-

.

2004

1

.

.

2

3

, . . . . . , , . , , 2004

4

1977. 2 . 1995. , . 2002, , 6 Hellas Can (...) .

5

- . . , , , . , , .

ABSTRACT Techno-Economical study of solar energy systems on Xenias Buildings Aikaterini PolychroniadouOne of the most important Renewable Energy Source is considered the solar energy. Her transformation in electrical energy is achieved by the photovoltaic systems. In the present work are examined the authority of operation and the technology of those systems, as well as, the viability of such installation in Xenias buildings. There are also examined the economic and energy requirements of the buildings, the environmental benefits that follow such an installation, but also the high cost of those systems always in comparison with the conventional fuels.

6

1. ....1 10 .....3 1....3 1. .3 1.1. ...6 1.2 ..6 1.2.1 ...9 2..11 2. 11 2.2 .12 2.3 .13 2.3.1 ..14 2.3.2 .......15 2.3.3 .17 2.3.4 .17 2.3.5 .20 2.3.6 20 2.3.7 / .23 2.3.7.1 ()24 2.3.7.2 () ...25 3..27 3. - 27 3.2 ..27 3.2.1 / ..28 3.2.2 ...30 3.3 ..31 3.3.1 ..32 3.4 32 3.5 / .33 3.6 ......34 3.7 / ..34

7

3.7.1 / ...35 3.9 / ....36 3.10 .37 3.11 ..38 3.12 ...39 3.13 ....39 3.14 / .40 3.15 !.42 20 ...43 4..43 4. ...43 4.1 ( )......43 4.2 .44 4.3 46 4.4 ..47 4.4.1 48 4.4.2 48 4.4.3 .49 4.4.4 49 4.4.5 .50 4.5 / 51 4.6 52 4.7 ..54 4.8 ...54 4.8.1 .....55 5..57 5. .57 5.1 ...57 5.2 57 5.3 ..58 5.4 .....59 5.5 ..59

8

...61 ....63

9

2.3.1 .15 2.3.2: / ..16 4.1 . : ( kWhr/m2)....43 4.2 K, r Hd/H..45 4.2.2 ...46 4.3 ..47 4.4.1 ..48 4.4.2 .49 4.4.3 ...49 4.4.4 ..50 4.4.4 .50 4.5 / 15%...51 4.6 .53 4.8.1 .55

10

//

1. ( KWh/m2)..8 2. 14 1. /, , - (: , 112 2001)..15 3. - 140Watt...18 4. - 9Watt, Shell 19 5. 19 6. , , 20 2. ...21 3. () 22 4. ..23 7. ...24 8 12V, 33AH...25 9 2500Watts26 10./ ..29 11. / 8 / 29 12. ..30 4.1 ..44 4.5 / 52 4.6 ...53 4.7 / ..54

11

1. , . . , , , . , . , , . , , , . . 10 .., . , 20 , , / , , , , , / . , , , , . , , , . , , 30 , / , , , . , 4 / : , , , . , / ,

12

, , ,. 5 , , . , , , . / , , . , , (, .), . , , , , .

13

1

11. , , . , , . , , . , . , , . , , , , , . , , (...) . ..., , . (). , (Christopher Koroneos et al, 28 2003). : , . 2% , , 3,6 . MW, . , . , ,

14

.( et al. 2001 . 47). , . , . . , , . , , , . , . , 90%, , 100 , . , 10% .( et al. 2001 .61) , . : , , . , , , . . , (, .). , , , 50% . , . , ( , , , , ) . , ( et al. 2001 .56).

15

(), , . , . , 10. , . , , 50-60% ( et al. 2001 .52). , . , , , , . : , , , . , . : , () , (), . , , . . , , . . , , . : , , , 25C. ( , 600 , 20C. ). : , , , . , , ,

16

... - ( et al. 2001 .64-66). 1.1. , . , . ... . , . , , , . , , . , , . (Christopher Koroneos et al 28 2003). 1.2 . ( 2.1*1015 kWh per day) . , , , . , , , , . . . (Mark. E. Hazen 1996 Page 41). , , 1000Watt . , , , , , , .

17

. , , , . , 90, (....). , . , , 4,3kWh ( 1) . , 2700 . , 2200 2300 , 3100 . , , , , (....).

