1990

1. .......................... 112. .................................. 122.1.

..................................................................... 132.2. .................................. 183. ................................................... 19 ....................................................................... 21

1. , 1. .......................... 232. ............................................ 252.1. ...................................... 282.2. .......................... 282.3. .................................... 29 ............................. ......................................... 31

2. Bradley - Russell Moore1. ............................................. 362. ........................ 382.1. ;.......................... 403. .................................... 414. ........ 425. ....................................................... 45....................................................................... 51

3. Frege Russell1. .............. ; * . . : . . . 532. ................................... 542.1. ..................................................... 583. .................................... 604. ............................................. 705. .................................... 74 ....................................................................... 78

................................................................................ 9

5

4. Wittgenstein I - - 1. .................................................... 832. .................................... 94 ....................................................................... 105

5. Wittgenstein II1. .................................. 1101.1. ............ 1121.2. ............ . 1141.3. ...................................... 1152. .......................................................... 1183. ...................................................... 1193.1. .................................... 1193.2. ........................ 1223.3. .............................................................. 1254. .............................................. 1264.1. .................................................. 1324.2. .................................... 1355. ;.................................... 1376. .................... 143 ....................................................................... 147

6. Wittgenstein II - Ryle1. .......................................... 1532. ................................................................... 1573. ................................ 1614. ............................................................ 1634.1. -.......................................................... 1654.2.

............................................................... 168....................................................................... 171

6

7. Austin Searle1. !........................................1742. ................................................1752.1. ............................................182 ....................................................................... ..188

8. Moore - Wittgenstein - Ayer - Stevenson - Hare1. ; .............................1902. ......................................................... .1933. .................... ..1974. ..................................................... .2015. ...................2066. .............................208 ....................................................................... .212

9. Frege - Wittgenstein - Mcdonald - Sibley1. ..............................................2172. ..........................2183. ......................................2204. .................... ..224 ....................................................................... ..230

10. , Moore - Russell - Wittgenstein - Strawson - Williams1. ................ ..2331.1. ......................................2342. ........ ..2373. ;................................................2423.1. ................................................................. ..246 ....................................................................... ..262

............................................................................. ..266..................................................................... .275................................................................................ ..285

7

, : , -, , , -. . , , , , *. , , , ( , , , , ). , , .

, ( ), . / . , .

* : The Revolution in Philosophy ( G. Ryle, A. J. Ayer, P.F. Strawson, G.J. Wamock .), London 1956 The Linguistic Turn, . R. Rorty, The University of Chicago Pressm i.

9

, . . , . * ( ) , ( ) , . , * .

.

1.

. . ; . Wittgenstein, ; , , 1/

. , . , , , , , .

. Nietzsche2, . ( ) ( ).

1 L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Bemerkungen, . Ruhs Rhees, Schriften 2, Frankfurt/ 1964, 52.

2 Fr. Nietzsche, Nachgelassene Fragmente: Samtliche Werke. Kritische Studien- ausgabe, . G. Colli M. Montinari, . 10, Berlin 1980, 125.

11

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12

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3 , . 155d - , , 2. 982 b 12.

13

, . Descartes, , : ( ) , , ( , ) , . . , , , : , , * ( ) ; ;4.

. , , . 17 , , ( , , ).

, , . John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, John Stuart Mill , ,

4 . . Martens - . Schnadelbach (.), Philosophies Reinbeck bei Hamburg 1985, 46 ..

14

. . , Bertrand Russell George Edward Moore, Cambridge, ( F.H. Bradley J.E. McTag- gart), , 19 , . , . . . , ( ).

5 . , , . * , , (.. ) .

:

15

. , , .

. , , , . ( ) , . (ordinary language philosophy). .. Gilbert Ryle, , 5 , .

, , (G.E. Moore, . Russell, L. Wittgenstein, J. Wisdom, G. Ryle, J. L. Austin, P.F. Strawson, R.M. Hare, Susan Stebbing, R. Carnap, A.J. Ayer, W.V.O. Quine .) , , , .

, , . Russell Wittgenstein

5 The Concept o f Mind, London 1949.

16

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. , , , , , , , ( , 20 ). . , , , .

, , .

, . , , (.. , , ). ( Wittgenstein) .

