ΑΛΧΗΜΕΙΑ

6 . 106 APXAIOOIA & TEXNE

. , . , , , , . , , , .

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20 - , - , - , . , ,

, . - , , . , (Albertus Groot, 1193-1280), , , , - , , , -, . - :

1. - , 2. - , 3. , 4. , -, 5. , 6. - , 7. - , 8. - .

16 , , - -. , - , . ,

7APXAIOOIA & TEXNE . 106

, -, - . , , - , - , - , -, . O , - - , - , . - , 3 4 . , , , , , 10 12 -, . - 8 , - . - -, , , , , , . - 4 . -, -, , -, 8 , Kitab-al-Fihrist,

, - .

, - , - . ,

1. .


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, . , , - , , O O. , , , , , .

- , - . O - - - . , , , , A (-, , A, A), , .

(-) , - - . , , , , - , . , , - . - , .

O , - , , - , - , -, , , , -, , , , , . - -

, - - . , , (. 2) , - -. , - - ( , . 2327, . 297) - .

( , .2327, . 20) , (. 1), - . , , 7 , , ( , . 2327, . 21). O - O , ,


2. .

3. O O , , -. 17 .

( , . 2327, . 210, . , . 174).

, , , . 2 , - , , , -. , , - . O (, , L, I, V, . XXIXColumelle, VII, . U. . . , DieGeorgika des Demokritos, ). -, . -: -. , , O (. 3). , - - , ( , .2327, . 258), .

O -, , . O - , , , - I A, - ( , . 2249, . 97, . , . 190).

, O ( , . 2327,. 214), 3 . , , 24 24 , . , (. 4). (131-201 .X.) --, , .


4. O , -, 1606.

Alchemy: A Brief Review

The history of Alchemy deceptively appears quite dark,since the value of this science is not at all obvious. Alchemysuddenly appears in the years of the Fall of the RomanEmpire, that is in the Early Christian centuries, and it isdeveloped through mysteries and symbols during theEuropean Medieval era. However, it does not manage toexceed the boundaries of the persecuted at that timeapocryphal doctrine, and its representatives, scientists andphilosophers, were confused with maniacs and charlatans,even with criminals. Most scholars consider the EarlyChristian Greek and Roman texts on Alchemy as well as theHellenistic papyri of Egypt, which date from the third andfourth century and are presently kept in the Biblioth queMunicipale in Lyon, France, as the earliest written sourceson the subject. Of equal importance are the Greekmanuscripts on Alchemy that have been sheltered in theBiblioth que Nationale in Paris since the time of Francis Iand also a variety of Greek manuscripts of the tenth totwelfth century, written on parchment, in the BibliotecaMarciana in Venice. Most of these texts and treatises havesurvived in papyri thanks to the meticulous and laboriousefforts of Byzantine and Arab scribes. The comparison ofthese texts with the writings of Greek philosophers, Platoand Aristotle in particular, is very interesting since itelucidates the theories of the first alchemists.


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1. O ( , 1678).

H . , , , , . , , , ., , , . , . , , , . , .

H A H A H A H A H A H A H A


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2. O ( -, ).

, . , , (), - , -, .

, , , - . -, , , -, , , , .

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, . O , , , - , -. - , - , .

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. ( ).

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. , -, .


4. - :.. - , , . R. De Hooghe, Hieroglyphicaof Merkbeelden der oude volkeren, 1744.

3. Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179) O. Hildegard vonBingen, Scivias, 1151.


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-, - . O , 600 .., - - , , , , - -, ,

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. .

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,: , . - . 1. O (. 6): T , . -, 20.000, 35.000. - M, A X., X, , , , . : , , () (-) ( , . 2250, . 81). , O, ,2 -, , : , -, .

2. O : , I , , . , , , -.

6. O , ( 15 .).


, , - . O - -, . , , , - , .

O , - O (. 7), - - . O , , - .

O . O (150-215 .X.) - . - , O, (. 8), . -, , , - , .

3. : O (. 9) , - , . -: , - , , , .. , , - , - , . , - .

, , - , .. - 6 , -, .

O - ( - ), , , -. , , , . O, , . (96 ..) - E .X., .

O 600.. O , 1957, 2390 O - , -, (. 3, c, 26). - , -, -, 2 , -. : - , . - . : - , ( , ). , . , - - , -, (, . 3, 11, . 7-20). - , , - , 3 17 .

7. O , O , , (-), 18 . - 2 .

8. O . -. -.

O , . 6 .., , -: , , , , (. . 4, 1091 b 8).

, , : : - . .

O -: O . - (. . , 116), : : .

, (. . , 119).

, .. , , - .. , , , , -. , . - , : O , , , [ ] , , , - , (.10), (-, , 124 b).

,

72 . - , , 72 - , , . O 72 - -. , O, - , 72 - - . 72 - -, , , 3 .. - , , O ( ), ., , 72 , , , .


9. O , . , .

, - , 12 , 72 , .

, , 72 . O - - , . , 72 - 72 - . , 72 , - , - , : , , , ( , ).

O , - ---. , , - , , O, -, , - -, . , - , -, , - 17 . - , - (1-2

.): - , - , ( , . VI, 53.5 (DK7 b2)).

, . OHarnack - (Bidez / Coumont, Les Mages Hell -nis s II, 62 .). (. , , 43 , 49-50).O - - (, . , 2, 12 DK 14,11). (. 11-12), , , , - , - , - . - 8 , - , , . . -, , , - 8 - , , , , - , .

O Berthelot, Collection des anciensalchimistes grecs (1887), Chemi, - -, 8 . , , ;

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, / - / ( , / - ).

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12. O , , -. . .

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-

(. 16), - . - , -, . O , - (. 16), 1868 - , , , , , , , . - (1834-1907), - 1866, . O , - (1868-1870), , - . - .


14. O ( - , 1686).

13. 11 . .

O

- , - , - -. , 11 - - . -, - . , , , - , -, , , - , - (. 17). O , -, , , , , - , - , , -

. . -, , , ( ), (), , , . , , . - , - . O , , , . O - , . , , - , - . - , - . - (


16. -: 79 (197), 80 (201) 82 (207).