18

1. ( KWh/m2)

: , , , , , , , , 1,5 . CO2 , .( ,

, et al 2001 .44).

19

1.2.1 : ( , , ...) , , , , , ... , , . , (www.liorint.com). . , . , . (....). . , . , , . , . , . , , , , . , , ,

20

, . , , , . (....).

21

22. , . , . . . . 50. o . . , . . 0.5-0.6V. , ( ) . , , , / (Simon Roberts 1991 page 3-4). / / , / . / / watts 100 watts (DC). / . / . , . / , / . ,

: , .

22

/ , / , , - PCU-power conditioning unit ( - ), , (U.S. Department of Energy). 2.2 Alexandre Edmund Becquerel 1839. 50, / . 70, / 1973. 90, . 24 , 17 . 90, / 15-30% . 2000 200MWp. / 350MWp (A. S. Bahaj 27 2002). . , , ... /, . . , /. , , / . /

23

. (A. S. Bahaj 27 2002). 2.3 , , ( ) , . , . , . , , . , ( 2001). , , (Silicon-Si). , , . , n (negative-), p (positive-). n- , p- . p , n , . , , ( p) ( n). p, p n, p-n. , n p, ( 2001).

24

2.

2.3.1 , . (Silicon), , . , - - , . , - (GaAs), - (CdTe) -- (CuInSe2 CIS). , , , , , / ( 413 2001). , . , , thick film , (thin film) ( 413 2001). thick film . . / - 10m . - .

25

. thin film . / , . 2 (thin film) (C. Edwin Witt et al 23 2001).

hin-film PV (% . 12-13 7-8 CdTe - 15-16 9-10 CulnSe2 (CIS) -18-19 10-12 Si-Film 16-17 10 2.3.1

1.

/, , - (:

, 112 2001)

2.3.2 / ( -Thin films). ,

26

, () . 30 36 , . . 5 . . / , . , . ( ) , / . 2 / / (. 112 2001).

(>10MWp/) / / .

200-350 m

2-10 m

3-8 Euro/Wp 12-16% 20-25 0,5-3 Euro/Wp 4-10% 5-10

2.3.2: /

2, / . /, 10 , . ,

27

2, , , . , , , ( , Cd, Te, Se, As), , 2005 500Wp. 2.3.3 (a-Si) RCA 1974. 150mV, 0.01%. , 5.5% ( 0.2m2). , (multi junction cells) 13% ( ) (D.E. Carlon 78 2003). , , . , . , / , , . , (GaAs). 33%. -- (CuInSe2) ( 413 2001). 2.3.4 , : - (x-Si) , - (P-Si) ( )

28

(a-Si) . , . - , 12-13%. 80 (Mark. E. Hazen 1996, Page 43-46).

3. - 140Watt.

, , . . . . , a-Si / , . a-Si / . 5-10%, 1 2 , , 3 10 (Mark. E. Hazen 1996, Page 43-46).

29

4. - 9Watt, Shell.

5. ( ) 10Watt

, / 0,5 - 0,6 Volt - , . () / ( ), . (U.S. Department of Energy). , , . , . , , , , , 20C, , 0.004-0.005 oC. . (....). , , / 160 cm2 (~25 i2) 2 Watt 40 , 0,8 Watts (U.S. Department of Energy). 2.3.5

30

, 14V 18V , ( ), . , , , . , , . / / , . , / . (Mark. E. Hazen 1996, Page 55-57).

6. , , .

2.3.6 : . / , / /

, , , (), / . / DC. (). , ,

31

. DC C , , . (stand-alone, SA), , . / , , . 10 . , . , , (Mark. E. Hazen 1996, Page 57-58).

2. .

/ , . , , / , , . / . DC / AC, , . , AC , , , . , . ,

32

. , ( ). , utilityinteractive UI. , (Mark. E. Hazen 1996, Page 58).

3. () .

, , / , , / , (.. ) (). / / . / . , , . . , / , . , / .

33

/ , , . , , , , .. / , (S.M. Shaahid, M.A. Elhadidy 29 2004).

4. .

2.3.7 / / , . , , . / , , , , , . , , - , , , . , (Balance Of System BOS), , , ,

34

. 7 (U.S. Department of Energy).

