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3.1 Particle model of matter - Low demand – Questions

Q1.Density can be explained using the particle model.

(a) What is the unit of density (ρ)?

Tick one box.

joules, J

joules per kilogram, J / kg

kilograms, kg

kilograms per metre cubed, kg / m3

(1)

(b) The figure below shows particles of the same substance in three states of matter.

Use the figure above to explain why the solid has the highest density.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(c) Complete the sentences.

Use answers from the box.

downwards kinetic nuclear potential randomly slowly

The particles in a gas are constantly moving.

The particles move _____________________________________________

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When the temperature of the particles in a gas is increased

the particles have more ___________________________________energy .(2)

(d) A gas is put into a closed container.

The container and the gas inside it are heated.

What will happen to the pressure inside the container?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 6 marks)

Q2.The diagram shows a model of the particles in a gas and in a liquid.

(a) Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of particles of the same substance as a solid.

(2)

(b) What is the name of the process when a substance changes from a gas to a liquid?

Tick one box.

Condensing

Evaporating

Freezing

Melting

(1)

(c) The substance in the diagram has a:

• melting point of 98 °C• boiling point of 883 °C

What is the state of the substance at 20 °C?

Tick one box.

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Gas Liquid Solid

(1)

(d) What type of change is a change of state?

Tick one box.

Chemical

Kinetic

Permanent

Physical

(1)

(e) Which two statements are correct about the particles when a liquid turns into a gas?

Tick two boxes.

Particles are bigger

Particles are lighter

Particles have more chemical energy

Particles have more kinetic energy

Particles move faster

(2)

(f) Which two quantities are needed to calculate the energy required to turn a liquid into a gas with no change in temperature?

Tick two boxes.

Mass of the liquid

Specific heat capacity of the gas

Specific latent heat of vaporisation

Time the liquid is heated

(2)

(g) A mass of 2.0 kg of water is heated.

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The temperature increase of the water is 80 °C

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / kg °C

Calculate the change in thermal energy when the water is heated.

Use the equation:

change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Change in thermal energy = ____________________ J(2)

(Total 11 marks)

Q3.A student shakes a tube containing small balls to model the movement of particles in a gas.

(a) Why is this a good model for the movement of particles in a gas?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

The balls move slowly.

The balls are far apart from each other.

The balls are different colours.

The balls move randomly.

(2)

(b) For a given material, in which state of matter:

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are the particles in a regular arrangement?

___________________________________________________________________

do the particles have the most kinetic energy?

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 4 marks)

Q4.Water exists as ice, water or steam.

(a) Complete the sentences.

Choose the answers from the box.

ice steam water

The particles are arranged in a regular pattern in ____________________ .

The particles are close together but not in a pattern in ____________________ .

The particles move quickly in all directions in ____________________ .(2)

(b) Which will have the most internal energy?

Tick one box.

1 kg of ice

1 kg of steam

1 kg of water

(1)

(c) Which will have the lowest density?

Tick one box.

Ice

Steam

Water

(1)

The image shows an iceberg floating in the sea.

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(d) The iceberg has a mass of 11 200 kg

The volume of the iceberg is 12.0 m3

Calculate the density of the iceberg.

Use the equation:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Density = ____________________ kg/m3

(2)

(e) Explain why the iceberg will melt.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Q5.Figure 1 shows solid ice on a car’s rear window.

Figure 1

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© Captive cookies/iStock/Thinkstock

The glass window contains an electrical heating element.

(a) Use the particle model in Figure 2 to describe how the heating element causes the arrangement of the ice particles to change as the ice melts.

Figure 2

You should include a description of how the particles are arranged in the solid ice and in the water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(6)

(b) A car manufacturer tests different heating elements by measuring how long it takes ice to melt.

During the test some variables must be controlled.

Identify two control variables in the car manufacturer’s test.

Tick two boxes.

The colour of the car

The current in the heating element

The mass of ice

The size of the car

The time taken for the ice to melt

(2)

(c) Some of the energy supplied by the heater causes the ice to melt without the temperature of the ice increasing.

What is the name given to this energy supplied by the heater?

Tick one box.

Latent heat of freezing

Latent heat of fusion

Latent heat of vaporisation

(1)

(d) When the heater is supplied with 120 J of energy each second, the internal energy of the ice increases by 45 J each second.

Use the following equation to calculate the efficiency of the heater.

Efficiency =

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Give your answer to two decimal places.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Efficiency = ____________________ (2)

(Total 11 marks)

Q6.A student investigated the cooling effect of evaporation.

She used the equipment (datalogger and probe) shown in Figure 1 to measure how the temperature of a liquid changed as the liquid evaporated.