15. O , , ( ) ( 15 .).

- ). - . - , (. 18). -. . - -, .

, , , . , - , , , , . , -

, , , . . , - - , , -, , -, , , , , - . , - -. , . O - - , -.

, , . - - , . - , - - , - -. , , - , , , .

1 - , O , O Z .. O, . , - . O , (1956-57), , , -


17. O () -, , , - , . 17 .

O - , 3 .., - , , . , (34, 21) - -, - 1366 .. , (14, 2) (27, 3), - , - . , , 3629 .. 1841 .. -, - , - 1841 . -1366 .. , , 1600 .. (O, . - , 1982).

T O . , .. ., . , - , . .. , -. , -, 150 .., , . , - , . - , , , . 20, - . . , -

, - . , . , 34 , , , - , , 3400 .., , 5000 .., , , , , -, 7.000 ( , . ., . , 2000).2 4 . .X. . 9 . - 11 . O . A- .


18. Darmstadt. (10% - ), 50, - 29 - 79.

The Ancient Greek Alchemy and Its Prehistory

The prehistoric tradition can answer the oldest question inthe history of mankind: the origin of the world, the initialOrigin, where the term Origin stands for and states both thetime and the reason of creation. The beginning of Alchemyis detected not only in poetry, divination and philosophy,but also in the various theogonies and cosmogonies and inthe doctrines of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. The firstgroup of alchemists comprises mythic and divine figuressuch as Hermes, Isis and Agathodaemon, who areconnected with Egypt, and the so-called Gnostics andPoemander.

Apart from the four basic elements, earth, water, air andfire, the alchemists laboratory was equipped with a seriesof pots, flasks and furnaces. Through successiveexperiments they would explore there the magic ofchemistry and interpret the natural, spiritual and psychicaspect of the performed miracles. Science and religionwere integrated and inventions were condensed insymbols, indicating soul, body and spirit. Unlike themodern scientists, the alchemists approach to the worldwas catholic and their knowledge universal; they wouldconsider nature in human terms, as an immensecommunity of personalities who would live, think, feel andenjoy life and would die only to be reborn. They owned aphilosophers stone, similar to Aladdins magic lamp: Itcould transmute common metals and quartz into gold andgems, make trees and flowers miraculously boom, grant toits owner the ability to locate lost persons, live without foodand communicate with birds and animals, even with angels.According to a later tradition Moses, Salomon and HermesTrismegistus, the patron of Alchemy, were the only oneswho had ever possessed this magic stone; everything wasattainable to them, therefore they could perform what wecall miracles.


, - , .O , -

, ( - ) , .

O - (. 1). , , , O - - - , -, - . - - - . , , - . , , . -, - 18 , , . - , . - , .

O AO AO AO AO AO AO A

1. . Museum hermeticum reformatum, 1678.

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. , , (. 2), , . O .

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2. . . Andre Libau, Alchymia, 1606

. , , , 3 18 , - , , - .

, - , (. 4). , -, . , , - = , , - , .. . , , - . (),

= , . - = , = y (). = sex, = septem, = sol .. - , : = (-), , , . , , , . , , = . , -, , (. - 1.5, 2.8. . 5.5, 6.16. . 1.9,8.12, 9.5. 5.14. . 5.8), = , - (=, =, -=, = , = , = ..).

O , , - - , - ( . ..), - , : / .

-. , , -, , - , . O , - , - . - . - . , , ( ) - (, 18). - : . - -, , . : - - (XIV, 633c). (, , - , , ).

, , -


3. . - , 17 .

, , - . , , , - . . , - . , - . -, - , , , , - (, ).

O -, 1780-1790 1868, .

- , - , (, , ). -, , - , , , , , .., . - , , - - .

, , , , , -, . , , , 8-10 . , - , ,

- . ,, , , - -. , , . - -, -, , , - , . - , , - - . , , -, - , , . , , , , -


4. , , - .G. von Welling, Opus mago-cabalisticum et theologicum, 1708.

. O , , - . - ( , 19-20).2

, O, : O O -, ( 425, ,. . 6, 3-4, - 504 2, - 329 565). .(O (64 ..-20 ..) - , - , , , , , - . - , . - - , - 1 ..) - - , -; O . O - , , . , , - . , ( 13 ..). -


5. () , Hieronymus Bosch 1510, - . () J.C. Barchusen, 1718, - (. 16), (.18) .

, , -, -. , - : , - (. 28, , -. 4, . 34, 11, Maass). - (. 5 -) , . O (116), (. 720). O - (. .726). , () , , .

O , , O, , ( , 7, 1)3: - . - - - (. 48 ):

,

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- , . O , , , , - , - . -, - , .K ,

, . , , -, . - , , , , , . , - , , , . , , .

-, - . -


6. O . , .

, -, , 18 . - , , -, . - . , - , . , - -, , , , . , - - - , .

O , - , -, , , B , - . E - (. 6). - -. O , , .E 10 11 , . ,, . , . -, , - , - -

, . - - , , , . , , , , N Boyle, 18 , , . . , , , - .

, , . - , O , -, . H .., , , I .. , , . I - .. H .. - . , O, - , . - - , ( O). , , - , , . - , , , - , , -


, . - - - , , .

O , , - , , - . ,

- . , ( ) , , - , - . , 3 , , - ,

, . - , -. -, , - , , - . , , -, - -, , - . - , . - , . , -, - .

, , , - , .


7. O , 16 . .

, , . , , , - , , -, , - .

, - (, , 1998 PaulFaure, , ), - , 25% . , , - - Paul Faure.

, , (. 33). -, , ., , , - .

. - . , - . -, (. 7).

- . , , - - , -


1. (Paul Faure).

(. 1-4) (. 5-7), 25% .

2. .


3. A .

4. B .

5. .

7. N (17 .)6. A .

, - ; . , , , . . -, , , - , , - - . O - . , , , - , chem, , -

alchem - .. , , - - - - - - - -. -, - - - .

