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·∫∫¡∫Ÿ√≥å: √–‡∫’¬∫«‘∏’ ‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå Effects of Lip Thickness on Alveolar Bone Grafting

Outcomes in Patients with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Finite Element Analysis

»‘√‡»√…∞å ¡ß§≈Õÿª∂—¡¿å1, ∏ß™—¬ øÕß¡ÿ∑√2, ¡“√»√’ ™—¬«√«‘∑¬å°ÿ≈3 1π—°»÷°…“À≈—ßª√‘≠≠““¢“∑—πµ°√√¡®—¥øíπ ¿“§«‘™“∑—πµ°√√¡®—¥øíπ·≈–∑—πµ°√√¡”À√—∫‡¥Á° §≥–∑—πµ·æ∑¬»“µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡à

2¿“§«‘™“«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ËÕß°≈ §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡à 3¿“§«‘™“∑—πµ°√√¡®—¥øíπ·≈–∑—πµ°√√¡”À√—∫‡¥Á° §≥–∑—πµ·æ∑¬»“µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡à

Siraseth Mongkolupatham1, Thongchai Fongsamootr2, Marasri Chaiworawitkul3 1Postgraduate student in Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry,

Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University

3Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University

™¡.∑—πµ“√ 2554; 32(1) : 93-103 CM Dent J 2011; 32(1) : 93-103

Corresponding Author:

¡“√»√’ ™—¬«√«‘∑¬å°ÿ≈ ºŸâ™à«¬»“µ√“®“√¬å ¿“§«‘™“∑—πµ°√√¡®—¥øíπ·≈–∑—πµ°√√¡ ”À√—∫‡¥Á° §≥–∑—πµ·æ∑¬»“µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡à

Marasri ChaiworawitkulAssistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.E-Mail: [email protected]

∫∑«‘∑¬“°“√ Original Article

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Abstract Objective of this pilot study was to define a

relationship of upper lip thickness and alveolar

bone grafting outcomes in patients with complete

unilateral cleft lip and palate. Occlusal

topographic radiographs and lateral cephalo-

grams, at 1 month and 1 year after alveolar bone

grafting of 10 patients were assessed to evaluate

changes of grafted bone height percentages.

Three-dimensional finite element models were

94 CM Dent J Vol. 32 No. 1 January-June 2011™¡. ∑—πµ“√ ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡.§.-¡‘.¬. 2554 95 CM Dent J Vol. 32 No. 1 January-June 2011™¡. ∑—πµ“√ ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡.§.-¡‘.¬. 2554

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§””§—≠: ª“°·À«àß‡æ¥“π‚À«à, §«“¡Àπ“√‘¡Ωïª“°,

‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå

created to reveal a relationship of lip thickness

and force loaded on the maxilla. The results

showed a statistically significant correlation

between lip thickness and postsurgical graft

alveolar bone height ratio: the less lip thickness,

the less alveolar bone graft height remaining.

Moreover, a finite element study result also

indicated that the less lip thickness, the more

loaded force on maxilla. These concluded that lip

thickness might be a factor affecting alveolar

bone grafting outcomes.

Keywords: Cleft, Lip thickness, Finite element


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(modified from Bergland et al. 2003)(14)


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Edgewise archwire (MEAW) ‚¥¬„™â«‘∏’‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘-

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à«π°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπøíπ·∫∫ bodily ·≈– tipping ‡°‘¥§«“¡

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Zhoa ·≈– Patel(30) ¥â«¬«‘∏’‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå‡°’Ë¬«°—∫

§«“¡‡§√’¬¥·≈–§«“¡‡§âπ¿“¬„π¢“°√√‰°√∫π æ∫«à“

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√‘¡Ωïª“°µàÕº≈¢Õß°“√ºà“µ—¥ª≈Ÿ°°√–¥Ÿ°„πºŸâªÉ«¬ª“°

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π§√‡™’¬ß„À¡à„π™à«ßªï æ.». 2547 ∂÷ß 2551 ‚¥¬¿“æ∂à“¬

√—ß’Õß¡‘µ‘·≈–‚¥¬«‘∏’‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå

«—¥ÿÕÿª°√≥å·≈–«‘∏’°“√ °“√»÷°…“¿“æ∂à“¬√—ß’

°≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπºŸâªÉ«¬ª“°·À«àß‡æ¥“π‚À«à∑’Ë‰¡à¡’

°≈ÿà¡Õ“°“√º‘¥ª°µ‘Õ◊Ëπ ™π‘¥¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥â“π‡¥’¬« (non

syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate)

