10TM_PHY - HOME | scert telanganascert.telangana.gov.in/.../publication/ebooks/10TM_PHY.pdf10TM_PHY...

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Transcript of 10TM_PHY - HOME | scert telanganascert.telangana.gov.in/.../publication/ebooks/10TM_PHY.pdf10TM_PHY...

  • SCER

    T TELA

    NGAN

    A

  • INSPIRE AWARD

    CrjT yC, k+ eTq k+|

  • i\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018`19

    \+>D |uT |#TsD, V

  • ii

    Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

    First Published 2014New Impression 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

    All rights reserved.

    No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or byany means without the prior permission in writing of thepublisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form ofbinding or cover other than that in which it is publishedand without a similar condition including this conditionbeing imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

    The copy right holder of this book is the Directorof School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.We have used some photographs which are undercreative common licence. They are acknowledge atthe end of the book.

    This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. S.S. Maplitho,Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

    Free Distribution by Government of Andhra Pradesh 2018-19

    Printed in Indiaat the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press,

    Mint Compound, Hyderabad,Telangana.

    SCER

    T TEL

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    NA

  • iii\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018`19

    o sY. q+eses+, $XK|+.

    o jT+. Xsse, d ndd+{,

    .V#Y.jTdt. k+|, ofi+.

    o jTdt. HwT+sT.

    l mdt.jTT. es+ |k

  • iv

    bsX\ $ \yTq~> $ eTq+

    u$dT+{+. CrjT, sw $ sb+~q | bs |d+ MT #T

    +~. +es bsX\ $$*q eqd ksTT * +{sT. neTs ueq\qT $Xw+#T>*q

    $ * +{sT. e\+ dMTsD\T, d d~ sVD s|~T >&\ |]$TyTq~ X\q

    dwyTq d++

  • v\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018`19

    +T+~. k |]ds\ eTT&|&q~> Xd u

  • vi

    b

  • vii\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018`19

    $T]+#+&.

    bs+ q +#+&, #]+#+&, MT \Tk?, nqT+ #]+#&, |+#& d+, dw+> e]+#+&.

    ueq\T ns+ #dTH+\ |]jT& |d]> ]> b\T #d HsTe&+ MTsT eTsH $wj\T L& HsT>\T>TsT.

    MT k+ #q\ |j>\ |ej\T sb+~+#*. | bs+X+ @ $ J$+ d++&\T, XHu+\T yTT

  • viii

    $Vq

    |+#&+,

    |]\q #jT&+

    |j>\T, |]o\q\T

    de#s H|D\T,

    bC |qT\T

    ueT\T jT&+, qeTH\T

    jsT #jT&+ \T>TsT.

    $wj ns+ #dTe&, ueq\ d++~+q d+\T>TsT. n+X #+~q |* dVT

    sD\ }V+#>\T>TsT. |j> |*\T }V+#>\T>TsT.

    ueq\qT ns+#dTe& bs |d+ d+q |j>\T,

    k+ |j>\T #jT>\T>TsT. |]s\qT neTs>\T>TsT,

    |]o\q\T qy\T>TsT, |ejT |]s\qT

    d+#>\T>TsT, C>\T rdT>\T>TsT, #ssX\qT e]

    |ejT |j>\T #jT>\T>TsT. |]o\q\ bZ

    y~\T jsT #jT>\T>TsT.

    bs |d+ $_q ueq\qT ns+ #dTe& nedsyTq

    de#s $$TsT. de#s $Xw+ yU+#>\T>TsT.

    bC |qT\T sV+#>\T>TsT.

    $CqXd ueq\ d++~+q \qT ^jT&+, u>\qT

    >T]+ $e]+#&+, >|t\T, b #sY\T jT&+, qeTH\T jsT

    #jT&+ VqqT e+ #jT>\T>TsT.

    $CqXk HsTe&+ s$+#&+,

    n_q+~+#&+ bT k+

    $\Te\qT b{+#>\T>TsT.

    \T>TsT. Jey$TsT.

    .d+. $

  • ix\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018`19

    skjT dMTsD\T

    |.H+.|]jT&\T H\

    11111

    22222

    33333 e\T`s\T`\eD\T

    44444

    55555

    e \ eT\ ||+#+

    77777

    |seDT sD+

    88888

    eT\\ eZsD esq |{

    99999

    1 01 01 01 01 0

    $

  • x

    CrjT ^+

    ` sM+DeTq n~HjT jTV!

    us u>$!

    #\ \~ s+>!

    e XuHyT C>!

    e Xu w e">

    >V e jT>D eT+>fi $

  • 1\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    1>fis

  • 2 >fis

    >fis

  • 3\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    ssTeTT\T >fis T]+ = $wj\T $e]ksTT.

    |+`1(_) |* e+q ssTeTT e |{s

  • 4 >fis

    MTs T ^dq |{ | j> | *\

    d]#dTe&+

    |j>|Ps+> d]#dT&,

    yTT eTq de+s+> |jD+#

    +sD\T (+|++) y*. M{ m

    b+\+?

    @ d+T+&TdTZT+~. nq> de+s

    +|++ y\+f +q+ #

  • 5\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    H_ qT+&

  • 6 >fis

  • 7\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |j>+ MTsT eTs= |]o\q L& #jTe\d +~. edTeqT $$

  • 8 >fis

    =y= eT+ (edTe) =qu>+ qT+& jT\T

  • 9\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    #++ qT+& jT\TT+& |jDd

  • 10 >fis

    K+&q _+

  • 11\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    sD ^jT&+ *. + eTT+

  • 12 >fis

  • 13\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    sD\T: (+us

  • 14 >fis

    B

    ACAI

    BI

    Y

    X

    PIP F

    |+`21

    MTsT H= |TD+>

    ]w kq+ |_++ @s&TT+~. edTe

  • 15\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    n|&T PIF = PF > sjTe#TqT. $\TeqT dMTsD+ (4) sjT>AC PFA C A F

    =I I .... (5)

    |{ |]o*d ....

    AC = PA PC

    AIC = PC PAI

    AIF = PAI PF n \TdT+~.

    $\TeqT dMTsD+ (5) ||d

    PA PC PFPC PA PA PF

    =

    I I.... (6)

    PA = u, PC = R = 2f, PAI = v, PF = f n eTq \TdT. $\TeqTdMTsD+ (6) sjT>

    u 2f f2f v v f

    =

    (u 2f) (v f) = f(2f v)

    uv uf 2vf + 2f 2 = 2f 2 vf

    uv = 2f 2 vf + uf + 2vf 2f 2

    uv = uf + vf .... (7)

    | dMTsD sTy| uvf # u+#>uv uf vfuvf uvf uvf

    = +

    1 1 1f v u= +

    BH

  • 16 >fis

    edT|]eD+, |_+|]eD\ eT

  • 17\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    edTe mT ho = +4 d+.MT.

    |_+

    1/-15 = 1/v + 1/-25

    1/v = 1/25 - 1/15

    1/v = -2/75

    v = -37.5 d+.MT.

    eq, &T

    nH T]+ MTsT $H +{sT.

    eT] eTq+ \e?

    |jT

  • 18 >fis

  • 19\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |sesq sD\T K+&+#Tq |

  • 20 >fis

    dsq defis

  • 21\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    c) F >T+& yfi+~ d) C >T+& yfi+~

    6. +us +T+~

    b) edT |]eD+ H e> +T+~

    c) edT |]eD+ deq |]eD+ * +T+~

    d) edT kH { esTT+~.

    7. 15 d+.MT. e yks+ >\ |{s

  • 22 skjT #s \T ` dMTsD\T10e s>

    eTq #T ]> $$T]+ > s>T\ #]+#TH+.

    n $u+#+

    HsTH+.

    MT J$+ $$

  • 23\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+`2: d\ HCl #s @s&qV&H yjTTeqT |+#T

    H2

    X+e|

    d\ HCl+eTT\T

    yjTTe

    + 3

    X+e | = +eTT\qT

    rdT+&. eT+#+&.

    MTsT @$T esT\T >eT+#sT?

    |&T >E | eT Zs eT+&TTq

    nZ|\qT +#+&.

    X+e |qT # #&+&. @+ ]+~?

    c > @yTH esTqT >eT+#s?

    | \qT { skjTq #s ]q|&T

    $$TjT s]+# e#T.

    n$

    |+`1 : u]jT+ d{

    ne|+ @s&T

    Na2SO4

    BaCl2

    + 1

    dTesT 1 >eTT b&dTH (*jT+ &) ;sT rdT+&.

    eT+#sT?

    | + MTsT ;sTqT q|&T y&> qT >eT+#sT

  • 24 skjT #s \T ` dMTsD\T10e s>

    1. =* |TD T eT]jTT d

    esT #+~q jH\T @s&sTT.

    2. skjTq #s \T wy# V #s \T e#T. n+f w+

    $&TTT+~,

    3. s> neb @ssTd #s s>e#T.

    4. skjTq esT = d+ qTe+{ *jT+ V&& nH = |TsT m&eTy|q,

    jH\T uD| >TsT &y|q sj*. uD| >TsT \ jH\

    y| + skjT #s ~XqT \T|T+~.

    yfi #s { +f me jq\T>, jH\T>

    qsTT y{ eTTsTqT +#T+.

    skjTq #s qT n ds|+ +T+~.

    SCER

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    ANGA

    NA

  • 25\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    k dyTfiH skjTq k++(bsT) dksT

    Te sdq d+K e]+~.

    >& y\yjT&+ $T& q $$

  • 26 skjT #s \T ` dMTsD\T10e s>

    skjTq #s |seDTe\T dw+#&e T\+ #jT&*. @ skjTq dMTsD+

    nsTT jq\ y| >\ eT\ |seDTe\ d+K jH\ y| >\

    eT\ |seDTe\ d+K deq+> +T+Dk+. ~ q bsT d++~+q

    |seDTe eHsTT { m+{ u>Vs+

    neds+

  • 27\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    kbq+4: uD| >TsT sTy| eT\ |seDTe\ deq+>Hj

  • 28 skjT #s \T ` dMTsD\T10e s>

    kbq+3: es> n >TD\qT w |Ps+\ Z+#*. nsTTT\+ #dq | dMTsD >TD\T w |Ps+\T>H HsTT { y{

    es*q neds+ +~ { $T>

    |seDTe\qT deq+ #j*.

    (ii) uD| >TsT m&eTy|q s+&T Fe |seDTe\T &y|q Fe|seDTe HsTT. sTy| >\ 'Fe' |seDTe\qT deq+ #jT&&y|q >\ 'Fe' 2 # >TD+#*.

    Fe2O3 + Al 2Fe + Al2O3 .................. (14)

    (iii) dMTsD+(14) n\$TjT+ |seDTe\T + T\+ TsT m&eTy|q { , &y|q s+&T n\$TjT+ |seDTe\T HsTT..

    sTy| >\ n\$TjT+ |seDTe\qT T\+ #jT& m&eTy|q >\

    Al qT 2 >TD+#*.

    Fe 2 (Fe2O3 ) 1 (Fe )O 3 (Fe2O3 ) 3 (Al2O3 )Al 1 (Al ) 2 (Al2O3 )

    eT\\T j q\ |seDT\ d+K j H\ |seDT\ d+K

    SCER

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    ANGA

    NA

  • 29\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    Fe2O3 + 2Al 2Fe + Al2O3 ................ (15)

    dMTsD+ (15) n eT\\ #+~q |seDTe\ d+K sTy|

    deq+> +~. { B T\ skjTq dMTsD+ n+{+.

    kbq+3: dMTsD+ (15) T\ dMTsD+ eT]jTT >TD\ w|Ps+\T> q$.

    kbq+4: es> s+&Ty| eT\ |seDTe\ deq+> HjeT: |q #|q $

  • 30 skjT #s \T ` dMTsD\T10e s>

    nH >TsT y& #jT& ddT+~.

    (ii) w esT\qT *jTCjTT: c $&T #s\qTwy# #s \T (exothermic reactions), c >Vd ]> #s \qT w>V#s \T (endothermic reactions) n+{s MTsT +~ s>T HsTHsT. +~eT+#+&.

    1. C(|T)

    + O2 (y) CO2 (y) + Q (wy# #s )

    2. N2 (y) + O2 (y) 2NO (y) - Q (w >V #s )

    dMTsD+ Q w X ddT+~. jH\ y| L& >TsT (G)wy# #s \qT, rdy >TsT (`) w>V #s \qT ddT+~.

