2005Papageorgiou ΟΙ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΖΑΧΑΡΟΤΕΥΤΛΩΝ.pdf

7/24/2019 2005Papageorgiou .pdf

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.

.

, 1747 Andrea Marggraf.

,

. 1799

, , Frank Karl Achard,

.

1800 .

.

1842 .

, .

, ,

. 1960

..

.

,

,

.


4/114

Summary

The cultivation of sugar beets and sugar cane begins since the latest years, as where in

the past, which human took the products of sugar mainly from the honey and various

fruits. The root of sugar beets was used for food by the ancient Egyptians at the time

which the pyramids of Heops were built.

The discovery that sugar contained in the sugar beet is the same as the sugar of sugar

cane was made in 1747 by the German chemist Andrea Marggraf. He produced sugar

by cutting sugar beets in small slices and by drying and grading them for the

production of sugar. The discovery wasnt used until 1799 when one of his students,

Frank Karl Achhard, perfected a method of sugar extraction on industrial base.

The cultivation of sugar beets began in 1800 in Germany and France. At the same

time with Europe the cultivation of sugar beets becomes in America. In Greece the

first effort becomes in 1842 at the village Kainourgio, Lokrida. There was set up the

first factory but didnt ever work. The second factory was founded by Christakis

Zografos at Lazarina, Trikala, but the operation wasnt successful. The new period of

sugar industry in Greece begins in 1960 with the foundation of Greek industry of

sugar S.A. and the foundation of the first factory in Larissa.

In this report are reported the important illnesses that occupy the cultivation of sugar

beets as well as a generally report of the cultivation which constitute one of the more

important cultures of industrial plants.


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1 ...............................................................................................7

1.1 ........................................................10

1.2 ..................................................................11

1.3 .....................................................................13

1.4 ............................................16

1.4.1 .................................................................................16

1.4.2 .........................................................................................18

1.4.2.1 ......................................................................................................19

1.4.2.2 ...................................................................................................21

1.4.2.3 .............................................................................................21

1.4.2.4 .....................................................................................................21

1.4.2.5 .................................................................................................22

1.4.2.6 .................................................................................................22

1.5 ..........................................................................23

1.5.1 ...........................................................................................................23

1.5.2 .........................................................................................................24

1.6 ..........................................................................................................251.6.1 .........................25

1.6.2 ...................................................................................26

1.6.3 - ...........................................................28

1.6.4 .........................................................29

1.6.5 .......................................................................................................30

1.6.5.1 ...................................................................................................30

1.6.5.2 () ......................................................................................31

1.6.5.3 ().............................................................................................31

1.6.5.4 .....................................................................................31

1.6.6 .......................................................................................................32

1.6.6.1 ............................................................................33

1.7 ..............................................................................341.7.1 .....................................................................................................34

1.7.2 ....................................................................................................34

1.7.3 ....................................................................................................36

2 ..................................................37

2.1 .............................................................................37

2.1.1 ...........................................................................................37

2.1.1.1 Rhizoctonia solani ( var. betae )kuhn....................372.1.1.2 Phytophthora megasperma Drechstler........................41


6/114

2.1.1.3 Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ................................45

2.1.2 ................................................................................48

2.1.2.1 Cercospora beticola Sacc. ...................................48

2.1.2.2 Erysiphe polygoni ( var. betae ).............................................54

2.1.2.3 Peronospora farinosa ( schachtii ) .........................59

2.1.2.4 Alternaria alternata.................................................622.1.3 ................................................................66

2.1.3.1 Verticillium albo-atrum ..........................................66

2.2 ...........................................................................68

2.2.1.1 Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ...................68

2.2.1.2 Pseudomonas syringaepv.aptata................72

2.3 ........................................................................................74

2.3.1.1 Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (

BNYVV ) .............................................................................................................74

2.3.1.2 Beet Yellows Virus ( BYV ) ..........................792.3.1.3 Beet Mosaic Virus( BMV ) .......................84

2.3.1.4 Cucumber Mosaic Virus ( CMV )

88

2.3.1.5 Beet Curly Top Virus ( BCTV ).........................90

2.4 ............................................................................94

2.4.1 .................................................................................................94

2.4.1.1 A( )....................................................................94

2.4.1.2 ( Ca ) .............................................................95

2.4.1.3 B( B ) .....................................................................96

2.4.1.4 ( n ) ............................................................992.4.1.5 ( g ) .........................................................101

2.4.1.6 ( P ) .............................................................102

2.4.2 .........................................................104

2.4.2.1 ..............................................................................................104

2.4.2.2 ................................................................................107

2.4.2.3 ................................................................................................109

2.5 .......................................................................................................1102.5.1.1 Cuscuta spp. .............................................................110

3 ....................................................................................113


7/114

,

.