∑’Ë¡’Õ“¬ÿ√–À«à“ß 8 -14 ªï ®”π«π 10 √“¬ ´÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫°“√

ºà“µ—¥ª≈Ÿ°°√–¥Ÿ°®“°‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈¡À“√“™π§√‡™’¬ß„À¡à

„π™à«ßªï æ.». 2547 ∂÷ß 2551 ¡’√–‡∫’¬πª√–«—µ‘¡∫Ÿ√≥å

·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√ºà“µ—¥‚¥¬»—≈¬·æ∑¬åºŸâ‡™’Ë¬«™“≠ 2 ∑à“π

¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§‡¥’¬«°—π ®“°π—Èππ”¿“æ∂à“¬√—ß’°–‚À≈°

»’√…–¥â“π¢â“ß°àÕπ°“√ª≈Ÿ°°√–¥Ÿ° 1 ‡¥◊Õπ·≈–À≈—ßª≈Ÿ°

°√–¥Ÿ° 1 ªï π”¡“À“§à“‡©≈’Ë¬§«“¡Àπ“√‘¡Ωïª“° ·≈–π”

¿“æ√—ß’°—¥∫À≈—ßª≈Ÿ°°√–¥Ÿ° 1 ‡¥◊Õπ ·≈–À≈—ßª≈Ÿ°

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°√√‰°√∫π¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬ª“°·À«àß‡æ¥“π‚À«à™à«ßÕ“¬ÿ 8-14

ªï ∂Ÿ°√â“ß¢÷Èπ·¬°®“°°—π¥â«¬‚ª√·°√¡ÕÕ°·∫∫“¡¡‘µ‘

®“°π—Èππ”·∫∫®”≈Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°¥—ß°≈à“«‰ª«‘‡§√“–Àå¥â«¬

‚ª√·°√¡ FEMap 9.0 °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‡√‘ Ë¡®“°°”Àπ¥

‚Àπ¥‡Õ≈‘‡¡π∑å (element) ·≈–§ÿ≥¡∫—µ‘°“¬¿“æ„Àâ°—∫

·∫∫®”≈Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°(31,32) °”Àπ¥®ÿ¥¬÷¥·πàπµ“¬µ—«∑’Ë

∫√‘‡«≥¥â“π„°≈â‡æ¥“π¢Õß√‘¡Ωïª“° √â“ß¿“√–·√ß

(load) ∑’Ë¡ÿ¡ª“°∑”¡ÿ¡ 30 Õß»“°—∫·π«§«“¡¬“«¢Õß√‘¡

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‰ª

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√—ß’°—¥∫¢Õß°≈ÿà¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—Èß 10 §π ∂Ÿ°π”¡“≈Õ°≈“¬

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Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 7 «—π °“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚¥¬°“√«—¥¿“æ√—ß’·µà≈–

§√—Èß°√–∑”‚¥¬ºŸâ™”π“≠ 1 §π ´÷Ëß°“√«—¥√–¬–¿“æ√—ß’

·µà≈–¿“æµâÕß¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß¢Õß°“√«—¥µâÕß‰¡à‡°‘π 0.5

¡.¡. ¡‘©–π—Èπ°“√®–∑”«—¥§√—Èß∑’Ë“¡·≈â«π”‰ªÀ“§à“‡©≈’Ë¬

¢Õß¿“æ√—ß’π—Èπ ¿“æ∂à“¬√—ß’√—ß’°–‚À≈°»’√…–¥â“π¢â“ß

®–π”¡“«—¥§«“¡Àπ“¢Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°‚¥¬«‘∏’¢Õß Filho

·≈–§≥–(8) ‚¥¬≈“°‡âπ N-Pog §«“¡Àπ“¢Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°

À“§à“‚¥¬«—¥√–¬–®“°¢Õ∫√‘¡Ωïª“° (vermillion border)

µ—Èß©“°¡“¬—ß‡âπ¥—ß°≈à“«®√¥º‘«øíπ¥â“π„°≈â√‘¡Ωïª“°

(√Ÿª∑’Ë 2)

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 °“√«—¥§«“¡Àπ“√‘¡Ωïª“° (¥—¥·ª≈ß®“° Filho

·≈–§≥–) Figure 2 Measurement of upper lip thickness : a)

Illustrated N-Pog line and a line tangent

to it, b) Lip thickness measurement in

lateral cephalometric radiographs

(modified from Filho et al. 2003)(8)

