105279281 Διαγωνίσματα Μαθηματικών Α Γυμνασίου

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Transcript of 105279281 Διαγωνίσματα Μαθηματικών Α Γυμνασίου

  • 2 0 0 7

  • : T: :

    Copyright

    Copyright 2007:

    EKOTIKO OPANIMO IBANH ABE

    98 106 80 A. T.: 210 3661200, Fax: 210 3617791

    http://www.livanis.gr

    A , , , , -

    , , , , , -

    . N 2121/1993 E.

    : E O

    ISBN 978-960-14-1481-2

  • ..

  • 7

    .....................................................................................................................9

    1: .......................................................................13 2: .................................................................................17

    3: ....................................................................21

    4: . ......................................25 5: ...........................29

    6: .......................................................35

    7: .............................................................41 8: ......................................................45

    9: .....................................................................................53

    10: - - ...................................59 11: ..................................65

    12: ..................................71

    1: .......................................................................77

    2: .................................................................................81 3: ....................................................................85

    4: . ......................................89

    5: ...........................93 6: .......................................................99

    7: ...........................................................105

    8: ....................................................109 9: ...................................................................................115

    10: - - .................................121

    11: ................................125 12: ................................131

  • 8

  • 9

    .

    12 , 10 2 , - .

    , , , - .

    .

    , . .

  • 10

  • 11

  • 12

  • 13

    1

    1

    : 1

    1 . :

    1. .............

    , .................. ................., ............................ , ............................ .............................., = ....... + .........., < ... .... . = 0 = .......... ........................ .

    (1,7)

    2. : 1 = ..... .

    ..... : = 0. : ..... . ............................ ........................... . .................................... . ......... . , ... (, ) = ......... . ............................................. ... (, ) = .............. .

    (1,7)

  • 14

    . :

    +

    .

    .............................

    + = .... + .... = .... ....

    + ( + ) = (.... + ....) + .... ( ) = ...........

    + 0 = ....... .... =

    0 = ....

    ( + ) = ........ + ........ ( ) = ........ .....

    (1,6)

    2 . , -

    : 2 5 4 + 4 = 2 2 5 4 + 4 = 6 7 3 + 8 0 = 0 5 + 7 : 4 3 = 0 9 + 9 : 9 + 1 = 3

    (2,5)

    . :

    418 100 31 23 7 12 1

    (2,5)

  • 15

    3 . :

    1. , = 1, :

    . 1 = 1 . = 1 1 . = 1 = 1 . = 0 = 1

    2. : 7 104 + 3 102 + 1 :

    . 7.301 . 731 . 70.301 . 73.100

    3. ;

    . 5 + 0 + 0 + 4 . (5 + 0) (0 + 4) . (5 0) + (0 + 4) . 5 0 0 4

    4. : x+ x+ x x x x x :

    . x3 4 x B. x3 x4 . 3 x 4 x . 3 x x4

    5. : x x x x = 0 :

    . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5

    6. 10 30;

    . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7

  • 16

    7. 5 : . 5, 6, 7, 8 . 0, 2, 4, 6 . 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

    8. ;

    . 0 = 3 0+ 0 . 40 = 6 6+ 4 . 83 = 10 8+ 3 . 91 = 10 8+ 11

    2,4(8x0,3)

    .

    , .

    3_ 6 _ 2

    _ 2 _1 3

    9 6 _ _ 3, 10 _ 3 6 _ 5, 9 2_ _ 4 2, 3, 4

    3 _ _ _ 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 (2,6)

    4 . :

    x = (23 10) 2, y = 14 + 24 + 34 = (23 + 5 2) : 32 + (15 3 5)5. x+ y+ , .

    (2,5)

    . = ... (6, 8) = ... (45, 60, 75) -

    : = ( + )3 = 3 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3

    (2,5)

  • 17

    2

    2

    : 1

    1 . :

    i)

    ........ = ........

    ................... . .................................. , ............................. .

    ii) 4

    > 7 7

    ,

    1 1 <

    iii)

    ................................. .....................................................

    .................... ....... .

    (2,6)

  • 18

    . () (), 0:

    i.

    += +

    ii.

    =

    iii. 2

    2

    =

    iv. :

    : =

    v.

    1

    + = +

    vi.

    ... (,) 1=

    2,4(6x0,4)

    2 . :

    5

    6

    2

    25

    7

    8

    5

    12

    + 22

    25

    27

    16

    (2)

    . :

    22 = , 20 5

    24= , 21

    28 4= , 3x x

    4 = ,

    5 7

    11 11< < , 1 2

    5 5< <

    3 (6x0,5)

  • 19

    3 :

    1. 2

    1 1

    2 2+ :

    . 1

    8 .

    1

    2 .

    3

    4 . 1

    2. 1

    2 33 :

    . 2 . 1 . 7 . 3

    3.

    3 5

    4 31 1

    2 6

    ++

    :

    . 12

    5 .

    29

    8 .

    15

    8 .

    8

    11

    4. 3 22 71 2007

    02 17 86 2008 :

    . 2007 . 2008 . 86 . 0

    5. x 5

    x 6

    ++ :

    . < 1 . > 1 . = 1 . = 0

    6. 2 (x 3)

    2 x 6

    + + :

    . < 1 . > 1 . = 1 . = 0

    7. 3 1 7 2

    :4 4 6 3

    + :

    . 4

    3 . 12 . = 1 .

    5

    4 5 (7x0,7)

  • 20

    4

    . 2

    3 18 .

    .

    (2,5)

    . :

    22 7 1 1 13 1 1 2 (1 ) : ( 2 ) :

    7 5 2 2 15 5 5 5

    = + = +

    = .

    (2,5)

  • 21

    3

    3

    : 1

    1 . -

    :

    1. 123: = 1,23 2. 1.000 = 57,4

    3. 75 = 0,075 4. 32: 0,01 =

    5. 0,00475 106 = 6. : 104 = 0,0302

    7. 70.034 = 7,0034 8. 5 = 0,5

    9. 3

    0,01210

    = 10. 11.092 11,09210

    =

    2,5(10x0,25)

  • 22

    . :

    17,024 17,02

    2.749

    0,9156

    304,9999

    724.058

    476,302

    5 104 + 3 102 + 2 10 + 5 2,5

    2 . -

    = 2 ( + ), .

    1 3,2dm 8dm

    2 20cm 160cm

    3 5m 180dm

    4 400mm 80cm m

    2 (4x0,5)

    . .

    . 5,23m 0,703m 2,023m 2m 0,7003m 0,052m . 0,023km 12,3m 134dm 1004cm 11011mm

    1 (2x0,5)

  • 23

    . . -

    .

    160

    4

    523

    100

    41

    6

    523

    10000

    6,83333.... 40 0,0523 5,23

    0,8 (4x0,2)

    . .

    3

    5

    21

    25

    3

    800

    1,2 (6x0,2)

  • 24

    3 x y cm, :

    x = 15 + 0,02 (4,6 + 5,4)3 y = 0,2 2 102 = (0,1 + 0,12 + 0,13) 103. .