    (iii) yjTTe $&T

  • 31\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    vi) ysY & d+KqT |j+ dMTsD+ $$

  • 32 skjT #s \T ` dMTsD\T10e s>

    46 U+ 36 U 80 U + 2 Uor 46 >. + 36 >. 80 >. + 2 >.

    k k&jT+ 2> V&HqT dT+~230> k&jT+ _____ ?

    230 > x 2> = 10 > V&H

    46 >

    ds c > |&H\T nq> 273K, 1 usY (760 MT.MT) |&q+ eeTT

    ysY \ @yT ysY |Tq |]eD+ (Gram molar volume ) n+{sT.

    2.0 > V&qT 22.4 $TdT+~. (STP e V&H ............. $TdT+~ (STP e x 22.4 = 112 . 2.0>

    2 > V&qT, n+f 1 y V&H yjTTe 6.02x1023 nDTe\qT (NA)* +T+~. 10 > V&qT ....................?

    10.0> x 6.02x1023 nDTe\T = 30.10 x 1023 = 3.01 x 1024 nDTe\T 2.0>eTT\ *jT+ sH{ (CaCO3) 7.3 >eTT\ d\V&] eT+ ds c > |&H\ e+&.

    k. *jT+ sH{ #s s|& 7.3

    >eTT\ HCl n+eTT\ *jT+ sH{ #s s|& 73 >eTT\ HCl neds+. 7.3 >eTT\ HCl n+

  • 33\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eTq+ @+ HsTH+?

    73 >eTT\ HCl 44 >eTT\ CO2 qT $&TeTT\ HCl ?

    7.3 x 44 = 4.4 >.

    73

    44 >eTT\ CO2 22.4 . $TdT+~. (ds c > |&H\ eeTT\T CO2 $TdT+~?

    4.4 x 22.4 = 2.24 .

    4444 >eTT\ CO2 6.023 x 10

    23 y.

    4.4 >eTT\ CO2 m+? 4.4 x 6.023 x 1023

    = 6.023 x 1022 y.44

    \ |V #s , u eT]jTT skjTq

    #s \T, bTD+, |seDT |&H\T (((((STP))))) , ysY & d+K, >eTT ysY |Tq|]eD+.

    skjTq dMTsD+ skjTq esTqT ddT+~.

    |P] skjTq dMTsD+

  • 34 skjT #s \T ` dMTsD\T10e s>

    I. ueq\| |d+

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 35

    MT \Tk?

    e\T, s\T eT]jTT \eD\ >T]+ MTsT 7e s> HsT

    HsT.

    e\T sT |\> +{sTT, eT]jTT * *dtqT ms> esTksTT. s\T

    CsT&T duy * +&, msT| *dtqT * s+>T esTksTT n MT \TdT.

    md&{ (acidity) deTd u

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T36 10e s>

    e\T, s\ skjTq

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 37

    = |TT> { s+ |C (fridge)

    |+&. eTsTd{ sE jT rjT+&. eT, s duy\qT |+#&

    q >T&eTT\T |j>|&sTT.

    ` >T&eTT\ ydqqT |]o*+#+&.

    ` s+&T >T&eTT\qT, s+&T y#Y>dT\| +#+&. eTT| = #T\

    d\ HCl qT, eTs= eTT| = #T\ d\ NaOH qT bjT+&.

    ` s+&T >T&eTT\qT yssT> dE &

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T38 10e s>

    V\ e\T eT]jTT s\ #s (Reaction of acids and bases with metals)

    e\dq |]s\T: |H[, yjTT yVHfi+, >E=f, =y=, dT

    sT, d\ HCl, + eTT\T, ssT _s&, k+&.

    |T+& |+|+&.

    ` dT { T&>\T m+T+& e# yjTT T&>\ Zs y\T>TTq =y= rdTs+&.

    ` MTs$T >eT+#sT?

    y\Te&q yjTTeqT eT+&+q|&T |teTH X+ se& MTsT

    >eTksT B { y\Te&q yjTTe V&H (H2) yjTTe #|e#T.

    | + jTT skjTq #s qT +~ $ sjTe#T.

    eT+ + V+ \eD+ + V&H

    2HCl(.E=f

    ssT _s&

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 39

    | { e\T, V+ #s]| V&H yjTTeqT $&T

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T40 10e s>

    NaHCO3(|T) + HCl(.

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 41

    NaOH (.\ |sY &, d\ HCl (V&] eT+) sT>TT+T esTT+eTksT.

    #s |sY s& @s&yT esT>\ sD+.

    V & + eT+ \eD+ + sT

    |sY &, d\ HCl \ eT #s dMTsD+ sd T\+ #jT+&.

    | skjT #s V & eT+ #s ]| {, \eD dT+~.

    skjT #s +`5 eT s\ eT b+

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T42 10e s>

    #s qT MTsT >eT+#sT. s due+ >\ *jT+ V&&, sH & &

    #s b+~ sT, \eD\qT dT+~. #s eT, s\ eT #s qT b*

    +T+~. qT, nV & nsTTq sH & & eT duy *

    +T+ |dT+~. V&HqT * jTTq

    dyTfiH\ e |{ &\qT \|+&. M{ 100

    $T..\ >E ;sT |+`3 #|q $ +#+&.

    r>\ d# =q\qT 230 y\ AC |> \|+&. |+ #|q$ $

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 43

    MTs+ >eT+#sT?

    C,

    \V sV+#+&.

    MTs$T >eT+#sT?

    n d+C eT]jTT \V be& >eTksT. \T y\T>T

    T+

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T44 10e s>

    y\Te&q yjTTeqT eTT+ b& * *dt +qT |T @ d+ { { deT+ HCl $j>+ #+~ V&H njH\qT

    @ssTdT+~. sT q|&T $j>+ #+TT+~.

    HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

    V&H njH\T d# jH\T> +& e. n$ { nDTe\ *d

    V&jT+ njqT\T> (H30+) @s&sTT.

    H+ + H2O H3 O+

    e\T { H3O+ & H2SO4qT* q

    bdt

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 45

    s { ]+q|&T @$T sT>TT+V #s?

    {

    \T| >+& *jT u{*. n +& { HsT>

    >& e *|qsTT, y\Te& n~ w+ b qT+& |

    eT&+ e\q #s+ MTTsT

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T46 10e s>

    =k] n~ y& e\q >Eb |*be#T. |+. 5 d+q

    |eTsTqT >& d\ ] eT eT]jTT k&jT+ V&&

    dk\| #&+&.

    e \

    (H3O+/OH-) njqT\ >& >TZT+~. |jTqT $q+ #jT&+

    (dilution) n+{+. eT]jTT y{ $q eT+

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 47

    | e\ eT+#sT ? MT |]o\qqT $e]+#+&.

    ks eT s d (Universal acid-base indicator) qT |j+L& \yTq, \VqyTq eT s\qT >T]+#e#T. ks eT s d

    nH d\ $TXeT+. ~ &\qT

    { yssT s+>T\qT #|T+~.

    pH d\T

    &qT +#& y& d\TqT pH d\Tn+{+. (pH pnH ns+ bfH nH |

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T48 10e s>

    - pH ||sYqT |j+ |{ 2 e&q

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 49

    MT \Tk?

    eT+ e d+K H3O+ njH\# e\qT \VqyTq e\

    n+{+.

    \yTq s+, \VqyTq s+ n+f @$T{ MTsT }V+#>\s?

    eTsd+

    d#yTq es+ sT

    C d

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T50 10e s>

    J$+ pH jTT beTTK

    1. yTT\T eT]jTT +Te\T pH esT |u$ eTej?

    bDT\ pH $\Te\ nd\ esT\ & eyT J$+#>\e.

    es|{ pH $\Te 5.6 +f y TZsTT. nTe+{ e

    pH $\Te\T >\ qB\ +& \#s\ Jeq+ d++ |&TT+~.

    2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . pH esT

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 51

    - ;sT =~> d\ HCl qT rdT=

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T52 10e s>

    e+{ \VqyTq s H{> {q |TZT+~.

    + =+& qT+& $T

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 53

    ` pH $\Te\ y{ e\T, s\T eT]jTT \eD\T> eZ]+

    |{ 3 sjT+&.

    ` j \eD\T @s&& |j+q eT, s +\qT >T]+#+&.

    \yTq eT+, \yTq s\ eT

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T54 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    skjTH\ eTT&| k k&, \

    k&, ;+> b&sY e+{ mH s\ |

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 55

    2 NaCl (.

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T56 10e s>

    u+> k& \s?

    e d]+#& NaHCO3 m+\s?

    e+k& jT+ #+TT+~.

    w+

    2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2+& k&jT+ V&H s=H{ nH s\T> |j>|&TT+~.

    k&jT+ V&H sH{ |j>\T

    1 u+> b&sY | ) CO2 $&T|&TT+~.

    2 k&jT+ V&H sH{qT @+{d&\ eTTK nqT|T+>

    |jks. ~ \VqyTq s+ { JsXjT+ $&T#dT+~.

    3 ne| jT+\ B k& eT+> |jks.

    4 \VqyTq @+{d| (>j [fl b+& #d~) > L& ~

    |j>|&TT+~.

    yw+> k& (k&jT+ sH{)

    k&jT+ s& (k\ eTs= skjTq+

    yw+>k& k&qT y& #d k&jT+ sH{ @s&+ MTsT >eT+#sT. k&jT+

    sH{qT |q: d{sD+ (Recrystallisation) #d yw+> k& \_dT+~. ~L& s due+ >\ \eDyT.

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 57

    Na2 CO3 + 10H2O Na2 CO3 . 10 H2O

    k&jT+ sH{, k&jT+ V&H sH{\T nH b]X$T |jT\

    |j> |& eTTKyTq skjTH\T> |j>|&sTT.

    yw+> k& |j>\T.

    1 >E, dT\T, + |]XeT\ k&jT+ sH{ (yw+> k&)

    |jksT.

    2 us (borax) e+{ k&jT+ dyTfiH\ j B |jksT.

    3 >Veds\, k&jT+ sH{qT edTe\qT Xu|s#& |jksT.

    4 { jTT XX ]qqT =\+#& L& B |jksT.

    \eD k+\ 10H2O +f esTdT+ b&> +{j?

    d{sD+` { =\+#&+

    ` = |sY d { d{\qT b& |

    H[ rdT= y& #jT+&.

    y& #dq |T

    @+ esTqT >eT+#sT ?

    | H[ |\ >&\| { _+T]+#s? { _+eT+#sT ? |sY d { jTT s+>T

    ] |Psd * s+>T e]+ |+# |sY d { d{\T d{ * +{sTT. y&

    #dq|&T d{ \+ $s>T e\q n~ \> esTT+~.

    \ \eD { *|q|&T eTs\ * s+>T d{\T @s& s\eD+

    (hydrated salt) > e]+~.

    \eD+ jTT bsT jT{ ]w d+K +& { nDTe\qT

    d{ \+ n+{+. |sY d { bsT jT{ { >E

    | H[

    THH

    ssY

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T58 10e s>

    |&T MTsT yw+> k& bsT (Na2 CO310 H2O) n~ &>

    b&> q\s?

    d{ * +& eTs= s \eD+ |+ (CaSO42H2O)

    \eD+ |j> eTq+ |&T |]o* HeT~>qT n C>>qT y&

    #d, b +> { nDTe\qT sTT *jT+ d { V$TV&{

    (CaSO41/2 H2O)> esTT+~. B bdsY |t b]dt n+{s. eTq Xs+

    $]q meTT\qT ] deT+> n+#& yd T &sT B

    |jksT. bdsY |t b]dt \> +& #s |+ { nDTeqT eyT d{\+> #|+#& MTsT

    >eT+ +{sT.

    d>+ { nDTeqT MTsT m b+\sT ?

    | dMTsD+ #|+q d>+ { nDTeqT s+&T bsT jT CaSO4\T

    { nDTeqT |+#T+{sTT n *jT#dT+~.

    bdsY |t b]dtqT ueT\ jqT, n\+sD |j+# |&\T eT]jTT s &\ |] \qT qTqT| #jT&+ yTT

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 59

    nu dH yTsT>T|s#T+

  • e\T`s\T`\eD\T60 10e s>

    II. ueq\ nqTesH\T

    1. A, B, C, D & E nH >T]+#&HsTT. M{ @~ ? (AS1)

    a) d ~X> sVD eT+> sjT+&.