7. .

I. 2.3.7.1 () / / , ( ). / / , , . , (U.S. Department of Energy).

35

8 12V, 33AH

II. 2.3.7.2 () / (D.C). (A.C), , , . 90%, 10% , 96%. (Maximum Power Point Tracker-MPPT), , / . - : . , , . / . , / . "" (" "). /

36

, (www.nrel.gov).

9 2500Watts

37

3 3. - , , / . , : 1 , . 2 , . 50% , , . 3 . , ( . 1992 .2-3). , : 1. (series-parallel, SP), 2. (total-crossed-tied, TCT), SP 3. (bridge-linked) () (Nalin K Ggautam and N.D. Kaushika 72 2002). 3.2 / . /, . ,

38

. - , . (AbuBakr S. Bahaj 28 2003). , / . / . / . (AbuBakr S. Bahaj 28 2003). 3.2.1 /

: :

.

, , . . , , / . . , 20-50 . (AbuBakr S. Bahaj 28 2003).

39

10./ . ( ).

11. / 8 / .

:

/ . , . , . . /

40

, , . . , . . (AbuBakr S. Bahaj 28 2003).

12. .

3.2.2

, , , . , , . . . . ,

41

. , , 90-h (. , . 1994 .111-112). 3.3 / (, , .) . , / / (), S. / , . : n = P(W) / H(W/m2)*S(m2) = E(kWh) / (kWh/m2)*S(m2), / . n (n), (), , , / . : n = n * / . 0,78, , 1,00 ( 0.98), ( . 1992 .78). , , . . , , , , . , .

42

3.3.1 / ( Watt) (Standard Test Conditions STC). () 25oC (77 F), 1000 W/m2 1,5 . / , 85 90 (STC). , 20 30 . (U.S. Department of Energy). / , , , . n / , Pmax / Pin, (STC) (A.Q. Malik, Salmi Jan Bin Haji Damit 28 2003). (STC) , / . / . / , (A.Q. Malik, Salmi Jan Bin Haji Damit 28 2003). 3.4 / , / / , / ( , , .) ,

43

, . / , . , , , ( . 1992 .85). , / , , , , 20-30% . , / , , 1-2% ( . 1992 .85). 3.5 / . / , . / , , . / . ( ) , / . , / , / ( ) . , / . , / . , / 8 12 m2 (86 129 ft2) kW . (U.S. Department of Energy).

44

3.6 /, 38% 1997 25% 2000. / . , /, 100kW . / , , , . / . 890 / 64KWP / . 1998 , 157.8MWp / , 85.5% ( - ). 13% / -, 0.14% CdTe( ) 0.01% CIS( ) . / (. 112 2001). / , , . , 10 . / CdTe CIS/CIGS. . (a-Si) , , (. 112 2001). 3.7 / / , . / ( ) -Si, 6-8% /

45

11-14%. / -Si 10-20% /Wp. , / ( /Wp) -Si () . / , . / -Si 11% . / -Si , , . , / (> 20 ) (D.E. Carlson 78 2003). , / -Si 40MWp 2001, , , -Si (D.E. Carlson 78 2003). 3.7.1 / , , / (/Wp). / / . / 5/Wp. , 587/m2. / , . . , Wp. / :

46

/ -

50-70% 15-25% 10-15% 10-15% 8-12%

/ 20 , . 15-25% / , 3-5 20 . 10 15% . / ( . et al 2001). , / , 8.200 9.400 kWp (/ ...). / , 7.350 kWp. / 0.44 / kWh 0.65 / kWh , kWp , , . / ( . et al 2001). 3.9 / 30 , . / . , , 18% . / . , ,

47

, , . / 25C, 14% . , (nominal operating cell temperature-NOCT) 40C. (standard reference environment-SRE). . . , ( ) (E.E. van Dyk et al 25 2002). , : , , , p-n (E. Radziemska 28 2003). 3.10 : 1. , 2. 3. . / , / . -Si/a- SiGe , Solar .