    5

    4 = 2 , = 0,8 , = 0,5 , = 9,6 , = 0,01 , :

    = 2 (3 : + 2 : ) = (3 ) + : (3 : 4)2 5

  • 25

    4

    4 5 1.

    2. : 1

    1 () : .

    1. x + = . x = :

    2. x = . x = 3. x = . x = 4. x = . x = 5. x : = . x = :

    6. : x = . x = +

    1 2 3 4 5 6

    2,5

  • 26

    .

    1. x 4

    03

    = . 3

    2. x 12

    120

    + = . 4 3. 2(x 3) = 8 .

    4. 12 2x = 7x 15 .

    5. x 1 4

    15 5

    + = . 7 6. 3 : x = 1:3 . 9

    7. (7 7)x = 0 . 2

    8. (4 3 1)x = 2 . 8

    A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B

    2,5

    2 () .

    60 cm.

    1. : . x2 + 2x = 60 B. x 2x = 60 . x + 2x + x + 2x = 60 . (1 + 2 + 1)x = 60

  • 27

    2. . 3. . 4. .

    2,5

    . = 30 2 5, = (22 + 2) 5 = (23 22)3 : 22 + 2 17

    : ( + + ) x = 2 + 2 + 2 .

    2,5

    3 () :

    1. 31,4% :

    . 31,4

    100 B.

    31,4

    10 .

    314

    100 .

    314

    1000

    2. 200% 200 :

    . 200 . 400 . 4000 . 40000

    3. 4

    5 :

    . 40% . 50% . 60% . 80%

    4. % :

    .

    100

    + . 100

    . : 100

    .

    :100

    5. 3% 1m :

    . 3m B. 3dm . 3 cm . 3 mm

    6. 50 80 : . 30% . 40% . 50% . 60%

    7. 32 14 -

    : . 40% . 43,75% . 42,15% . 49,12%

    5 (7x0,7)

  • 28

    4 () 500. 12 10% 12 8%. - 10% + 8% = 18%; .

    5

  • 29

    5

    6

    : 1 30

    1 . : x y x , y ................................... .

    x y .............................................. ........................................ .

    x y .................................... .

    (x, y) ................. .................... .

    (2,5)

    . x y ; 1.

    x 10 20 30

    y 60 120 180

  • 30

    2.

    3. . 4. . 5. y = x

    6. y = 3

    7 x

    7. y = 3

    x

    8. 9.

    10.

    2,5 (10x0,25)

    x 6 15

    y 4 12

  • 31

    2 . : x y x y ........................... .

    .............................. x y ............................ .

    (x,y) ........................................... ...................................... .

    2,5(5x0,5)

    . : x y

    ......

    yx

    = . - .

    1,1

    . x y ; 1. . 2. 12 cm2. 3. 4.

    x 1 2 3 4

    y 6 3 2 1,5

  • 32

    5. y x = 1000

    6. y = 2

    3

    x

    7. y = 0,01

    x

    1,4 (7x0,2)

    3 :

    = 10,5 x y , : ) :

    (2)

    ) x y; .

    (2)

    x = 2 3 4

    y = 6 10,5

  • 33

    ) (x,y) ) , x y.

    (1)

    4 120 50 . ) 40

    ;

    (2,5)

    ) ( 120 . ) -

    1 ;

    (2,5)

  • 34

  • 35

    6

    7

    : 1 30

    1 . : , ..... - , .

    , .. .. .

    ..... .

    ....... , .. . . .

    . .

    1,8 (9x0,2)

    . : 1.

    ;

  • 36

    2. ; 3. .

    .

    1,2 (3x0,4)

    . .

    :

    1. 0 .

    2. -

    .

    3. -

    .

    1 2 3

    1

    . :

    -

    . , , :

    1.

    2. x =

    3.

    4.

    > 0

    5.

    1 (5x0,2)

  • 37

    2 . :

    + 12,64

    + 104,23 16

    3

    0

    2 (4x0,5)

    .

    :

    1. ( + 2) + ( 3) ( + 3) 2. (2) (3) + ( + 3) 3. ( + 2) ( + 3) + (3) 4. (2 + 3 + 3) 5. (2 + 3 3) 6. + ( 2 + 3 3)

    . 2 3 3 . 2 + 3 + 3 . 2 3 3 . 2 + 3 + 3 . 2 + 3 3 . 2 3 + 3

    1 2 3 4 5 6

    3 (6x0,5)

    3 . : 1. = 2, :

    . + 2 . 2 . + 2 2 .

  • 38

    2. = 3, : . + 3 . 3 . + 3 3 .

    3. :

    . 8,64 < 3

    2 < 1000 < 0 < 1

    5 < + 4 < 100

    . 1000 < 8,64 < 3

    2 < 0 < 1

    5 < + 4 < 100

    . 1000 < 3

    2 < 8,64 < 0 < 1

    5 < + 4 < 100

    . 1000 < 3

    2 < 8,64 < 1

    5 < 0 < + 4 < 100

    4. 3

    5 :

    . 5

    3 . 5+

    3 .

    3

    5 . 3+

    5

    5. , = :

    . = . > . + = 0 . = 1 6. 5

  • 39

    4 . :

    1) ( 8) (2) ( 1) = + 16

    2) [( 5) ( 3)] : [( + 1) ( 1)] = 15

    3) ( 4) ( 5) = +

    4) ( + 3) ( 1) 5 = 0

    5) 5 8 + 2 = 20

    6) (7 10) = 12

    7) : (2

    3 ) =5

    2,1 (7x0,3)

    B. 1. N :

    4 4 3 4 10,2 3 10,2

    3 3( 1)( 3)( 4)

    6

    18

    4 ( 10)

    = + + + + = = +

    1,2 (3x0,4)

    2. , -

    : ( 2)

    ( ) ( 2)

    += 1

    3. :

    : x=, , , .

    0,7

  • 40

  • 41

    7

    7

    : 1 30

    1 . : 1. , > 1, -

    ... . 2 .. . .. .

    2. 1 = . = ., 0 = , 0

    3. > 0 ..0 < 0 < 0 < 0 > 0

    4. = .. 5. : = , 0 6. = .

  • 42

    7. ..... .

    8. .....

    ........

    ......

    = 9. . ..... .

    10. ( ) .......... ........ = 2,5 (10x0,25)

    . , -

    .

    1. x5 : x3 = x2

    2. x5 = x5

    3. x3 x4 = x12

    4. (x3)2 = x5

    5. (x)4 = x4

    2,5 (5x0,5)

    2 . N : 1. , ( + )2008 :

    . 1 . + . 0 . 2008

    2. ( )3 < 0, : . , . , . , . = = 0

    3. =( 1)0 + ( 1)1 + ( 1)2 + ( 1)3 :

    . 0 . 1 . 2 . 3

  • 43

    4. x : 1014 = 1010 : . 102 . 102 . 1014 . 1024

    5. : 0,00001 x = 107 :

    . 1011 . 1012 . 1013 . 1014

    2,5 (5x0,5)

    .

