Αφρική
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Αφρική Χάρτης της Αφρικής Η Αφρική είναι η τρίτη μεγαλύτερη ήπειρος του κό- σμου σε έκταση [σημ 1] και η δεύτερη πληθυσμό. Έχει έκτασηπερίπου 30.2 εκατ ομ μύρια km² μαζί μετα τρι - γύρω νησιά και καταλαμβάνει το έξι τοις εκατό της συνολικής επιφάνειας της Γης και το 20.4 τοις εκατό της συνολικής έκτασης της στεριάς. [1] Ο πληθυσμός της το 2013 ήταν 1.1 δισεκατομμύρια που αποτελεί περίπου το 15% του παγκόσμιου πληθυσμού, [2] και είναι ο νεότερος από όλες τις ηπείρους, με το 50% των αφρι κανών ναείναι 19 ετών ή νε ότ εροι . [3] Ηήπει - ρος περιβάλλεται από τη Μεσόγειο Θάλασσα στα βό- ρεια, από τη Διώρυγα του Σουέζ και την Ερυθρά Θά- λασσα κατά μήκος της Χερσονήσου του Σινά στα βορειοανατολικά, τον Ινδικό Ωκεανό στα νοτιοανα- τολικά, και τον Ατλαντικό Ωκεανό στα δυτικά. Η Αφρι κή περιλα μβάνει τη Μαδαγασκάρη και διά- φορα αρχιπελάγη. Έχει 54 πλήρως αναγνωρισμένα κυρία ρχα κράτη, εννιάπε ρι οχές και δύο de fac to ανε- ξάρτητα κράτη με περιορισμένη αναγνώριση., Η μεγαλύτερη χώρα της Αφρικής σε έκταση είναι η Αλγερία και σε πληθυσμό η Νιγηρία. Η αφρική, και ειδικά η Ανατολική Αφρική, είναι κατά γενική αποδοχή ο τόπος καταγωγής των ανθρώπων και του κλάδου των ανθρωπιδών, όπως προκύπτει από την ανακάλυψη των παλαιότερων εξ αυτών και των προ - γόνων τους, καθώς και μεταγενέστερων που έχουν χρονολογηθεί στα επτά εκατομμύρια χρόνια πριν, όπως ο Sahelanthrop us tchadensis , ο Australopithecus africanus , ο A. afare nsis , ο Homo erec tus , ο H. habil is και ο H. erga ster . Ο παλ αιό τερ ος Homo sapie ns (σύγχρονος άνθρωπο ς) βρέθη κε στην Αιθιοπία και χρονολο γείτα ι στα 200.000 χρόνια πριν. [4] Η Αφρική βρίσκεται εκα- τέροθε ν του ισημερινού και περιλαμβάνει πληθώρα κλιματικών περιοχών με εύρος που κυμαίνεται από τη βόρεια εύκρατη ζώνη έως τη νότια. [5] Συνθετική δορυφορική φωτογραφί α της Αφρικής 1 Μορφολογία Κάποτε, πριν από πολλά εκατομμύρια χρόνια, και οι τρεις αυτές ήπειροι φαίνεται ότι αποτελούσαν μία. Η Αφρ ική διαφέρ ει από τις άλλες δύοστο γεωμ ορφολο - γικό χαρακτήρα, στο κλίμα και στη χλωρίδα. Διαφέ- ρει ακόμη η ήπειρος αυτή από τις άλλες δύο και στο χαρακτήρα της ιστορικής και πολιτιστικής ανάπτυ- ξης που ακολούθησε, αλλά ακόμη και στο βαθμό που τη χαρακτηρίζει τουλάχιστον τα τελευταία χρόνια. Γεωγραφικά η Αφρική ορίζεται: στα βόρεια βρέχε- ται από τη Μεσόγειο Θάλασσα, στα ανατολικά, πριν γίνει η Διώρυγα του Σουέζ, ενωνόταν με την αρχαία ήπειρο με του ισθμό του Σινά, ενώ από την Ασία τη χωρί ζου ν η Ερυθρά θάλασσ α καιο κόλ πος του Άντ εν. Επίσης, στα ανατολικά βρέχεται και από τον Ινδικό 1
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9
10 [1] ,
.
11 [1] Sayre, April Pulley (1999), Africa, Twenty-First Century
Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
[2] World Population Data Sheet.