48

- . , , . . , . Solar -Si , ( ). , , . , / -Si , , (D.E.Carlson 78 2003). 3.11

/ . (), . . , . . 2000, ( CO2) 107.6Mtons, 89% . 1990, CO2 23.4%. (). 15% CO2 2010 1990. , / / , , ,

49

( ), . 30%-50%. T , , . 30% , 20% 50% , . 3.12 . 2000, (CO2) 107.6Mtons, 89% . 1990, CO2 23.4%. (). : 50-70kg m2 , CO2 750kg/m2 ( ), CO2 250kg/m2 ( ). , / , , . 3.13 , , . , ,

50

1988 . , . . , / ( ). , 300 , (....) 3.14 / / : , Sunlight, . Eurosolare1. , , 80 Solarex. Solarex FIAMM, Morning Star, Trace Engineering SMA. / inverters, , . Energotech S.A. 1933, ... , , , , . / . 1

.

Eurosolare

/ . Eurosolare Agip.

51

1983 , . / Kyocera2. / . , inverters, VARTA, OPzS. Photovoltaic , 1995. , / , Siemens3. , , , , . , / . - ( / ). 22 / . / , , , , , , . inverters, , ( 413 2001). , , , , -, -, . , , 14%.

2

Kyocera , Siemens Solar

.3

, Shell Solar.

52

3.15 ! / : , , , , ( ), , , , , , , , / , , .

53

20

44. , , . , , , / . , , . 4.1 ( )

, / . . , :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

55,2 72,7 117,7 150,8 195,7 222,1 238,8 208,7 168,2 112,4 67,4 51,3 1661,2

4.1 : ( kWhr/m2)

54

, :

( KWh/m2)

250 200 150 100 50 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4.1

, , . 4.2

, . : Ht=R*H, R: H: . 4.1, : R=(1-Hd/H)*Rb+Hd/H*(1+coss)/2+r*(1-coss)/2, Hd: , Rb: , s: ,

55

r: . 0,2 0,7 ( 0,7 ). Hd/H , H, H0. : Hd/H=1,27-1,45* . , :

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 6 7 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 .

r 0,4 0,44 0,48 0,53 0,59 0,6 0,61 0,6 0,59 0,53 0,47 0,41 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,4

Hd/H

1-Hd/H 0,69 0,31 0,632 0,368 0,574 0,426 0,5 0,5 0,4145 0,5855 0,4 0,6 0,385 0,615 0,4 0,6 0,4145 0,5855 0,5 0,5 0,5885 0,4115 0,675 0,325

4.2 , r Hd/H

Rb , s=, , : (cos*sin*sin )*(ss-sr)(/180) -(sin* cos* sin*cos)(*ss-sr)(/180) +(cos* cos* cos)(sinss-sinsr) +(cos* cos* sin* sin)(sinss-sinsr) -( cos* sin*sin)(cosss-cossr) Rb = 2(cos* cos*sins+(/180)*s*sin*sin) ss, sr , s .

56

: =23,45*sin{(360*(284+n)/365}, n . :

. . . . . . . . . . . -21,3 -14,27 -3,22 9,04 18,78 23,27 21,67 14,1 3,02 -9,23 -18,67 -23,4 4.2.2

, , , / , , Rb, R Ht , . 4.3

( , , ) 1:100, 1:50. , . , , . , , . Rb, , , . :

57

()

()

()

(.)

1 17,470 ( 7m) 19,360 ( 35m) 16,800 ( 27,7m)

217,470 ( 21m) 17,470 ( 17,4m) 19,360 ( 13,8m) 16,800 ( 14,2m) 16,800 ( 10,8m)

1450 450

2-450 -450

450

-450

-450

=39,060 4.3

4.4

. 12 15% 20-25 . , - 15%. , , , , / . , ( 4.1) , / . , , Rb, , .