    :

    1. 2 = 1

    2. 2 = 1

    4

    3. ( 2) = 8 4. ( 2) = 16 5. (2)3 = 64

    . = 2

    . = 0

    . = 2

    . = 3

    . = 4

    1 2 3 4 5

    2,5 (5x0,5)

    3 N :

    1 3

    4

    3

    3

    1

    3 3 9

    2 32 + ( 3)2 3 1 0

    3 23 2 2 23 24

    4 4 3

    4 3

    8 4

    4 2 4 8 12

  • 44

    5 ( 3)0 1 1 3

    6 4

    2

    3

    81

    16 16

    81

    81

    16

    7 (56)2 121

    5

    4

    1

    5

    12

    1

    5

    8 6 2

    8

    6 6

    ( 3)

    2

    6 28 68

    9 3 3 3

    1 3 4

    2 2 3

    27

    64 1

    64

    27

    10 ( 1) + 1

    2 0 2

    5 (10x0,5)

    4 . :

    x = 24 + 2 ( 3)2 [23 ( 3)3] : 7

    B. -: = 9 xx + 1 2 x2 + 18 xx + 3

    5 (2x2,5)

  • 45

    8

    1

    : 1 30

    1 . : 1.

    .

    2. . . . .. . .

    3. - . . . .

    4. .... . . .

    5. ... .

    2,5 (5x0,5)

  • 46

    . -:

    1.

    2.

    3. 4.

    5.

    6. 7.

    8. 9.

    10.

    2,5 (10x0,25)

  • 47

    2 .

    :

    1.

    .

    2.

    .

    3.

    .

    4.

    .

    5.

    .

  • 48

    6.

    .

    7.

    .

    8.

    .

    9.

    .

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    1,8 (9x0,2)

  • 49

    B. N x : 1.

    = 12cm

    x = 2.

    x= ....

    3.

    x= .... 4.

    x= ....

    3,2 (4x0,8)

    3 A. N : 1. , -

    :

    . . . .

  • 50

    2. 3/10 : . 54 . 98 . 102 . 108

    3. :

    . l l . l . l . l l ,

    4. ,

    : . 45 . 65 . 90 . 120

    5. 2/5 .

    : . 8 . 18 . 72 . 108

    2,5 (5x0,5)

    . lxOy . , , .

    2,5

    4 . :

    1. ....... .

    2. . .

    0,5 (2x0,25)

  • 51

    . :

    1. 70

    2.

    0,5 (2x0,25)

    . (,2cm). x

    . :

    x

    . 2 cm

    1

    E

    1

    . x :

    1.

    x =

    2.

    x =

  • 52

    3.

    x =

    4.

    x =

    5.

    x =

    1,5 (5x0,3)

    E. l = 50 , l lA . p ;

    1,5

  • 53

    9

    2 B

    : 1 30

    1 . : 1. , , ....... .

    2. ........................... .................. .

    ............................... .

    3. , ............... ................................................................... .

    1,5 (3x0,5)

  • 54

    . :

    2 1.

    .

    2. .

    1

    .

    3,5

    2 . (1,3), (2,0),

    (0,4), M(4,4) :

    2,5

    lxOy (1,3)

    (2,0)

    (0,4)

    M(4,4)

  • 55

    . 3 cm = 4cm. ( ). ) . ) ,

    . ) ;

    ) pA = 40 lBOK . 2,5

    3 . : 1. -

    .............. .

    1

    2.

    .............................. . .............................. . : ......., ....... ..., ......... .

    // , =............. // , + = ............ = , ............. .

    1

  • 56

    . . :

    2

    . :

    1

    4 . //. .

    1,5

    120

  • 57

    . l l l l, B, .

    1,5

    . // l . , , , .

    2

  • 58

  • 59

    10

    3 B - -

    : 1 30

    1 . : 1. ......................................................

    .................................................... .

    2. ............ .

    3. ............................. .

    4. ...... ................. . ...................... .

    ......... .................................. .

    5. ................... . ........... . .......................... ............ .

    2 (5x0,4)

  • 60

    . :

    1 . :

    1. l l 2. l 90 3. l 90 = + 4. l l = +

    2 (4x0,5)

    2 . l l l, B, -

    , .

    l lB l

    ;

    80 40 110 75 60 30

    60 60 92 40 45 45

    100 40 52 52

    1,4

  • 61

    . x. 1.

    x = .... 2.

    x = .... 3.

    x = .... 4.

    x = ....

    5.

    x = ....

  • 62

    6.

    x = ....

    3,6 (6x0,6)

    3 . l 2/5 lB

    l . . 2,5

    . . ,, .

    2,5 .

    .

    . . . . .

    2,5 (5x0,5)

  • 63

    . (,2cm) (,4cm). . , , , . ; .

    2,5

  • 64

  • 65

    11

    : 2

    1 . : 1. -

    0 .................................. .

    2. ................... . ........................................... .

    3. ....................... .

    4. .................. .

    5. ........................................... ............................ .

    6. ............................. ......................................... : = + .......... .

    7. ............................. ......................................... : : = .

    8. 0 ...................... ...................... . : = ....... .

    2,4 (8x0,3)

  • 66

    . :

    1.

    ;

    2.

    + = ;

    3.

    ++ = + ; 4.

    ; 5. -

    ;

    6. ;

    7. ; 8. ,

    ; 9.

    ; 10. -

    o + ;

    11. , , 2 = 2;

    12. 12345 3, 5 9;

    13. x = 4, |x 4| + |2 x| + |x + 2| = 6;

    2,6 (13x0,2)

  • 67

    2 . : 1. , = 1 :

    . = 1 = 1 . = 0,5 = 2 . 1 1= + = + 1 1= = .

    2. 120 350 -

    : 120 = 23 3 5 350 = 2 52 7

    ...(120,350) : . 2 5 . 23 3 5 . 22 3 52 . 23 3 5 7 ...(120,350) : . 2 5 . 23 3 5 . 22 3 52 . 23 3 52 7

    3.

    : . (12 5) 2 . 3 (4 5 6 : 7) . 2 (4 + 7 32) . 7 + (2 5)+(3 : 4)

    4. 5cm. ,

    (%) ; . 100% . 200% . 300% . 400%

    5. 3 5

    2 , :

    += . 3 . 5 . 8 . 11

    6. , x

    :

    . x = 2 B. x = 3 . x = 4 . x = 5

  • 68

    7. 1;

    . ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)

    6

    . 2 ( 1) ( 3)

    ( 3) 2 5

    + +

    . 6 4 8

    3 2 4

    + + . 25 4 5 30 : 15

    8.

    36 12, :

    . = 2 = 12 . = 2 = 3 . = 1 = 3 . = 2 = 4

    9. (2) (3) (+4) (2)> 0, : . > 0 . < 0 . = 0 . .