Figure 1

(a) Which type of variable was the temperature in this investigation?

Tick (✔) one box.

Tick (✔)

control

dependent

independent

(1)

(b) Before the investigation started, the student checked the accuracy of three different temperature probes. The student put the probes in a beaker of boiling water that had a temperature of 100.0 °C.The readings from the three temperature probes are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Which one of the temperature probes, A, B or C, was least accurate?

Write the correct answer in the box.

Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(c) Figure 3 shows how the temperature recorded changed during the investigation.

Figure 3

(i) Use Figure 3 to determine the lowest temperature recorded as the liquid evaporated.

Temperature = ______ °C(1)

(ii) Use Figure 3 to determine how long it took for all the liquid to evaporate.Give a reason for your answer.

Time = ________ seconds

Reason: __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(iii) How would increasing the starting temperature of the liquid above 20 °C affect the rate of evaporation of the liquid?

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______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 7 marks)

Q7.(a) The figure below shows a fridge with a freezer compartment.

The temperature of the air inside the freezer compartment is –5 °C.

Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.

Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all.

decreased unchanged increased

When the air near the freezer compartment is cooled, the energy of the

air particles is _______________________ .

The spaces between the air particles are _______________________ .

The density of the air is _______________________ .(3)

(b) The table below shows some information about three fridges, A, B and C.

The efficiency of each fridge is the same.

Fridge Volume in litres Energy used in one year in kWh

A 232 292

B 382 409

C 622 524

(i) Which fridge, A, B or C, would cost the least to use for 1 year?

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Give one reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) A householder looks at the data in the table above.

What should she conclude about the pattern linking the volume of the fridge and the energy it uses in one year?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) The householder could not be certain that her conclusion is correct for all fridges.

Suggest one reason why not.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 7 marks)

Q8.A student used the apparatus in Figure 1 to compare the energy needed to heat blocks of different materials.

Each block had the same mass.

Each block had holes for the thermometer and the immersion heater.

Each block had a starting temperature of 20 °C.

Figure 1

The student measured the time taken to increase the temperature of each material by 5 °C.

(a) (i) State two variables the student controlled.

1. ____________________________________________________________

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2. ____________________________________________________________(2)

Figure 2 shows the student’s results.

Figure 2

Material

(ii) Why was a bar chart drawn rather than a line graph?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) Which material was supplied with the most energy?

______________________________________________________________

Give the reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(iv) The iron block had a mass of 2 kg.

Calculate the energy transferred by the heater to increase the temperature of the iron block by 5 °C.

The specific heat capacity of iron is 450 J / kg °C.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ______________________________ J(2)

(b) The student used the same apparatus to heat a 1 kg block of aluminium.

He recorded the temperature of the block as it was heated from room temperature.

The results are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Time the immersion heater is switched on for in minutes

(i) One of the student’s results is anomalous.

Draw a ring around the anomalous result.(1)

(ii) Draw the line of best fit for the points plotted in Figure 3.(1)

(iii) What was the temperature of the room?

Temperature = _______________ °C(1)

(iv) What was the interval of the time values used by the student?

Interval = _______________ minutes(1)

(Total 11 marks)

Q9.(a) A student used the apparatus drawn below to investigate the heating effect of an

electric heater.

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(i) Before starting the experiment, the student drew Graph A.

Graph A shows how the student expected the temperature of the metal block to change after the heater was switched on.

Describe the pattern shown in Graph A.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) The student measured the room temperature. He then switched the heater on and measured the temperature of the metal block every 50 seconds.

The student calculated the increase in temperature of the metal block and plotted Graph B.

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After 300 seconds, Graph B shows the increase in temperature of the metal block is lower than the increase in temperature expected from Graph A.

Suggest one reason why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) The power of the electric heater is 50 watts.

Calculate the energy transferred to the heater from the electricity supply in 300 seconds.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ______________________ J(2)

(b) The student uses the same heater to heat blocks of different metals. Each time the heater is switched on for 300 seconds.

Each block of metal has the same mass but a different specific heat capacity.

Metal Specific heat capacity in J/kg°C

Aluminium 900

Iron 450

Lead 130

Which one of the metals will heat up the most?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

aluminium iron lead

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Give, in terms of the amount of energy needed to heat the metal blocks, a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 7 marks)

Q10.(a) The diagrams show the arrangement of the particles in a solid and in a gas.

Each circle represents one particle.

(i) Complete the diagram below to show the arrangement of the particles in a liquid.

(2)

(ii) Explain, in terms of the particles, why gases are easy to compress.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

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(b) The diagram below shows the model that a science teacher used to show her students that there is a link between the temperature of a gas and the speed of the gas particles.

