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Load Flow Analysis
ETAP Workshop Notes 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc.
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System ConceptsSystem Concepts
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 2
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IVS = *Power in Balanced 3-Phase S t
IV
SS
IVS LN=
=
*
13
1
3
3
Systems
jQPIV LL
+== 3
L i P F t L di P F t
Inductive loads have lagging Power Factors. Capacitive loads have leading Power Factors.
C t d V ltLagging Power Factor Leading Power Factor Current and Voltage
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 3
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Leading & Lagging Power F t
ETAP displays lagging Power Factors as positive and leading Power Factors as negative The Power Factor is displayed in percent
Factors
Leading Lagging
as negative. The Power Factor is displayed in percent.
Leading Power Factor
Lagging Power Factor j QP+ P - jQ P + jQ
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 4
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3-Phase Per Unit System
B
BB kV3
kVAI =
==
S
ZI3V
VI3S If you have two bases:Then you may calculate the other two by using the relationships enclosed in b k t Th diff t b
B
2B
B MVA)kV(Z =
=
2B
B
BB
VZ
V3SI
brackets. The different bases are:
IB (Base Current)
ZB (Base Impedance)B
t lI t lV
=B
BB S
ZVB (Base Voltage)
SB (Base Power)
ETAP selects for LF:
B
actualpu
ZI
II =B
actualpu
SV
VV = se ects o100 MVA for SB which is fixed for the entire system.
The kV rating of reference point is
B
actualpu Z
ZZ =B
actualpu S
SS = g pused along with the transformer turnratios are applied to determine the base voltage for different parts of the system.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 5
y
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Example 1: The diagram shows a simple radial system. ETAP converts the branch impedance values to the correct base for Load Flow calculations. The LF reports show the branch impedance values in percent. The transformer turn ratio (N1/N2) is 3.31
d th X/R 12 14and the X/R = 12.14
Transformer Turn Ratio: The transformer turn ratio is used by ETAP to determine the base voltage for different parts of the system. Different turn ratios are applied starting f th tilit kV tifrom the utility kV rating.
To determine base voltage use:1BkV
2B
1B kV2N
1NkV =2BkV
XZ
Transformer T7: The following equations are used to find the impedance of transformer T7 in 100 MVA base.
2
pu
pu
RX1
RZ
X
+
=
=RX
xR pupu
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 6
R R
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)1412(0650 06478006478.0)14.12(1)14.12(065.0X2pu=+= 005336.014.12
06478.0R pu ==
The transformer impedance must be converted to 100 MVA base and therefore the following relation must be used, where n stands for new and o stands for old.
)3538.1j1115.0(1008.13)06478.0j1033.5(SVZZ2
3nB
2oBon +=+=
= )3538.1j1115.0(
55.13)06478.0j1033.5(
SVZZ o
BnB
pupu ++
38.135j15.11Z100Z% pu +==Impedance Z1: The base voltage is determined by using the transformer turn ratio. The base impedance for Z1 is determined using the base voltage at Bus5 and the MVA base.
0695.431.35.13
2N1N
kVV utilityB ==
= 165608.0100)0695.4(
MVAVZ
22B
B ===
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 7
2N
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The per-unit value of the impedance may be determined as soon as the base
)1j10(Z +
impedance is known. The per-unit value is multiplied by one hundred to obtain the percent impedance. This value will be the value displayed on the LF report.