    2. H{ pH $\Te 5.5 +f e> q|&T esT me deTjT+ m+* k b\ \ #ksT. m+& *q V&]

    eT+, md{ e $&$&> *|q|&T @ sT>TT+~? m+T> e]q|&T pH m+

  • \+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19 61

    6. { ]> s\qT |\TksT [ ]

    a) d b) s c) eT d) sjTT

    7. +~ y |

  • 62 e \ e

    k =+eT+~ #~y|&T fiflC&T >&js\T u>T#d e >&js+ qq u>\qT

    #&& uTsT +f e |]eD+ >\ |_+u MTsT >T]ksT.

    |_+ |]eD+ m+

  • 63\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    ~ |_+e? $TEbqT { +|eT MT dVTs* #|+&. MTsT nTsTqT |]o*+#+&.

    |&+ >eT+#sT?

    |_++ es ~X @s&&+ MTsT >eT+#s?

    m+T+& |jD++~. s >EqT+&

    >* #] bjTT eTs= e\+ e* edT+~. esZ+ + s+&T jq\

    >T+& |jD+ e |]eD+ >\ |_+u

    @ssTdT+~.

    s+&e d+T+&

    |jD+, {qT+& jT e# es ~X q

    |_+u @ssTdT+~.

    bqT { +|q|&T >*, sT nH s+&T jq\

    eTE, sT jTT eueq >TD\T deqeT

    u$TT+~?

    eueq d\T & L& |#kj?

    \TdT+Dq rdT=+fi d++~+qfi+

  • 64 e \ e

    deT\ |]\+| |qyTq +e e\+| |qyTq +L&

    $sfijq+ qT+& k+

    $#\q+ b+

  • 65\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    & sD+ @yT +T+~? 4(d), 4(&) |{\ eueq sD\ eTeT+#sT? & sD+ @yT +T+~?

    4(m) eT]jTT 4(d) |{\ eueqsD+ |

  • 66 e \ e

    uT+ ACO 1 = +

    uT+ ACI = 2 + = 2d jTeT+ |s+ n1 sin1 = n2 sin2 n eTq \TdT| dMTsD+ 1, 2 $\Te\qT ||+#>

    n1 sin(+ ) = n2 sin(- ) ...............(1)|q *|q sD\T | |jDd sD\qT bsjT

    sD\T (paraxial rays) n+{eT MT \TdT. n|&T , , D\ $\Te\Tn d\+ nesTT. ses$T n+#HqT bs CsTT+| (paraxialapproximation ) n+{+.n|&T

    sin(+ ) = + eT]jTT sin(- ) = - $\Te\qT dMTsD+ ` (1) ||+#>

    n1 (+ ) = n2 (- ) n1 + n1 = n2 n2 ..............(2)nD\ $\Te\T n d\+ {,

    tan = AN/NO = tan = AN/NC = tan = AN/NI = n sjTe#T

    | $\Te\qT dMTsD+ (2) ||+#>,

    n1 AN/NO + n1 AN/NC = n2 AN/NC n2 AN/NI ............. (3)+ sD\T |TD\T, edT

  • 67\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eTq+ |]>D+q d+

  • 68 e \ e

    { eueq >TD+ (n) $\Te 1 H me eTq \TdT. { |dMTsD+ |s+ y $\Te x +f me. { #| | +~ |jDdT+

  • 69\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    +BsD \T (n_dsD \T)

    |+-6(_):deT\ +us

    +

    |+-6(m):~+us

    +

    |+-6(d):|{s

    +us+

    |+-6(&):~|{s

    +

    |+-6(): deT\|{s

    +

    |+-6(m|t):+us|{s

    +

    n+f edT

  • 70 e \ e

    bs+X+ eTq+ |\T# \ (thin lenses) >T]+, nq> eT+D+#qeds+ \ >T]+ eyT #]fi+ jTT +

  • 71\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    + |_+u m @ssTdT+~?+ |_+u m @ssTdT+Vq #dTy*.

    s+&T e \Tq|{ sD \T ^d|&T

    |]\+ qT> u$k+. m+, + jTT eT+

  • 72 e \ e

    |TT+~?

    12(m), 12(_) |{\qT |]o*+#+&.

    12(m), 12(_) |{\ #|qT |

  • 73\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    sD\T H_e

  • 74 e \ e

    6. H_ eT]jTT

  • 75\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    ` _+

  • 76 e \ e

    (flame) +&T> y\T>TTq =y= |T \&eT MT dVTs*#|+&. s+&y| | sqT (\+ #sY) |T+&. sqT eTT+

  • 77\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    u,v eT]jTT f \ eT

  • 78 e \ e

    1

    1 1 1= PO PF PI

    1

    1 1 1+ = PO PI PF

    | dMTsD+, +us + eTT+

  • 79\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    k*>s? m+*>sT?/#& bjsT? sD\T $e]+#+&.

    ssTT, eT

  • 80 e \ e

    j d+

    |+`22 #|q $, |\T# + |TD+ nb n u$

  • 81\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    n1 = nb eT]jTT n2= na

    $\Te\qT2 1 2 1n n (n n )- =

    v u R

    d+ ||+#>,

    2

    aa b bn (n n )n =v x R

    .............. (2)

    (1), (2) dMTsD\qT \T|>,

    1 2

    a aab

    n n 1 1= (n n )v u R R

    + +

    dMTsD sTy| na u+#>..

    1 2

    b

    a

    n1 1 1 1= 1v u n R R

    + +

    bba

    a

    nn

    n= n eTq \TdT. B, #T q jq+ |s+> +

    jTT eueq >TD+ n+{+.

    ( )1 2

    ba1 1 1 1= n 1v u R R

    + +

    | dMTsD+ +us d++~+q | d+TDyT k|

    eueq >TD+ neT+~.

    ( )1 2

    1 1 1= n 1f R R

    .

    >* +q d+eT : bs+X+ ~+q @ dHH |j+#|&T

    d+Ck+|

  • 82 e \ e

    eTq+ @+ HsTH+?

    +us TD+ H e eueq >TD+ >\

    jq+ +q|&T, n~ +BsD + (converging lens) e | #dT+~. TD+ H me eueq >TD+ >\ jq+

    +q|&T n~ $+BsD + (diverging lens) e |#dT+~.* T&> $+BsD + e |#dT+~.

    j d d++~+ |&= * +#&+~.+ jTT s+&T e \ e yks\T R1 = 30 d+.MT. R2 = 60 d+.MT.nsTTq Hu +s+ m+?

    k

  • 83\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    j d+ : ( )1 2

    1 1 1= n 1f R R

    +TD+, f Hu+s+.+us { d++~+ $$

  • 84 e \ e

    7. kwe +BsD + jTT Hu +s+, eyks+ deqyTq, TD qT>=q+&. (yT : 1.5) (AS7)

    8. eueq >TD+ n=1.5 >\ >E |{s +us +BsD + jsT #jT&+~.|t\T ^jT+&. (AS5)

    4. $+BsD + >T+& |jD+# AB sD |+ Q`(4) #|T+~.|+ HuT\ kH\qT { + es sD | +{sTT. sD ^jT+&.

    (AS5)

    8. s+&T _+

  • 85\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    1. +~ |E c) bd d) +eTqT2. +~ y{ @~ d]jTq~ ? [ ]

    a) +us + @s& $T

  • 86 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    \ T]+ MTsT > bs+X+ # JeXd+ CH+~j\T nH bs+

    +{ sD+ >T]+ \TdTHsT.

  • 87\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    @+ esT\T >eT+#sT?|d+ ns\T eTdu]qT> n|ksTT TsqT n|+#e#T.

    |d+ ns\qT MT qT @ & +& #&>*> kq+ es

    HeT~> |d yqT s|+&. |&T |d MT +{ >\ s =\e+&.

    n+D+#+&.

    dsd] edTeqT eTq+ #&\+f n~

    eTq +{

  • 88 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    dw s? #& b,\ sD +{?

    \TdT+ AI BI kq+ es ]+\s?

    |+`2 qT |]o*d, AI BI kq+ +q edTe=+u>+ (EF) eyT MTsT #&>\s \TdT+~. m+\+.

    @ >]w D+ e #&>\y, D e+T 600 +T+~.~ ee ejTdTqT { esTT+~.

    k

  • 89\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eqe +{ sD+

    CH+~j\ qT ||&TT+~.

    +{ sD, +{ eTTK u>\qT

    |+`3 #&e#T. qT>T&T (eye ball) +T+~.

    +&, ]j (cornea) nH bs+

  • 90 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    qT q Hu +s m esT+T+~?

    qT>T&T esT m sT>TT+~?

    \TdT+T]e&+

    e\ +{ Hu +s+ >TZT+~. s{H| |_++ @s& $ d*jT]

    +&s\T Hu +s esTksTT. Hu +s q $

    esT#dTH | #&\+f +`1 \TdTqT> n~

    d+ 25 d+.MT. (dw

  • 91\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+ 4(m) #|qT nq+

  • 92 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    neT+~. n$eT&T s\T.

    i) Vd

  • 93\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    Vd]w

  • 94 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    edTeqT+& e# + sD\T

    +{+

  • 95\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    d+

  • 96 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    Hu +s+ jTT $eT $\TeqT keTs + n+{+.

    Hu +s+ f nqT+f, keTs + P = 1 / f(MTs ); P = 100 / f (d+.MT.\) keTs |eD+ &j|sY (Dioptre). B D dk+.

    TT+~?

    |+ n+f @$T{?|+ (prism)

    T+& jT

    edT+~. | \+| |q+ #+~, |+ |jD+q + |esqqT

    ne>Vq #dTe&, |\ d++~+q = |E| |]o*d,

  • 97\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    PQ \+u (normal) jT+&. |qsD+ \++ #d D |qD+(i1) n+{+. |q sD+ M eT+& |jD+eTs deT\+|>\ N _+ |+ qT+& jTyfi+~. PR \+| >\ N _+T+& jT e# sD VsZ sD+( emergent ray) n+{+. PR N e

  • 98 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    | ] T+&TdT+&TdT+&TdTsT\qT (s+\ N _+T+&e# VsZ sD \T|T+~. N e=+{+?|q, VsZ sD\qT O _+T]+ +{sT |t ^jT>\s?

    |qD X`n+y+, $#\q D Y`n+y+ rdT+&. q d\TqT ssTT+#T= |

    |qD d++~+q $#\q D+ >|t ||sY|

    _+T]+#+&. n _+|t

    (dT e+) @s&TT+~. MT >|tqT |+`9 #|q

    >|t b*#dT+&.

    >| t \s?

    X-n de+s+>, >|t +~ u> *jTCd_+

    +&& >T]+#e#T.

    |+-9

    i1=i2

    D

    |q D+ i1

    $#

    \q

    D

    + d

    Y

    XSCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • 99\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |{ 1 |]o*+#+&.

    |qD+, VsZD+ eT]jTT $#\qD\ eT,

    r1 + r2 = A .......(2)(1), (2) dMTsD\ qT+&,d = (i1+i2) A

    A+d = i1+i2 ....................(3)|qD+, VsZD+, $#\qD+ eT]jTT |D\ eT

    sin i1 = n sin r1 ....................(4)nTD+

    n2 = 1, |q D+ i = r2, eueq D+ r = i2,d jTeT+ | $\Te\qT ||+#>

    n Sin r2 = Sin i2 ....................(5)w $#\q D+ (D) e i1 = i2 .|+ 10 (_) |]o*d MN, QR de+s+>+

  • 100 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    i1 = i2 nsTTq|&T $#\qD+ (d) w $#\qD+ (D) neT+~.n|&T dMTsD+ (3) |s+

    A+D = 2i1 1(A+D)i =

    2i1 = i2 nsTTq|&T r1 = r2 neT+~. n|&T dMTsD+ (2) |s+

    2r1 = A 1Ar =2

    i1 , r1 $\Te\qT dMTsD+ (4) ||+#>,A+D Asin n.sin

    2 2 =

    A+Dsin2nAsin2

    =

    ................(6)

    | dMTsDyT | eueq >TD d+.

    dMTsD+ (5)qT |j+

    A+Dsin2nAsin2

    =

    d s>\e?

    |j>X\ + A, D $\Te\ dMTsD+ 6qT |j+ MT |eueq >TD qT>=q+&.

    |&= q>~) sV+#+&. \

    >& Zs> fTqT +#+&. sYusY w{ eT

  • 101\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+-11V| f

    sT

    \ +

    deT\& eTT +# +q sYusY Zs> +, &MT&| MTsT @+ >eT+#sT? >&| s+>T\ |_++ @s&+T\T> m+T\qT MTsT #XsT? $$T\ $#\q D+ @eT+#s? @ s+>T e $#\H b+~+~?

    |&T eTs= |j>+ #eT+#+.