58

4.4.1 , / : ( m2) ( KWh) 308,61 17035,27 308,61 22435,95 308,61 36323,4 308,61 46538,39 308,61 60394,98 308,61 68542,28 308,61 73696,07 308,61 64406,91 308,61 51908,2 308,61 34687,76 308,61 20800,31 308,61 15831,69

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

( KWh/m2) 55,2 72,7 117,7 150,8 195,7 222,1 238,8 208,7 168,2 112,4 67,4 51,3

4.4.1

. . 4.4.2 , :

KWh 1 2462,581 7427,729 2 3155,916 9527,378 3 4839,91 14552,63 4 5823,666 17298,32 13575,89 17879,84 28947,14 37087,75 23466,2 30563,13 48339,68 60209,74

59

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

7100,188 7827,197 8477,919 7775,632 6718,041 4828,134 3044,946 2335,387

20630,83 22382,42 24361,35 22833,33 20086,39 14577,7 9202,032 7041,258

48130,46 54623,27 58730,47 51327,68 41367,11 27643,66 16576,36 12616,72

75861,48 84832,89 91569,74 81936,64 68171,54 47049,49 28823,33 21993,37

4.4.2

4.4.3 ,

/ :

KWh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9481,693 12153,32 18648,58 22445,38 27364,34 30169,27 32670,77 29956,11 25865,99 18584,21 11716,04 8987,977 4887,831 6270,53 9582,211 11389,8 13572,97 14714,55 16017,18 15022,51 13214,31 9589,912 6051,576 4631,522 16526,33 21765,65 35238,2 45148,01 58590,62 66494,52 71494,33 62482,69 50357,4 33651,44 20178,89 15358,71 30895,85 40189,51 63469 78983,2 99527,93 111378,3 120182,3 107461,3 89437,7 61825,55 37946,51 28978,21

4.4.3

4.4.4 / :

KWh

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3622,226 4646,904 7101,092 8440,645 10058,52 10904,51 11869,86 11132,73 9792,733 7106,799 4484,643 3432,283

6955,2 9160,2 14830,2 19000,8 24658,2 27984,6 30088,8 26296,2 21193,2 14162,4 8492,4 6463,8

10577,43 13807,1 21931,29 27441,44 34716,72 38889,11 41958,66 37428,93 30985,93 21269,2 12977,04 9896,083

4.4.4

4.4.5 / . : KWh 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 8615,959 11035,95 16897 20312,52 24762,91 27289,4 29574,85 27147,86 23497,07 16902,34 10672,15 8180,676 2056,708 2638,092 4029,564 4789,835 5712,593 6197,602 6745,56 6322,456 5561,841 4036,507 2548,005 1949,696 3411,62 4373,766 6671,893 7930,681 9478,331 10301,71 11210,45 10489,55 9229,714 6699,69 4233,427 3237,869 27473,59 36183,52 58580,47 75054,67 97401,85 110541,4 118853,1 103872,1 83714,82 55942,6 33545,65 25532,52 41557,88 54231,32 86178,93 108087,7 137355,7 154330,1 166384 147831,9 122003,4 83581,15 50999,24 38900,76

4.4.4

/ 100%. , , / 15%.

61

4.5 / , , / 15%, : / ( KWh) 1 2555,291 3519,93 4634,378 1586,614 6233,682 18529,89 2 3365,392 4584,47 6028,426 2071,066 8134,698 24184,05 3 5448,51 7250,951 9520,349 3289,694 12926,84 38436,34 4 6980,758 9031,461 11847,48 4116,217 16213,16 48189,07 5 9059,247 11379,22 14929,19 5207,508 20603,35 61178,52 6 10281,34 12724,93 16706,75 5833,367 23149,52 68695,91 7 11054,41 13735,46 18027,34 6293,799 24957,6 74068,61 8 9661,036 12290,5 16119,2 5614,34 22174,79 65859,86 9 7786,23 10225,73 13415,65 4647,89 18300,52 54376,02 10 5203,165 7057,424 9273,833 3190,38 12537,17 37261,97 11 3120,047 4323,5 5691,976 1946,556 7649,886 22731,97 12 2374,754 3299,005 4346,731 1484,412 5835,115 17340,02 4.5 / 15%

, / . , , . , , .80000 KWh 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4.5 /

62

, . 4.6

2003, . 1 2003 31 2003. , , , , , , , , ( ). , KWh :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 :

KWh ( ) .. 60000 4651,96 279,12 4645,65 9576,73 40000 3286,19 197,17 4633,65 8117,01 64000 5221,58 313,29 4648,05 10182,92 60000 4161,16 249,67 4645,65 9056,48 68000 5241,39 314,48 4650,45 10206,32 56000 7474,2 448,45 4643,25 12565,9 100000 10829,6 649,78 4669,65 16149,03 72000 9279,69 556,78 4652,85 14489,32 60000 8481,76 508,91 4645,65 13636,32 48000 5166,87 310,01 4638,45 10115,33 68000 5396,64 323,8 4650,45 10370,89 68000 5268,06 316,08 4650,45 10234,59 134700,84

63

4.6

.100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

KWh

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4.6

. , , . , , , ( ). 4.7

15%, , . , , / , , . , , , 24V, 700AH 2500 .