¿“æ√—ß’°—¥∫∂Ÿ°π”¡“ª√–‡¡‘π‚¥¬¥—¥·ª≈ß®“°«‘∏’

¢Õß Long ·≈–§≥–(16) ‚¥¬≈“°‡âπ·∫àß§√÷Ëß√“°øíπµ“¡

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°÷Ëß°≈“ß¬Õ¥øíπ ·∫àß§√÷Ëß‡âπ¡¡ÿµ‘∑—ÈßÕß·≈â«≈“°‡âπ

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‰¥â√–¬–§«“¡Ÿß¢Õß°√–¥Ÿ° ®“°π—Èππ”§à“∑’Ë‰¥â‰ªÀ“√


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¢Õß√–¥—∫§«“¡Ÿß°√–¥Ÿ°∑’Ë≈¥≈ß (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3)

À≈—ß®“°«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“√–·√ß°√–∑”¥â«¬«‘∏’‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ

≈‘‡¡πµå·≈â« ·√ß≈—æ∏å∑’Ë‰¥â®–∂Ÿ°π”‰ª§”π«≥‡æ◊ËÕÀ“§à“

π‘«µ—πµàÕæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‚¥¬§”π«≥®“°·√ß≈—æ∏å∫π‚Àπ¥ 10

‚Àπ¥ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡‚Àπ¥¥—ß°≈à“«®–∂Ÿ°«—¥«à“¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë

‡∑à“„¥ ®“°π—Èππ”·√ß≈—æ∏å∑’Ë°√–∑”∫πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«¡“

§”π«≥À“§à“‡©≈’Ë¬ ·≈–π”‰ª§”π«≥„π¢—ÈπµÕπµàÕ‰ª

ª√‘¡“≥§à“‡©≈’Ë¬·√ß≈—æ∏å´÷Ëß¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ π‘«µ—πµàÕ

æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ®“°¿“√–·√ß°√–∑”∑—Èß 3 §à“¥—ß°≈à“« ∂Ÿ°π”‰ª„™â

‡ªìπ·√ß°√–∑”¢Õß·∫∫®”≈Õß°√–¥Ÿ°¢“°√√‰°√∫π ·∫∫

®”≈Õß™‘Èππ’È∂Ÿ°¬÷¥µ“¬µ—«∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥¥â“πÀ≈—ß¥â“π∫π ‰°≈

®“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë„à¿“√–·√ß (√Ÿª∑’Ë 5) ·√ß°√–∑”∑—Èß 3 √–¥—∫

‰¥â·°à ·√ß‡∫“ ª“π°≈“ß·≈–Àπ—°∂Ÿ°„à„π∑‘»∑“ß¥—π¢“

°√√‰°√‰ª∑“ß¥â“πÀ≈—ß (¥â“π‡æ¥“π) ®“°π—Èπ«‘‡§√“–Àå

º≈≈—æ∏å¥â«¬«‘∏’‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå

√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 °“√«—¥Õ—µ√“à«π¢Õß√–¥—∫§«“¡Ÿß°√–¥Ÿ° (¥—¥

·ª≈ß®“° Long ·≈–§≥–) Figure 3 Measurement of grafted bone height

ratio (Modified from Long, 1995)(16)

°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå∑“ß∂‘µ‘ °“√§”π«≥§«“¡Àπ“√‘¡Ωïª“°·≈–Õ—µ√“à«π¢Õß

√–¥—∫§«“¡Ÿß°√–¥Ÿ°„π™àÕß‚À«à„™â∂‘µ‘·∫∫æ√√≥π“

«‘∏’°“√«—¥§«“¡Àπ“√‘¡Ωïª“°„π¿“æ∂à“¬√—ß’√—ß’°–‚À≈°

»’√…–¥â“π¢â“ß®–∂Ÿ°π”¡“À“§à“‡©≈’Ë¬º≈µà“ß√–À«à“ß§à“

‡©≈’Ë¬¢ÕßÕßª√–™“°√·∫∫®—∫§Ÿà (Paired t-test) §«“¡

—¡æ—π∏å¢Õß§«“¡Àπ“√‘¡Ωïª“°°—∫Õ—µ√“à«π§«“¡Ÿß

°√–¥Ÿ°„π™àÕß‚À«à„™â§à“—¡ª√–‘∑∏‘ÏÀ—¡æ—π∏å (correlation

coefficient) ™π‘¥ Kendall’s Tau ‚¥¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„™â