    \ + s+>T\T> $&be& sD d\e?

    \ + s+>T\T> $&be& sD dq +&+ >eT+#e#T.\ + $$T\T (VIBGYOR) > $&be& +$|D+ n+{+.+eTT+TD+>\ | w $#\q

    D+ ds+> +T+ |s{ d+ |s+ + sD+

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • 102 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    m\|& e deTjT+ |f esZH mqT+T+~. +`3 +

    $$T+& |jD++TD+ $$T\qT { esTT+\T yssT> +{j?

    (3), (4) \ eTq+ #dq d+T + s+> d+>

    u$+#e#T. + $ yqT, eTT+TD+ +

    s+>T\s+>T+ s+>T eueq >TD+ e. n+T + |+|d @&T s+>T\T> $&bT+T+& s+>T>\ + |+|+#eTqT+T\T> $&bT+

  • 103\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+-12

    ds +{ _+\ d+K H deq+> +T+~. n+f + jq+

    >T+& |jD+#|&T, jq { + s+>+|sT>TT+~, s+>+ >TZT+~.

    +`3 #dqT | MTsT s+>T\T #&>*> d+T\qT MTsT m #&>\T>TTHsT? MT +{ #s +sD\T >&qT+& edTHj? { _+

  • 104 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    $|D+ #+~ msT|s+>T + e $#\H, }T + me $#\H

    b+T\ { _+

  • 105\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    +

  • 106 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    |seDTe| ]w bq:|q+ >\ + |qyT+T+&

    dqT \+ |d]+# + X +re (intensity of light) n+{+.

    |+`15 #|qT n+sfi+ (space) d#|seDTe

  • 107\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    yesD+ $$\ D\T+{sTT. y{ |]eD\ qT>TD+>

    n$ $$\ + |]|D+ #ksTT. T+ +f e

    bq:|H\T (me s+>\ +T\ |]|D + |#dT+~.

    yd$ sE c > me> +&&+ e\ yesD+ { $] #sTT+~.

  • 108 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    + |]|D+ #ksTT. yesD+ msT| s+>T + s+>\

    |]eD+ >\ nDTe\T # e> +{sTT. qT msT| s+>T + $T>

    s+>T\ H e> |]|D+ #+ |]|D+ #+~ + MT

    +{ #s| s+>T\ qTeTsT>esTT. msT| s+>T + e>

    |]|D+ #+ dsT&T ds |k&T.

    eT m+\s?

    n

  • 109\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    k

  • 110 eqe qT ` s+>T\ ||+#+10e s>

    |+`Q1

    A

    B

    C

    de

    T\ T q&& sDyTq yesD+ nDTe\

    bqT MTs n_q+~ksT? (AS6)

    3. +{ d*jT] +&s\ |rsTqT MTs n_q+~ksT? (AS6)

    4. >E bs #jT&q >E b bsq, \T|s+>T

    q&TT+~. m+\ y&eT &sY d\V#sT. w

    |&~ qT. +{ >\ dsTuT

    \D+ e\ ~ k

  • 111\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    4. |+MCQ-4 #|q $ fT| +q deT~uVQ |+| + |qyT+~.w $#\H d++~+ +~ y{ @~ d]jTq~? [ ]

    a)

  • 112 |seDT sD+10e s>

    |seDTe TTDyX m\qT\T, MTsT

    \TdTHsT C.C.\s?#d MT s> |\s? (MT dVT\, b

    |]o*+#+&, +~ |X\ de

  • 113\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    es|+ (Spectrum)+\ s+>T\ |{

    s|+ +&+ MTsT >eT+ +{sT. | s+>T re _+eT+ +{sT. n\&, { |]\+| s+> s|+

    n ~X\ |d]dT+~.

    ` +|+# | edTe

  • 114 |seDT sD+10e s>

    |+`2 : $\T

    |ks|{

    n \VsD\T(UV) |ssTD sD\T (IR)Z#s +

    10-12 m

    d s+>+, s+&T esTd X+>\ eT

  • 115\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    qT| & y& #dTq|&T n~ =+ X + s|+ $&TT (me s+> =qkd c > |]> =\~ n~ eT+> H]+s+>T, |dT|,

    \+ (e s+>\ eT es&+

    >eT+#e#T.

    qT| & yd|&T T y\Te&TTq deTjT+HeTsyH s s+>T\T y\Te&& MTsT >eT+#s?

    qT| & n~ c >\ eT\T L& y\Te&TsTT,

    T ( +&&+

    e\q $T> s+>T\T q&e.

    $T (e s+> |]q =B |TT+TTq M~ Bb\qT MTsT #Xs?

    SCER

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  • 116 |seDT sD+10e s>

    M~ Bb\ k&jT+ $sT\T |dT|s+>TqT #jT&+ eT\+> M~

    Bb\T |dT|s+>T y\T>TsTT.

    $$T\T @s&{sD+ @$T{?

    |r eT\+ qTqT T\T + jTT ]w s+> e+{sTT

    { Te+{ es|{ sU es|+ n+{+.

    y*eTTT]+qT>H |seDT es|{ sK\qT

    { j |seDTe\qT *> >T]+#e#T n+f # Xs +> +~

  • 117\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    m\H jTT bV+q|&T n~ me XksTT #sTT+~. n|&T m\HqT

    ksTT +V+q X m\|{ n> \T| e+T+ $&be{ $XB]+#+ e+#T, qT s+&e

    Bses , eT&e s+&T Bses \qT \T|, |seDTe

    +

  • 118 |seDT sD+10e s>

    usY keTsY| qeTH V&H |seDT es|+ dsK\qT (finerlines) >T]+ $e]+#>*q|{, |seDT sD+ >T]+ d+|s+>$e]+# bsTT+~. { H me m\H\Tq |seDTe\ jTT |seDT

    es|{\qT $e]+#+q qeTH $|\yTq~.

    |seDTe + K+> k] qT +.

    { | $wj\ , |seDTe m\H\T ]wyTq esZ+

    s>e n \TdT+~.

    usY qeTH |b~+qT, |seDTe\ ]wyTq d]V

  • 119\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    yTq d]V e+T+

  • 120 |seDT sD+10e s>

    0 qT+ (n1) es +{sTT. | 'l' $\Te |ss ddT+~.

    | 'l' $\Te +T]+ \T|T+~.

    ]{ l = 1 2p nH eTs=|ss+ \d yTT+ s+&T |ss\T +{sTT.

    n = 3 nsTT l jTT >]w $\Te m+? @@ |ss\T +{sTT? n = 4 nsTTq|&T l m $\Te\T +{sTT? @@ |ss\T +{sTT?

    3. njTk+ ++ d+K (ml) (The Magnetic quantum number)njTk+ ++ d+KqT qT ml dk+.njTk+ ++ d+K ml 0 *| -l qT+ +l eT ]w l $\Te\ njTk+ ++ d+K ml (2l +1) $\Te\qT * +T+~. y{ +~ $ d+#e#T.

    -l, (-l + 1), - 0, 1, (+l -1), +l~ |seDTe >\ ]{fifl b

  • 121\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+`5 : s,p,d |ss ]{fifl C$TrjT T\T.

    s`]{ >fis+ +T+~. p ]{fifl &+u s+ +{sTT.d`]{fifl & &+u s+ +{sTT. +~ |{\qT |]o*+#+&.

    +~ |{ 2 ss\T, |ss\T eT]jTT | ss\ >\ ]{fifl

    d+K e&sTT.

    |r |ss+ >]w+>

    | s s + +& ]{fi fl

    d+K s{+| d+K m\qT

    +{sTT.

    $$]w+>

    +&>*> m\q d+K\T |{ 3

    d+#&HsTT.

    |{-3|ss+ ]{fifl d+K >]w m\qT\

    (2l+1) d+Ks (1=0) 1 2p (1=1) 3 6d (1=2) 5 10f (l=3) 7 14

    n l ml |ss+ d++ |ss+ >\ ]{fifl d+K

    1 0 0 1s 1

    20 0 2s 1

    1 -1,0,+1 2p 3

    0 0 3s 1

    3 1 -1,0,+1 3p 3

    2 -2,-1,0,+1,+2 3d 5

    0 0 4s 1

    41 -1,0,+1 4p 3

    2 -2,-1,0,+1,+2 4d 5

    3 -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3 4f 7

    |{-2

    dyz dxz dxy dz2dx2-y2

    SCER

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  • 122 |seDT sD+10e s>

    4. dH ++ d+K(ms) (Spin Quantum Number ) :eT&T ++ d+K\T n, l eT]jTT ml \T esTd> |seDT ]{ jTT

    |]eD+ (X), eT]jTT y{ neT]qT \T|sTT.

    |dT|s+>T + y\TesTdTq M~ Bb\qT (Sodium Vapour Lamp) MTsT>eT+# +{sT. |dT| + n~ ]\wH >\ es|e|

    (spectroscope) |]o*+qsTT n+ q s+&T sK\T(Doublet) |ksTT.

    s eT]jTT s eT V\ es|{\ Te+{ sK\T |ksTT.

    m\H jTT Te+{ |esq $e]+#+e ++

    d+K |b~+#&+~. n ne>Vq #dTe&

    m\H *q V&H |seDTeqT rdT |]o*

  • 123\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    m\H $Hd+ m\H jTT dH L& d+#e#T. n~ m

    d+#e# +\ m\H * +& ++ d+U d$T

    $\Te\qT * +T+~. n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = 1/2.

    me d+K m\H\qT * q |seDTe\ \D\qT \TdTy\+f

    eTq y{ m\H $Hd+ *d +&*. |seDTe $$ |seDTe jTT |es qqT

    *jTCdT+~.~ |seDTe jTT jo\qT (reacticity) ne>Vq#dTe& \ |seDTe\ m\H $Hk $e]+#&

    eT&T jTe\T |]ksTT. n$ : besq jTeT+, |tu T]+ d+|+> #]+#T+\ s+&T m\H\ dH \T m +{sTT?

    |seDTe #+~q @ s+&T m\q H\T>T ++ d+K\T deq+>

    +&e n b esq jTeT+ *jTCdT+~.

    V*jT+ |seDTe >\ s+&T m\qT\T 1s ]{H HsTT {y{ n, l, eT]jTT ml $\Te\T deq+> +{sTT. n+f ms |d]> ysT>+&*. n+f He |seDTe m\qT\ dH \T >&*.

    + dH\T *q m\q dks. m\H jTT ms = +1/2nsTT s+&e m\H jTT ms = 1/2 neT+~. nq> ]{ >\ s+&Tm\H\ dH\T es ~X\ +{sTT.

    ]{ >]w+> m m\qT\T +&e#T? ]{ >]w+> +#>*> m\H\ d+KqT *jTCjT&

    besq jTeT+ |j>|&TT+~.

    ]{ e\+ s+&T ms $\Te\T eyT nqTeT+#&sTT eq| ]{ >]w+> es dH\T *q s+&T m\qT\T eyT +{sTT.

    eq V*jT+ (He) |seDTe m\H $Hd+qT $ d+#e#T.

    1s2

    SCER

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  • 124 |seDT sD+10e s>

    |tu jTeT+ (Aufbau Principle)|seDT d+K |]> eT+ eT\+ qT+ eTs= eT\

    yfiq=\B |seDT ]{ m\H \TdH +T+~. ss+

    +& >]w m\q d+K 2n2 dk+. B 'n' | | ss+ (s, p, d or f) +& >]w m\qT\ d+K

    2(2l+1) dk+. & l = 0,1,2,3,....... $\Te\T * +T+~. d+ >]w+> $$ 2,6,10 eT]jTT 14

    m\qT +{jT eTq \TdT+~.

    |seDTe uksTT q|&T m\qT\T n e X *q ]{

    #sT, n yTT+ m\qT\ d+K |seDT d+K deq+ njT es

    +& >\|ss m\qT\T eTT+ $TksTT.

    (n + l) $\Te\T |]> e |+`6 #&e#TqT.sVD eT+ |seDT ]{fifl $$ eT+ = eT\\ m\H

    $Hd+ eT]jTT ]{ |{\T + e #| |+.

    SCER

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  • 125\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    sH (Z = 6) @ p ` ]{ 6e m\H #sTT+~? m\H p ]{ >\ +] m\H >&TT+

  • 126 |seDT sD+10e s>

    nu dH yTsT>T|s#T++ |jDdT+~. B s+>\ e|sTk+.M{ eTTT+~.