    10. = 10 232

    : . 10 2 9 8 9 72 = = . 210 6 10 36 26 = = . 10 2 9 10 18 8 = = . 2 2 2(10 2 3) (10 6) 4 16 = = =

    2,4 (10x0,24)

    B. 1. 5 -

    . :

    5 5 5 5 5

    1,3

  • 69

    2. x :

    15

    2

    3 -

    7

    3

    4 25

    1,3

    3

    . : + 7 2 5 5x = 4 y = (3 )3 3 4 2

    x .

    2

    .

    y2 : x2.

    1

    . 20 x%

    , y

    x . ( x y -

    . ). : i. . ii. (%) .

    2

  • 70

    4 // . -

    : l 3 2 3 2A = (2 2 7) [(2 2 ) : 2 6] 5 . l l l , x .

    5

  • 71

    12

    : 2

    1 . x :

    1. 2

    3 x 37 = , x .....= 2. ( 1)( 2)( 3) x ( 1)( 2)( 3)( 5) 0 + + = ,

    x .....=

    3. (6 x) : 9 0 = , x .....= 4. (x 3) : 3 1 = , x .....=

    5. x 5

    53

    = , x .....= 6. x

    31

    7

    = , x .....=

    7. x10 0,0001= , x .....= 8. 2 6 75 10 x 10 10 = , x .....=

    9. 4

    x

    10 10 1

    10 10

    = , x .....= 10. 129 9x= , x .....= x .....=

    2,6 (10x0,26)

  • 72

    . - :

    1.

    .

    2. .

    3. , .

    4. . 5.

    .

    6. .

    7. 180.

    8. .

    2,4 (8x0,3)

    2 . -

    l =40:

    1. lAOB ...................................... . 2. o ................... 3. p = ....... . 4. p = ........... . 5. p o ......... ,

    ........................... .......................... ........................ .

    1,5 (5x0,3)

  • 73

    . + :

    / +

    1,5 (5x0,3)

    . //.

    : . . . . . , -

    . . x.

    2 (4x0,5)

    3

    l l = = 45 . cm 30:(x-2)=5, cm :

    2 2y 2

    1

    2

    = ... (2, 3, 10) + ... (2, 6, 10).

  • 74

    1. . 2. .

    5 (22,5)

    4 16 cm = x + 2

    = x cm. p = 140.

    1. .

    2,8

    2. , , , , , , , , , o o .

    2,2

  • 76

  • 77

    1

    1 . 1.

    , , , = + , < 0. = 0 = .

    2. : 1 =

    0 : = 0 : 0

    - .

    .

    2.

    ... (, ) = 1.

    ... (, ) = .

  • 78

    .

    + = + =

    + ( + ) = ( + ) + ( ) = ( )

    + 0 = 0 1 = 0 = 0

    ( + )= + ( ) =

    2 .

    2 5 (4 + 4) = 2, : 2 5 8 = 10 8 = 2 2 (5 4) + 4 = 6, : 2 1 + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6 (7 3 + 8) 0 = 0, : (4 + 8) 0 = 12 0 = 0 (5 + 7) : 4 3 = 0, : 12 : 4 3 = 3 3 = 0 (9 + 9) : 9 + 1 = 3, : 18 : 9 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3

    .

    418 162 100 31 23 8 13 7 12 15 1 4

    1.

    2. = 23 7 + 1 = 161 + 1 = 162

    418 31

    = 5 13 =

  • 79

    3. = + , < 100 = 12 + , <

    3 .

    1. 2. , 7 10.000 + 3 100 + 1 = 70.000 + 300 + 1 = 70.301. 3. , : ) 5 + 4 = 9, ) 5 4 = 20, ) 0 + 4 = 4, ) 0. 4. 5. , : x3 x = 0 x3 = x, = 3. 6. , : 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29. 7. , .

    .

    3062

    6201

    9600 4365 2004 3600

    4 .

    x = 13 2 = 26 y = 1 + 16 + 81 = 98 = (8 + 10) : 32 + (15 15)5 = 18 : 9 + 05 = 18 : 9 + 0 = 2 + 0 = 2 x + y + = 26 + 98 + 2 = 126 = 2 32 7

    100 12

    = 4 8 =

    :

    .

    .

  • 80

    . 6 = 2 3, 8 = 23 ... (6, 8) = 3 23 = 3 8 = 24, = 24 45 = 32 5, 60 = 22 3 5, 75 = 3 52, ... (45, 60, 75) = 3 5 = 15, = 15 = (24 + 15)3 = 393 = 59.319 = 243 + 3 24 152 + 3 242 15 + 153 = 13.824 + 3 24 225+3 576 15 + 3.375 =

    = 13.824 + 16.200 + 25.920 + 3.375 = 59.319 = .

  • 81

    2

    1 .

    i)

    = .

    -, .

    ii) :

    8 4

    7 7> 1 1

    4 3<

    iii)

    .

    1 .

    . i.

    ii. iii. iv.

    v. :

    1 1

    + = + = + = + vi.

  • 82

    2 .

    61

    48

    4

    5

    + 41

    24

    1. (6,8) 245 7 5 4 7 3 20 21 41

    6 8 6 4 8 3 24 24 24

    = + = + = + = + =

    2. 22 2 20 20 : 5 4

    25 25 25 25 : 5 5

    = = = =

    3. (16,12) 4827 5 27 3 5 4 81 20 61

    16 12 16 3 12 4 48 48 48

    = = = = = .

    1, 221

    =

    6, 20 20 : 4 524 24 : 4 6

    = =

    3, 21 21: 7 328 28 : 7 4

    = =

    43

    , 4 3

    x x 1 x3 4

    = =

    6 ,11

    5 6 7

    11 11 11< <

    :

    : 1 1 4 4

    5 5 4 20

    = = 2 2 4 8

    ,5 5 4 20

    = =

    :7

    20.

  • 83

    3

    1. : (2,4) 4

    2

    1 1 1 1 2 1 3

    2 2 2 4 4 4 4

    =+ = + = + =

    2. : 1 7

    2 3 3 73 3 = =

    3. :

    3 4

    (4,3) 12

    (2,6) 63

    2

    3 5 3 5 9 20 2929 6 294 3 4 3 12 12 12

    1 1 3 1 4 12 4 81 12 6 6 6 62 6

    =

    =

    + + + = = = = =+ ++

    4. 5. , x + 5 < x + 6 6. , 2 (x + 3) = 2x + 6 7. :

    1

    2

    3 1 7 2:

    4 4 6 3

    3 1 7 2 2 3 1 7 4: :

    4 4 6 3 2 4 4 6 6

    3 1 3 3 1 1: :

    4 4 6 4 4 2

    3 1 2 3 2 5

    4 4 1 4 4 4

    + = = + = + =

    = + = + =

    = + = + =

    4 . 2/3 18 1/3 18 : 2 = 9

    3/3 3 9 = 27 .