, - , - ,

- (. 8), - -, - , - - . - , - , , . - , - , . - , , ,


8. O , , . 17 .

9. O .

. O , , , O , - . O O- - , - - . - -, . ,, - . - - . - , 11 , , - , - - ( , .2327, . 204,). , - , ( - ) , ( - ) . - - , , . , , , - , , -. (. 9), 16 , : , -, . O -. , - , . O - - . - - . , , - . -

. , - (. 10) .

20 , - , - , - , , , - , - . - , , , - , , .

, - , - ,


10. O , , . - . Michel Maier,Atalanta fugiens, 1618.

. .

, , - , , , - , - . , -, , - . , , -

, - .

O , , , , (. 11) ( - 10 - - , ) , ,

, , , . , 529, - , , -, , . - , , , - , , -, Alkimiya. Al Khem (), -.

, , , . - , - - , - G. Vossius ( 1762), - alchimia - .

O, ( - ) , - -, . O -, -


11. . 11 .

. , , - , -, , , . , -, , -, , , , - , , .

. , - , - , , - . , - (Z . ..), - , .

- O, . , - , -, , - , O. , , .

, , , - , , - , , , - , , , 4 . - , , - , , , ,

. O , , , , -. , , -, , - , - , .

H M E I E I

1 Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, I, 103, . J. von Arnim, 1903-1905.2 O E .. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . O -, , , . 3 Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 68 b 5, 1.


The Origins of Alchemy

The article deals with the content and meaning of symbols.The alchemists regarded all images and symbols real,embodying the true nature of every substance. In the dawnof civilization knowledge was hidden under a religious ormysticized veil and every natural power was identified withor ascribed to deities. Later, when the unlimited ability ofhuman rationing and activity was realized, a new period inthe course of humanity was initiated, during which the so-called intermediate sciences, that is Astrology, Alchemy,Power of Stones and Medicine of Amulets, flourished.

Strong indications of irrationalism are located in certainpassages of the Homeric and Hesiodic texts, which,however, are incompatible with the character of the rest ofthe work. Certain scholars consider that this irrationalism isdue to Alchemy or to the divine and sacred art, acontemplative process relevant to philosophy.

Furthermore, a simple comparison between the Orphicand Pythagorean texts and the alchemistic treatises clearlyshows that the Pythagoreans are the successors of theOrphists and that their purification rites directly refer toAlchemy. Another comparison between the symbols of thedivine and sacred art and those of the Minoan A and Bscript proves that many of them are identical: the 25% of thechemical symbols of the Minoan and the alchemistic tablescoincide, while the rest correspond either to ideograms orto mere letters. It is also worth noting that in later tables ofalchemistic symbols, such as that of Isaac Newton, thebasic elements, metals for example, appear with the samesymbol as in the Minoan Crete.


O , , . - O, , : -

, (.1), , - , , , , .

, - ( 500 ..) , , - . . , , -. - , , , .

, - -, , - .

O ( E . ..) - - . , , - . , , - . , , : , , (. 2). O - , 1. O . H. Reussner, Pandora, 1582.

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O , , , ( 600 ..) . O - , , - . , , , . , , - .


. . X- 18 . : , (. O, , 3).

O

, - , - , , , . -, , , , . , . -, - , . , - , - : . . , , - , , . , , . ,

, - . , : , - (. 3), - . , , , O (. , 720-730), -. - . - 27 (39) - - , .

O , , . , -, ,

2. . D. Stolcius von Stolcenberg,Viridarium chymicum, 1624.

3. . 15 .


. , - , , , , -. O - , , , , -, , ( ). , , (. 4), -. , , O- (. , 109-201) , - , - . , - , ( 700 ..),

, - . , , . O ( O-, 354c 366a) , , , ( ). -, , -, , 23 , , , . , , , - (447-438 ..).

, , (. 5), - : (10, Diels) . O (- 1, Diels) , , , . O ( 1 10, Diels) ( 171-195 249-270, Luria) - . ( 52 b) , - , .

, (470-399 ..). O -

4. , O, - , - , . Hans Leisegang, DieGnosis, Stuttgart 1985.

5. O . Biblioteque nationale, .


, , , - . , - , , -, , - ( 1, 642 28..), ( ), - . , - , , . - - 8 9 , -, , , . - . , . , - , , -, ( ), , , - , , .

, . Turba Philosophorum , , - , , , , , .

, , - , , , , . - . - .

O , , , , , , . , , , - , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , ,, , , , . O - , - , , .

O - - - , , - (. 6): , , , , . (. 7) ,

6. O () (). D.Stolcius von Stolcenberg, Viridarium chymicum, 1624.


, - - , , , - , - . , . , (. ) , - .

, - - , - , -, . O (610-546 ..) -, .

, -, , - , - , , - , , - . , , . (585-

525 ..), -, , , , , , - , , - . O -. , , , -, , , , , , .

O (570-470 ..), , , - , , - -. : , , .

7. . D. Stolcius von Stolcenberg, Viridarium chymicum, 1624.

8. , , . . Reussner, Pandora, 1582.

, - (. 8), - (, -, 320c-321e, Burnet), - , , .

O (540-480 ..), , , - , , , , - -. - , - , - , , . , - , , , ,, , .., - . , , , , , - , - , , -, , .

O , , - , . , , -. , , , , .

, , - , . , , , , , . , -

, - . , -, , (. 9).O , , . (51) : , , , , -. , (53) - , . . O , , - .

O (490-435 ..) - - , - , , - , . , -


9. O . M. Maier, Atalantafugiens, 1618.

-, , . - , - (-E . ..), - . , , O , , O -. , , . , , - . O , , - ( , ) ( ) -. , , , , , . - -, , , - .

O (500-428 ..), - . , , - , , , .. , , , , - . , . , , - , , - , - , , - -, , . . - , , , , - , . , , - ,

: , , , , . (B.S. Guthrie, II 285), -, 13 , - , .

O (480-410 ..), - , 11 , , - , - . , - . O , , I T, , . , , , -, , . -, , , - , - . , - .

O (480-410 ..) , -. , , , , , , - . O - - , . 6 9 , , - , - , , , , -, . , , - , .