    I. ueq\| |d+

  • 127\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    6. n l x ||&TT+~?(AS1)

    7. H$T?

    8. K eT]jTT L m\ ss\ n~ X ksTT eq ss+ @~?(AS2)

    II. ueq\ nqTesH\T

    1. a. |*> >]w m\qT\ d+K m+? (AS1)

    b. |ss+ eT&>*> >]w m\qT\T m?

    c. ]{ q+*> >]w m\qT\T m?

    d. | =q+&.(AS7)

    N(Z=7)

    SCER

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  • 128 |seDT sD+10e s>

    1.

  • 129\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eT+

  • 130 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    eT\\qT qT>=HsT. eT\\ d+K |]>=B eT\\T, y{ dyTfiH\

    skjTq de#s >TsT+#Te&+ # w+> e]+~.

    +~ s>T eT\\qT V\T, nV\T> eZ]+#&+ >T]+ MTsT

    HsTHsT

  • 131\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    yTTeT+# +{sT.

    >, $T*q n&TesTd eT\ deTV\ eT

  • 132 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    |{ ` 2 : q+& eT\\ |{

    q+& yTT eT\ |seDTd+K\qT {sTT+#&T.

    |b, skjTqXd d+|T+ y~+#

  • 133\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    MT \Tk?

    q+& eT\\ skjTq\ esq+ b&T. d+^ ds\ m& qT+& yTT

  • 134 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    Gruppe I.

    R 2O

    Gruppe II.

    R O

    Gruppe III.

    R2O3

    Gruppe IV.RH4RO2

    Gruppe V.RH3R2O5

    Gruppe VI.RH2RO3

    Gruppe VII.RH

    R2H7

    Gruppe VIII.RO4R

    eih

    en

    1 H = 1

    2 Li=7 Be=9.4 B=11 C=12 N=14 O=16 F=19

    3 Na=23 Mg=24 Al=27.3 Si=28 P=31 S=32 Cl=35.5

    4 K=39 Ca=40 =44 Ti=48 V=51 Cr=52 Mn=55 Fo=56, Co=59

    Ni=59, Cu=63

    5 (Cu=63) Zn=65 =68 =72 As=75 So=78 Br=80

    6 Rb=85 Sr=87 Yt=88 Zr=90 Nb=94 Mo=96 =100 Ru=104, Rh=104

    Pd=106, Ag=108

    7 (Ag=108) Cd=112 In=113 Sn=118 Sb=122 Te=125 J=127

    8 Cs=133 Ba=137 Di=138 Ce=140

    9 ()

    10 Ek=178 La=180 Ta=182 W=184 Os=195, Ir=197,

    Pt=198, Au=199

    11 (Au=198) Hg=200 Tl=204 Pb=207 Bi=208

    12 Th=231 U=240

    esq jTeT+ (Periodic law)

    yT+&|t esq |{ eT\\ |\T n n+{s. M{ I qT+& VIII es seTH d+K\ dksT.

    >| q eT\\ syTq |

    A,B \H s+&T |>|\T> $u+#& +T+~. @| q

    eT\\T

  • 135\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    SCER

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  • 136 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    3. n|{es *jT eT\\ &T\qT $&|{&T.

    yT+&|t qT }V+q = eT\\T u$wY |d]>

    qT>=q&jT qe&T. n&T sb+~+q |{ H = eT\\

    |sT s]+#&T.

    =qujT eT\ eTT+T]+ yT+&y }V+q =q&q k+&jT+, >*jT+,

    CsjT+\

  • 137\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    u*jT+ T+ us+ |j>|Ps+> 4.5> qT>=q&+~. B

    d+j 3> n|{ |]>D+#sT. u*jT+ jTT |seDT us+ 13.5

    (4.5I3R13.5) eq eT\ |{ d] >| neTse\d

    +T+~. n&T u*jT+ (Be) jTT d+j 2 n |seDTus+ 9

    (4.5I2R9) neT+| d]b Mg, Ca e+{ eT\\ T]+#&T. s+ e+{ eT\\

    yTq |seDTus\qT L& +#&T.

    5. nd+>XDT\T (Anomalous Series): f\]jT+ (Te ), njTT&H (I) e+{= nd+>XDT\qT yT+&y |{ >eT+#e#T. me |seDT

    us+>\ Te (127.6 u), e |seDT us+>\ I (126.9 u) +f eTT+| dsq kH neTs be&+

    e+{ | eT\\ \T :

    n~, |seDT \ eT\\T, n\|seDT \ eT\\

    eTT+

  • 138 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    \ +#sT. I A >|t #+~q Li, Na, K e+{ s V\T, I B >|t

    #+~q Cu, Ag, Au e+{ eT\\ # e ks|qT *

    +{sTT. n|t #+~q ]H nV+ > VII B

    #+~q e+> dt V+.

    \ m\H\# &q+ #+~+q|&T |r eT\+

    ku$ bq:|q neT] >\ X`sD\qT $&T&T. B{ @ ~|seDT nDTe nsTTq V&H e+ yjTTd+T+~. B I A >|t s V\ esTd #s& MTsT deT]ks? m+

  • 139\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |seDT d+K\ sb+~q es q jTeT+ |s+

    |b~+#&q qMq esq |{H $d esq |{ (long form of the periodic

    table) n |\TksT. ~ yT+&|t esq |{ =qk+|> +T+~. |seDT

    d+K, eT\+ jTT 6 m\q neXeTT+T+]w+> 10 m\qqT+|>\eT, f`| 7 ]{fi >]w+> 14 m\qqT * +T+

  • 140 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    (

    ) \ e

    &q $

    \Te

    \T n+#H\

    T

    SCER

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    NA

  • 141\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    >|

    d+K

    eT\ T++

    |sT

    eT\\T

    qT+& es

    y\H

    m\qT

    y\ksTT

    $Hd+

    d+j

    (Valency)

    1 (IA) s V\T Li Fr ns1 1 12 (IIA) s eT V\T13 (IIIA) usH T++14 (IVA) sH T++15 (VA) H{H T++16 (VIA) H T++ |\T (Groups)qMq esq |{ \Te esTd\qT >|\T n+{s. esq |{ 18

    >|\T+{sTT. k+||\qT 1 qT+& 18 es ns_ n+\dksT. eTq+ IUPAC $

  • 142 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    |]jT&T(Periods)

    esq |{ n&TesTd\qT |]jT&T n+{s. esq |{ 7

    |]jT&T+{sTT. M{ 1 qT+& 7 es ns_ d+K\# dk+.

    1. @

  • 143\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    4. eT& |]jT& eT&e |

  • 144 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    +#+& #]+#+&

    + esq|{ n&T>Tu>q +#&+ m+| es >\ V\qT |]esq eT\\T

    (transition elements) n+{s. esq|{ m&eT qT+& & yfifl=B d`ueT\\ V >TZT+~.

    +| #+H +&&+ e\q M{ n+s |]esq eT\\T (innertransition elements) n+{s.

    V\, nV\ eT+#e#T. sK m&eTy | q eT\\T V\T, &y |

    q eT\\T nV\T eT]jTT sK| q B, Si, As,

    Ge yTT

  • 145\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    | qT+& +~ bjT=B eT\\ skjTq

  • 146 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    |

  • 147\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |{`8

    eT\ |seDTe eT]jTT

  • 148 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    +~ \

  • 149\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |P]> + +&q ]{fifl >\ |seDTe\ qT+& m\qT

    =\+#& n~ X nedseTeT+~.

    H m\H $Hd+: 1s2 2s2 2p4

    H{H m\H $Hd+: 1s2 2s2 2p3

    H b*q|&T H{H d>+ +&q ]{fifl HsTT. {

    H{H njTsDX $\Te me.

    5. |seDT yks+: |seDT yks+ |]>=B njTsDX $\Te\T >TZsTT.

    b]H njTsDX $\Te nj&H H me. n> k&jT+

    njTsDX $\Te ddjT+ H me.

    >|t\ | qT+ +~ bjT=B eT\\ njTsDX >TZT+~.

    |]jT&\ m&eT qT+& & bjT=B eT\\ njTsDX k

    |sT>TT+~. eT|

  • 150 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    m\H m|{

    = eT\\ |seDTe\T nj dyTfiH\qT @ss# eT+ m\qqT

    >VksTT. |seDTe jT q m\HqT, |seDT+V+#>\V+q|&T =+ X

    $&T q|&T n~

    m\HqT >Vd $&T

  • 151\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    TTD$

  • 152 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    eTq+ @+ HsTH+?

    \ ||\T,

    +

  • 153\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eT\\ esq | esTds[.

    I. ueq\| |d+*>&T. BH $e]ksT?

    (AS1)

    2. yT+&y esq |{ b\T @$? qMq esq|{, yT+&y |{ # b\qT m

    =\+#>*+~? (AS1)3. qMq esq jTe s+#+&. $d esq |{ @ $ ]+#&+ $u+#&sTT? syTq eZsD e\q mTe+{

    nqTL\\THsTT? (AS1)5. |seDT d+K 17> >\ eT\+ jTT +~ \D\qT sjT+&. (AS1)

    m\H $Hd+ ____________ |]jT& d+K ____________

    >| d+K ____________ eT\ T++ ____________

    y\ m\q d+K ____________ d+j ____________

    V+ TT+~

    nudH yTsT>T|s#T+

  • 154 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    |]jT& d+K

    123

    4 4s, 3d, 4p 18 18567 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p 32 nd+|P]

    +|& ]{fi

    (|\T)

    |]jT& q yTT+

    eT\\ d+K

    n | \ +|>*>

    >]w m\q d+K

    eT\+ y\ m\qT\ d+K >| d+K |]jT& d+K

    d\sY

    H

    yT^wjT+

    V&H

    b ]H

    n\$TjT+

    8. qMq esq |{qT |j+ +~ |{qT |P] #jT+&. (AS1)

    9. qMq esq |{qT |j+ +~ |{qT |P]+#+&. (AS1)

    II. ueq\ nqTesH\T1. A,B,C,D eT\\ m\H $Hk\qT +| $T& q eT $?C. 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P3 3. &yjTT eT\ $?D. 1S2 2S2 2P6 4. C nH eT\+ @ >|, @ |]jT& #+~q~?

    2. a) +~ |{ $$| d+K, |]jT& d+K\qT sjT+&.

    |]jT&\

    d+K

    yTT+ eT\\

    d+U

    eT\\T yTT+ eT\\ d+K

    qT+& es s-u p-u d-u f-u1234567

    SCER

    T TEL

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    NA

  • 155\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    b) +T]+#+&. (AS1)

    3. >| +& eT\\T k syTq

  • 156 eT\\ eZsD ` esq |{10e s>

    III. #H |X\T1. esq |{ eT\\ kH\T y{ skjTq T]+#&+ m |j>|&j

    | eT\\ (&yjTTe\T) #so\ d++~+q de#s +|q #+~q s V\ jTT V| | qT+& +~ e#|&T |sT>TT+~nH n+X \|s& d]jTq de#s d]+ y~ jsT #jT+&.

    dsq de

  • 157\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    MTsT eTT+T]+

    HsT= HsT. n> |{ es *dq eT\\T 115 |> qT

    \TdTHsT.

    eT\\T @ d +{sTT?

    n$ +] |seDTe\T> +{j? = |seDTe\ deTV+>

    +{j?

    # eT\\qT #dT+{+. nDTe\ >\ |seDTe\qT +~+

    +#& @ \+ | #dT+~?

    |seDTe\T> \u eTjT eT\\T @yTq Hj?

    m+, eT] = nDTe\T> +{sTT?

    +~ s>T\ MTsT skjTq d+j> jTe\ >T]+ HsT=

    HsT. nH eT\ |seDTe\T $$ d+j>+ #+

  • 158 skjTq +

    MT \Tk?

    eT\\T eT]jTT dyTfiH\T $&$& |seDTe\qT ||q neTs&+

    e\q @s&Hj?

    n+{ |seDTe\ eT

  • 159\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    $

  • 160 skjTq +

    |{ 1 s+&e, eT&e \Te esTd\qT >eT+#+&. |{ de#s+

    V*jT+ | $T*q &yjTTe\ jTT e] 8 m\H\T

    +{jT \Tk +~

  • 161\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |{ 2

    |{qT >eT+#+&. esq |{ >|t d+K\ y{ y\ m\H\

    d+K @eT+# +{sT |t eT\\+{ y\

    m\H, 2e >|t eT\\ s+&T y\ m\H\T, 13 e >|t

    eT\\ eT&T y\ m\H\T, eT]jTT 14e >|t H\T>T y\

    m\qT\T +{sTT.