  • 84

    . 2 7 1 1 13

    A [ (1 ) ] :7 5 2 2 15

    = + = 2 7 2 1 1 13 2 7 1 1 13

    [ ( ) ] : ( ) :7 5 2 2 2 15 7 5 2 2 15

    = + = + = ...(5,4) 202 1 13 2 4 1 5 13

    ( ) : ( ) :5 4 15 5 4 4 5 15

    = = + + = = 8 5 13

    ( ) :20 20 15

    = + = 13 15 15 15 : 5 3

    20 13 20 20 : 5 4= = = =

    2 21 1 2 1 2 2 ( 2 ) : ( ) :

    5 5 5 5 5 5= + = + =

    3 4 3 5 3:

    5 5 5 4 4= = =

    = .

  • 85

    3

    1 .

    1. 123 : 100 = 1,23 2. 0,0574 1.000 = 57,4 3. 75 0,001 = 0,075 4. 32 : 0,01 = 3.200 5. 0,00475 1.000.000 = 4.750 6. 302 : 10.000 = 0,0302 7. 70.034 0,0001 = 7,0034 8. 5 : 10 = 0,5 9. 12 : 1.000 = 0,012 10. 11.092 : 103 = 11,092

    .

    17,024 17,02

    2.749 2.750

    0,9156 0,9

    304,9999 305

    724.058 724.100

    476,302 476

    50.325 50.000

  • 86

    2 . = 2 ( + )

    = 2 + 2.

    1 : = 2 (3,2+8) = 2 11,2 = 22,4dm 2 : = 20cm = 2( + ), : 160 = 2(20 + ) 160 : 2 = 20 + 80 = 20 + = 80 20 = 60cm 3 : = 180dm = 180:10 = 18 m = 2( + ), + = : 2, + = 18 : 2 = 9, + = 9 + 5 = 9, = 4 m. 4 : = 400mm = 400 : 1000 = 0,4m = 80cm = 80 : 100 = 0,8m = 2 (0,4 + 0,8) = 2 1,2 = 2,4m

    1 3,2dm 8dm 22,4dm

    2 20cm 60cm 160cm

    3 4m 5m 180dm

    4 400mm 80cm 2,4m B. . 0,052m < 0,7003m < 0,703m < 2m < 2,023m < 5,23m

    . .. m :

    0,023km = 0,023 1000 = 23m 12,3m = 12,3m

  • 87

    134dm = 134 : 10 = 13,4m 1004cm = 1004 : 100 = 10,04m 11011mm = 11011 : 1000 = 11,011m : 10,04m < 11,011m < 12,3m < 13,4m < 23m

    1004cm < 11011mm < 12,3m < 134dm < 0,023km.

    . .

    .

    () ()

    160

    4

    523

    100

    41

    6

    523

    10000

    6,83333.... 40 0,0523 5,23

    3

    5 3 : 5 = 0,6

    6

    10

    21

    25 21 : 25 = 0,84

    84

    100

    3

    800 3 : 800 = 0,00375

    375

    100000

    : 160

    160 : 4 404

    = = 523

    523 : 100 5,23100

    = = 41

    41: 6 6,8333......6

    = =

    523523 : 10000

    100000,0523

    = ==

  • 88

    3 x = 15 + 0,02 103 = 15 + 0,02 1000 = 15 + 20 = 35 cm y = 0,2 2 100 = 0,4 100 = 40 cm = (0,1 + 0,01 + 0,001) 1000 = 0,111 1000 = 111 cm = (x + y) = 111 (40 + 35) = 111 75 = 36 cm.

    4 = 9,62 (23 : 0,8 + 0,52 : 0,01) = 9,62 (8 : 0,8 + 0,25 : 0,01) = 9,62 (10 + 25) =

    = 9,62 35 = 92,16 35 = 57,16.

    = (23 0,8 0,5) 2+9,6:0,01 (23:24)2 = (8 0,8 0,5) 2+9,6:0,01 (8:16)2 = = (8 0,4) 2 + 9,6 : 0,01 0,52 = 7,6 2 + 9,6 : 0,01 0,25 = = 15,2 + 960 0,25 = 975,2 0,25 = 974,95.

  • 89

    4

    1. 2.

    1 . :

    1 2 3 4 5 6

    . 1. 0 0, :

    x 4 = 0, x = 4. ().

    2. 1 , : x + 12 = 20, x = 20 12 = 8. ().

    3. : 2x 6 = 8 . 2x = 8 + 6 2x = 14 x = 14 : 2 = 7. ().

    4. x = 3. x = 3 : 12 2 3 = 7 315 12 6 = 21 15 6 = 6 . ().

    5. 2 : 2 1 4 1 4 5

    1 , . 1 , . 15 5 5 5 5

    + = + = = , . ().

  • 90

    6. : 3 1

    x 3= 1 x 3 3 = x 9= .

    ().

    7. : 0x = 0 - . ().

    8. 0x = 2, . ().

    :

    A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

    B

    2 . 1. . -

    . 2. 1 , :

    6 x = 60 3. x = 60 : 6 = 10 cm. 10 cm 20 cm. 4. = 10 20 = 200 cm2. B.

    = 30 10 = 20 = (4 + 2) 5 = 6 5 = 30 = (8 4)3 : 4 + 2 17 = 43 : 4 + 2 17 = 64 : 4 + 2 17 = 16 + 34 = 50

    : + + = 20 + 30 + 50 = 100 2 + 2 + 2 = 400 + 900 + 2500 = 3800

    : 100 x = 3800 x = 3800 : 100 = 38.

    3

    1. : 314 314 : 10 31,4

    31,41000 1000 : 10 100

    = = = %

  • 91

    2. : 200% 200 200

    200 2 200 400100

    = =

    3. : 4 4 20 80

    805 5 20 100

    = = = % 4.

    5. 1m = 100cm 3% 100cm 3

    100 3100

    = cm 6. 30 :

    30 30 2 6060

    50 50 2 100

    = = = %

    7. : 14 43,75

    14 : 32 0,4375 43,7532 100

    = = = = %

    4

    10 : 10 5000

    500 50100 100 = = .

    500 + 50 = 550. 12 8% 550 :

    8 4400550 44

    100 100 = = 550 + 44 = 594, . -

    594 500 = 94.

    : 94 94 : 5 18,8

    18,8500 500 : 5 100

    = = = % 18%.

  • 92

  • 93

    5

    1 . x y x , y .

    x y .

    x y y = x

    (x, y) . .

    1. , : 60 120 180

    610 20 30

    = = =

    2. , : 4 12

    6 15

    3. , x ,

    4x : 4

    4

    = = .

  • 94

    4. , x , -: 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., x2, -: 12 = 1, 22 = 4, 32 = 9, 42 = 16, ...

    :

    1 2 3 4 ...

    1 4 9 16 ...

    1 2 3 4 ...

    5. , y = x . 6. , . 7. , y = x x y. 8. , x y -

    . 9. , . 10. , .

    2 . x y x y .

    x y

    yx

    =

    (x, y) - x, y.

  • 95

    . y x = 6, 6

    yx

    =

    . 1. , 10 6

    , 20 3 . 2. , = x y

    = x y = 12 = .