- .

O

.., , - . - - , - ., - , -, , . .

O - , - O. , - , , - -, . -, - , , . - , - 570 .. -

, . ( 540 470 ..) - , ,, . E .., . - .

.. , - - - . , , , - 484 .. , -

(470-395 ..). - , , 411 ..

O , , . - , .

, , , , .

, , . - . , (. 10) : - , - : - .

10. O 1606.

, .

, , : - , . - - . , -. , , . , - , - . O , . , -

. - . - , , , .

, , , . O , , , , - . - . (. 11).

O - - . - , - , , . - . - , ,


12. . AthanaseKircher, 1682.

11. O , , - 16 .

, , , . (. 12) . , , , , .

, . - - . O , , - . - - . - , . O, , , , , -. O , -. O , - - . - -. - , - .

- A . ; - ; , -, -, (. 13). -,

, , - . - , . O -. , , - , , , .

O - , , , . O


13. O . S. Trismosin, SplendorSolis, 16 .

, (. 14) . , , , , - . - , , , -, , . , , . - , - .

, . O . , , -

( , , - , - 40 , , , , ). : (. 15) , , . . , . , . , - , , , - .

, , - . , , - , - - - . , - , - , .

, , - (. , 4). -, - , , - , , , , . , , , , , (, , 783) (. 16). : , (, , 790). -, - , .

( 450 ..), , , -


14. . M. Maier, Scrutinium Chymicum, 1687

, , , - , . -, , . , - , Quinta Essential -, , 20 - .

, , - ( E .. ..). , - , - , . - ., , -. . , , . O

- , - . - 18 . - - - , - -, . , - , . , , , , , , , , , , - , . , -


15. O . Joseph Wright (1734-1789).

16. 11 . .

, ( ) , - . . () (-, . 7 .. . O, , 7).

H E .X.

, , . -, , -, : (. 983b, 7 . . 44).

O . , - - , , - , - . E .., -, .., - , , - .

(460-370 ..) (. 17). - , - . - (Diels,. 247), -, - , -. - . , - , - . - - , . ( )

(= ), - - . , , . , - , , , , , -. - . , , , - , , . - . - - , -, , . - , -, , , - . , - , , - , - , . , -, , , .


17. O . M. Maier, Symbola aureae mensae, 1617.

, - -, -, , , (- , -, .. - , - , ).

O

O , , O, , - ( , . 2327, .169, . , . 79): - , . , , , -. - . . , , , . -, . - O , , O (). -, - . O 7 8 (. , . 7v): - : , -, , , , , ,, , , , , ,, , , , , -, , , , , ,, . , , - . - (. 2250, . 245): , , , , , - , , , O, ,

, , , - , O , , - , , , , , , , , , , -, , . - .


The Alchemists from the Pre-Socratic Philosophers to Plato

Thales of Miletus and the followers of the Ionian School arethe first to introduce the scientific conception of the originand reason of the creation of the world. Water, according toThales, is the original substance of creation, while hiscontemporary Anaximenes argues in favor of air who, whenfierce would become fire, when thick would become cloudsand water, earth and stones. Other theories, moreprofound, succeed these rather vague ones. Parmenidesand his Eleatic School believe in the reduction of everysubstance to an eternal and motionless Being, an idea alsoshared by the alchemists in their dogma The whole is oneand from the whole becomes everything.

The alchemists simply follow the doctrines of thesegreat philosophers and strive to reproduce in their furnacesthe circumstances that would have prevailed in the creationof the world by combining the suitable natural bodies,according to the divine dictum of Hermes Trismegistus,whatever exists up, in the macrocosm, exists down, in themicrocosm. Thus, a wide spectrum of theories has beendeveloped: the monistic theory, represented by Thales(water), Anaximenes (air), Heracletus (fire), according towhich reality consists of a single substance; the pluralistictheory, represented by Parmenides (light and darkness)and Empedocles (water, air, earth and fire), according towhich reality consists of more than one independentelement; Anaxagoras theory of the omnipotent Mind thatrules and regulates the chaotic, primitive mass of all things;Democritus theory of atom, the basis of all form of matter,and Void that has an equal right with reality.

In the oldest catalogue of the world wide illustriousGreek alchemists, called Ecumenicals by their contempo-raries, which was compiled by the Anonymous Philoso-pher (Lyon, Bibliotheque Municipale, ms 2327, f. 169; Bib-lioteca Marciana, f. 79) the names of the ancient Greekphilosophers are listed as names of alchemist writers and inthis capacity they are mentioned in most of the extant rele-vant treatises.


,

,

,

,

,

,

,

O , - ( . ..),, , - , - , - (. 987,1), ( , 1) , -, ( -) - ( - -). - ( , VII, 5) - ( ), ( 230b).

, -, , . - (. 1), - , - , (., 991 ..).

, , -, , - . O - . , , , -

1. , . Lamber de Saint-Omer,Liber Floridus, . 1120.

, . , , , , . , , . , .

, , . , , ! - , , . - , .

(470-399), . , , . , , . O , , .

, . - , -. , , , - , , -, , - .

, , , -, - - - . O . - , - - , - , ( ).

( ) - (. 2). , , , , , - .

- , , - . , - , - , -, , , , - , - .

, ,

-

. - ,

, , -

.

- , , -, - - -, -

.

-

. O - (. 696

130 O. 125),

( 969-974). O -


2. - . S. Trismosin, Splendor Solis, 16 .

, , , . , -, , , - , , - , : , - (, 42, 51, 59). H Z .. - . - . . , , , , . , - , - E .X. (Fragmenta 348, Didot), , - , : , , , (13 29, 47, , 6).

O , , , O, - : - , -

-. O - , - , , -, , , -. , , - . O . , - , , .

, , - , , , - (. 3). O , - , - (, VI, 2, O- 47). , , - , .

, , , - , , - , , , . , - , , - , , , (. 4) (.5), -


3. O , .

4-5. , .

. O , , , , - , , - , , - , , . O - , Z .., , , , (, , ) (. 6), , . O - , - , , , , - , , .