8603j3860Z100Z%
)0382.6j6038.0(1656.0
)1j1.0(Z
ZZB
actualpu +=+==
8.603j38.60Z100Z% pu +==The LF report generated by ETAP displays the following percent impedance values in 100 MVA base
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 8
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Load Flow AnalysisLoad Flow Analysis
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 9
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Load Flow Problem Given
Load Power Consumption at all busesp
Configuration
Power Production at each generatorPower Production at each generator
B i R i t Basic Requirement Power Flow in each line and transformer
Voltage Magnitude and Phase Angle at each bus
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 10
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Load Flow Studies Determine Steady State Operating Conditions
Voltage Profile Power Flows Current Flows Power Factors Transformer LTC Settings Voltage Drops Generators Mvar Demand (Qmax & Qmin) Total Generation & Power Demand Steady State Stability Limits
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 11
MW & Mvar Losses
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Size & Determine System E i t & P tEquipment & Parameters Cable / Feeder Capacity Capacitor Size Transformer MVA & kV Ratings (Turn Ratios)g ( ) Transformer Impedance & Tap Setting Current Limiting Reactor Rating & ImpCurrent Limiting Reactor Rating & Imp. MCC & Switchgear Current Ratings
G t O ti M d (I h / D ) Generator Operating Mode (Isochronous / Droop) Generators Mvar Demand
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 12
Transmission, Distribution & Utilization kV
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Optimize Operating C ditiConditions Bus Voltages are Within Acceptable Limitsg p
Voltages are Within Rated Insulation Limits f E i tof Equipment
Power & Current Flows Do Not Exceed the Power & Current Flows Do Not Exceed the Maximum Ratings
System MW & Mvar Losses are Determined
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 13
Circulating Mvar Flows are Eliminated
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Calculation Process Non-Linear System
Calculated Iteratively Calculated Iteratively Assume the Load
V lt (I iti l C diti )Assume VRC l I S / V
Voltage (Initial Conditions) Calculate the Current I
Calc: I = Sload / VRCalc: Vd = I * Z
Re-Calc VR = Vs - Vd
Based on the Current,Calculate Voltage Drop Vd
Re-Calculate Load Voltage VR Re-use Load Voltage as initial condition until the
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 14
gresults are within the specified precision.
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Load Flow Calculation M th dMethods
1. Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method
Low Requirements on initial values, b t l i dbut slow in speed.
3. Fast-Decoupled Method
Two sets of iteration equations: real power voltage angle,
2. Newton-Raphson Method
Fast in speed, but high requirement on initial values.
reactive power voltage magnitude.
Fast in speed, but low in solution precision.
f First order derivative is used to speed up calculation.
Better for radial systems and systems with long lines.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 15
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Load Nameplate Data
kVAEffPF
HPEffPF
kWkVA RatedRated ==
7457.0
kWPF
)kVar()kW(kVA 22
=+=
kVAFLA
kVkVAFLA
R t d
Rated
=3 3)kV3(
kVA1000I
kVA
3 =kV
kVAFLA Rated=1Where PF and Efficiency are taken at 100 % loading conditions
kVkVA1000I
)kV3(
1 =
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 16
loading conditions
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Constant Power Loads
In Load Flow calculations induction, synchronous and lump loads are treated as constant power loadsas constant power loads.
The power output remains constant even if the input voltage changes (constant kVA).)
The lump load power output behaves like a constant power load for the specified % motor load.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 17
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In Load Flow calculations Static Loads Lump Loads
Constant Impedance Loads In Load Flow calculations Static Loads, Lump Loads
(% static), Capacitors and Harmonic Filters and Motor Operated Valves are treated as Constant Impedance Loads.
The Input Power increases proportionally to the square of the Input Voltage.
In Load Flow Harmonic Filters may be used as capacitive loads for Power Factor Correctioncapacitive loads for Power Factor Correction.
MOVs are modeled as constant impedance loads because of their operating characteristics.
1996-2008 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 18
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Constant Current Loads The current remains constant even if the
voltage changes.
DC Constant current loads are used to test Battery discharge capacityBattery discharge capacity.
AC constant current loads may be used to test UPS systems performance.
DC Constant Current Loads may be defined in DC Constant Current Loads may be defined in ETAP by defining Load Duty Cycles used for Battery Sizing & Discharge purposes.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 19
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Constant Current Loads
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 20
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Generic Loads
Exponential Load
Polynomial Load
ComprehensiveComprehensive Load
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 21
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Generator Operation Modes
Feedback Voltage gAVR: Automatic Voltage RegulationFixed: Fixed Excitation (no AVR action)( )
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 22
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Governor Operating Modes Isochronous: This governor setting allows the
generators power output to be adjusted based on the system demand.