17

, , , , , . . , , , .

2.2.

, . , (.. Moore; Russell, Wittgenstein) (.. Bradley, McTaggart). , . , , . .. . , , . , , - : , , . ; ;

18

, . 6 .. Berkeley: esse est percipi ( ). . , , , , . : , , ; , . Berkeley , . y . , , . , : .

3.

( , , ). .

6 . G.E. Moore, The Refutation of Idealism: Mind 12 (1903), 436 ..Philosophical Studies, London 1970 (1922), 5 ..

19

. Ryle7, 20 , . . .. , : ; , : ;

, : ; , , . (Frege, Moore, Russell, Wittgenstein) . ( ) , .

7 The Revolution in Philosophy, London 1956, 8.

20

1. :() () () .

2. , () ( ; ; () ( )() ( ) () . . 5 ;

3. ; , ;

4. , . - , , . ( ).

21

. . , , . , 8. , ;

8 . , , 2 ., 1988, 116-17.

22

, 1

1. ;

, , : ( - , , , , , , , ). , , .

Moore9 : , , . . , , , Moore. , , 5 , . Wittgenstein10,

9 Moore, Principia Ethica, Cambridge 1978 (1 . 1903), vii.10 Wittgenstein, , . -,

, 1986, 48.

23

/

, : Ou 9 , , 9 . , . 9 . : .

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____________________________________ _______________

24

. Carnap11, , , . , . * (universalia) * , , , , , , , , .

2.

. , , . Wittgenstein : - 12.

11 R. Carnap, Logische Syntax der Sprache, 2 ., Wien 1968 (1 . 1934), 72.

12 Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus, . . , 1978, . 43.

25

, , , 13. , : ( ) " * , : . , , . 14.

. : 15. * , . , : .

. , , (

13 . F. Waismann, The Principles o f Linguistic Philosophy, . R. Harre, London 1971 (1965), 3 ..

14 Wittgenstein, , . . , 1977, 109.

15 . Wittgenstein, Das Blaue Buch: Schriften, V 38-39 . Zettel, 458: Schriften, V 380-1.

26

16). , , ; , , . . Rorty, ( ') 17.

( ) . Wittgenstein ( 1946): Vs , . , , . * . , , , . , . , * , * , 18. .. - . , , .

16 . Schlick, Die Wende der Philosophic, Erkenntnis 1 (1930-31), 4 - l l - . A.J. Ayer, Logical Positivism , London 1978 (1959), 53- 59.

17 R. Rorty, Metaphilosophical Difficulties of Linguistic Philosophy, The Linguistic Turn. Recent Essays in Philosophical Method, Chicago London 1970, 3.

18 Wittgenstein, , 79-80.

27

* ;19. , , .

2.1.

. , . Wittgenstein, , 20.

2.2.

. Ryle21 , , , , , , . , , -

19 Wittgenstein, , I 383.20 , II, XIV, . 286.21 G. Ryle, Philosophical Arguments (1945): Collected Papers, II. Collected

Essays, London 1971, 194-211.

28

, . Ryle, (reductio ad absurdum): . . . 9 . , . , . . , , . .. , , .

2.3.

, - Wittgenstein Moore, . , , , , , - . Wittgenstein .

29

. , , . Wittgenstein , , : , . . , , , - . - , 22. .

22 Wittgenstein, Tractatus, 4.112 a e.

30

1. Russell : . , :() ;() ;() () ;() .

2. Russell - , , () , () , , () . . ; ;

3. * , , : . ,

31

, , . , , . , . ' , , , , (- re)23. () ,() () ; .

4. ; ; , . . , ;

5. , J. A. Hutchinson24, , . -

23 Principia Ethica, vii.24 Faith, Reason and Religion, New York 1956, 21.

32

: , . , (.. , , ). ;, . , . . , (Wittgenstein)25. ( ) (.. ). , -, . * (Wittgenstein)26. , , * , . -, . :

Tractatus, 6.5.Tractatus, 6.51.

33 B lB A iO e H K H

, . , , . ;

8. . , , . , , * , : - . , . (Wittgenstein)27. :() , () *() , * ,() , , .

27 , 109.

34

9. , , . (Wittgenstein)28. , . , 29, - , - . . 1) ( ) 2) . ; ;30

10. . . , (Ryle)31. .