‚ª√·°√¡§”π«≥∂‘µ‘”‡√Á®√Ÿª

°“√»÷°…“¥â«¬‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå

¢—Èπ·√°√â“ß·∫∫®”≈Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°√â“ß¢÷Èπ¥â«¬

‚ª√·°√¡√â“ß¿“æ«—µ∂ÿ 3 ¡‘µ‘ °”Àπ¥®ÿ¥¬÷¥µ“¬µ—«∑’Ëº‘«

√‘¡Ωïª“°¥â“π„°≈â‡æ¥“π ·√ß°√–∑”∂Ÿ°°”Àπ¥„Àâ∑’Ë¡ÿ¡

ª“°∑”¡ÿ¡ 30 Õß»“°—∫·π«¬“«¢Õß√‘¡Ωïª“° (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4)

·√ß°√–∑”∑’Ë„Àâ¡’ª√‘¡“≥µà“ß°—π 3 √–¥—∫ °≈à“«§◊Õ ·√ß

‡∫“¡’§à“ 599.02 π‘«µ—π ·√ßª“π°≈“ß¡’§à“ 1,118 π‘«µ—π

·≈–·√ßÀπ—°¡’§à“ 1,677.1 π‘«µ—π

√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ·∫∫®”≈Õß‰ø‰π∑å‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå¢Õß √‘¡Ωïª“° „Àâ·√ß

∑”¡ÿ¡ 30 Õß»“ Figure 4 Finite element’s lip model with loaded

forces at 30 degrees.

√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 º≈≈—æ∏å∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√°”Àπ¥·√ß∑”¡ÿ¡ 30 Õß»“

—ß‡°µ·√ß≈—æ∏å¡’∑‘»‰ª¥â“π‡æ¥“π Figure 5 Palatal direction of lip force after 30-

degree force load.


º≈°“√»÷°…“ °“√»÷°…“¿“æ∂à“¬√—ß’

§«“¡Àπ“√‘¡Ωïª“°°àÕπ·≈–À≈—ßª≈Ÿ°°√–¥Ÿ°¡’§à“

‡©≈’Ë¬ 12.8 ·≈– 13.5 ¡.¡. µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·¡â«à“§à“‡©≈’Ë¬À≈—ß

°“√ª≈Ÿ°°√–¥Ÿ°®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 0.7 ¡.¡. ·µà‡¡◊ËÕπ”‰ªÀ“

§”π«≥À“º≈µà“ß√–À«à“ß§à“‡©≈’Ë¬¢ÕßÕßª√–™“°√·∫∫

®—∫§Ÿà ‰¡àæ∫§«“¡·µ°µà“ßÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬”§—≠∑’Ë P=0.05

Õ—µ√“à«π¢Õß√–¥—∫§«“¡Ÿß°√–¥Ÿ°≈¥≈ß √âÕ¬≈– 34.35

¿“¬À≈—ßª≈Ÿ°°√–¥Ÿ°‰ª 1 ªï Õ—µ√“°“√≈¥≈ßŸßÿ¥Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë

√âÕ¬≈– 103.5 ·≈–µË”ÿ¥∑’Ë √âÕ¬≈– 0.49 ·≈–æ∫«à“¡’°“√

≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬”§—≠∑’Ë P=0.05 (µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1)

µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 Õ—µ√“à«π¢Õß√–¥—∫§«“¡Ÿß°√–¥Ÿ°À≈—ßª≈Ÿ° 1

‡¥◊Õπ·≈– 1 ªï Table 1 Percentages of bone height remaining

after 1 month and 1 year after grafting.

≈”¥—∫ À≈—ß 1 ‡¥◊Õπ (%) À≈—ß 1 ªï (%) ≈¥≈ß (%)

1 134.62 31.11 -103.50

2 55.56 37.29 -18.27

3 75.76 44.44 -31.31

4 48.98 46.94 -2.04

5 86.79 42.86 -43.94

6 67.39 13.33 -54.06

7 -19.51 -20.00 -0.49

8 24.00 18.00 -6.00

9 61.54 52.00 -9.54

10 107.69 33.33 -74.36

‡©≈’Ë¬ 64.282 29.93 -34.35

°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå—¡ª√–‘∑∏‘ÏÀ—¡æ—π∏å

À≈—ß®“°«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â«¬‚ª√·°√¡«‘‡§√“–Àå

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∂‘µ‘ ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“§«“¡—¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß§«“¡Àπ“√‘¡