    >eT :>eT :>eT :>eT :>eT : m\H\qT d+# #T\T (.) TDs| >TsT (x) m\Hs+ >, |]eD+ > m+{ d++

  • 162 skjTq +

    m\HqT sTT V+#&+> s>

  • 163\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    ||\ #+~q eT\\ d++~+ |{es $e]+q

    k+ #+|t #+~q |seDTe\T (&yjTTe\T) y{ e] m$T~m\H\qT * +{sTT. nsTT V*jT+ syTq @sT $TqVsTT+|.

    m+ n~

    ds * +{sTT. $ # nsT skjTq #s \ bZ+{sTT.

    eq @ |seDTe |t qT+& IIIA >|t es >\ eT\\T

    y{ njqT\ s|+ q|&T y{ e] &yjTT |seDTe\qT

    b*q $ 8 m\qT +&&+ e\+ j uV qT #|

    }V +> #|+#&T.

    skjT+> #so\ >\ eT\\ #+~q |seDTe\ y{ y\

    \ nw $Hk * +&e. n$ nw b+ d+j>+

    #+

  • 164 skjTq +

    MT \Tk?

    MT \Tk?

    (i) s+&T ysT ysT eT\\ #+~q |seDTe\ eT

  • 165\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    @s&TT+~. +

  • 166 skjTq +

    Mg(|T) + Cl2(y) Mg Cl2(|T)jH @s&&+:

    12Mg (y) 12Mg2+ (y) + 2e

    m\H $Hd+ 2, 8, 2 2, 8

  • 167\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    jH @s&&+ : n\$TjT+ njH (Al3+).

    13Al(y) 13Al3+ (y) + 3e

    -

    m\H $Hd+ 2, 8, 3 2, 8

  • 168 skjTq +

    jqT, qjq neT]qT |u$+ #jTT n+X\T :

    esq |{ |]jT&\T, >|t\ eT\\ V, nV

  • 169\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    m\H\qT |sds+ |+#Te&+ e\ @s& +

  • 170 skjTq +

    H{H nDTe |seDTe\ eT

  • 171\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    nyj nDTe @s&TT+~. nyj nDTe @s& $

  • 172 skjTq +

    MT \Tk?

    y\ m\H d

  • 173\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    BH VSEPRT d Valance-shall-electron-pair-rapulsion-theory n ns+. d

    n_e~|]#sT.

    dT]+ $e]dT+~.

    1. d+jjT +

  • 174 skjTq +

    >eT : BeCl2 eT]jTT BF3 nDTe\ eTeT+# +{sT. y{ 4 eT]jTT

    6 m\qT\T eyT HsTT. +{ nDTe\qT m\H $T nDTe\T n+{+.

    4.3) yfi d+jjT +

  • 175\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    4.v) yfi d+jjT +

  • 176 skjTq +

    2. ]{fifl m+> nb+ #+~, n+ \yTq +

  • 177\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    O2 nDTe @s&T :H |seDTe jTT m\H $Hd+ 1s2 2s2 2px

    22py12pz

    1 .

    H |seDTe Py ]{, eTs= H |seDTe Py]{ |seDTe +

  • 178 skjTq +

    1931 qdt b*+> nH Xdy |seDT ]{fifl d+sD+ nH

  • 179\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eT

  • 180 skjTq +

    H O

    H jTT +=q&+~. {+

  • 181\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |{ 4 qT+&, >~ c > e

  • 182 skjTq +

    eT\\ eT \ eT\ e] m$T~ m\ qT (nw +)

    +&e.

    y\ >\ m\qT\ d+K skjTq +\ eT\\ TTD$

  • 183\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    a) Y eT\eTT| m y\ m\qT\THsTT?

    b) Y jTT y\ m+?c) X jTT y\ m+?

    d) nDTe m d+jjT +

  • 184 skjTq +

    dsq de

  • 185\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    $T]+ HsTHsT. s+&T yT|\

    eT

  • 186 $

    d+\ H H r>\qT |j+ u, ,

    d#Y\qT e\jT+ \|+&. d#YH #d, qT |]o*+#+&. y*+& e\dq X

    u n+~+#& MTsT 1e d+eT+#sT. 3e d+\T $

  • 187\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    y\T>TT+~. X ds|s sD+ m\H\T.

    u qT+& X ds|s sD+ m\H nsTT,

    n$ eT |

  • 188 $

    {dt njH\ eTs n_|+ #+ u$k+.

    e& n|ds e&/ &|te& (drift speed) + (drift velocity) n+{+.

    d# yX\ n|dse& >&

  • 189\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    I = nqAvd dMTsD+

  • 190 $

    bfjT u

  • 191\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    V| |\\| yX+ d+| d #s, ~ njH\| eTs\+

    |#dT+~. $

  • 192 $

    $qT u

  • 193\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    .

    sVD | (yV+) s+&T es\ eT

  • 194 $

    |j>X\ { ds c >e

  • 195\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    yV u *|,

  • 196 $

    MT \Tk?

    |{ ` 2

    | #s\qT {, eTq Xs+ @y s+&T nejTy\ eT

  • 197\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    n~ z C r>| \T#Tq | $

  • 198 $

    |

  • 199\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+-15

    I

    I

    A

    l

    bfjT u

  • 200 $

    12% e+> dt, 2% ) e+{ $TXeT V\

    $w sTD+> nd\+>

    eyT esTT+~. n+> $ dT\u+>

    T||e.

    d*H, sjT+ e+{ |

  • 201\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    XD, de+s d+ +{sTT. s+&T s\

    d+T]+ |+> \TdT+

  • 202 $

    Req (|* s\ s

  • 203\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    nMTsY 1

  • 204 $

    dq r> s

  • 205\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    R = 3 + 7 = 10

    sVq #dTe&, eTq+ HsTq n+X\T eyT d]be.

    $es+> \TdT+

  • 206 $

    d+C k+|

  • 207\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

  • 208 $

    \|t |* bfjT u

  • 209\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    H\ eTq+ 100 jT $

  • 210 $

    qT dMTsD+ (3)qT +~ $ sjTe#T.

    P = I2R = 2V

    R

    u e+{ @ $

  • 211\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    zesY & (Over load) n+f @$T{?

    zesY & e\ $

  • 212 $

    eTq+ @+ HsTH+?

    zesY & e\q *> |e

  • 213\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    yV s

  • 214 $

    12. |+ Q-12 , B e

  • 215\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    3. +{ eT&T \T\T, s+&T bH\T, f*$HqT y&TTHsT. | \T 40W $+\ #=|q |sE $jdTHsT.

    jT{ (KWH) 3 s #=|q $ *bsT.

  • 216 $

    7. e\jT+ 6, 6 s \|&HsTT.

    nsTTq e\jT+ |*s\T

    1. ds c >, ds eT

  • 217\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    qH >eTq jTe\T m\H\ #\H\qT $e]+#& |j+#e#?

    >eT: +

  • 218 $

    m\qT\ dsd] e& vd = (v+u)/2 = v/2

    v $\TeqT | dMTsD+ ||+#>,

    m\H dsd] y>+ R &|t e& vd = Vet/2lm

    &|t e& dMTsD+ (a) ||+#>,

    I = nAe(Ve/2lm)I = V(ne2/2m)(A/l)I (2m/ne2)(l/A) = V ......................(e)

    neT+~. | dMTsD+ m\H

  • 219\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    > nT]+ eTq+

    \TdTH+

  • 220 $+

    |+`1 #|q $ T+& 24

    >C sr>qT |+| e\j @ss#+&. |+`1 #|qT e\jT+ 3

    z\T\ u, d#Y eT]jTT sr> XD \|& HsTT. neT]q r>

    +

  • 221\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    njTk+ +

    |

  • 222 $eT+#sT?

  • 223\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    ^jT+&. |+`2 #|q$ nH e\T (curved lines) @s&&+ >T]+#e#T.

    e\T @$T{?y{ njTk+ \sK\T (magnetic field lines) n+{+. \sK\T

    }VyTq$ eyT. sK\T njTk+ duy ns+ #dTe&

    dVjT|&sTT. { esK\qT \sK\T> }V+#Te&+ ]+~.

    M{ esK| @ _+

  • 224 $Dq rdTH+. njTk+ n_yV S.I |eD+ ysY.n_yV+ njTk+ dT\u+> s+#e#T. MTsT

    }V+q \+ \++> q |eD yX\+>\ \+ nsTT,

    |eD+ yX\+>T+& yfifl njTk+ n_yV+ \T|T+~.

    BH njTk+ n_yV k+ q @+ yX\+>\ \+>T+& yfifl njTk+ n_yV njTk+

    n_yV k+ sk+. B njTk+ |sD (magnetic field induc-tion) n L& n+{+.A yX\+ >\ n_yV+ nqT+ q @+ yX\+>T+& n_yV+ m+?

    n~ /A deq+. n+f \++> +& \+>T+& yfifl njTk+n_yV, \ yX >\ w njTk+ n_yV k+D+q \+>T+& n_yV+ m+? njTk+ n_yV+, njTk+ n_yV k+ |jq+ @$T{?

  • 225\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    $\ r> @ssq eT]= njTk+ \qT >T]+ #] e\ @s& njTk+ +.

    + 4

    #eTTqT rdT= |+`4(m) #|q$

    (vertical) neTs+&. r> ]{sT k+& s u>\T>\+& C> eV+#+&. r> s+&T es\qT d#Y

    dVjT+ 3 qT+& 9 z\T\ u \|+&.

    #eTT >\ s+eT+#e#T.

    r> #T q njTk+ \sK @ s+ +~?

    n~ +> es+ +T+~. n+f njTk+ \sK\T

    +> d+e sK\ |&T s]+#e#T. $\

    dsfisK e+{ r> e\q @s&q \sK\qT 4(_), 4(d)|{\>eT+#e#T. e\jT+ $ #T

    qT|sqT #*

  • 226 $#T (circular coil) e\ @s& njTk+ +

    + 5

    |\T# #eTTqT rdT=

  • 227\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    iii) k*HsTT& e\ @s& njTk+ +

    + 6

    #|qT rdT= #T

    es\qT d#Y, u\ e\jT+ XD \|+&. d#Y

    yjT>H r>>T+& $ #T

    =+ qT|sqT #\+&. yT\> #|qT +&.

    qT|sqT eT|eTksT.

    n$ eT |*>sTT?k*HsTT& @sq \sK\T #T& q b&yq

    r>H k*HsTT& n+{+. k*HsTT& e\ @s& njTk+

    |+`6(_) #&e#T. k*HsTT& @s]# ~XqT +

  • 228 $ >, es ~X >) ~

    yX+| mTe+{ \ |ueeT +&

  • 229\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eT +T+~.

    k + ~X, ~X |sds+

    \++> +fH y&>\T>T+. |+`8 (_) #|q$ uqy\T, #|&Ty\T, eT ~XqT ($

  • 230 $\s?

    r> |r yX+ de+s ~X | njTk+ \+ XSq+ n #|e#T.

    @ njTk+ + B (uniform magnetic field) \++> $\ r>qT+ eT+ jTf +~.

    $+

    +T+~. y> n|ds y>+ v (drift velocity) n+{+.@+ yX+ (single charge)| njTk+ \+..

    F0 = q v B njTk+ + >\ yTT+ yX+ Q nqT+| +& \+....

    F = Q v B ........... (1)

  • 231\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    >eT: njTk+ ~X \++> r> $ \ ~X e+be&+

    |+`9 >eT+#e#T.

    njTk+ + $\ r> ' ' D+ #d | |#d \ ~XqT +=qe#T.

    $\ r>| |#d njTk+ \ |uy |j>|Ps+>

    #qT N*\>T+& |+|, d#Y eT]jTT 9 z\T\ u XD *|

    e\j |P] #jT+&. d#Y yd e\jT+ $ Zs |+`10 #|q$ >Ts|H& njTk+ rdTs+&.

    @+ >eT+#sT?

    r> @ ~X n|esq+ #+ >eT+q n|esq ~X, d

    eTq+ \TdTq ~X fH?

    >Ts|H& njTk+ eT+#+&.

    n $ #jT+&.

