7.5 x 11.5.Doubleline - Assets - Cambridge University...

Index

absolute luminosity, 316absolute magnitude, 225absorption lines, 194, 205acceleration of the Universe, 322accretion disc, 279active galactic nuclei, 278

big blue bump, 290BL Lac objects, 288blazars, 288broad line regions, 280, 291central black holes, 281

states, 285disc-corona, 279Kα resonance strengths, 297Kα X-ray lines, 279, 296M• − σ∗ relation, 284Eigenvector 1, 294Fe II spectra, 291feedback mechanism, 284hard X-ray, 286iron abundance, 295light crossing time, 285morphology, 279narrow line regions, 280, 291optically violent variables, 288partial absorber model, 286photon index, 288power law, 278principal component analysis, 294quasi-stellar objects (QSO), 278radio-loud, 279radio-quiet, 279reflection model, 286Seyfert classification, 281soft X-ray, 286spectral energy distribution, 288spectral index, 288warm absorber, 279X-ray spectroscopy, 295

addition theorem, 33

advanced light sources, 6Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics, 299alkali-doublet method, 314allowed transitions, 50angular algebra, 94, Appendix Cangular equation, 16APEC/APED, 236apparent luminosity, 316astrophysical and laboratory plasmas, 5asymmetry parameter, 145asymptotic giant branch, 229atomic effects, 105

channel coupling, 108exchange, 109partial wave convergence, 110relativistic effects, 110resonances, 109target ion representation, 105

atomic units, 13Auger, 48

effect, 117fluorescence, 118process, 48

autoionization, 47, 51doubly excited states, 47width, 49

b-parameter, 207Balmer continuum, 262big bang nucleosynthesis, 305black hole, 230black body, 7bolometric luminosity, 7Boltzmann equation, 216boron isoelectronic sequence, 191Bose–Einstein, 7

condensation (BEC), 11probability distribution, 11statistics, 7

bosons, 7

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358 Index

Bowen fluorescence mechanism, 182Breit equation, 42Breit–Pauli approximations, 15Breit–Wigner profile, 143bremsstrahlung

inverse, 247process, 247radiation, 279

Burgess formula, 152Buttle correction, 62

calcium T line, 235cascade, 263

coefficients, 263matrix, 263

central force, 35central-field approximation, 15, 35, 69, 81central-field potential, 35Cepheid, 229

classical, 317Harvard variables, 317variables, 229

Chandra X-ray Observatory, 299channels, 54charge density, 19charge exchange, 52charge exchange recombination, 52chemical picture, 244CHIANTI, 236chromosphere, 235classical polarizability of an oscillator, 81close-coupling (CC) approximation, 54, 56CLOUDY, 262CMB anisotropy, 311CNO reactions, 227collision strength, 99

effective, 104Maxwellian averaged, 104scaling, 111

collisional-radiative (CR) equations, 178colour excess, 226colour luminosity, 225column density, 194complex of configurations, 34Compton scattering, 279condensed matter astrophysics, 300configuration interaction, 86configurations, 2

mixing, 33, 86continuity condition, 157continuum, 47, 97convection, 241convective motions, 253convergent close coupling, 116Cooper minimum, 125

corona, 5, 235coronal equilibrium, 172coronal mass ejections, 236Cosmic Background Explorer, 14cosmic microwave background, 305cosmological constant, 323cosmological distance ladder, 316cosmology, 305Coster–Kronig, 118Coulomb–Bethe approximation, 69Coulomb–Born approximation, 68Coulomb phase shift, 56coupled-channel approximation, 54coupled integro-differential, 57curve of growth, 208

damped Lyα systems, 309damping constant, 197dark energy, 5, 313, 323dark matter, 313Debye, 203

length, 203potential, 203sphere, 203

degeneracy, 18density diagnostic ratio, 183departure coefficients, 151, 218, 265depth of the convection zone, 241detailed balance, 49, 148dielectronic recombination (DR), 49, 51, 147dielectronic satellite lines, 164

line strengths, 167temperature diagnostics, 164

differential oscillator strength, 140diffusion approximation, 241diffusion constant, 240, 242diffusion length, 214Dirac equation, 38, 41Dirac–Fock approximation, 43distance modulus, 225distance scale, 316