28 , 133.29 Wittgenstein, .., 255.10 . Wittgenstein, .., 254.11 G. Ryle, Philosophical Arguments: Collected Essays, 210.

35

2

Bradley - Russell Moore

1.

, , 19 20. 20 . Bradley, Russell Moore, , - , . , , , , , . -. 1920 . . , , , .. - , , . , -

36

, . , , , , , - , . , , . 1876 Mind , . (Aristotelian Society, 1880) , (Proceedings o f Aristotelian Society, 1887 ..), Mind. - , .. - -. . (, , ).

* , , , Hegel, 19 -

37

. , Francis Bacon, . , , , . Russell Moore, . , , , . .

2.

- , , . - . . , . ,, , , . Bradley, , , ( Hegel, , R.-H. Lotze C. Sigwart), , ?2, ,

32 F.H. Bradley, Appearence and Reality (1893), . ., Oxford 1930.

38

. , * . , , . . : . ( ). Bradley . , , . . , Bradley, . , , . . , . , , : , , , , , . Bradley , . : --.

, Russell Bradley, . Moore, Cambridge.

39

2.1. ;

Russell 191233 ( ) , . a priori , , , , . Russell : ; ;

. (formal) , , 34. Russell : ( ) . , , (particularia), , (universalia)35. , , . , , .. . : - ; ; , Russell, : , . Bradley,

33 The Problems o f Philosophy, London 1912.34 The Philosophy of Logical Atomism (1918-19): Logic and Knowledge.

Essays 1901-1950, . R.C. Marsh, London - New York 1971 (1956), 178..

35 Russell, The Analysis o f M ind, London 1971 (1921), 193.

40

, . ; ;

, Leibniz - (-) Bradley, , (.. , ). , , , . .

3.

Moore 36 . : . . , , 5 . , ( , ).

36 (The Refutation of Idealism) . M ind 12 (1903), 433-453 ( Philosophical Studies, 1922). Moore (A Defense of Common Sense, 1925 Philosophical Papers, London - New York 1959. . - 15 (1975), 241-67).

41

4.

, , Moore . , , . .. . - ( McTaggart). , , .. ( -) ( ). - Moore , .

Moore , , . , . , 5 5 .

, , , ; Moore, , . :

42

. , 37. - . : 38. : . . , : .. , , , 39. - , , . - , , , - 40.

37 Moore, Principia Ethica, 111.38 The Refutation of Idealism: Mind 12 (1903), 433 .. (Philosophical

Studies, 1-3).39 Moore, The Refutation of Idealism: Philosophical Studies, 1-2.40 . The Revolution in Philosophy, 59.

43

Moore , , (.. )41. , , , -. , , . . .. - , , , , . , . . .., , , , , . , , , , . , , . ,

41 : 15 (1975), 242.

44

, 42. , . To esse est percipi ( ) , Moore, 5 43, * . ; , .

5.

Russell . 44 *5. (formal) ( ). . , , , . ^- , .

42 Moore, The Refutation of Idealism: Philosophical Studies, 1.43 .., 3.44 Principia Mathenuuica, 3 , (1910-13), 2 . 1927.45 The Philosophy of Logical Atomism (1918): Logic and Knowledge, 175-

281.

45

. , - , . , , .. : , , , . , , .

Russell. Wittgenstein, Russell . Wittgenstein . , . (4.001) , (4.01), . , . . : ( ) (4.11 - 4.111). : , , -

46

, . (6.53). , . .. , (3, 4, 4.01); , , , , (4.26);

Wittgenstein . () 46.

Russell, Wittgenstein, (1922), 41. 1914 Russell - 48, , rr)c . , ,.

46 . , 110 ..17 The Philosophy of Logical Atomism (1918): Logic and Knowledge. Essays

1901-1950, London 1964 (1956), 177-281. . Logical Atomism (1924): Logic and Knowledge, 323-43.

,K Logic as the Essence of Philosophy, Our Knowledge o f the External World, London 1914, 33-59.

47

, , . , , , .

Russell, Wittgenstein, , , , , . , , .

Russell . . , . , , , . Hume . , . . , , ( ). , , , . Hume, Russell :

48

.