Ωïª“°°—∫Õ—µ√“à«π¢Õß√–¥—∫§«“¡Ÿß°√–¥Ÿ°¥â«¬∂‘µ‘

Kendall’s Tau æ∫«à“¡’§«“¡—¡æ—π∏å√–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß∑’Ë

§à“ª√–‘∑∏‘¿“æ§«“¡—¡æ—π∏å 0.566 ∑’Ë P-value 0.025

°“√»÷°…“¥â«¬«‘∏’‰ø‰π∑å ‡Õ≈‘‡¡πµå

º≈∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·∫∫®”≈Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°‚¥¬„Àâ

·√ß°√–∑” 30 Õß»“∑’Ë¡ÿ¡ª“° æ∫«à“·√ß≈—æ∏å¡’∑‘»∑“ß‰ª

¥â“π‡æ¥“π ‚¥¬·√ß°√–∑”‡∫“¡’·√ß≈—æ∏å®“° 10 ‚Àπ¥

√«¡ 719.6871 π‘«µ—π æ◊Èπ∑’Ë§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ 10 ‚Àπ¥¥—ß°≈à“«

¡’¢π“¥ 1.74 µ√¡¡. ¥—ßπ—Èπª√‘¡“≥·√ßµàÕæ◊Èπ∑’Ë®÷ß‡∑à“°—∫

413.61328 π‘«µ—πµàÕµ√¡¡. ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ”·√ß°√–∑”π’È‰ª„à

„π·∫∫®”≈Õß¢“°√√‰°√∫π æ∫«à“¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë¢Õß

°√–¥Ÿ°¢“°√√‰°√¡“°∑’Ëÿ¥‡∑à“°—∫ 1.505848 ¡.¡. (√Ÿª∑’Ë 6)

·∫∫®”≈Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°¿“√–·√ß°√–∑”ª“π°≈“ß∂Ÿ°

§”π«≥∑’Ë∂“π–‡¥’¬«°—π ·√ß≈—æ∏å∑’Ë‰¥â‡∑à“°—∫ 870.62338

π‘«µ—πÀ√◊Õ 500.3582644 π‘«µ—πµàÕµ√¡¡. ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ”·√ß

°√–∑”‰ª„à„Àâ°—∫·∫∫®”≈Õß¢“°√√‰°√∫π·≈â« æ∫«à“¡’

°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë¢Õß‚Àπ¥¡“°∑’Ëÿ¥‡∑à“°—∫ 1.821663 ¡.¡.

(√Ÿª∑’Ë 6)

·∫∫®”≈Õß√‘¡Ωïª“°¿“√–·√ß°√–∑”Àπ—°∂Ÿ°§”π«≥

∑’Ë∂“π–‡¥‘¡‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ·√ß≈—æ∏å∑’Ë‰¥â‡∑à“°—∫ 4,141.923

π‘«µ—π À√◊Õ 2,380.415517 π‘«µ—πµàÕµ√.¡¡. ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ”

·√ß°√–∑”‰ª„à„Àâ°—∫·∫∫®”≈Õß¢“°√√‰°√∫π·≈â« æ∫

«à“¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë¢Õß‚Àπ¥¡“°∑’Ëÿ¥‡∑à“°—∫ 8.66643 ¡.¡.

(√Ÿª∑’Ë 6)

√Ÿª∑’Ë 6 °“√‡’¬√Ÿª¢Õß·∫∫®”≈Õß¢“°√√‰°√∫π∑’Ë¿“√–·√ß

‡∫“ ª“π°≈“ß·≈–Àπ—°µ“¡≈”¥—∫ Figure 6 Displacement of cleft maxilla models

after light, medium and heavy load.


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The Vision of the Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University

“To achieve quality academic and research work at the international level,

and produce dental graduates with a good knowledge

and sense of community service”

£ Odontology and Oral

Pathology

£ Dental Radiology

£ Oral Surgery

£ Restorative Dentistry

£ Pedodontics

£ Prosthodontics

£ Orthodontics

£ Periodontology

£ Community Dentistry

£ General Dentistry

Departments

TeachingPrograms Available and Degrees Offered

£ Undergraduate Program The faculty offers a six-year program leading to a Doctor of Dental Surgery

Degree (D.D.S.). Currently there are approximately 500 students working

towards this degree.

£ Graduate Programs

! There is a graduate program leading to Higher Graduate Diploma in

Dentistry.

! There are three more graduate programs leading to Master’s degrees in

Dentistry, Orthodontics, and Periodontology.

! There is also one Doctor of Philosophy Program in Dentistry (Ph.D.)

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