  • 96

    :

    x 12 6 4 3 2 1

    y 1 2 3 4 6 12

    E = x y 12 12 12 12 12 12 3. , . 4. , . 5. , x y 1000.

    6. , x, y

    y , 0x

    = .

    7. , x, y

    y , 0x

    = - .

    3 ) x , y y = 3x.

    x = 2 3 3,5 4 y = 6 9 10,5 12

    ) :

    6 9 10,5 123, 3, 3, 3,

    2 3 3,5 4= = = =

    x y : y

    3x= y = 3x.

  • 97

    ) :

    4 . ) x -

    . 120+x . :

    (./) 120 120 + x

    () 50 40 A - :

    40 (120 + x) = 50 120 4800 + 40x = 6000 40x = 6000 4800 40x = 1200 x = 1200 : 40 = 30

  • 98

    30 . 40 .

    ) :

    (./) 120 120 x

    () 50 60

    60 (120 x) = 50 120 7200 60x = 6000 60x = 7200 6000 60x = 1200 x = 1200 : 60 x = 20

    20 . .

  • 99

    6

    1 . , , .

    , .

    - .

    - , .

    +. . 1.

    . 2. . , . 3. :

    - . - . - .

  • 100

    .

    1 2 3

    . 1. . .

    2. . x = x = : =

    3. . 4. . , . 5. .

    2 .

    + 12,64 12,64 12,64 12,64

    104,23 + 104,23 104,23 104,23

    16

    3 16+

    3

    16

    3

    16

    3

    0 0 0 0 . : . +, , -

    +, ( ), .

    . .

    1. (+ 2) + ( 3) (+ 3) = 2 3 3 . 2. ( 2) ( 3) + (+ 3) = 2 + 3 + 3 . 3. (+ 2) (+ 3) + ( 3) = 2 3 3 . 4. ( 2 + 3 + 3) = 2 + 3 + 3 . 5. ( 2 + 3 3) = 2 3 + 3 . 6. + ( 2 + 3 3) = 2 + 3 3 .

  • 101

    1 2 3 4 5 6

    3 1. . || = 2, = + 2 = 2. 2. .

    , - .

    3. . 3 1

    1,5 0,22 5

    = = .

    4. . 3

    5 5 ,

    3 5

    3 5

    3+

    5. . 0. 6. . 5 8, 6

    7. : |x| = 6 x = + 6 x = 6 |x| = 7 x = + 7 x = 7. 4 : 6, + 6, 7, + 7.

    . 1. = 5, = + 7

    + = ( 5) + (+ 7) = 5 + 7 = 2 = 5 (+ 7) = 5 7 = 12 = ( 5)(+ 7) = (5 7) = 35

    : = ( 5) : (+ 7) = (5 : 7) = 5

    7

    2. 1 1

    , 3 3

    = = 1 1

    ( ) 03 3

    + = + = 1 1 1 1 2

    ( )3 3 3 3 3

    = = + = 1 1 1 1 1

    ( ) ( )3 3 3 3 9

    = = = 1 1 1 1

    : : ( ) ( : ) 13 3 3 3

    = = =

  • 102

    3. 1 1 1

    ( )2 2 2

    = = + = +

    4 4 4 ( )

    3 3 3

    = = + =

    3 2

    1 4 1 4 3 8 11 ( )

    2 3 2 3 6 6 6+ = + = = =

    3 2

    1 4 1 4 3 8 5 ( )

    2 3 2 3 6 6 6 = = + = + =

    1 4 1 4 4 2 ( ) ( ) ( )

    2 3 2 3 6 3 = = + = =

    1 4 1 4 1 3 3 : ( ) : ( ) ( : )

    2 3 2 3 2 4 8= = + = =

    4 1. (+ 8)( 2)( 1) = + (8 2 1) = 16 2. [( 5)( 3)] : [(+ 1)( 1)] = (+ 15) : ( 1) = 15 3. ( 4) ( 5) = 4 + 5 = + 1 4. (+ 3) 0 ( 1) 5 = 0 5. 5 8 + 2 x = 7 8 x = 1 x

    1 x = 20 x = 1 + 20 = 19 : 5 8 + 2 19 = 5 + 2 8 19 = 7 27 = 20

    6. 7 10 = 3 3x = 12 x = ( 12) : ( 3) = + 4 : (7 10) 4 = 3 4 = 12

    7. x: (2

    3 ) = 5

    x = 5 2 2 10

    ( ) (5 )3 3 3

    = =

    : 10 2 10 2 10 3 10

    : : 53 3 3 3 3 2 2

    = + = = =

  • 103

    .

    1. = 4 4

    3 4 10,2 3 10,23 3

    + + + = 3 3 + 4 = 6 + 4 = 2

    ( 1)( 3)( 4) 12

    2 26 6

    + += = = + =

    18 18 18 3 3

    4 ( 10) 4 10 6

    = = = = + = +

    2. ( 2) 2 2( 2 2 3)

    ( ) ( 2) [2 ( 2)] ( 2 2 2)

    + + = = = 2 2( 2 6) 2 2 4 2 8 10 5

    (2 2) ( 2 4) 4 ( 6) 24 24 12

    + = = = = =+ 3. : x = || | | | |

    : x = |2| |+ 2| |+ 3| A : x = 223 A : x = 3

    ( )

    5:x 3

    12

    5 5 5 1 5x : 3 :3

    12 12 12 3 36

    = = = = =

    .

    - .

  • 104

  • 105

    7

    1 . 1. , > 1,

    , .

    2 .

    3.

    2. 1 =

    = 1, 0 =

    1

    , 0

    3. > 0 > 0

    < 0 < 0 . < 0 > 0 .

    4. = + 5. : = , 0 6. = () 7. -

    .

  • 106

    8.

    =

    9.

    10. () =

    . 1. x5 : x3 = x53 = x2

    2. x5 = 5

    1

    x

    3. x3 x4 = x3+4 = x7 4. (x3)2 = x32 = x6 5. ( x)4 = x4

    2 . 1. . , + = 0 ( + )2008 = 02008 = 0 2. . , < 0.

    . 3. . = ( 1)0 + ( 1)1 + ( 1)2 + ( 1)3 = 1 + ( 1) + 1 + ( 1) = 1 1 + 1 1 = 0 4. . x = 1010 1014 = 1010 + 14 = 1024 5. . 0,00001 x = 107

    105 x = 107 x = 107 : 105 = 107 ( 5) = 107 + 5 = 1012 . 1. 2 = 1, = 0

    2. 2 = 1

    4

    2 = 22, = 2

    3. ( 2) = 8 ( 2) = ( 2)3, = 3

    4. ( 2) = 16 ( 2) = 24 ( 2) = ( 2)4, = 4

  • 107

    5. (2)3 = 64 2 3 = 26 3 = 6 = 6 : 3 = 2

    1 2 3 4 5

    3

    1. 3

    4

    3

    3 . 334 = 31 =

    1

    3

    2. 32 + (3)2 . 9 + 9 = 0

    3. 23 2 . 23 21 = 23+1 = 24

    4. 4 3

    4 3

    8 4

    4 2 .