.

,

.

. , , . .

, 1747 Andrea

Marggraf. ,

. 1799

, , Franz Karl Achard,

.

1806,

.

. Achard

white silesian 7-10% .

L. Vilmorin

16-17%, . 1850,

.

1800 .

1829

1835,

.

. 1838, 1870


8/114

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..1890.

1842

. , .

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. 1892

1894.

.

. 1938

,

.

1960

()

1961

. 13.000 .

28.000 2.600

.

1962 1963 .

.

,

,

1972 1975 . 5

31.200

.

1

24.


9/114

1. 24.

31.200 /24.

/

.

1 1961 6532 1976 7200

2 1962 6484 1978 8000

3 1963 2840 1985 4500

4 1972 4133 1977 6000

5 1975 3500 1993 5500


10/114

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11/114

Beta vulgarisChenopodiaceae.

,

.

Beta.

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,

(20 C ) .

. ,

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:

(), (USA), , , , , ,

, .

80,

34 .

1.200 80.

.

40.000 2-

3,5 .


12/114

1. . (: )


13/114

. 1975

. 1975

.

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2-5 2-5

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2. . . . (:)


14/114

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15/114

2: E.

.

AGRA ASSO ESIERRA NZ

DANISCO PALMA N

TURBO N

CRETA EN

CORSICA NZ

DESPREZ AVANTAGE E

DELPHINE NE

E.B.Z. N

NZ

Z Z

E

NE

HILLESHOG DOROTHEA N

DORIA N

K.W.S. BIANCA NZ

RAMONA EN

SES RIVAL N

RIZOR EN

RINALDO N

IMPACT NE

CELESTA NZ

VDH AMOS N

ARIETE N

EUROPA NE

VISA N


16/114

Beta Chenopadiaceae.

Chenopodiaceae, ,

(5) , 2-5 ,

.

Beta ULBRICH ,

13 .

Beta:

Vulgaris

Corollinae

Nanae

Patellares

13 :

.Vulgaris (2)

Beta vulgaris L. 18

Beta Maritima L. 18

Beta Macrocarpa Guss 18

Beta patul Ait 18

Beta Artipicifolia Rouy 18

.Corollinae

Beta Macrorhiza stev. 18

Beta Trigyna wald et kit 36-52

Beta foliosa Hausskn -----

Beta Lomatogoma Fisch et Mey 18,36

.Nanae(2)

Beta Nana boiss et Held

IV. Patellares

Beta patellaris moq. 18

Beta procumbens chr. Sm 18

Beta Webbiana moq. 18

Beta vulgaris, .


17/114

Beta Vulgaris Varietas maritima

Beta Vulgaris Varietas cicla

Beta Vulgaris Varietas crassa

Beta Vulgaris Varietas sacharifera

Beta Vulgaris Varietas cruenta().


18/114

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Bolting

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20/114

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22/114

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23/114

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24/114

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700 mm 200 700 m3/ .

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optimum PH = 6.5 8.5 2 10 % CaCO3

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25/114

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28/114

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29/114

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30/114

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31/114

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32/114

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35/114

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36/114

5-7 ,

2,5-3

15%.


37/114

Rhizoctonia solani ( var. betae )kuhn

.

,

.

.

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-

Rhizoctonia solani.

.

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38/114

8. Rhizoctonia

solani ( var betae ) Kuhn. ( : )


39/114

9. . ( : )

10. . ( : )


40/114

11. . ( : )

12. .


41/114

Phytophthora megasperma Drechstler

.

.

.

.

-

,

Phytophthora megasperma.

Phytophthora drechstleriPythium aphanidermatum.

,

,

.

.

, .


42/114

13. .( :

)

14. Pythium

aphanidermatum.


43/114

15. . ( :

)

16. . ( :

)


44/114

17. Phytophthora megasperma. ( :

)

18. Pythium aphanidermatum. ( :)


45/114

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

, .