Droop: This governor setting allows the generator to be Base Loaded, meaning that the MW output is fixed.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 23
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Isochronous Mode
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 24
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Droop Mode
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 25
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Droop Mode
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 26
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Droop Mode
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 27
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Adjusting Steam Flow
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 28
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Adjusting Excitation
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 29
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In ETAP Generators and Power Grids have four operating modes that are used in Load Flow calculations.
Swing ModeGovernor is operating in I h dIsochronous modeAutomatic Voltage Regulator
Voltage ControlG i ti iGovernor is operating in
Droop ModeAutomatic Voltage Regulator
M C t lMvar ControlGovernor is operating in Droop ModeFixed Field Excitation (no AVR
ti )action)
PF ControlGovernor is operating in D M d
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 30
Droop ModeAVR Adjusts to Power Factor Setting
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I th S i M d th lt i k t fi d P & Q In the Swing Mode, the voltage is kept fixed. P & Q can vary based on the Power Demand
In the Voltage Control Mode, P & V are kept fixed while Q & i dare varied
In the Mvar Control Mode, P and Q are kept fixed while V & are varied
If in Voltage Control Mode, the limits of P & Q are reached, the model is changed to a Load Model (P & Q are kept fixed)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 31
model is changed to a Load Model (P & Q are kept fixed)
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Generator Capability Curve
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 32
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Generator Capability Curve
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 33
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Generator Capability Curve
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 34
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Maximum & Minimum R ti PReactive Power
Field Winding Heating Limit
Machine Rating (Power Factor Point)
Armature Winding Heating Limit
Steady State Stability Curve
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 35
Armature Winding Heating Limit
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Generator Capability Curve
Field Winding M hi R tigHeating Limit Machine Rating (Power Factor Point)
Steady State Stability Curve
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 36
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Generation Categories
Load Flow Loading Page
Generator/Power Grid Rating Page
Load Flow Loading Page
10 Different Generation Categories for Every Generator or Power Grid in the System
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 37
in the System
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Power Flow
= 111 VV
= 222 VV
V*VV*VV
jQPI*VS2
+==
*VV
XV)(*COS
X*VVj)(*SIN
X*VV
21
22
2121
2121
+=
V)*COS(*VVQ
)(*SINX
VVP
22
2121
2121
=
=
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 38
X)COS(
XQ 21
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Example: Two voltage sources designated as V1 and V2 are connected as shown. If V1= 100 /0 , V2 = 100 /30 and X = 0 +j5connected as shown. If V1 100 /0 , V2 100 /30 and X 0 j5 determine the power flow in the system.
682j10I5j
)50j6.86(0j100X
VVI 21 ++==
I
268j1000)68.2j10(100IV
68.2j10I
*1 +=+=
=
268j1000)68.2j10)(50j6.86(IV268j1000)68.2j10(100IV
*2
1
=++=++
var536535.10X|I| 22 ==
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 39
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The following graph shows the power flow from Machine M2. This machine behaves as a generator supplying real power and
1Power Flow
1
g pp y g pabsorbing reactive power from machine M1.
S
0V E( )X
sin ( )V E( )
cos ( ) V21
X ( ) X
22
0
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 40
Real Power FlowReactive Power Flow
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Bus VoltageETAP displays bus voltage values in two ways
kV value
P t f N i l B kVPercent of Nominal Bus kV
513kV 813kVFor Bus4:
%83.97100%
5.13
===
Calculated
Calculated
kVkVV
kV 8.13min =alNokV
minalNokV
034=kV 164=kVFor Bus5:
%85.96100%
03.4
min
===
alNo
Calculated
Calculated
kVkVV
kV 16.4min =alNokV
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 41
minalNokV
-
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 42
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Lump Load Negative L diLoading
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 43
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Load Flow Adjustments Transformer Impedance
Adjust transformer impedance based on possible length variation tolerancetolerance