64

, , , 4.6 :

( KWh)

120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /

4.7 /

4.8 / ( DC AC). , . / Photovoltaic, Shell Solar ( Siemens Solar). (25 ). Shell Solar PowerMax, , , . / . 4.8.1

65

/ , , / . 24V, , Shell Xantrex. : Shell SP140, 140Watts, 24V DR3624, 3600Watts, 24V , . , 680, 999. 531,39 m2 416 16 282880 15984 298864 184,3 m2 145 6 98600 5994 104594 722,01 m2 566 22 384880 21978 406858

308,65m2 242 10 164560 9990 174550

404,7 m2 317 12 215560 11988 227548

4.8.1

4.7.1 (/ ), 1.212.414. , . / , (18000). / , : 1.230.414. , : Shell SolarProduct Code: Weight: Unit of Measure: SHE140-SP140 34.00 EACH

66

Size: Brand: Model: Manufacturer:

63.76L 32.05W H SHELL SOLAR SP140 SHELL

Category:

100 WATTS & UP

Xantrex

:Model Watts Volts Weight DR 3624 3600 24 49 lbs 3.600 Watt 240 VAC , SPS

67

55. , , , , ( ) (). 5.1

, , CO2, . , , . , / , 1.230.414. 134.700,84 . 8,6 . , , 8,6 . 5.2

/ , CO2, . , 2.151m2 CO2 ( ) 1.613.250kg . 107.550-150.570Kg .

68

, . 5.3

. , . , . , , , 5 , . () , 4. , . : , ( ). : , 28 , , 4

69

40%. , 35% ( ). 30-50%. 5.4 . / , ( ). . . / . / 450, , , 5. , , , , . / , , , / . 5.5

, . , 20-25 ,

/

5

70

. : , , , (, ) , , . , , .

71

, . , 2001, , Mark E. Hazen 1996, Alternative Energy, Simon Roberts 1991, Solar Electricity, S.M. Shaahid, M.A. Elhadity, Prospects of autonomous/stand-alone hybrid (photovoltaic + diesel +battery) power systems in commercial applications in hot regions, Renewable Energy vol. 29, pp. 165-177, 2003, 1998, Creation of Visual Education Material in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources, Christopher Koroneos et al, Exergy analysis of renewable energy sources, Renewable Energy vol. 28, pp. 295-310, 2003, www.eere.energy.gov, US Department of Energy, Photovoltaics: Basic Design Principles and Components, . , 2001, 112, , . , . 1994, : , . 2001, 413, , www.lior-int.com, X. , . , . , ( 2001), , 5 kWp, A.S. Bahaj, Meanw of enchancing and promoting the use of solar energy, Renewable Energy vol.27, pp. 97-105, 2002, D.E. Carlson, Monolithic amorphous silicon alloy solar modules, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells vol.78, pp. 627-645, 2003, A.Q. Malik, Salmi Jan Bin Haji Damit, Outdoor testing of single crystal silicon solar cells, Renewable Energy vol. 28, pp. 14433-1445, 2003, . 1992, / , , , 413, 2001, E.E. van Dyk, E.L. Meyer, F.J. Vorster, A.W.R.. Leitch, Long-term monitoring of photovoltaic devices, 2002

72

Nalin K Ggautam and N.D. Kaushika, Reability evaluation of solar photovoltaic arrays, solar energy vol.72, No. 2, pp. 129-141, 2002,

E. Radziemska, The effect of temperature on the power drop in crystalline silicon solar cells, Renewable Energy vol.28, pp 1-12, 2003,C. Edwin Witt, Richard L. Mitchell, Holly P. Thomas, Martha Symko-Davies, Terrestrial photovoltaic technologies update, Renewable energy vol. 23, pp. 349-353, 2001

73

74

75

76

77

78

79