, (atomic propositions), (.. , , ). (atomic facts), . . . .. ( : ). . (... ..., ... ..., ...) , (molecular propositions). , , (.. , , , , * , ). , , , , . , . , .

. (, , )* (, , , ).

49

, . , , .

Russell , , . (, ) (.. ) . , ( , : -). . Russell , Bradley . Bradley . .. . ( .. , , .), . Russell , . . . , , .

50

1. Bradley 9 Russell .

2. :() ( , , )() ( , )() , () () . ;

3. . ( ), .

4. Berkeley (esse est percipi) :() = ( )() , , ( - ) . ;

51

5. :() () () () ()

6. Russell Wittgenstein :() () () .

7. (.. Hume): ; , ;

52

3

Frege Russell

/.

Gottlob Frege, Russell Wittgenstein, , 49* , , . , , . , 50. , , , 51.

, . 52 .

G. Frege, achgelassene Schriften, . . Hermes, F. Kambartel, F.Kaulbach, Hamburg 1969, 272, 285.

s" Frege, Begriffsschrift und andere Aufsatze, . I. Angelleli, Darmstadt1977 (1 . 1879), xii-xiii.

' ' Frege, Nachgelassene Schriften, 280.Frege, Schriften zur Logik und Sprachphilosophie, Nachlass, . G.Gabriel, Hamburg 1971, 7.

53

Wittgenstein , , 53. , 54.

2.

Frege55 . .. . (Mengenlehre) : , . , , . - 56.

Frege . 57. , ,

53 Wittgenstein, , . . , 1984, 56-57.

54 Wittgenstein, , 109.55 Nachgelassene Schriften, 288.56 .., 289.57 Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik. Eine logisch-mathematische Unter-

suchung iiber den Begriff der Zahl, Darmstadt 1961 (1 . Breslau 1884), 53 (. 65).

54

( ) . * ( ) (.. ) 58. 5 , 59. - , ( Descartes Leibniz) .

Russell. 5 , ( .. ), . .. , , , - : : , , , , .

: , ; .. ;

58 Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 53 (. 65) Funktion und Begriff: Funktion, Begriff, Bedeutung. Fiinf logische Studien, . G. Patzig, 4 ., Gottingen 1975 (1962), 36 Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I, Darmstadt 1962 (1 . 1893), 21 (. 37-38).

Si) Grundlagen, 53.

55

( -): , ;

Russell 1901 Cantor , , :60 . . , . Russell: , , ; , , . , . , . . , . * . , -

60 , , (Russell, M y Philosophical Development, London 1959, 75 ..).

56

. : - , (.. , ), (.. ). ; , . , .

(vicious-circle principle), Russell61, . .. 5 . , , : ;

62 , . . .. , , : , , , , , * , .

- , , . * - , ,

61 .. Whitehead - . Russell, Principia Mathematica, 2 ., . I, Cambridge 1973 (1927), 37-38.

62 The Principles o f Mathematics, London 1903 (2 . 1937).

57

(.. , , , ). . Russell , , . : (puzzles)* , , , 63.

2.1.

: IV, -.

1) , . IV Waverley Scott64, Scott Waverley. Waverley Scott,

63 Russell, O n Denoting [Mind 14 (1905), 479-93* . Logic and Knowledge, 41-56], . . . , 15 (1975), 231.

64 Walter Scott (1771-1832), ( Waverley, Russell , 1814).

58

IV Scott Scott. IV, gentleman , .

2) , , . , : . 9 - , : - .

3) . , , : . , , , , : . ( ) - . , , , . , .

. , , ,

59

, , .

, Russell (the theory of descriptions), . . , , .

3.

, : (.. Scott Waverley') .

, . , , . , Russell, ( , , ). , , (.. ). , , . (, , , , )

60

. . Russell . this () that (). . ( ), , . , . . , . , , . , , .

. , Frege65, (Sinn) (Bedeutung): , * (Zeichen) . .. : 66.

Russell : , ,

h5 Ober Sinn und Bedeutung, Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 100 (1892), 31 , . I. , 17 (1977), 23.

66 Russell, O n Denoting, 230 ( Frege). Russell (meaning) , (reference), ausdriicken, bedeuten bezeichnen Frege denote Zeichen.