Reactor Impedance Adjust reactor impedance based on specified toleranceAdjust reactor impedance based on specified tolerance
Overload Heater Adjust Overload Heater resistance based on specified toleranceAdjust Overload Heater resistance based on specified tolerance
Transmission Line Length Adjust Transmission Line Impedance based on possible length djust a s ss o e peda ce based o poss b e e gt
variation tolerance
Cable Length
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 44
Adjust Cable Impedance based on possible length variation tolerance
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Load Flow Study Case Adj t t P
Adjustments applied
Adjustment Page
Individual
Global
Temperature Correction
Cable Resistance
Transmission LineResistance
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 45
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Allowable Voltage DropNEC d ANSI C84 1NEC and ANSI C84.1
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 46
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Load Flow Example 1 Part 1Part 1
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow AnalysisSlide 47
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Load Flow Example 1 Part 2Part 2
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 48
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Load Flow Alerts
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 49
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Equipment Overload Alerts
Bus Alerts Monitor Continuous Ampsp
Cable Monitor Continuous Amps
Reactor Monitor Continuous AmpsReactor Monitor Continuous Amps
Line Monitor Line Ampacity
f OTransformer Monitor Maximum MVA Output
UPS/Panel Monitor Panel Continuous Amps
Generator Monitor Generator Rated MW
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 50
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Protective Device Alerts
Protective Devices Monitored parameters % Condition reported
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Continuous rated Current OverLoadHigh Voltage Circuit Breaker Continuous rated Current OverLoad
Fuses Rated Current OverLoadContactors Continuous rated Current OverLoadContactors Continuous rated Current OverLoad
SPDT / SPST switches Continuous rated Current OverLoad
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 51
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If the Auto Display feature is active, the Alert View Window will appear as soon as the L d Fl l l tiLoad Flow calculation has finished.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 52
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Advanced LF TopicsAdvanced LF TopicsLoad Flow Convergence
Voltage Control
Mvar ControlMvar Control
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 53
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Load Flow Convergence
Negative Impedance
Zero or Very Small Impedance
Widely Different Branch Impedance Values
Long Radial System Configurations
B d B V lt I iti l V l Bad Bus Voltage Initial Values
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 54
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Voltage Control
Under/Over Voltage Conditions must be fixed for proper equipment operation andfixed for proper equipment operation and insulation ratings be met.
Methods of Improving Voltage Conditions:Methods of Improving Voltage Conditions: Transformer Replacement
Capacitor Addition
Transformer Tap Adjustment
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 55
p j
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Under-Voltage Example Create Under Voltage
Condition Method 2 - Shunt
Capacitor
Change Syn2 Quantity to 6. (Info Page, Quantity Field)
Run LF
Add Shunt Capacitor to Bus8 300 kvar 3 Banks Voltage is improved Run LF
Bus8 Turns Magenta (Under Voltage Condition)
Voltage is improved
Method 3 - Change Tap Place LTC on Primary of T6
Method 1 - Change Xfmr Change T4 from 3 MVA to 8
MVA ill ti li ht
y Select Bus8 for Control Bus Select Update LTC in the
Study CaseMVA, will notice slight improvement on the Bus8 kV
Too Expensive and time
Study Case Run LF Bus Voltage Comes within
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 56
consumingg
specified limits
-
Mvar Control Vars from Utility
Add Switch to CAP1 Method 2 Add Capacitor
Close Switch Open Switch Run LF
Run Load Flow
Var Contribution from the Utilit d
Method 1 Generator Change Generator from
Utility reduces
Method 3 Xfmr MVA Change Generator from Voltage Control to Mvar Control
Set Mvar Design Setting to 5
Method 3 Xfmr MVA Change T1 Mva to 40 MVA
Will notice decrease in theSet Mvar Design Setting to 5 Mvars
Will notice decrease in the contribution from the Utility
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 57
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Panel SystemsPanel Systemsyy
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 58
-
Panel Boards They are a collection of branch circuits
feeding system loads
Panel System is used for representing power and lighting panels in electrical systemsand lighting panels in electrical systems
Click to drop once on OLVClick to drop once on OLVDouble-Click to drop multiple panels
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 59