Cepheids, 317parallax, 316rotation velocity, 318spectroscopic parallax, 317supernovae, 319

distorted-wave method, 66Doppler width, 198

Eddington approximation, 242Eddington flux, 211Eddington luminosity, 282Eddington–Barbier relation, 215effective charge, 27effective damping collision strength, 205






Index 359

effective potential, 35effective quantum number, 27effective recombination coefficient, 264Einstein A, B coefficients, 73elastic scattering, 98, 204elastic scattering matrix, 248electric dipole approximation, 78electric multipole transitions, 92electromagnetic spectrum, 21electron affinity, 3, 143, 233electron beam ion traps, 6electron impact excitation (EIE), 47, 50, 98

collision strength, 99data, 115partial collision strength, 103partial cross section, 99partial wave expansion, 99, 110rate coefficient, 104, 176

electron impact ionization, 51, 52, 115cross sections, 116rate coefficients, 117semi-empirical formulae, 116Wannier threshold law, 115Wigner’s theorem, 115

electron–ion recombination, 147unified treatment, 153

electronic configuration, 21electron tunnelling, 144emission coefficient, 212emission spectra, 47, 175emissivity, 177energy transport, 239equation-of-state, 10, 243

chemical picture, 244electron degeneracy, 246occupation probability, 244partition function, 244

equivalent electron states, 24equivalent width, 206escape probability, 205Eta Carinae, 230, 237

Homunculus nebula, 238exchange operators, 33exchange term, 32excitation–autoionization, 115excitation temperatures, 97expectation values, 19extinction, 225Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 253

Fano profile, 143Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE),

314Fe Kα X-ray lines, 279, 296Fermi, 10

level, 10Sea, 10

Fermi–Dirac statistics, 7Fermi’s golden rule, 77fermions, 7Feshbach resonance, 143fine structure, 37, 87fine-structure constant, 13FIP effect, 258fluorescence, 50forbidden lines, 50

[O II], [S II], [O III], 175, 179boron sequence, 191

[C II], 191He-like ions, 183

Fraunhofer lines, 1frozen-core approximation, 56full width at half maximum (FWHM), 197fundamental constants, 314

Gailitis averaging, 104electron impact excitation, 100, 104photoionization, 137

jump, 100, 138generalized line strength, 127geometrical dilution, 210Grotrian diagram, 27, 107Gunn–Peterson trough, 309

H−, 143H-moment, 211Hartree–Fock, 15

equations, 31, 32method, 30multi configuration, 35orbitals, 37self-consistent field, 31variational principle, 30

Hartree–Fock–Slater, 125He I lines, 307He-like ions, 3, 29, 44, 93

cascade coefficients, 264charge exchange, 53dark matter, 314dielectronic satellite lines, 164electron impact excitation, 184

O VII collision strengths, 186exchange, 110Fe XXV collision strength, 100H− configuration, 233intercombination transition, 111Kα X-ray lines, 183, 236M1 transition, 92photoionization, 140

core excitation, 141, 142






360 Index

recombination, 149

Si XIII, 159

spectra, 93

spectral diagnostics, 176

Fe XXV X-ray spectrum, 189

G-ratios, 187

non-coronal equilibrium, 191

O VII line ratios, 286

O VII R-ratio, 187

R and G ratios, 183, 186

transient X-ray sources, 187

spin–orbit interaction, 45

stellar cores, 241

X-ray transitions, 94

heliosphere, 236

helium abundance, 312

helium flash, 228

Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagram, 2, 221

high density limit, 181

high-energy density (HED), 255

High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite (HIPPARCOS), 317

hohlraum, 6

Holtsmark distribution, 202

horizontal branch, 229

Hubble constant, 306

Hubble expansion, 306

Hubble Space Telescope, 253

Hubble’s law, 306

Hund’s rules, 25, 26

hydrogen atom, 16

hydrogen recombination lines, 262

Hydrogenic wavefunctions, 18

hydrostatic equilibrium, 240

hyperfine structure, 38

impact approximation, 204

impact parameter, 200

inelastic scattering, 98

inertial confinement fusion, 6

instability strip, 229

intermediate coupling, 15, 25, 26

intermediate coupling frame transformation, 64

internal atomic partition function, 217

intersystem transition, 94

intrinsic spin, 37

ion storage rings, 6

ion–atom collisions, 53

ionization balance, 97

ionization correction factor, 276

ionization energy, 9

ionization fractions, 217, 275

ionization potential, 204

iron emission spectra, 266

isoelectronic sequence, 3, 102

J, H and K bands, 9jj coupling, 25

Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale, 224Kirchhoff’s law, 7, 213Kohn variational equation, 67Kohn variational principle, 101Kramer’s formula, 125