    $| njTk+ + ]w ~X m+

  • 232 $| + |j+# \ ~XqT \TdTe&

    eyT +|&TT+~. r> n|esH >\ sD\qT

    \TdTe& |j>|& $

    \TdT+Ts|H& njTk+| s \T >Ts|H& njTk+ \sK\ ~X es ~X

    +{jT eTq+ ns+ #dTe#T. n++ \+>q,

    +~ u>+ \Vq+>q +T+~. |*+> r> #T ndeT+ @s&TT+~.

    |+`11(d) ndeT >eT+#e#T. { r> \Vq u>+y|

  • 233\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    $#TqT deT njTk+ +(B)

    +#eTqT+\s?

    njTk+ \ ~XqT qT>=q& +

    (F ) |#jT>, CD e#T BC, DA uTC\| \T yssT> +{sTT. m+#T jTT $$

  • 234 $Dq rdT+#T $TT+~?r>#T $ r>#T \+ e# es r>#T ueTD+ #+~ sy r>#T &+

    |*+> de~XH eT]=+ ueTD+ #+#T n+#T\|

    |#d \ ~X +eTT+#TqT n|de ~X ueTD+ #+~+#& |jTksTT. n+#T

    , ] n|de ~X ueTD+ #+TH +T+~.

    r>#T >+& sT>T +&\+f @+ #j*?r>#T yTT+ ueTD+ sy ~X >+& sT>TT+~.

    n+f, | ns ueTD+ sy r>#T $#T $\+?B=s |+` 12(d) #|q$ B1, B2 nH s+&T wt\qT (brushes)

    |jk+. $ u \|& +{sTT. r>#T s+&T es\T C1, C2 nH d|t]+>\ (slip rings) \|&+{sTT. bs+u+ C1 nH d|t]+> B1qT, C2,B2 qT +{sTT. ns ueTD+ sywt\ d|t]+>\ (C1, C2) kH\T |sds+es&+ e\q r>#T $

  • 235\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+-13(m)

    $TqT rdT= dbs| ~yT neTs+&. sr> s+&T

    es\qT @+s $ $eT+#sT?

    V|]+>T r>#T y+& =~ mT *j&&+ >eT+#e#T. $T dbs| ~yT qT+& >* | m>TsTT+~.

    |&T AC DC |j+ @+ sT>TT+ ]+>T >* | e& @ \T

    eT+#sT

    & sD+ qH s+&e >eTq jTeT+ |s+

    V| ]+>T| |* \+ XSq+ e&yT. |+`13(_) ]+>T

    jTT d#edT |{ (FBD) #&e#T. +T| |#dq \+ @$T{?

    |+-13(_)

    F

    W

    MT \Tk?

    $

  • 236 $#T |eV+# $

  • 237\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    bs& jTeT+

    +`9 eTq+ \TdTq |*\qT }V |j>+ Vq

    #dT+#T jTT s+&T

    es\qT dTyTq nMTsT \HMTsT

    \|+&. & mTe+{ $\HMTsT d m+{

    eT+#e#T.

    #T y| ~|q|&T >\HMTsT

    d @s&q n|esq+ r>#T $\HMTsT d eT+#e#T. k] d eT+#e#T. n+f r>#T +eTT+

  • 238 $ +T+eT+#&T. d+e #T (closed

    loop) @s& $D s|+ +~$ sjTe#T.

    |] $ d++~+q

    n_yV+ 0, r>#T #T d+K N nsTTqsTT yTT+ r>#T

    d++~+q n_yV+ N0 neT+~.

    = N 0 .............. (7)

    |{ es eTq+ |] $

  • 239\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    n|&T r>#T s +&T njTk+

    r>#T qT+& rdTy[q d+D rdT+TZ=HsT.

    r>#T n_yV esTqT es+# ~X |sD $

  • 240 $\HMTsT *| $ +q yV m&eTy| ]|

    >\HMTsT ~X \HMTsT d yTT eTq+ |j+q

    \ ~X r> $ $ esTT+~.

    eq, ]q | W = Fs = B I l s .... (9) (dMTsD+ (8) qT+&)

    de+s yV\ n&+> r>qT +q|&T |P] e\jT+ @s&TT+~.

    B #T njTk+ n_yV+ +T+~. eTq+ n&T r>qT m&eTy| ]|

    de+s yV\T, n&T r>\ # @s& e\jT+ jTT yX\+ >TZT+~.

    nT+& bjT n_yV+ L& >TZT+~.

    = B l s ............ (10)

    & yX\+ (l s) + n_\++> +T+~.

    dMTsD\T (9), (10) qT+&

    W = () I

    | dMTsD sTy| t ud

    W tt t

    = .............. (11)

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • 241\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    $

  • 242 $ njTk+

    n_ yV + 0.001 y s Y . b s & j TeT+ | s + r> # T

    ]w |] $|t |s+ 0.1 dqT qT+ 0.3 dq es r>#T njTk+

    n_yV+ esT

  • 243\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    +&H dy $

  • 244 $#T ueTD

    n#TjTT uT+ A +~,

    u T+ B | e# T

    \Te> neTs|{

    ( s+& e be u > |

    ueTD+) n+ ueTD+

    L& $

  • 245\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    \ |

  • 246 $T+& bjT njTk+ n_yV+, \yX\ w

    njTk+ n_yV k+

  • 247\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+`3

    B

    i

    L

    |+`Q1

    II. ueq\ nqTesH\T

    1. |+ -1 r> #T $

  • 248 $ q $\ r>| |#d \+ [ ]

    a) 0 b) ILB c) 2ILB d) ILB/2

    4. fk R [ ]

    a) qH / L\T+u b) qH / +|jTsY ` MTsY

    c) +|jTsY / MTsY d) qH / +|jTsY dH

    5. njTk+ n_yVeTTqT B dksT? [ ]

    a) &H b) jTsYd& c) >dt d) ysY

    6. +~ $ +q|&T $

    c) njTk+ + d) njTk+

    |j>\T

    1. $\ r> njTk+ @ssTdT+ | |j+|& |j>|Ps+>

    MTs dksT?

    3. bs& $

  • 249\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    Vd+>VD Xg+

    11

    r>\T> k>&+`+e (malleability), s\T> k>&+ dsDjT (dutility),TD+ (sonarity) yTT MTsT\TdTHsT. eTq J$+ V\T eTTKbqT bwksTT. yssT

    V\qT yssT neds\ |jk+. +>s+, y+& e+{ V\qT usD\

    j s, qTeTT, n\$TjT+ e+{ V\qT $\qT

    eT]jTT = d+V|j> edTe\qT eTq+y&TTH+.

    V\ jsq edTe\ |sqT =+{ #|>\s? eTq+ + |j+# V\T | n

  • 250 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    +#+& ` #]+#+&

    y+& (Ag), s (Cu) e+{ = V\ #so\ e { n$ |d#d \u eTesTT. $T*q V\T y{ n~ #so\e\q |

    d+j>dH +{sTT. | \_+# V eT\\T +{sTT. V b+

  • 251\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |{ 1 eT+#sT?

    # V\ y{ &\T eT]jTT d &\T +&&+ MTsT >eTksT.

    n+|) >|qT #H T++ n+{+.

    (# R

  • 252 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    I. eTT& K k+BsD (Concentration or Dressing of the ore)

    u$T qT+& yT+> (Mining)

  • 253\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |jT

    # @]yjT&+ s+>T, |]eD+ e+{ )

    (Hand Picking) eT* =f me |&q+

    |+| { qTsT>T e#T #ksT. @s&q qTsT>T

    KD\qT | rdTbT+~. =f n&T>Tu>

    e*qD\T #sT+{sTT. qTsT>T *> +&&+e\,

    T> @s&q qTsT>TqT

  • 254 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    |{4 :

    V\

    #so\

    V

    \T

    H #s

    #\{ #s

    {

    $] #s

    \yTq

    $q

    e\

    #s

    K Na

    Ca

    Mg Al Zn Fe Pb Cu Hg Ag Pt

    Au

    e

    H

    deT

    +

    Na 2

    O,

    K2O

    \qT, n

    ~

    H deT

    +

    |s

    &\qT

    @ss

    Tks

    TT

    K qT+

    & M

    g es

    >\

    eT

    \\

    T V

    &

    HqT

    #\{

    {qT+

    & k

    qu

    +X+

    #+~ks

    TT.

    M{

    #s

    o\

    >

    TZ

    +T+

    ~.

    (K- r

    e+>

    Fe- #

    HeT~

    >)

    K q

    T+& F

    e es

    {

    $] #s ]| H

    2

    qT kq

    u+X+

    #+~ks

    TT.

    #so\

    >TZ

    T+~.

    (K-

    re+>

    Mg-

    #

    HeT~>)

    K qT+

    &

    Pb es

    eT

    \\

    T \yTq

    $

    q

    e\

    H2

    qT

    kq

    u+X+ #+~ks

    TT.

    #so\ K

    qT+

    & Pb

    >TZ

    T+~.

    K- n

    r

    e+>

    Mg-

    #

    #Ts

    T>

    Fe -

    HeT~>

    Pb -

    #

    HeT~>

    >TZ

    Tq re

    eT+

    &T#

    CaO

    ,MgO

    , Al 2O

    3

    ZnO

    , Fe 2

    O3 e

    +{

    &

    \qT

    @ss

    Tks

    TT

    $

    eT+

    &e

    .

    |]\

    +|

    esTd

    >

    PbO,

    CuO

    , HgO

    e+{

    &

    bs

    \qT

    @ss

    Tks

    TT.

    $ e

    T+&e. d+

    |]\+|

    L&

    sD+ #

    +\

    eT

    \\

    T \yTq

    $q eT+

    H2 qT

    kq

    u+X+ #+~+#

    e.

    ]

    H

    y&$T#

    s

    n

    V\

    T ]

    H y&$T #s

    ]|

    y{

    s&

    \qT

    @ss

    Tks

    TT.

    | q

    T+& +~

    #

    so\

    >TZ

    T+~.

    y

    ]H y

    jTTe

    V

    +

    #s

    ]|

    s&qT @s]

    q|&

    T

    y\Te

    &q c

    { ~

    ne>eTe

    T+

    ~.

    KC

    l, N

    aCl,

    CaC

    l 2,M

    gCl 2,

    AlC

    l 3, Z

    nCl 2,

    FeC

    l 3, P

    bCl 2,

    CuC

    l 2,H

    gCl 2,

    AgC

    l, Pt

    Cl 3

    eT]

    jTT

    AuC

    l 3 \T

    @s&

    s

    TT.

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • 255\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    II. VD+ (Extraction of crude metal from the ore) :

    u$T qT+& \_+q

  • 256 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    B) #so\ XD eTVD+

    (Extraction of metals in the middle of the activity series):

    Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu e+{ V\ jTT V* d& yjT&+ esTksT. | yd jTsD+ #ksT. #s V+, sH

    yH& @s&sTT.

    Pb + CO

    (ii) sH yH& & * n+ |+q|&T + $T*q Vd &,

    V & #s b+~ V eT]jTT SO2 qT @ssTdT+~.

    2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2iv) n #so\ >\ V\ +{sTT. #s m+ me yTT+w+ $&T

  • 257\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    sH (III) & (Fe2O3) n\$TjT+ #s b+~q|&T @s&q Teq q V\T d#d +{sTT. s

    |seDTe\ n$ # e> #s sT|sTT { +{ V\qT

    y&$T#s sT]+| #jT&+

  • 258 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    |+ 4 : |sY jTT $

  • 259\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    H& e n&T>Tu> #]bsTT. H& +{yTT(Sb),djT+ (Se), f\]jT+ (Te), d\sY (Ag), +>s+ (Au), b{q+ (Pt) e+{V\T+{sTT. M{ ] b+T]+ + @+ *jTCdT+~?

    VjT+ H m\H\qT sTT &\T

    @s&&+ *qH

    bs

    |+`5: qTeTT T| |f d+

  • 260 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    V jT+ jTT skjTq |jT # wyTq~. B $|&T

    n& sD+ ], b++ H&> |e]dT+~. B #|e#T.

    H& : 2Fe(|T) 2Fe2+ + 4e

    H& e* q { s>&+ e\q @s&q H2CO3qT+& V&H njH (H+) \u eTeT+~. n+ +& yesD+eT &\T { s>&+ e\q V&qT njH \u eTeT+~. b++

    eeV]dT+~. #s qT #|e#T.