.

.

, , ,

1 3 mm. .

-

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ,

, Athelia rolfsii.

.

200 ,

25 35

C.

.

.

.

, ,

.


46/114

19. .

20. .


47/114

21. .


48/114

Cercospora beticola Sacc.

,

.

.

, ,

,

3 5 mm.

,

.

,

.

.

,

, ,

, .

,

, ,

.

Moniliales, Cercospora beticola,

,

. ,

, , 3 11 .

-

.


49/114

, .

,

.

.

25 35C 16

C

90 95 %. 15C

.

. 7 21

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100m .

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( . . . ).

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50/114

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. . . . .

,

, maneb, , chlorothalonil.


51/114

22. . ( : )

23. . ( : )


52/114

24. . ( : )

25. .


53/114

26. . ( : )

27. Cercospora beticola Sacc.( : )


54/114

Erysiphe polygoni ( var. betae )

,

.

,

. ,

,

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20 30 .

.

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. 15 %

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20 30C 30% - 40% .

5 6 ,

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15 C.

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55/114

,

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,

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.

. . .

( 15 )

.

fenpropidin/ difenoconazole,

tetraconazole, .


56/114

28. .

29. Erysiphe polygoni.


57/114

30. . ( : )

31. . ( : )


58/114

32. . ( : )

33. Erysiphe polygoni. (: )


59/114

Peronospora farinosa ( schachtii )

.

.

,

, .

.

.

,

. .

,

.

-

Peronosporaceae, Peronospora farinosa,

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.

.


60/114

5 25

C , 12

C 60-100 %

.

5-32 .

.

.

.


61/114

34. . ( :

)

35. . ( : )


62/114

Alternaria alternata

,

.

,

0,2-20 mm .

.

-.

,

.

-

Alternaria alternata. , ,

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.

.

Alternaria alternata-20C 12

.

20 . .

.

.

.


63/114

20C .

12 100 %

, 24-27C.

24 .

.

, ,

,

. ..

.

mancozeb 4 7-10 .

zineb ziram.


64/114

36. . ( : )

37. . ( :

)


65/114

38. . ( : )

39. Alternaria alternata.( : )


66/114

Verticillium albo-atrum

, ... .

.

.

.

.

( ).

.

.

-

,

. .

,

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

4-6 .

.


67/114

40. . ( :

)

41. . ( :

)


68/114

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora

, ,

.

,

, .

.

.

,

. .

,

.

-

Erwinia carotovora

.

.

. ,

.

, 25 30C, .

, .


69/114

42. .

43. .


70/114

44. , .

45. Erwinia carotovora. ( : )


71/114

46. Erwinia carotovora. ( : )


72/114

Pseudomonas syringaepv.aptata

...

.

.

, ,

.

, .

, .

Pseudomonas syringae pv.

aptata.

.

,

.

,

,

.


73/114

47. . ( : )

48. . ( : )


74/114

Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus ( BNYVV )

.

1972.

1977,

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

, ( ) .

, ,

.

.

beet necrotic yellow vein virus ( BNYVV ).

RNA , . Furovirus.

20 .

,

,

Chenopodiaceae.


75/114

Polymyxa betae Keskin

( Plasmodiophorales ). Polymyxa betae

Chenopodiaceae.

7

10 .

, 20 25C pH 7 8.

,

.

.

,

, .

BNYVV eta

. Rizor,

Doria, Rival, Europa .

. , dazomet

.

4 6 , ,

, .


76/114

49. . ( : )

50. . ( : )


77/114

51. . ( : )

52. .


78/114

53. . ( : )

54. . ( : )


79/114

Beet Yellows Virus ( BYV )

. 1930.

.

. 1970

, 1975 1976

.

.

30 40 %

,

, .

,

.

5 12 .

, ,

.

, , .

.

, , ,

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.

.

BYV

.


80/114

-

Closterovirus.

55C 10-4

,

20 C.

.

15 ,

: Amarathaceae, Aizoaceae, Caryophyllaceae

Chenopodiaceae. Beta

, Stellaria media,

Chenopodiaceae. Atriplex patula, Chenopodium album Portulaca oleraceae

. ,

25 , Aphis fabae

Myzus persicae .

, .

,

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

60.


81/114

,

.