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RepresentationA panel branch circuit load can be modeled as an internal or external load
Advantages:1. Easier Data Entry
2. Concise System Representation
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 60
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Pin AssignmentPin 0 is the top pin of the panelETAP allows up to 24 external load connections
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 61
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Assumptions Vrated (internal load) = Vrated (Panel Voltage)
Note that if a 1 Phase load is connected to a 3 Note that if a 1-Phase load is connected to a 3-Phase panel circuit, the rated voltage of the panel circuit is (1/3) times the rated panel voltagecircuit is (1/3) times the rated panel voltage
The voltage of L1 or L2 phase in a 1-Phase 3-Wire panel is (1/2) times the rated voltage of the panelpanel is (1/2) times the rated voltage of the panel
There are no losses in the feeders connecting a load to the panelload to the panel
Static loads are calculated based on their rated lt
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 62
voltage
-
Line-Line ConnectionsLoad Connected Between Two Phases of a3-Phase System
A
BC
ABC
Load
IBC IC = -IBC
LoadB
IB = IBC
Angle by which load current IBC lags the load voltage = Therefore, for load connected between phases B and C:
SBC = VBC.IBCPBC = VBC.IBC.cos QBC = VBC.IBC.sin
For load connected to phase B
SB = VB.IBPB = VB.IB.cos ( - 30)QB = VB.IB.sin ( - 30)BC BC BC Q ( )
And, for load connected to phase C
SC = VC.ICPC = VC.IC.cos ( + 30)QC C C ( )
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 63
QC = VC.IC.sin ( + 30)
-
Info Page
NEC SelectionA, B, C from top to bottom or left to right from the front of the panelthe panel
Phase B shall be the highest voltage (LG) on a 3-phase, 4-wire delta connected system (midpoint grounded)
3-Phase 4-Wire Panel3-Phase 3-Wire Panel1 Ph 3 Wi P l1-Phase 3-Wire Panel1-Phase 2-Wire Panel
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 64
-
Rating Page
Intelligent kV CalculationIf a 1-Phase panel is connected to a 3-Phase bus phaving a nominal voltage equal to 0.48 kV, the default rated kV of the panel is set to (0.48/1.732 =) 0.277 kV
For IEC, Enclosure Type is Ingress Protection (IPxy), where IP00 means no protection or shielding on the panelon the panel
Select ANSI or IEC B k F fBreakers or Fuses from Main Device Library
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 65
-
Schedule Page
Ci it N b ithCircuit Numbers with
Standard Layout
Circuit Numbers with C l L t
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 66
Column Layout
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Description TabFi t 14 l d it i th li t b d NEC 1999First 14 load items in the list are based on NEC 1999Last 10 load types in the Panel Code Factor Table are user-definedLoad Type is used to determine the Code Factors used in calculating the total panel loadpExternal loads are classified as motor load or static load according to theelement typeFor External links the load status is determined from the connected loadsdemand factor statusdemand factor status
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 67
-
Rating Tab
Enter per phase VA, W, or Amperes for this loadAmperes for this load.
For example, if total Watts for a 3-phase load are 1200 enter W as 4001200, enter W as 400 (=1200/3)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 68
-
Loading Tab
For internal loads, enter the % loading for the selected loading category
For both internal and external loads, Amp values are calculated based on terminal bus nominal kV
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 69
-
Protective Device Tab
Library Quick Pick -LV Circuit BreakerLV Circuit Breaker(Molded Case, withThermal Magnetic TripDevice) or
Library Quick Pick Fuse will appeardepending on theType of protectiveType of protectivedevice selected.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 70
-
Feeder Tab
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 71
-
Action ButtonsCopy the content of the selectedrow to clipboard. Circuit number,Phase, Pole, Load Name, Linkand State are not copiedand State are not copied.
Paste the entire content (of thePaste the entire content (of the copied row) in the selected row. This will work when the Link Type is other than space or unusable, and only for fields which are not blocked.which are not blocked.
Blank out the contents of the entire selected row.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 72
-
Summary Page
Continuous Load Per Phase and Total
Non-Continuous Load Per Phase and Total
Connected Load Per Phase and Total (Continuous + Non-Continuous Load)
Code Demand Per Phase and Total
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 73
-
Output Report
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 74
-
Panel Code Factors
The first fourteen have fixed formats per NEC 1999
Code demand load depends on Panel Code Factors
The first fourteen have fixed formats per NEC 1999
Code demand load calculation for internal loads are done for each types of load separately and then summed upfor each types of load separately and then summed up
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis Slide 75