendums_in_Uruguay Direct Democracy Worldwide David Altman, |2011 Cambridge University Press Direct Democracy-The International IDEA Handbook, International Institute for Democracy and

Electoral Assistance, 2008

15

: T

, (ire), . 8.000 .. , , . 600 .. , . , . 9 , . 1169 . 7 /. , , , , 1840-50.

1914 , . 1919 1921. 1922, 26 . , 1948 M. . 6 . . , , 1998.

1973, . , , , , , 2009, .

1922 , . , 1 & , , .

1929 8 . 16 , .

, Eamon de Valera* , . 1937 , . , . , . , .

1937, 1959 1968, .

.

16

, 1972, 1987 1992, 1972 , 1983 , 1986 1992 . . [1]

21 2013 - - 4 : , , , . [2]

2015 - 62% , 37,9% . , , 1993 . [3]

: OXI, - . - - , .

, [4], . , .

, -. . , , . IRISH TIMES . - 1937 . [5]

, . : , . . . , , . [6]

, Diarmuid Martin : , , . .

. , -

[1] Referendums around the world - Butler & Ranney, . AEI PRESS 1994

[2] Wikipedia.org

[3] The New York Times - http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/24/world/europe/ireland-gay-marriage-referendum.html?_r=0[4] , CRISIS MAGAZINE the voice for the faithful Catholic Laity http://www.crisismagazine.com/2015/gay-marriage-now-threatens-ireland

[5] The disenchanted youth: Why students often avoid politics

http://www.irishtimes.com/student-hub/the-disenchanted-youth-why-students-often-avoid-politics-1.2472756

[6] Same-sex marriage victory the political highlight (video included) -

http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/same-sex-marriage-victory-the-political-highlight-1.2478579

http://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/marriage-vote-that-shook-the-world-1.2478597

http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/presbyterians-and-same-sex-marriage-1.2374844

[7] Same-sex marriage campaign used our language, bishops told

http://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/religion-and-beliefs/same-sex-marriage-campaign-used-our-language-bishops-told-1.2388824

1937 2009 , : http://electionsireland.org/results/referendum/summary.cfm

http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/marriage-rate-back-at-boom-time-level-figures-show-1.2399142

17

. , . - , -. , ..

, Eamon Martin , , . [7]

* Eamon de Valera (1882 1975): , , 20 .

18

:

, , . , , , - -, .

19 , , , . , ', . ' , , . & , 1946 ad hoc , , . , - 1948 . T 1989, , .

90 . : .

. (referendum abrogativo) - 75 . . 1% [500.000 ]. , 5 . , , . , 50% .

342 1970. , ( 15 - 15 ). . 90 30 , .

X.

19

, -, .

, , , , . , . , , , . , , , .

. (referendum costituzionale) - 138 .

. 3 . -, 500.000 , 5 - , . - >50% . .

. (referendum sindacale) - 21 .300/1970

- , -. , - , .

- 1995 -

.

-

. (referendum regionale) - 123 .

-. , - .

. (referendum territoriale) - 132 .

- -, & - . .

. - . 142/1990

, , . , -. . .

& - 70 , . , - .

(quorum) 50% , - . , Piu Democrazia Venezia 14 .

20

(quorum) . Trentino Piu Democrazia Trentino (, . . 2015).

1995 12 , 8 1993 7 1997 2000. .

4 12 , . ' , , , , . , plebiscite .

() : , 1974, 1971 ( ). 87%, 60% .

: 1990 . . . , 90% , 43.3% . 20% , , .

(1991 & 1993): 90 . COREL, Mario Segni, 1991 1993. , 3-4 . 95% (> 60% ) 80% .

1992 . 93 2 , , .

To 1o : 2001 . H , , . 2006, 2 .

21

Roland Erne Direct Democracy in Italy [comments by Bruno

Kaufmann]. http://www.iniref.org/italy.html

Wikipedia Italian electoral law. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_electoral_law

Wikipedia Referendums in Italy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy

. .2015 - . http://issuu.com/referendumdemocracy/docs/_______________________6_-_________

.3 .2015 . http://issuu.com/referendumdemocracy/docs/_______________________3_-

OnsGeld

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25

(2014) : .

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McCourtney Inst. for Democracy, J. Giasastil, ( 160 ) , . , . . , . ' ... , . (...) , , .

, www.rebootdemocracy.org

5 2016

2015, 5 . .

(Fair Transport Europe) dumping. .

(STOP PLASTIC IN THE SEA) - . , .

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26

5 2016

27

www.fairtransporteurope.eu [*]

www.expeditionmed.eu

-

www.reeformhumanity.com ( ) -

! www.act4democracy.eu

&

www.mumdadkids.wordpress.com

[ * ] H OpenECI. H 2016.

: 2 , 3 & 4 2016.

28

European Citizens Initiative;

1 2012, , 7 - , 12

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29

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