82/114

55. . ( :

)

56. BYV. ( : )


83/114

57. .

58. BYV.


84/114

Beet Mosaic Virus( BMV )

.

. ,

,

Beta.

.

10 %.

,

,

.

.

.

-

, Potyvirus

Potyviridae, .

55 60C,

2 4 - 20C .

.

Chenopodiaceae, Solanaceae Leguminosae, .

1940 -50

.

, ,

o Chenopodium album, Stellaria mediaPapaver rhoeas,

. , Galium aparine, Fumaria

officinalis, Bilderdykia convulvulus, Heliotropium europaeum, Amaranthus spp.


85/114

.

Papaveraceae.

- 32 .

.persicae

. Aphis fabae M.persicae

. -

.

.

2 .

.

.


86/114

59. BMV. ( : )

60. BMV. ( : )


87/114

61. BMV.


88/114

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ( CMV )

CucurbitaceaeSolanaceae.

.

.

,

.

, . ,

.

.

,

. ,

,

.

-

Cucumovirus

Bromoviridae.

191 , 40 .

( , , ) , Amaranthus retroflexus,

Chenopodium album, Datura stramonium, Stellaria media.

,

.

, .

75

( ),


89/114

.

,

.

-.

,

.

62. CMV.( : )


90/114

Beet Curly Top Virus ( BCTV )

...,

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

. .

.

-

, ,

, , .

,

, .

( )

, .

.

( Circulifer tenellus Baker ).

.

.


91/114

. ,

.

.


92/114

63. BCTV. ( : )

64. BCTV. ( :

)


93/114

65. BCTV. (: )

66. . ( :

)


94/114

A( )

.

,

.

.

.

,

, .

, .

67. . ( : )


95/114

( Ca )

, ,

.

,

, .

,

.

,

. ,

,

, .

...

.

68. . ( : )


96/114

B( B )

.

.

PH.

, .

.

.

:

:

2-6 kg / .

, SOLUBOR 1%, 40 / . .

,

.


97/114

69. . ( : )

70. . ( : )


98/114

71. . ( : )


99/114

( n )

.

.

, .

.

.

pH ( 7,5 ),

.

,

.


100/114

72. . ( : )

73. . ( : )


101/114

( g )

.

.

:

,

.

, .

,

.

,

.

, ,

.

74. . ( : )


102/114


103/114

75. . ( : )

76. . ( : )


104/114

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105/114

77. . ( : )

78. . ( : )


106/114

79. . (: )

80. . ( : )


107/114

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.

81. . ( :

)


108/114

82. . ( : )


109/114

.

, .

.

, .

.

.

83. . ( : )


110/114

Cuscuta spp.

, .

Cuscuta ( C. campestris, C. australis, C.

europea .. )

.

,

.

:

( )

.

.

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. .

.

.

.

.

.

10-20 8 . -

. .


111/114

.

,

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:

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,

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:

Ethotumeste .


112/114

84. . ( : )

85. . ( : )

86. . (: )


113/114

Amadei, G., 1990.La barbabietola da zucchero. Agricole, Bologna.

Cooke, D. A. & Scott, R. K., 1993. The sugar beet crop. Chapman & Hall. 675.

Draycott, A. P. & Christenson, D. R., 2003. Nutrients for sugar beet production.

Cabi publishing. 242.

Whytney, E. D. & Duffus, J. E., 1998.Compendium of beet diseases and insects.

Aps press, St. Paul, Minesota.

- , . 2002. . . , .

245 305.

, 1998.

. . , . 65 70.

, ., 1996.

. , . 129 138.

, . ., , ., , . . & , ., 2001.

. 3

, 6 8 2001. 451

462.

, . & , ., 1997..

, . 73 116.

, . & , ., 1998. ,

. 1, , ,

. 78 96.

, ., 1959.. , . 76.

, ., 2002.. , . 17 141.


114/114

, . . & , . ., 1982.

. .., . 167.

, ., 1995..

.., . 326.

, . ., 2004.. . , . 74 75, 95 96, 99,

242, 520.

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2005Papageorgiou ΟΙ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΖΑΧΑΡΟΤΕΥΤΛΩΝ.pdf

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Transcript of 2005Papageorgiou ΟΙ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΖΑΧΑΡΟΤΕΥΤΛΩΝ.pdf