    4 38 4

    4 2

    = 24 23 = 16 8 = 8

    5. ( 3)0 . 1

    6. 4

    2

    3

    . 4 4

    4

    3 3 81

    2 2 16

    = =

    7. (56)2 . 5(6) 2 = 512 =

    12

    1

    5

    8. 6 2

    8

    6 6

    ( 3)

    .

    86 2 6 2 88

    8 8 8

    6 6 6 6 62

    3 3 3 3

    + = = = =

    9. 3 3 3

    1 3 4

    2 2 3

    . 3 3

    31 3 4 12 1 12 2 3 12

    = = =

    10. ( 1) + 1

    . (1) = 1, , 1 = 1

    : ( 1) + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2

  • 108

    4 . x = 24 + 2 ( 3)2 [23 ( 3)3] : 7 = 24 + 2 ( 3)2 [8 ( 27)] : 7 =

    = 24 + 2 ( 3)2 (8 + 27) : 7 = 24 + 2 ( 3)2 35 : 7 = = 16 + 2 9 35 : 7 = = 16 + 18 5 = = 16 5 + 18 = = 21 + 18 = 3

    x = 3 . = 9 xx+1 2 x2 + 18 xx+3 = 9 ( 3)3+1 2 ( 3)2 + 18 ( 3)3+3 =

    = 9 ( 3)2 2 9 + 18 ( 3)0 =

    = 2

    19 18 18 1

    ( 3) + =

    19 18 18 1

    9 + =

    ,

    ,

    .

  • 109

    8

    1 . 1.

    .

    2. . . 90 180 .

    3. - . .

    4. - . - - .

    5. .

    . 1. , . 2. , , ,

    .

  • 110

    3. :

    , .

    4. , x x :

    5. ,

    6. , 90, 90 -

    .

    7. , 180 180 .= = 8. , 90 180,

    180. 9. , . 10. , .

  • 111

    2 .

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    . 1. , = = 12 : 2 = 6cm.

    , = 6 : 2 = 3cm. = + = 3cm + 6cm = 9cm. x = 9cm.

    2. x = 360 35 = 325. 3. x + x + 110 = 180

    2x = 180 110 2x = 70 x = 70 : 2 = 35.

    4. :

    x + 5 = 70 x = 70 5 = 65.

    3 . 1. , -

    .

    2. , o

    o o3 1080360 10810 10

    = =

    3.

    4. , 180 45 = 135, - 90 45 = 45. : 3 45 = 135.

    5. , o

    o o2 360180 72 .5 5 = = : 90 72 = 18.

  • 112

    .

    lxy , 70= . , 70 - :

    70 180

    70 70 180

    140 180

    180 140 40 .

    + + =+ + =+ == =

    70 : 70 .= - 70 : 180 70 110 .= =

    4 . 1. . 2. . . 1. , :

    p o 70 , 70= = p o .

    2. .

  • 113

    .

    x

    .

    1) 2 cm T 2

    2) 2 cm E 1

    3) 2 m E 0

    1) 2) 3) .

    1. p , x = 180. 2. p , x = 90. 3. p = 50 360. x = 360 50 = 310.

  • 114

    4. l l ( ) . . x = 40.

    5. , , l = 90. x = 90 55 = 35.

    .

    l 50= . l = 50 : 2 = 25. l l : 180 l = 180 50 = 130. l l 130 : 2 65 .= = l : l l l = + =25o + 65o = 90o, .

    p = 90.

  • 115

    9

    1 . 1. , , .

    2. - .

    .

    3. , .

    .

    2

    1. -

    .

    2. . 1

    .

    1

    1

    .

  • 116

    3 .

    1

    .

    2 2 -

    -

    . 1

    2 2

    . 1

    4

    2

    2

    .

    1

    . . 1 .

    2 A.

    (1,3) (7,5)

    (2,0) (6,8)

    (0,4) (8,4)

    M(4,4) (4,4)

  • 117

    .

    ) = = 3cm, -

    . ) ,

    . = 2 = 2 3 = 6cm .

    ) , , = .

    ) lAO , 40. - lAO l , l = 40. l l l = + =40 + 40 = 80. l = 180 80 = 100 ( lAOB ).

    (1,3) (3,1)

    (2,0) (0,2)

    (0,4) (4,0)

    M(4,4) (4,4)

  • 118

    3 . 1. -

    .

    2. , . , . : , , . // = . // + = 180. , -.

    .

    1. : 180 120 60= = .

    2. , 120= . 3. , 60= . 4. , 60= . 5. , 120= . 6. , : 60= . 7. -

    , 180 60 120= = .

    120 60 120 60 60 120 60 120

  • 119

    . 300 = 360 300 = 60. l : l + = 60 + 120 = 180. //.

    4 . 50 : = 180 50 = 130.

    140 : = 180 140 = 40. , : = = 40. x 50 360 x= = 360 50 = 310.

    . 180 75 105= = . , 180 105 75= = . l 180+ = , l 180 75 105= = l l 180+ = , l 180 105 75= = .

    . 72 : = 72. :

    180 (90 ) 180 (90 72 ) 180 162 18= + = + = = . 18= .

  • 120

  • 121

    10

    - -

    1 . 1. ,

    , o .

    2. 180 .

    3. , 90.

    4. 2 . .

    .

    5. . 60 . .

    . .

    . .

    . 1) .

    2) , 90. 3) ,

    . 4) , , : l l 180 = .

  • 122

    2 . 180. -

    :

    ;

    80 40 60

    110 75 ,

    180.

    60 90 30

    60 60 60

    92 40 48

    45 45 90

    40 100 40

    52 76 52

    . 1) 2x + 3x + 4x = 180, 9x = 180 x = 180 : 9 = 20. 2) :

    x + x + 50 = 180, 2x = 180 50 = 130, x = 130 : 2 = 65. 3) T .

    30 + 30 = 60, x = 180 60 = 120.

    4) : x + 2x = 90 3x = 90 x = 90 : 3 = 30.

    5) x : x = 40 + 70 = 110. ( : 180 (40 + 70 ) = 180 110 = 70. x 70 x = 180 70 = 110).

    6) 72 + 48 = 120. 180 120 = 60. 2x = 60 x = 60 : 2 = 30.

  • 123

    3

    . l

    2 2 90 180 90 365 5 5

    = = = = . l l l 180 , 180 36 144 + + = + = = - 144 : 4 : 144 : 4 36= = . l = . l 3 = = 3 36 = 108 > 90 - . . 70= 180 120 60= = 180 , 180 (70 60 ) 180 130 50+ + = = + = = = , 50 .=

    4 .

    ()

    ()

    . . . -

    . .

    .

    : = = 2cm = = 4cm, - , -.

  • 124

  • 125

    11

    1 . 1. -

    0 .

    2. . .

    3. .

    4. .

    5. .

    6. - . = + ( )

    7.

    . : = 1

    8. 0 1

    . =

    1

  • 126

    .

    1. . -.

    2. .

    . :

    = .

    3. . .