laboratory astrophysics, 6laser cooling, 11levitation, 253limb darkening, 242line blanketing, 220, 234, 259line broadening, 195line ratio, 177line strengths, 80linear Stark effect, 200local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), 194, 216

departures from, 264Lorentzian profile, 197Lotz formula, 117LS coupling, 2

Russell–Saunders coupling, 2LS multiplets, 7, 94luminosity, 220

bolometric, 220luminosity class, 223luminous blue variables, 237Lyα forest, 308, 309

magnetic angular quantum number, 16main sequence, 221

fitting, 317many-multiplet method, 315MAPPING, 262masers, 280mass absorption coefficient, 212mass conservation, 240mass density, 248mass–luminosity relationship, 224massive compact halo objects, 314Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, 10, 216mean collision time, 200mean intensity, 210MEKAL, 236mercury-manganese (HgMn) stars, 253Messier (M) catalogue, 257metallicity, 12, 276microflares, 236missing baryons, 314molecular torus, 280moments of specific intensity, 211monochromatic emissivity, 212monochromatic energy density, 210






Index 361

monochromatic flux, 210monochromatic opacity, 246Moseley’s law, 119multipole transitions, 91

Nebulae, 7, 257abundance analysis, 275atomic parameters, 277atomic species, 257Case A, Case B recombination, 262collisional excitation and photoionization, 265, 266diffuse, 257fluorescent excitation, 272forbidden lines

[O II], [S II], [O III], 259H II regions, 257ionization structure, 259iron spectra, 266physical model, 257planetary, 257recombination lines, 262spectral diagnostics, 261

nearest-neighbour approximation, 201neutron star, 230New General Catolog (NGC), 257non-degenerate, 216non-equivalent electron states, 23non-LTE rate equations, 218novae, 230nucleosynthesis, 228

r-process, 231s-process, 231

occupation probability, 244opacity, 195, 226, 239, 243

abundances, 249atomic processes, 246database, 255element mixtures, 249Fe II, 251momentum transfer, 253monochromatic, 248OPserver, 255Planck mean, 243radiative acceleration, 254

Opacity Project (OP), 243OPAL, 243OPserver, 255optical depth, 194

line centre, 195optical recombination lines, 262optically thick, 175, 194optically thin, 175, 194Orion nebula, 257oscillator strength, 80

hydrogen, 85length, velocity, acceleration, 84

ozone effect, 9

P-Cygni profile, 237parallax, 316

angle, 316spectroscopic, 317

parent term, 23parity, 20parsec, 316partial photoionization cross section, 149partition function, 10, 216, 244Pauli approximation, 40Pauli exclusion principle, 10photo-excitation, 50

of core (PEC) resonances, 134photodetachment, 143, 232photoelectric effect, 9photoelectron, 51, 120Photoionization, 51, 120

angular distribution, 144H−, 143central potential, 124cross section, 122energy dependence, 125helium, 121hydrogen, 121hydrogenic ions, 126length form, 124partial cross section, 129photodetachment, 143photoionization equilibrium, 171photorecombination, 154, 163resonances, 128, 130transition matrix element, 122velocity form, 124

photometric redshifts, 12photometry, 11photon mean free path, 213photon–electron scattering, 248photorecombination, 147photosphere, 5, 232physical picture, 244Planck mean opacity, 243population I, 224population II, 224power spectrum, 197pp rates, 229pp reactions, 227pressure broadening, 199primordial elements, 228primordial nuclear species, 305principle of indistinguishability, 7principle of unitarity, 102






362 Index

proton impact excitation, 53pseudostates, 105pseudostate expansion, 64pulsars, 230pulsating stars, 229

quantum defect, 27quantum defect method, 125quantum defect theory, 28, 69quantum efficiency, 5quantum numbers, 19quantum statistics, 10quasars, 279quasi-bound states, 47quasi-stellar objects, 278