- , - 2 ( ,, , ): ,

, - , - , . - . - , , -, , , , , - , -. - , -, , , ,, . , - , , , , .


6. .

7. (1470), .

-, 5 , , - , , , (Epistula CXXXV, PG), - , - 529, - -. , , , - , , , , - , - . - , , , , -, . - , , - (.7), - . - - , , . 18 , - , -, , ..

, , - , - , , , - . - , -, -. , - , . , , -, , -: -, , , , , . , , ,

, ,, -, , , . 5 , - , , - , . , , - , , - . , - , -, . O - -, , - -. , -


8. O, .Georg Gichtel, Theosophia practica, . 1898.


. : , , (28, ). , , , , , . , - , - (29, ), , , , - , , (30, , ). : O , , , - O (. 8), , - O, , , , (30, ).

O , , - , - . , , , . , : , , , , , (31, , 32, ).

O , (33-48), . , , , - , , (49 ). - , , ,, - , - , , (49 , ). , - , , - , , . , - , (50) (. 9) ,

, , (50 , ). , , - (51, ). , , , . , .

O : -, , , - - , (52, , ). O : - , , , , . , , , , , - , - , ( , -, -

9. . J. D. Mylius, Anatolia auri, 1628.

-). , (53, ).

, , - . , : . , -, , : , - . - , (54 55 ). , , , (. 10). , - . , , - -. O -: (56 ).

, , -. , , , , . O , (56-57), , , - (57-61).

-

. , , , (69) , , , (69). , -, .

O ..

, - (383-322 ..). . O - - , , - . O (. 11) - - (, , , ), ..) , . , - - , - (, - ..). , , , - . - , - . , . , - . - , , -, .. ( ) . O - - , , , . 2327 (.110) , : . O -


10. : , , , .

- , - , . ,o De secretiozi Aegyptiorum Philosophia , -. Theatrum Chemicum . - , - . - -. 618, , - - (Eliyya bar Shinaya). - ,

(Aldisha bar Brika). - ,, - (, -) .

, . , - , , - . O , - - -, - . , - , . O - (, Tusc. I, 21). , - 287 .., , , (-, De deor. nat. I, 35) : , -, (, Acad. II, 38).

H

(404-365 ..), - - - . , - . - - . O , - , - , .

, , - . , , , , -, . -


11. O 15 .

, , - - . , -, (VI , 24-34), , ( -) !

K , , . O (341-270 ..) - , - , , , - . , - .

, , , - 334 ..,

. O , , - : - , (. ., VIII, 136).

, - , - . O , - , , (. ., VII, 137, 139, 142, 148 . ., , 5). (304-233), , , , , - , .

O

-. . , , - (. 12).

O - , , - . O, - , . , , , , - , - , - . , 12 : - , , , - . : ,


12. . 18 .

. , - , , - , , .

, - 19 - , - - . , -

- , . , , - , - . , - (. 13).

O - - -, - , - ,

, . O , , - , , Primum Ens ..

O , . - , - . , , - , - , - . , , , - . , - , , , , -, , , - . , , , . ( ). - , - , , - , , -


13. , 12. Hildegard von Bingen, Scivias.

14. , , , , , . M.Maier, Atalanta fugiens, 1618.

- . O , , -, , , , , - (.14). - , , :

,

: - : . - .

- - . , , , - : , - , ,

, - , ( -) , , , . , - . , - . , , - . , , - . - -. - . - , - 15.


15. -. S. Trismosin, Splendor Solis, 16 .

Philosophers, Mystics and Alchemists in Antiquity

The alchemistic theories originate from the doctrines of theIonian, the Pythagorean and the Platonic School ofPhilosophy. The objective of the ancient Greek Mysteries,that is the spiritual and material perfection, coincides withthe ultimate goal of the divine and sacred art of thealchemists. There is a close connection between theirrational content of Alchemy and the magic conception ofthe ancient metallurgists who worshiped Mother Earth,since the ores, according to their belief, would ripe in theearths bosom alike embryos in the human or animal body.In Greek antiquity, the prehistoric, most sacred doctrines ofthe Mysteries were integrated with Demeter and the cult ofEarth. Therefore, the knowledge of the Greek Mysteriesoutlines the course of the alchemist in his practice in whichhis own psychic embodiments also participate.

The principles of Alchemy have a dual application, theearthly and the spiritual, and its philosophy comprises twomajor schools: the one is represented by the alchemistswho argued that all metals can be transmuted to gold; theother, by the superior alchemists or mystics who attestedthat mans spiritual renaissance can be achieved throughthe effective philosophical system that is hidden in theprinciples and commandments of Hermetic Art.

One should wonder how Alchemy, the only one tooutlive the Mysteries, managed not only to survivethrough the intolerant years of Christian Byzantium, butalso to be metamorphosed into the supreme Christianprocedure of transubstantiating bread and wine into thebody and blood of Christ.

, - . , - , - , . (. , , -), -, , , . , - , , -, -

, .

, , - , - , - . , , , . , .

, - . - , , . - , , . O - (5 .). , , .


, , .

TELIKO 107 new.qxd 12-06-08 13:12 Page 6

- . O , - -, - . O , , , , - . , -. O - - . .., 8 - . 10 , - , . , - : .

- , ( ) - , , -. . O , , . O , , , 280 - , . , . O , .

- , . - , , , - , , , .

, , . , . , - , - , , , , .


.



O (323-1 ..)

.., , - , , --, , -, . O - - . O - (285-212 ..) - : , . , - ( ), . -, (320-250..), . - - -. , , - , - , - , - , - (., , VI,3). - , - , .

- (272-195 ..). , .

, - , () , - . , (190-120 ..) . - , .

O

O

O

O

O

O

O , , -. , .. , - . O , - , , - , - .

1. (Raimondo Lullo,Breviculum, 14 .).


- . O - , , .

-, , - . O (372-287 ..) - , - , . , , !

- - - . , , , . - , . , , , , - , , , , - , , !

, - . , , , .., , 18 . - : . , . , , . , - , -. - , ,

. , , - , -, . -, , - , (. 1).

