1 Recap Atomic Structure Nucleus contains p + and n. The number of p + defines the element. Mass of...
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Transcript of 1 Recap Atomic Structure Nucleus contains p + and n. The number of p + defines the element. Mass of...
1
Recap Atomic Structure
• Nucleus contains p+ and n.
• The number of p+ defines the element.
• Mass of atom = Σ (p+ + n)
• Electrons occupy orbits of defined energy.
• Electron configuration related to position in Periodic Table
Ne10
20
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Ions
• Neutral atoms always have the same number of electrons as the number of protons in the nucleus.
• Many atoms may gain or lose electrons to form ions, which have a charge.
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• Gain of electrons gives an anion.
e.g. F + e- F-
Ions
• Loss of electrons gives a cation.
e.g. Li Li+ + e-
9 e- 10 e-
3 e- 2 e-
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Ions
• More than one electron may be gained/lost but >3 electrons not common.
O O2- N N3-
Mg Mg2+
Al Al3+
Note: charge is always shown at the top right
the sign comes after the number.
Eg.
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Why do ions form?
Note on Noble Gases:
• Last column of periodic table.
• 8 electrons in outermost shell (2 for
He).
• Stable electronic structure.
• Do not gain/lose electrons.
• Occur as isolated atoms.
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Noble Gases
• He: 2 electrons therefore n = 1 totally full.
• Ne: 10 electrons therefore n = 1 and 2 totally full.
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Predicting which ions form?
• Atoms gain or lose electrons to become isoelectronic as the nearest Noble gas.
• Non-metals tend to form anions
• Metals tend to form cations
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Ionic Bonding• The electrostatic attraction of cations
and anions results in ionic bonds being formed.
Cl
-
Na
+
Crystal structure of sodium chloride, NaCl
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Ionic Bonding
• There must always be metal atom (to lose electrons) and a non-metal atom (to gain them).
• Production of ions always results from complete transfer of electrons between bonding atoms.
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2Al + 3O 2Al3+ + 3O2-
O OO
Al Al
O
2-
Al
3+
O
2-
O
2-
Al
3+
Two Al3+ for every three O2- so compound is Al2O3
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Ionic Bonding
• Produces a solid - crystal lattice.
• Cations and anions are packed so as to maximise the attractive forces and minimise repulsion.
• Ratio of cations to anions ensures ZERO overall charge on the compound.
• Cation-anion attraction does not depend on direction: non-directional bonding.
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Ionic Bonding
Different ionic compounds have different crystal structure
SodiumChlorideNaCl
ZincSulfideZnS
Learning Outcomes:
• By the end of this lecture, you should:– be able to work out the number of electrons an
ion has from its symbol – recognize that most ions have a noble gas
configuration – predict whether an element will form a cation or
an anion– predict the charge on the cation or anion an
element will form– be able to balance the charges– explain the characteristics of ionic bonding
– be able to complete the worksheet (if you haven’t already done so….) 19