R-matrix method, 54, 59Breit–Pauli R-matrix, 65codes, 64configuration space, 57Dirac R-matrix, 65inner region, 57, 61outer region, 57, 62R-matrix boundary, 59R-matrix II, 65transition probabilities, 88

r-process, 231radial charge density, 19radial component, 35radial equation, 17radiation damping, 139, 152radiation temperature, 7radiative diffusion, 241radiative flux and diffusion, 241radiative force, 239, 254radiative recombination (RR), 49, 51, 147radiative transfer, 194, 209, 241radiative transition probability, 76radiative transition rate, 77random walk, 213rate coefficient, 46rate of a collisional process, 176Rayleigh–Ritz variational principle, 30, 101reactance matrix, 58recombination, 147

Case A, B, 262collisional equilibrium, 172coronal equilibrium, 172detailed balance, 148dielectronic, 149DR cross sections, 155effective rate coefficients, 173epoch, 307experiments, 159H, H-like ions, 169

ionization equilibrium, 169line emissivity, 263multiple resonances, 158photoionization equilibrium, 171photorecombination, 163plasma effects, 174radiative, 149total rate, 148unified, 147unified method, 153

recombination edge, 262recombination epoch, 307recombination line emissivity, 174Red giants, 228reddening, 225, 226redshifted, 297reduced matrix element, 330reionization, 308relative mean velocity, 201relativistic broadening, 296resonance oscillator strengths, 141, 167resonance-averaged S-matrix, 103resonances, 47, 183resonant charge exchange, 53, 128, 130reverberation mapping, 284Rosseland mean opacity, 243

harmonic mean, 243rotation curves, 313RR Lyrae, 229Rydberg formula, 20Rydberg levels, 17

s-process, 231Saha equation, 151, 217Saha–Boltzmann equations, 194, 216, 243scattering amplitude, 99scattering matrix, 55, 58, 102Scattering phase shift, 55Schwarzschild–Milne relations, 215Seaton resonance, 136Seaton’s theorem, 69Seyfert classification, 281shape resonance, 100, 143Slater determinant, 31Slater integrals, 33sodium D lines, 1Solar corona, 235Solar spectroscopy, 232solar wind, 236source function, 212sound speed, 250spectral classification, 221spectrophotometry, 12spectroscopic designation, 21spin–orbit interaction, 37, 38, 314






Index 363

spin-orbital, 30

standard candles, 316

Stark effect, 200

Stark manifolds, 244

stationary states, 15

Stefan–Boltzmann Law, 7

stellar, 220

ages, 220

atmospheres, 231, 241

colours, 225

convection zone, 226

cool and hot, 236

core, 226, 241

distances, 225

envelope, 226, 239, 241

evolution, 231

evolutionary tracks, 228

HR diagram, 221

luminosity, 222

luminous blue variable, 237

magnitudes, 225

nucleosynthesis, 228, 231

opacity, 239

photosphere, 232

populations, 224

pulsating stars, 229

radiative acceleration, 239, 254

radiative zone, 226

spectral classification, 221

spectroscopy, 231

structure, 226

equations, 240

types, 222

stellar structure, 240

Strategic Defense Initiative, 107

Strömgren sphere, 258

Sunayer–Zeldorich effect, 105

Super–Coster–Kronig, 118

supermassive black holes, 281

supernovae, 230, 319

spectra, 319

Type Ia, 230

Type II, 230

surface abundances, 239

SWIFT, 286

symbiotic stellar system, 270

symmetry of an atomic state, 21

symmetry of atomic levels, 15

target or the core, 56temperature and ionization equilibrium

diagnostics ratio, 184thermalization, 214Thomas–Fermi model, 36three-body recombination, 52Thomson scattering, 213, 248, 281tokamaks, 6transition matrix element, 79

length form, 79velocity form, 79

transition matrix, 46, 77Transition region, 235transmission matrix, 103Trapezium stars, 258Tully–Fisher relation, 319Tycho star catalogue, 317Type Ia, 230, 319Type II, 230, 319

uncoupled channels, 62unified method, 153unitarity condition, 58

variational method, 101variational principle, 30virial theorem, 284

Wannier form, 115warm–hot intergalactic medium, 314wavenumber, 58weakly interacting massive particles, 314white dwarfs, 10, 228Wien’s law, 8Wigner–Eckart theorem, 88, 330Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, 306Wilson–Bappu effect, 317Wolf–Rayet stars, 237work function, 9

X-Ray Multi-Mirror Mission – Newton, 286XSTAR, 262

Z-scaling, 44, 93fine structure, 44selection rules, 93X-ray transitions, 119

Zanstra temperature, 264zero-age-main-sequence (ZAMS), 320






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