, , , . - : , , , , , . -, . , , . , - , , - . - , , - , . ,, , -


2. O (J. Perral, 1516).



. , , , , , , ( ) , . , , . , , ( ) - -. , - , - -, (. 2) . - - . -

, , . , - . , , - , . , - (Moynier de Villepoix, Oeuvres).

(. 3), - - - , . , , , , , , , , , , , (.4). , , : -, - . - , - : , , -, . , - , , -, , , .

, , , - (. 5). , ,

3. , ( 17 .)

4. : - .

A


, , , -, , - ; , , - , , , , , , . , , - . , -, , - . - -, , -

. , , - .

- , , .. - , - . , - - . , , - , , . -, , -, , , , -, , - (. 6).

, - , , , ., -, . , , . , .


5. ( , . 18 .).

6. - ( , 18 .).


. , , -, , , -, -.

, , -, , - . , - , , , - .., -, - , , - (.. ). -, , .. -.

, , - , , , , -. O , , -, , , . - ,

- . , , , , . . , , , - , , .

- , . , , - - . , - , , , . , , - , , , - , , , (. 7) . , , , - ,


7. , ( 15 .).

8. O (Achille Bocchius,Bologna, 1555).


. , , , . -, , -, , . , . , -, , - , . , , O . , - , , , - , , O -. , , (. 8) - .

, - . , , - - . - : (

, -) . - .., , , - . , , : - , , . , .

- . , -, , . O - , . , , , - . O , - , , , - .

, , , : O ( ) , -, [...] , ,


9. O (Jacobus Publicus, Oratoriae artis epitome, 1482).. O (Johannes Romberch, Congre-storium artificiose memorie, 1533).

,,

(, ) (, )

( )

(, ) (, )


(, , 14). O O- , 5 ..( O ) , -, ( ) , - , (, Fabricius Bibliotheca Graeca, 1 V VI). - ( , 6) : , , , . O - . O - . - . - , , - (. 9) -, , - , - (O, 2327, 213). O - , - ,

- , .

, , - . - , . , O , ,1 .

(, , ) . O , , , . O ,, , - . O ,


10. , Matthus Merian Opus medico-chymicum (1618) J.D. Mylius.


, - - , , ., , - , , - , -, .

15 , (. 10) - . , , - -. , -, - - - .

, , , - , - . , - (. 11) . , , , - , - . - , . , - . , , , . -, , - . , , -, ., , -, , -

-, , , , , .

, , , - , , , O, . O , , - O . , -. : , - () , () , () , (). , - , , , . , , , .

, - , -


11. O , - .


(. 12), - , - .

O - , , - -, . - - . O, , - , - - , -, .

, -, -, , , - . , , , - , , - , , . - , - , - , .

O

, . - - .

, - - , -, - , - .

, 335 .., , , -, , , (Acad. Post. At., IV, 1), -

. , , , - , . , , - , , , - , , .

, , , ,


12. (-, , . 1470).


- , , - . O - . , -, , . - , -, - . - , , , , - . O , 85 , 287 .. - . , , . , . , , -, . , , , , . , , . , - , - .

, -, 287 .. , 18 , - -. , . , - , - - . , , , , ,

, ( , , -) . O , ( ). , , . -, , . - , . - 44 , , , - . , .

, - . O (400-365 ..), - , . , - , - . O -, , - .

O , , (-), . , - , -, , . , , .

, - , . - ( 350-270 ..). - , , -, , . O - , - , , - . O , , , . O ,



.

- - . - , - , , - , , - , .

O - -. , -, ... O - , , ,, , , - . - , , - , . - : , , , ( ) .

O (, , VI, 378) - - . -, , , (. 13). O - - , , .O , . , .

O , - -

. - , . - , 2 ( ). , , , .

, - . , , - , . - , , . O -


13. , , (Mutus Liber, La Rochelle 1677, Jacobus Sulat).


(, -), -, . , - . , - . . - , -, , , . . - (. 14), , .

O - , . . O , . , - , . - . , .

HMEIEI1 : . .2 : .


14. ( 15 .).

he Greek Alchemists of the Hellenistic Period

The exact sciences were impressively developed during theHellenistic period. The Greek intellectuals had an easy accessto all the Hellenistic kingdoms of the southeastern Mediterra-nean and the East, the rulers of which eagerly financed the

foundation of scientific laboratories and libraries. The thirdcentury BC marked the appearance of great mathematicians(Euclid, Apollonios of Perga), engineers (Archimedes,Ktesibios, Heron of Alexcandria), astronomers (Aristarchos ofSamos, Hipparchos), the development of the physiognosticscience (Theophrastos) and the activity of celebrated phys-icians (Herophilos, Erasistratos).

The alchemists also possessed the theories on therationale. The base of the Hermetic Philosophy is the dom-inant First Law of the One Matter that can take variousshapes through which it is able to be combined with itselfand thus produce infinite new bodies. When the alchemistssought to transform the matter by speeding up the naturesprocesses, they adopted and applied technical methodsfrom nature.

Apart from the universal First Matter, the alchemists alsoaccepted three more principles (sulphur, mercury, salt) andfour theoretical elements (air, earth, fire, water), which notonly represented the natural conditions of the matter but alsoits qualities.

The ancient knowledge interpreting the order behind thechaos, as presented in mythology is in accordance with themodern notions of psychology and with Jungs theories inparticular.

Aristotles philosophy supplied the foundations for thealchemist theory and practice, while other philosophies alsocontributed to their final formation. The Stoic doctrine on thecatholic cosmic spirit and the seminal beginning reinforcedthe vitalistic conceptions innate in alchemy, and the Gnosticthought enriched the spiritual aspect of the EuropeanAlchemy.



O (185-110 ..) - (144-60 ..) - . , , . , , -, - . O , , - . , , - , 89 92, . - , , , , (194..), , - , Eabius Pictor, . - , -, . , 173 .., , . , , , , , , , , - , O, - (Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit).

, , , . - -

. . , . , - , , -, , -, , . , , -, , , , , .