The ball-bearings represent the gas particles. Switching the motor on makes the ball-bearings move around in all directions.

(i) How is the motion of the ball-bearings similar to the motion of the gas particles?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) The faster the motor runs, the faster the ball-bearings move. Increasing the speed of the motor is like increasing the temperature of a gas.

Use the model to predict what happens to the speed of the gas particles when the temperature of a gas is increased.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 6 marks)

Q11.(a) The diagrams, X, Y and Z, show how the particles are arranged in the three states of

matter.

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(i) Which one of the diagrams, X, Y or Z, shows the arrangement of particles in a liquid?

Write the correct answer in the box. (1)

(ii) Which one of the diagrams, X, Y or Z, shows the arrangement of particles in a gas?

Write the correct answer in the box. (1)

(b) Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to complete each sentence.

vibrating in fixed positions.

(i) In a gas, the particles are moving randomly.

not moving.

(1)

stronger than

(ii) In a solid, the forces between the particles are equal to the

weaker than

forces between the particles in a liquid.(1)

(c) The picture shows a puddle of water in a road, after a rain shower.

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(i) During the day, the puddle of water dries up and disappears. This happens because the water particles move from the puddle into the air.

What process causes water particles to move from the puddle into the air?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

condensation evaporation radiation

(1)

(ii) Describe one change in the weather which would cause the puddle of water to dry up faster.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 6 marks)

Q12.(a) The diagram shows two switches on a room heater. The heater has three power

settings. The power produced by two of the settings is given in the table.

Setting Power in kW

Low 0.5

Medium 1.5

High

(i) When both switches are on, the heater works at the high power setting.

What is the power of the heater when it is switched to the high power setting?

______________________________________________________________

Power = _____________________________ kW(1)

(ii) The heater is used on the medium power setting. It is switched on for three hours.

Use the equation in the box to work out the energy transferred from the mains to the heater in three hours.

energy transferred = power × time

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(kilowatt-hour, kWh) (kilowatt, kW) (hour, h)

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Energy transferred = ___________________ kWh(2)

(iii) Electricity costs 12 pence per kilowatt-hour.

Use the equation in the box to calculate how much the heater costs to use on medium power for three hours.

total cost = number of kilowatt-hours × cost per kilowatt-hour


______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Total cost = ________________________ pence(2)

(b) The heater is used to warm a room.

The graph shows how the temperature of the room changes from the moment the heater is switched on.

The heater was first used on the medium setting.

(i) At what time was the heater setting changed to the high setting?

_______________________________


______________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) From 7 pm until 10 pm, the temperature of the room is not changing.

Which one of the following statements gives the reason why the temperature of the room is not changing?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

The room is losing energy slower than the heater supplies energy.

The room is losing energy as fast as the heater supplies energy.

The room is losing energy faster than the heater supplies energy.

(1)(Total 8 marks)

Q13.The bar chart shows the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of three materials by 20 °C. The materials are used inside heaters.

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(a) Which material stores most energy?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) The heaters that use the different materials are shown below. The power output when the heaters are being used is shown below each picture.

Each heater is put in one of three identical rooms. Each room’s temperature is 10 °C and the heaters are switched on for 5 hours.

Which heater would cause the biggest temperature rise in the room?


Heater ___________________________________________

Reason __________________________________________

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(2)

(c) Aluminium has a specific heat capacity of 900 J/kg °C.

Calculate how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2 kg of aluminiumby 15 °C.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.


___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy = _______________ J(2)

(Total 5 marks)

Q14.A householder wants to reduce her electricity bills.The householder takes readings from her electricity meter to see how much electricity she is using.

The pictures show the electricity meter readings at the start and end of April in 2013.

At the start of April At the end of April

(a) How many kilowatt-hours of electricity did she use in April?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number of kilowatt-hours = _________________________(2)

(b) The householder wants to reduce energy transfer from a room so she puts a special sheet between a heater and the wall.

The side of the sheet facing the heater is shiny metal foil.The side of the sheet facing the wall is polystyrene.

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The polystyrene contains bubbles of trapped air.

What properties of the sheet make it good for reducing energy transfer from the room?

Draw a ring around each correct answer to complete the sentences.

absorbers

(i) Shiny surfaces are good emitters of infrared radiation.

reflectors

(1)

conductor.

(ii) The air in the polystyrene is a good insulator.

emitter.

(1)

(c) The householder turns her heater thermostat down by 2°C so the temperature of the room is lower.

The specific heat capacity of air is 1000 J/kg°C.

The mass of air in the room is 50 kg.