    :

    ++ = .

    4. .

    5. .

    :

    = .

    6. . . .

    7. . , -.

    8. . . .. ( 2)4 = + 16.

    9. . () = .

    10. . + .

    11. . 3 +3 , ( 3)2 = (+ 3)2 = 9.

    12. . 12.345 3 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 3, 5 - 5, 9 15 9.

    13. .

    |x 4|+|2 x |+|x + 2|=

    =|4 4|+|2 4|+|4 + 2|= 0 +| 2|+|6|= 0 + 2 + 6 = 8.

  • 127

    2 . 1. . : (+ 1) (+ 1) = 1 ( 1) ( 1) = 1 , -

    = 1.

    2. ... - : . ... : .

    3. . 7+(2 5) + (3 : 4) = 7 + 2 5 + 3 : 4 = 7 + 10 + 0,75 = 17,75.

    4. 5 cm 4 5 = 20 cm. 2 5 = 10 cm

    4 10 = 40 cm. 40 40 5 200

    200%20 20 5 100

    = = = . .

    5. 3 5 3 5

    3 5 3 2 5 6 5 11

    + = + = + = + = + = . .

    6. : x + 3 = 9 x,

    x + x = 9 3, 2x = 6, x = 6:2 = 3. .

    7. . 2 ( 1) ( 3) 2 3 1

    1( 3) 2 5 6 5 1

    + += = = + + . = 6

    16

    = , = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2, = 25 20 2 = 3.

    8. . 1 36

    36 123 3 = = .

    9. . 3 , . < 0.

    10. . , .

    . 1. : = + , < .

    5 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. = 0, = 5 ( = ), = 5 5 + 0 = 25, = 1 = 5 = 5 5 + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26, ...

  • 128

    0 1 2 3 4

    5 5 5 5 5

    5 5 5 5 5

    25 26 27 28 29 2. 1 :

    A x x + 1 : x + x + 1 = 15 2x + 1 = 15 2x = 15 1, 2x = 14, x = 14 : 2 = 7. H x = 7.

    2 : x :

    2 7 7 2 95x , 5x , 5x , 5x 3 , x 3 : 5 0,6

    3 3 3 3 3 = = + = = = = .

    3 :

    4 : x = 25 4 : x = 1 4 1

    , , x 4 32 12832 x 32

    = = = .

    15

    2x + 1 = 15 x = 7

    -

    2

    3 -

    7

    3

    5x 2 7

    3 3= x = 0,6

    4 25

    4 : x = 1

    32 x = 128

  • 129

    3 .

    2 4

    7 8 15x 5

    3 3 3

    5 3 5 5 6 5 5 1 5 2 3y ( ) ( )

    4 1 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4

    =

    = + = =

    = = = = =

    .

    22 2 2 2

    2 2

    3 3 1 9 1 9 25 225y : x ( ) : 5 : :

    4 4 5 16 25 16 1 16 = = = = =

    .

    i. 5% , 5 5 20 100

    20 1100 100 100

    = = = .

    ii.

    3y 3 1 3 3 5 154 15%x 5 4 5 20 20 5 100

    = = = = = = .

    4 2 2

    o

    A (8 14) [(8 4) : 2 6] 5 ( 6) [(8 4) : 2 6] 5

    36 (4 : 2 6) 5 36 (2 6) 5 36 ( 4) 5

    36 ( 20) 36 20 56

    = = == = = == = + =

    : 56 + B 180+ = , 180 56 124+ = = .

    : ,= = l l 124 ,+ = l 2 124 ,= l 124 : 2 62= = . x lA //, lx = 56. l l //, l = 62. ( l l l, x, , - o180 l l l o x 180 ,+ + = l l o o ox 56 62 118+ = + = , l o o o 180 118 62= = ).

  • 130

  • 131

    12

    1 .

    1. 2

    3 x 3,7 = 2

    7 x , .

    7x

    2=

    2. ( 1)( 2)( 3) x ( 1)( 2)( 3)( 5) + , x= 5

    3. 6x

    0,9

    = 6x 0, . x=0

    4. x 3

    1,3

    = x= 1

    5. 5 x= 3 6. x 0= 7. x 410 10= x 4= 8. -2 6 75 x 10 10 10 = -2 (-6) 7 -8 7 -7 85 x 10 10 , 5 x 10 10 , 5 x 10 : 10+ = = =

    -7-(-8) -7 85x 10 , 5x 10 += = 15x 10=

    5x 10= x 10 : 5 2= =

  • 132

    9. 1 4 5

    x x

    10 1 10 1 ,

    10 10 10 10

    += =

    x 510 10 10= , x 1 510 10 += , x 610 10= x 6=

    10. x 9= : 1 2 12

    9 19 9

    9 9 = = =

    x 9= ( )1 2 1

    2 2

    9 9 19 9

    9 99

    = = = =

    B. 1. . .

    2. .

    3. . , 180.

    4. . 60, , 90.

    5. .

    6. . , , , 180.

    7. . :

    l l ,, : l l 180 , 180 , 180 : l l l l (180 ) (180 ) (180 ) 3 180 ( ) 540 180 360 + + = + + = =

    8. . .

    2 .

    1. lAOB . 2. o l 3. p = 40 , . 4. p = 140 o , -

    : 180 40 = 140.

  • 133

    5. p o 40 , .

    .

    / +

    + +

    + + + +

    + + + + + . . : , . . : .

    . : l l l l . : l l , l l , l l , l l , l l , l l .

    // : l , l l , l l .

    . //, :

    l x= = . l lZ =2x= .

    l l 180+ + = , : 39 + x + 2x = 180 39 + 3x = 180 3x = 180 39 = 141 x = 141 : 3 = 47.

    3 x = 8 30 : (8 2) = 30 : 6 = 5 .

  • 134

    : : 5 (x2) = 30 5x10 = 30 5x = 30+10 5x = 40 x = 40 : 5 = 8

    = 8cm. ...(2,3,10) = 30 ...(2,6,10) = 2

    : 2 2y 2

    2

    1

    = 30 + 2 2 2y 22 = 32 2 4 2y = 32 8 2y = 32 2y = 32 : 8 2y = 4 y = 2,

    = 2cm. 1. : l 45= = l //. l l 180 180 45 135= = = . 135= l l

    .

    2. l l , . 90 l 45= l 45= , . = = 2cm. = = 2cm. = = 8 2 2 = 4 cm. -, = 2cm.

    4 1.

    + + + = x + 2 + x + x + 2 + x = 4x + 4.

  • 135

    16cm, 4x + 4 = 16 4x = 16 4 4x = 12 x = 12 : 4 = 3cm

    = 3 + 2 = 5cm, = 5cm = 3cm, = 3cm.

    2. - , 140 .= . , .= 180+ + =

    180 180 140 40+ = = = 40 : 2 20 .= = =

    // 20 .= 20 .= = ( 90 ),= 90 20 70 .= = 70 .= = = l l (-) : p o 140 .= = p o 180+ = () o p 180 180 140 40 .= = =

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