O . O , , , (117-189), , (101-177), . , , , - . , - 2 , -, , - , , , - . -

O

O

O

O

O

O

O -. O , -, .. , , , . , , , , -. O , - , .


, , , , - - . -, - (95-175), - - - . O (63 ..-19), , - , . - , , , - . (155-235) .

O -. 200 .. -, , 168 .., - , - . , 18 - 220 146 .. , - - .

, . , -

, , 40 , . , - .., . ( 64 ..), 144 , .

, , -, 46. - , . , , -, , , , .

, , - 3 , , - -, (213-273), - , -. , - (129-199), - , , , . , , , -, , (. 1).


1. ( ).


, , , , (. 2). -. , - , , . , , , , , , -, 19 ,J. P. Migne (1800-1875) -, .

, , - , , -, . , - ,

., , ,

8 (721-815), , , . O - - , - , , - . O ( ) - , . -, , . - - - , , .


2. O ( Peter Bruegel , 1558).


-, , . , , , , - .

, (Summa perfectionis magisterii), . , - , , , - , . 950, , -, 250 , . - , .1

, (. 3), , , , . -. -, . , - , , , , - , , .

, , , , , , , , . , . - .

, , - , - , - . , - , . O -

, . , , , - , . . - , . 18 , , .

, , , - , , 19, , . , , , : . , -, , , . , , - (. 4).


3. Jbir ibn Hayyn, . , ,: O ( 15 .).


, - (. 5), , . O -, , , - - , -, ( ) - ( , )., , , , . , - , . , . - - ( , , , -) -. , , - .

, -, . - , , , ,

, . - , , . - , , . -, , - .

, - , , - , -, , . , - - . - , , - .

, , , - , - , , (. 6), , , , -, . , - , -: . , , - - , , - . , , - , .

, , -, , , - ! (. 7)

, - . , , - , , -. , -,


4. (Rosarium philosophorum, 1550).


, , ,2 - : .

, , - - , , . , , , , , , -

. , - , , , : . , -, , , - , . , , -, , , - . - 20 , , , 1935 3 - , , . - , , , - . - -, , , - , , , .. , - , De natura rerum: , , -


5. (- Ripley, 16 .).

6. , - (, Jeronymus Roysner, 1580).


, , , , , , , - , .

- , , , -, , -. , -. , , -, , , -. , - - , - . , , - , .O , , - , , -, ,4 - . , , , -, - . , , -, , , - , , , . , - . O - -, , .

, - 5 , - , - - , , , , . -, , , -

, , . - O, , , , , , - . , - , , , , -. , O , , - - . , - . O


7. Robert Fludd (Philosophia sacra, - 1626).


, , . - , - .

O , , . - , , - , . -. - , 119 .. , , - , - , , . , - (180-110 ..). - , , - , , - , - . , - . - , -, , - (135-51 ..). , , , , , 97 .., , - , - 78 .. - , , . , - , ,

. , - (vis vitalis), () . O , (De civit. Dei, V, 2), - - (. ., VII, 142).

- , . O , , : , , - .6 , , - , , - . , - , . - , - , - , ., , - , , , . (De civit. Dei, V, 2).

, , , - , . - 133 .., - , , , - . O , , . - . - , .O , , - , - . , , , . -



, - - - .

-, , - - , - . - (. -., , 490 ) O (O. ., , 4, 16) , , -, -, . O , 1 , , - - --. , - , -, , - . O - , , , , , . , . , , , - 99 .. 1 . - , . -, , De rerum natura, . , , - -

. , , .

O , , - , , - : . - , , . , - , . (conjucta) (eventa) . O -, , . , , , - , , - .. O -. , , , . O - : , , , -, . O-, , : , - . , , , . , , , - , , . , , , , , , -. , . - , - . , - .

O (De rerum natura I, 54-61,- ) , , :


8. O - 9 .


. , . , , , , .

, - . - , , , - , - , -

. , , , - . , - , - ( , ).

, - , . : , . , - , , . , 200, - O : () (. 9). - Homoculus.7

, , , , . , . - - , , 9 , , - . - 1473.

, , . - (. 8): - (-, V, . 110, ). . -


9. (17 .).


( , 33,4), (). - - , -, . , , : - , - , , -. () - 1 , .

, - (De mysteriis, V, 27 - ). - ( 2327, 266 267), ( 106 (2008), . 10). -, , , !

, - , - , - . (.9), , , -, , -, - -, , . O , , , . - , , - , , , , , ,

, , .

, , - , - . , - -, . - , - .

- , , - - , . - , - . (. 32 ), , , , - , -, , - . , , . , , , , - , , .

, - . , , , , - . , , , .

-. ! O - , , . , - , - , -



, . O .

, , - , - , - , , - : - , , - , , - .

, ,

. , , - . , - , -, . O - , - - . - , - , , , - (. 10). , 17 , , , , . , - , , - - .

, - - . , , -, , - , - . - , . , , , - -, -, .8 , , , . , - , , , . , -, , - , - (14) (C12) - .


10. 18 ., - (1754).


, -, , , , - . - . O , 5 , - : , . O , - .

O 9 : ( , ) (. 11). . , - . - , .

- -, - , , , , - . , , , , , :

.

. - , , .

. , , - - .

. , - , - .

, - , , .

. O - , - - . - O . - , , - , . - - . - , , - , , -, .

, , , . , , , , , . , - . - , , -, , - .


11. .


HMEIEI1 . , , , - . O -, , , , 140 , , - . O , , , 180 , . O , , , - , - , - , , . 200 , , , , . , , - ( , , - ), , -, -. , 1 , , , , - : - , 39 (1.300 ) 41 (1.365 ) . -, , 65 - , - , , 50 . - , , , - , 180 , :

, - , , 1400 .., - (. , 19). , -, , , - , 1200 .., -. -

. , 200 , .2 Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888), .3 (Yukawa) (1907-1981), , 1949.4 , - . 242. ( ) , -, (204-269).5 Niger, 1 .6 ., ., , 1, 29.7 Homoculus, , .8 (Th. Hoemerken), . 1380 .9 , . 1197 , .