Calculate the energy needed to change the temperature of 50 kg of air by 2°C.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy = ____________________________ J(2)

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(Total 6 marks)

Q15.Figure 1 shows a woman filling her bathroom sink with hot water.

(a) The mirror changes from being dry to being covered with small drops of water.

Name the process causing this change on the mirror.

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) The woman dries herself with a towel. She hangs the wet towel in the bathroom to dry.

Figure 2 shows two places she could hang the towel.

The towel will dry faster if it is hung from the unheated towel rail instead of the towel ring.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 3 marks)

Q16.The drawing shows a section of a vacuum flask.

(a) Heat is slowly “lost” from the hot liquid in the closed flask. It may be transferred by:

conduction convention evaporation radiation

Choose from the words above to complete the following sentences. You may use a word once, more than once or not at all.

(i) The vacuum between the glass walls reduces

_____________________________ and _____________________________(2)

(ii) The silvered surfaces of the glass walls reduce

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) The stopper in the opening of the flask reduces

_____________________________ and _____________________________(2)

(iv) Heat is transferred by the air molecules, away from the vacuum flask, by

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______________________________________________________________(1)

(v) The plastic of the plastic stopper is preferred to metal because it cuts down

______________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Mark X on the diagram of the vacuum flask where the liquid in the flask is hottest.(1)

(c) Explain, in terms of particles, how heat is conducted through a glass wall of the vacuum flask.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 10 marks)

Q17.People do a number of things to reduce the energy loss from their homes.

(a) Describe one thing they may do to cut down the energy loss through:

(i) the roof;

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) the outside walls;

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) the glass in the windows;

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iv) gaps around the front and back doors.

______________________________________________________________(1)

(b) A house is more difficult to keep warm in cold weather. What other type of weather makes it difficult to keep a house warm?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 5 marks)

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Q18.(a) The diagram shows hot water being poured into a mug.

(i) Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.

air mug table water

Heat energy is being transferred from the _______________________ to

the ______________________________ .(1)

(ii) When will this transfer of heat energy stop?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(b) In the box are the names of four types of fuel used to heat homes.

coal gas oil wood

Which one of these types of fuel is renewable?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(c) The diagram shows where heat energy is lost from a house.

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(i) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.

conduction conductor electric evaporation insulator

The amount of heat energy lost through the windows by

____________________________ can be reduced by using thick

curtains. The curtains trap a layer of air and air is a good

__________________________ .(2)

(ii) Write down one other way of reducing heat loss from a house.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 6 marks)

Q19.Many people use a sleeping bag when they sleep in a tent. Sleeping bags, designed to keep a person warm, have a fibre filling.

(i) Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.

conduction convection radiation

The fibre is designed to reduce heat transfer by ___________________ and

____________________

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(ii) Explain why the fibre is good at reducing heat loss from a person sleeping in the bag.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(Total 3 marks)

Q20.(a) The graph shows the temperature inside a flat between 5 pm and 9 pm. The central

heating was on at 5 pm.

(i) What time did the central heating switch off?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Closing the curtains reduces heat loss from the flat.

What time do you think the curtains were closed?

______________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________(2)

(b) Less heat is lost through double-glazed windows than through single-glazed windows.

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Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.

conduction conductor convection evaporation insulator radiation

Air is a good ___________________ . When trapped between two sheets of

glass it reduces heat loss by _________________ and ___________________(3)

(c) The table gives information about three types of house insulation.

Type of insulation Cost toinstall

Money save eachyear on heating

billsPayback time

Double glazing £4000 £200 20 years

Loft insulation £300 £100 3 years

Cavity wallinsulation £600 £150

(i) Use the information in the table to calculate the payback time for cavity wall insulation.

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Explain why people often install loft insulation before installing double glazing or cavity wall insulation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 9 marks)

Q21.The diagram shows where heat is lost from a house that is not insulated.

(a) (i) Through which part of the house is most heat lost?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) How can the heat loss through the windows be reduced?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(b) A homeowner wants to reduce her energy bills and make her home more energy efficient. The table shows five ways this could be done. The table also shows how much money each way would save the homeowner each year.

Cost Money savedeach year

Installing loft insulation £175 £60

Fitting draught-proofing £45 £20

Installing cavity wall insulation £300 £80

Adding a hot water tank jacket £15 £20

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Using energy efficient light bulbs £60 £30

(i) Which one of the five ways of reducing energy bills would reduce the yearly energy bill the most?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) This year the homeowner has only got £60 to spend to improve the energy efficiency of her home.

Use the information in the table to explain what the homeowner should spend this money on.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 5 marks)

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