  • 261\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    |+ 6 : udt =*$T

    CsT&T

    #+

    #] C]|&

    es>+

    esyjTTe\T

    qTeTTeT]jTT \

    @+sbs\T

    y&>*

    >\q qTeTT

    200 oC

    700 oC

    1200 oC

    2000 oC

    VeT\+

  • 262 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    usq+ (Roasting) usq+ w sksTTq |jT. |jT (V ) e

  • 263\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    u|\+

  • 264 Vd+>VD Xg+10e s>

    nu dH yTsT>T|s#T+

  • 265\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    1. eTT& K+ *dbsTT q eT*H\qT .................. n+{sT. [ ]a) >+> b) H

    3. +~y |yT bsT @~? [ ]a) CuSO4 2H2O b) CaSO4 1/2H2Oc) CuSO4 5H2O d) CaSO4 2H2O

    4. |eq |jT |j+# qH [ ]a) sdH b) |Hc) =] d) *y

    5. |eq |jT @ s| H \_+# V+ [ ]a) H b) n\$TjT+ c) + d) qTeTT

    9. d+#+&.

    \ V q y+&, +>s+, b{q+ e+{ V\ wsD d++~+q de#s

    d]+#+&. y~ jsT #jT+&.

    dsq de

  • 266 sH `

    eTq+ H Vs+,

  • 267\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    4 m\H\qT eTs sH +T @ d+jjT+

  • 268 sH `

    qH b*+> ||+# |d~>+q >=| Xdy eT]jTT

    eqey~.

    >T]+| b+

  • 269\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    X b+~, + e&+# m\H 2s]{ qT+& U> +& 2pz ]{#s&+ e\ H\T>T L&, +]

    m\H\qT @ssTdT+~.

    n+f |&T sH H\T>T L&,

    +] m\H\qT * +T+~. n$

    s+&T yssT ]{fifl eT]jTT yssT

    X ksTT\ HsTT. H\T>T +]

    m\H\T syTq ]{fifl +&q+

    es syT q H\T>T + esTjT m $e]+#>\+?

    d+sD+ (Hybridisation) nH

  • 270 sH `

    d+sD+ e\q sH |seDTe =\ H\T>T sp3 d+s ]{fifl +{sTT. sH |seDTeH\T>T L& m\H\qT * +&+ e\q n~ H\T>T s sH

    |seDTe\ TT+~. sH, V&H #sH=+~q|&T, H\T>T V&H

    |seDTe\ s ]{fifl q m\qT sH |seDTe 1090281

    D+ #d +& H\T>T sp3 d+s ]{fifl nb+ #+Td+jjT +T eT

    +{sTT. |seDT + +

  • 271\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    +{j, n|&T sH |seDTe sp2 d+s ]{ , eTs= sH|seDTe sp2 d+s ]{ nb+ #+

  • 272 sH `

    md{H (C2H2) nDTe s+&T sH, s+&T V&H |seDTe\THsTT. d | sH |seDTe s ]{ (2s) eT]jTT p ]{ (2px) \e+ e\q sp d+sD+ ] s+&T dsdeqyTq sp]{fifl @s&TsTT. | sH |seDTe s+&T d+sD+ #+

  • 273\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    sH jTT sb+s\qT 2 s\T> eZ]+#sT. n$

    nd{ sb\T (Amorphous forms) d{ sb\T (Crystalline form)

    nd{ sb\T (Amorphous forms)u>TZ (coal), (coke), e #sY (wood charcoal), +T #sY

    (animal charcoal), q\ eTd (lamp black), yjTTs| sH (gas carbon),|{*jT+ (petroleum coke), #s #sY (sugar charcoal) yTT

  • 274 sH `

    MT \Tk?

    >|{ bs\ sH |seDTe\ neT]

    >|{ bs\ sD+, sH |seDTe\ eT\ sH |seDTe +T+~. sp2 ]{fifl nb+ #+

  • 275\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    u (Buckyballs): >fis+qTq | ]H\qT u nL& n+{+.$THdsY|\]H (C60) + >T]+ q nTTHsTT.

    s esTsTT.

    n+|{ e~]> $H y{ nDTr>\T>

    (molecular wires) |j+#e#T. dMTe\j\ (integrated cercuits) s HHu\qT nqTd+\T>y&TTHsT. Xdy\T nq

  • 276 sH `

    MT \Tk?

    sH due+ (Versatile nature of carbon)

    18e X+ H{ Xdy\T sq dyTfiH\ eT\ u|{ e H >|H L& yTT+> sH |seDTe\H @s&TT+~.

    1mm eT+\ >|{ |H q+

  • 277\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    y\sY |j>\ |s|+#&q s

    Xdy\T |j>X\ MT jsT#jT>*>sT. B

    d+~jT dyTfiH\T dJe\ qT+&

    jsejTH ueq >{ m

  • 278 sH `

    ,

    XUjTT X+K\T>, e\j\T> >\ nDTe\qT @s]# keTs *

    +T+~. $w |esq sD+>H sH | eT\+> >T]+#&+~.

    d\sY, bdsdt eT]jTT = s nV eT\\ L& +{ +T+~.

    sH +~ $ +\T @d+jjT +

  • 279\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    | dyTfiH\+{ sH (C), V&H (H) |seDTe\T deq d+KHj?

    yTT

  • 280 sH `

    (a) CH3 CH CH CH3 (b) CH2 CH2 | | | | CH3 CH2 CH3 H3C CH CH2

    CH3 |(c) CH CH2 (d) HC C C CH3 || | |

    CH CH2 CH3 \ CH2

    s eT\\ sH +

  • 281\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3-CHOH-CH3 yTT|qT *q V&sH\qT *V&\+{sT. +~

  • 282 sH `

    MT \Tk?

    mdsY\T (Esters)s* e\ H\qT mdsY\T n+{+. COOH V&H

    |seDTe R( >|) ||d mdsY\T @s&TsTT. O O O || || ||CH3 - C - OCH3, CH3 - CH2 C - OCH3 , CH3 - CH2 C OCH2CH3

    &$TH NH3 nyTH\qT b\e#T.

    yfi NH3 V&H |seDTeqT >| ||d @s&dyTfiH\qT b NH3 s+&T V&H |seDTe\qT s+&T >|\ ( $

  • 283\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    yTT

  • 284 sH `

  • 285\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    nH |sT |dTsT+#Te&+

    w+. deTd qT n~>$T+#\+f dyTfiH\ dsq |sqT |{*. B=s

    The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) n+srjT X

  • 286 sH `

    ~rjT |s|T]+ *jTCdT+~. | |yTjT

    deTV | yTq ~rjT |s|

  • 287\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    dyTfiH\ |s qT eT\|

  • 288 sH `

    HMTsD+ ` d\T

    sH |seDTe\qT +#T

    (1) sH |seDTe\qT m&eT qT+& & T]+#*.

    (2) |yTjT deTV+ q sH n e d+Ky*. yfi n~

    (1)e jTe b{+#bsTTH ds.

    (3) yfi >=\TdT es |yTjT deTV+ q|&T T]+#*. B eX+K\+

  • 289\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    ns~eT jTeT+ :

    sq dyTfiq+ s+&T T]+

    y{ |sT n sjT& >\ sD\qT MT H{ T sjT+&. nedsyTq|&T

    MT b

  • 290 sH `

    v CH3CCH2CH2CH3 : |+H 2`zH ||

    O

    v CH2CHCHO : 2, 3 & s b|H | |Cl Cl

    k+>

    q|&T (C) dk+. n+f sH |Ps/|s|

  • 291\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    O II

    | OH (\V) >|H me b

  • 292 sH `

    +~ sD\qT d+# sq |

  • 293\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    dyTfiH sD ^jT&+ / sjT&+

    @\>*.

    3) ||\qT, y{ d+K\, d+\ d]jTq sH |seDTe

    |s#*.

    4) @ sH |seDTe| |yTjT deTV+ d+#&+

  • 294 sH `

    sq dyTfiH\ skjT ,y{ #s \T e+ |]$T+.

    n+T]+ #]

  • 295\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    2. sD #s \T (Oxidation reactions)k |#dT+~.

    s+ n+f @$T{ MT \Tk?

    skjT #s jTT y> |+#T &&T n~ e+ m+{

    skjT esT >T] |

    |jksT. yTT\ qT+& \_+# qH\ k b&yq nd+|

    sH >=\TdT\T+&>, +T d++=\TdT\T+{sTT.

    =e\T eT]jTT qH\T b{ e\ #+~q$. nsTT qH\T k

    >~ c > e

  • 296 sH `

    4. ||D #s \T (Substitution reactions)@

  • 297\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    MT \Tk?

    |+&|

  • 298 sH `

    skjTq |qT * +& { nDTeqT b*

    +&

  • 299\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    + 2jq\qT* q|H[

    sT;sY

    ysY

    k+&

    ssY

    dsY j

    C C

    O

    OC

    e\ jTT pKa $\Te|s+> ksT. d\ +& @s&q eT+#sT?

    eT+ jT ydq>\ |eT+#e#T.

    |& H2SO4 deT+ s* eT+ eT]jTT \V eT\ | ~> #s .

    eT+ (RCOOH) eT]jTT \V (R1OH) \ eT #s qT

    d+# skjT dMTsD+ +

  • 300 sH `

  • 301\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    1000nm H e>qT +T+~. +{ & e D+ (Micelle)

    dT{ >fis+ Zs> #]q dT D\ deTVH $Td*(micelle)n+{+. { dT ]q|&T +u ne\+q (colloidal suspension) @s& >fi +& $Td*

    (spherical micelles) @ssTksTT.

    + 3

    $Td* $Td* 3D sD+

    + 3

    $Td* (micelle) jsT #jTT

    s+&T | H[\qT rdT=, = T#jT+&. = #T\ dT eT+#sT?

    |H[\qT eT+#s?

    |H[\qT

  • 302 sH `

    dT >\ Xu|]# >TD+ (Cleansing action of soap)

    dT q H

    +T+~. dT D\T &T>q |T+&+>

    #sTsTT. njH u>\T y\T|* {y| +{sTT.

    eTT]>qTq qT dT{ + eTT] q | dT D\T ]| #s @$T{?

    dT\T eT]jTT &s+{\T \| +& &T

    #d \qT Xu+ #kjT eTq \TdT.

    dTD+ \ =q) * +T+~. |{ #&+&.

  • 303\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    eTq+ @+ HsTH+?

    \ ||{, $THdsY |\]H, HHu\T,

    X+K\ keTs+, #TsT deTjjT, V&sH\T, H\T, H\T,

    H\T, d+| V&sH\T, nd+| V&sH\T, |yTjT deTV+,

    nDT k\

    >T+& sD+ @s&{ dksTT. =sTT&

    $Td* D\T L&

    { ne\+H\T (suspend) > +{sTT.{ +& ysTysT $Td* D\T *d

    Zs #] neb @ss#&+ s> {

    jT{ |+|&sTT. n+>H eTT] ysT #jT >\T>TsTT.

    eTT] L&q

    $Td*

    dT Xu|]# >TDeTTqT

    d+# |eTT

    eT&e, H\T>e |+

    XuyTq >T&

    sH nd+UyTq dyTfiH\qT @ss#& sD\T `

  • 304 sH `

    k

  • 305\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    14. sH | deTjjT +

  • 306 sH `

    7. de+ =+eT+~ \V >& n\yT> * +{sT. B e m K+&ke?

    (AS7)

    8. C2H4O2 nDTbsT *q sq dyTfiq+, k&jT+ sH{/usH{\ \sTT eT+

    dTydq>\ yjTTeqT (brisk effervescence) dT+~.

    +~ |X\ de\qT sjT+&. (AS1)

    9. 1 $T. >djT md{eT+ eT]jTT 1 $T..

  • 307\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    4. +~ @ V&sH nDT k yjTTe y\Te&TT+~. [ ]

    b) >T b>\T y\Te&TsTT.

    c) dTydq>\ yjTTe y\Te&TT+~.

    d) [flq ydq>\ yjTTe y\Te&TT+~.

    9. md{eT+, \T|+. n~ ........... e

    |j>|&TT+~. |jTqT ........ n+{+. [ ]

    a) sD, db |wH b) s*]D md]|wH

    c) jTsD, md]|wH d) eT+, md]|wH.

    SCER

    T TEL

    ANGA

    NA

  • 308 sH `

    nqT+|&TT+~. \yTq eT\ pKa $\Te 1 H e> +T+~.

    b+> \yTq (moderately strong) e\ pKa $\Te 1 eT]jTT 5eT\T

    1. { ]qqT qT>=q& m

  • 309\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 2018-19

    sq

    dyTfiH\

    HM

    TsD+

    |Ps|

    > setdistillerparams> setpagedevice