The Greek Alchemists in the Roman Era and Titus Lucretius Carus

The years from Paulus Aemilius to Pompeius were for Hel-lenism a dark period of bondage. Soon, however, the Greekphilosophy and art managed to impose civilization on Romeand increasingly more Romans started seeking schools orteachers in Greece for their education (Cicero, Brutus,Caesar). During the same years Athens and the rest ofGreece were absent from the field of letters, with a fewexceptions (Plutarch, Dexippos, Polyaenos), as opposed toAsia Minor, Egypt, Syria and Persia where men of letters,historians and scientists flourished (Dionysios ofAlikarnassos, Appian, Pausanias, Strabo etc.). In the newintellectual center of the then known world, Alexandria, thesciences were cultivated and among them Alchemy, a naturalscience with its own theories and doctrines, aiming at therational interpretation of matter and the verification ofuniversal cosmogony.

The Romans, a warlike people par excellence, were pri-marily influenced by Stoicism. Posidonios, the greatestpolymath of his age, tried to combine Stoicism withPlatonism and Aristotelism and to create a mysticphilosophy, imbued with theology. In all probability he wasalso an alchemist, given that he admitted the existence of avital force, emanating from the Sun and surging itsthermogenic spirit all over the world. Epicurianism alsoexercized its positive influence on famous thinkers andgreat poets (Virgil, Horace) and conquered Titus LucretiusCarus who adopted the atomic conceptions of ancientmaterialism. He declared that de nihil nihilum (=nothing cancome of nothing), while he puts forward a first conjecture onthe eternity of matter: nothing involves around nothing.Lucretius was the most illustrious materialist, alchemist andatheist philosopher of Rome.


, - , -, .



, Chmi (), , 12 , - , 18 , . O 2 3 , , (1, V) 200, - , - . , , , , , . O

, . , , , , - -. , , - -. .

, -, . O (, 32, 62, , 52). , - -. (. 2), , , . , - , , -, , (. 3), , -, -

O , 5 , - . ( ) , , . (. 1), , , 8 . (1540) - , , , , .

1. 299 - . , - . 10 , - 14 , :, , , 14. -. O .


, . , , - 11 , - ( 188) - ( 193) (. 4), ( 102), - , - -

, -. - ( 193), - ( 22, 68, 78, 106, 107, 119 ..).

, 10 11 , -, , , , , .

. , - , ( ). , , -. - , - . - - , - ( , V, 12)(438) - , - , - -. O 16 , - , 15 , - (Hus), , , , 1530 - ! O - O-, , . - , . O


2. (S. Trismosin, Splendor solis,, 16 .).


, -, , - (5 -). -, , 620, , 8 . 11 . , , - , - - . 3 , 18, , , -, -, , . -, , , , , , , .

. O - ( , 22, 8). 2 3 , , - , - . , , - .

, , , , , , . - -, , , - , , , - . - . , , - , -, , - , . O, - , , - . , . O - , , , - . , , , , - ; -, , , ; , , , - .

-, , , , . ,


3. -.


, -, . O , , , , - - . , - , , - , , , , . , -, . , , , - , , .

, - , , , , , , , , .. -. , , - . , , , , , , . -

, -, . , , - , -, , , - . , (. 5) , - , - , , - - , , , - .

, , -, -. - , -. - , . -, -, , 1000. O , , - - . , , - - , . , , - .

, , - :

. , , . ,

, - . , -, - -


4. .


.

. , , - .

, , . , , , , , . , , , -, , . , - -, , , -. , , - .

. , , .

, , - . - , , -

. , - , - , - .

. , , , .

. O, , , -, , . - , - . O - (. 6) , , , , - . , , , - . - .

. O ,


5. .

6. O (Figuarum AegyptiorumSecretarum, 18 .).


. ,

, , -, , -. O - -, . , - , , - .

. , , .

, - () - () - . , , - - . , , , . , , , - - - . , , - , .

. - , .

, , , , - , , , -, , . , , - . () .

. .

-

, .

. , - .

, ().. . (. 7) .. , -

, .. ,

. .

. , - , ., -, : , . , . O ,


7. (J.C. Barchusen,Element chemicae, Leyden 1718).


, - - , .

(. 8). , , , - , , . - - , ( , - - ), . , , - , . , , - .

, -, , -, - , -

. O .., , , , - . , , , , , , . , , . , , - . - - , , , , , , (. 9).

-, , , - , , -


9. O Midgard (Henry Fssli, 1788).

8. .


, : (. 208). , - , , .

- , - , -. , - , O. , - , , - , . -, , , .

O , - , - . , - , - , - , -

, - - - , . - - -. O - , - . , - - (. 10), -

, , , , .

, -, , , - . O , - , - ( 2327, 169). O O-, , - , - 4 . ( 2327, 249) - - : , -, , , , . , - , - , .O - ( -, 12-13 , Geographi GraeciMinores, . , . 122-129). O


10. O .


- (2 , 138-141) , 15 , , - - Geographi Graeci Minores, . , . 122-129. , - (. 11) - . - . - , -, , - O, -, , - ( 2327, 149).

, , . , - , 7 . , , 3 4 . -, , .

17 , - , , . O (Ath. Kircher,Alchemia hieroglyphica, 1653) - , , - 1, - , . , , - , 17 - - . - . O -, , , , - - (, , : ).

, O, - , - . O O, , [- , , - ()]. - , ; - , - , O;

, , , - -, , - .

, , .. -, . - , , - , .


11. O , (Abraham Elazar, Donum Dei, Erfurt, 1735).


, , , . , - - -, , .

-, , - , , 4 , - , - , , - , , , .. , 5 , - , - . , , - , , -, , , , , , - - , , .

.., , , - , - .

, -, 325, - , , -, . , , 431, , - , , (380-451), , - . O , - , - , , -, . , -

, - , . - , . O, , .

, , , 5 -. - , . -, , - , 489, - , , -, . - , 529, , .

, , -, - , -. , , - -, . - -, , , -, , - . , - , , -, . - , -

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