61

() : , , - . 67.

; Russell , , . , , . . . .. 5 , . , , , * ; ; Francis Bacon 68, - . * , . : .

Russell (Gegestandstheorie) Alexius Meinong.

67 The Principles o f Mathematics, 42.68 Fr. Bacon, Novum Organum, I 60.

62

, . : , . Meinong Russell . : : 5 ... Meinong 69.

Russell - , Occam. , , , . Russell 70. 9 . , , , .

, , , . Russell )

69 Russell, The Philosophy of Logical Atomism: Logic and Knowledge, 223.70 M. Cornforth, , . . ,

1988, 119.

63

, (.. ), ) , (.. ), ) , (.. ).

, . , . . .. , , . .. : , * . . . 9 (.. ), . . , , . , , . :

64

. , , . : . . : , , ;

* . . . 3; , 9 , .. 3 1 2. 3 * , 9 9 1+2=3. 3 4, . 9 a priori* .

, . Waver ley' , Scott 9 , 9 . Scott Waverley Scott Waverley . . . Scott Waverley, Wav- erley . , , ,

65

. , , ( ), . ( .. , , ). W averley9 . , . , .

, , . . W averley' , .. W averley '. . . Waverley Scott .

Scott W averley . . :

Scott W averley , () Waverley () ,

66

( .. Russell Principia M athem atica )

() Waverley Scott. , . () X Waverley*

, Waverley' , X Waverley

() X Waverley, X , Waverley X Waverley X Waverley*

() X Waverley, X Scott .

, , X Waverley X Scott.

, W averley Waverley Scott. - - .

. , . ( ), . : R

67

71 C , : R C. R, . () () -

() ,

. , .

- - . , : , X , X . , . , . , , -, . ,

71 , x (, , ), (propositional function).

68

, , . .. : (X ) (X ) X. , : X .

, , . , , . Russell . 5 : . . , ..., . : - , , , , , , 5 , , 72.

4The Philosophy of Logical Atomism: Logic and Knowledge, Essays 1901-1950, London 1956, 179-80.

69

( ) ... ... ( ). , , , . .. , , : X X X , . .

4.

. : () - () . , . , . .. , , * 4, . - . . . - 73 )

73 Russell, Our Knowledge o f the External World, London 1914.

70

, ) ) . . . . ( ), . , , . ( ) . , , ( ) , * . , . . . ; , ; , 74 75, Russell : , . . , , ( , ). .74 , fr. 6 (Diels-Kranz).7' , fr. 3 (Diels-Kranz).

71

, , ( , , , , ) . , : ; , . , , , . , , .

.. , ) ) 5 . ( , ). , . . Russell, , , , . , 76. , , , . ,

76 Russell, The Problem s o f Philosophy , London 1974 (1912), 25.

72

77. . * .

. . . . . ; , . 9 ; ( , ;). . .. , . . * , 78.

; . , . : .

77 Russell, Our Knowledge o f the External World, 127.7K Russell, The Problems o f Philosophy, 32.

73

( ).

, . .

, 79, Russell80.

5.

Russell . , . - . , , . , , 81.

.

79 The Problems o f Philosophy, 25-32.80 Human Knowledge. Its Scope and Limits, London 1948 My

Philosophical Development, London 1975 (1959), 145 ..81 . Logical Positivism Logic and Knowledge, 381.

74

Frege . 82.

. Russell * . 1905, On Denoting, 1957, Strawson83, . Russell On Denoting . F. P. Ramsey , .

1950 Strawson On Referring , M ind, 1905 Russell On Denoting. Strawson Russell . Russell (.. ) . . Russell, , . . .. , , ,

82 Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 62.83 P.F. Strawson, O n Referring, Mind 59 (1950), 320-44* . Logico-

Linguistic Papers, London 1974 (1971), 1-27.

75

. Russell . Strawson, , , 84. : , , . Strawson, Russell , , , . , Strawson, Russell : , . Strawson : Russell , .

. , Austin Searle, - . Austin85 . 84 O n Referring: Logico - Linguistic Papers, 10.85 J.L. Austin, How to do Things with Words (Oxford 1962), 2 ., J.O.

Urmson Marina Sbisa, Oxford 1986, 1 ..