[3] Harry, Njideka U. (11 September 2013). AfricanYouth, Innovation and the Changing Society.Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html.
[4] Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb.16, 2005
[5] Visual Geography. Africa. General info. http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html. - 2007-11-24.
[6] CIA World Factbook
12 AllAfrica.Com
Open Directory Project
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%2527_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8D%CE%B7https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8Chttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8Chttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8Chttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BDhttps://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761313672http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-WPDS-infographic_MED.pdf2013http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.htmlhttp://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.htmlhttp://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.htmlhttp://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.htmlhttp://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.htmlhttp://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/http://allafrica.com/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project
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13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
13.1 Text : http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE?oldid=5039341 -
: Geraki, Robbot, StefanosKozanis, Kangelis, Nakos2208, , Kalogeropoulos, Song1for, Mik, E2m, Dada, YurikBot, Zwobot,*, Lemur12, Badseed, Gerakibot, Valentin, Vavel, Gepsimos, Aurilios, Egmontaz, Veron, Escarbot, Thijs!bot, Amalgam, S.Cruz, JAnDbot, Magioladitis, Purodha, FlaBot, VolkovBot, Idioma-bot, Ferengi, Synthebot, TXiKiBoT, QualiaBot, Hypnotist, SieBot,BotMultichill, Sotkil, Byrialbot, AlleborgoBot, PipepBot, MARKELLOS, Fallacia83, Ttzavaras, Storeye, Purbo T, MelancholieBot,Darkicebot, HerculeBot, CarsracBot, Nikosguard, SilvonenBot, Costas78, Luckas-bot, Demmy, Ptbotgourou, ArthurBot, Almabot,Obersachsebot, Jyothis, Andromeas, VJSC263IO, Egmontbot, MastiBot, C messier, Xqbot, RedBot, TobeBot, DEagleBot, GrouchoBot,EmausBot, ZroBot, Skgxt, ChuispastonBot, WikitanvirBot, FelisSilvestrisCretensis, Galexiou, HRoestBot, Movses-bot, NNeilAlieNN,Chrysalifourfour, Rezabot, Glorious 93, Vagobot, AvocatoBot, Geilamir, Spiros790, Kouloumpisd, Dexbot, Dkoukoul, Elanus, Addbot,Erorrf, Ah3kal : 59
13.2 Images :AfricaCIA-HiRes.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/AfricaCIA-HiRes.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? :Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Africa_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Original artist: Martin23230 :Africa_satellite_plane.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Africa_satellite_plane.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: The image is from [1] (Blue Marble: Land Surface, Shallow Water, and Shaded Topography "). I tookthe two 21600x21600 images, land_shallow_topo_west.tif and land_shallow_topo_east.tif, and composed them. I cropped the resultingimage at 8460x8900+19400+6200. Original artist: NASA
:Cartography_of_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Cartography_of_Africa.svgLicense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Heraldry
:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: Public domainContributors: This version created by Pumbaa, using a proper partial circle and SVG geometry features. (Former versions used to beslightly warped.) Original artist: SVG version was created by User:Grunt and cleaned up by 3247, based on the earlier PNG version,created by Reidab.
:Greek_wiktionary_logo.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Greek_wiktionary_logo.pngLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:Wiktprintable.svg, Transferred from el.wikipedia; transferred to Commons byUser:MARKELLOS using CommonsHelper.Original artist: meta:User:Smurrayinchester, ::Assassingr. Original uploader was Chomwitt at el.wikipedia
:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Original artist: AleXXw
13.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CF%2586%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE?oldid=5039341http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/AfricaCIA-HiRes.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Africa_%2528orthographic_projection%2529.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Africa_%2528orthographic_projection%2529.svg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Martin23230http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Africa_satellite_plane.jpghttp://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?vev1id=11656http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/2433/land_shallow_topo_west.tifhttp://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/2433/land_shallow_topo_east.tifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Cartography_of_Africa.svg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Inkscapehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Grunt//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:3247//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Reidabhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Greek_wiktionary_logo.png//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktprintable.svghttp://el.wikipedia.org///commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MARKELLOShttp://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/commonshelper.php//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Smurrayinchester//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CF%2581%25CE%25AE%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582:Assassingr//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chomwitthttp://el.wikipedia.org/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AleXXwhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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- - Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license