76

, ( ). Searle86, , , , . , : () 5 (). - , : , , , . , .

86 J.R. Searle, Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge 1969.

1. * (Ryle)87. .

2. Richard. 2048 ( ) ( ). . , . ( > 100). Richard R . ; ;

3. : () () () 1 , , 1; ; , ;

87 Philosophical Arguments: Collected Essays, 202.

78

4. , , () , () , * , ,() , ;

5. : . . , . , , : 88. 5 ;

6. , , * , (Russell)89. Russell ; , Russell , ;

7. ;

88 Whitehead - Russell, Principia Mathematica, I 66.89 The Philosophy of Logical Atomism: Logic and Knowledge, 253.

79

. .. , : . , , . * ( , - ). 5 .

8. ( ) , , . ,() X,() X () X , , , . 9 .

9. , . , x :

,

. , , .

10. , , -

80

, . , , , - . - Lewis Carroll :

, . , ,

. ! ! , , 5 ! (A. Flew)90. :, . , 5 * , 5 , , .

, * , , 5 , , . , 91. , () ,

90 A. Flew (.), Essays on Logic and Language, . A. Flew, I, Oxford 1968 (1951), 7.

91 , , 354 .. (. . ).

81

Heidegger . : 92. (Die Angst offenbart Ni)93.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

92 M. Heidegger, Was ist Metaphysik?, 9 ., Frankfurt/. 1965, 32.93 H.-U. Hoche - W. Strube, Analytische Philosophie, Freiburg/Miinchen

1985, 63-64.

82

4

Wittgenstein I - -

1.

. , ;

Wittgenstein , . - !94, ( ), .

. 95. , - ,

4 Tractatus Logico-Philo sophicus. (1922) Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung, Annalen der Natur- philosophie, 1921 (. Schriften, 1, Frankfurt/M 1960). . . . , 1978.Tractatus, . 43 (. ).

83

. , , -- . . , : , , , 5 96. , : , (7).

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) . , . . (.. ) ) ( ), (.. ) . , .

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85

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11

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2 , , (2)

3 (2.01 - . 2.01 2.063)

4 (2.1)5 (2.12*

. 2.18, 2.21)6 (3)7 (4.001)8 (4* . 3.1)9 (4.0l

. 4.011, 4.021)10

(3.01)11

(3.202)12 (3.203)13 (3.142)14 (4.022)15 (2.221*

. 2.222)16 (-

, , ,6.51).

86

Wittgenstein . , (1 - 2.01), (2.011 - 2.063)97. 98. , , . 99,

. (). . . , 9 . , . .. , , , . , , ., . , ( ),

1,7 . J.-M . Terricabras, Ludwig Wittgenstein. Kommentar una interpretation, Freiburg/Miinchen 1978, 128 .. * ...,

Ficker ( . 1919) [Briefe an Ludwig von Ficker, . G.H. von Wright, Salzburg 1969].

w Tractatus, 4.12* 5.61.

87

.

, , . : ; ; , , 3 (-) ; Wittgenstein , Frege Russell, ( ^ ' ^ ^ ^ , ): * (3.3.). Frege100 . : , . , , , , . .. . , , , .

, . , ,

100 Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 62.

88

. , . . (4.002 a, b).

, . (4). - . ;

(Sachla- ge) , (Sachverhalte), , , ( .. 20 ). , ( .. 20 20 20 ).

Wittgenstein Russell101. , .

Wittgenstein (2.1). (Bild) .

101 . , 45 ..

89

( ) , , ). , , . , . . , . . 102 . , , , . : , . , .. ; - , , : , () ( ). (A, , ), (-*) ( ):

102 W. Stegmuller, Hauptstromungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie, 6 ., Stuttgart 1978, I 540.

90

(2.12, 2.13, 2.1514). (2.14). , ./ (4.01). -

- . , , (3.14). \ . )

, .. . . ( >) : > . , , * , > . .

; , . ^ , Wittgenstein, , (4.011). , , . , . ,

91

, . , * .

. . , . . , . (4.027* 4.03).

( ) , (2.18, 2.2). * (2.221 - 2.222). , () , , , , .

, . . .

(4). (3* 2.19). , , (3.1). , , . (3.01), (4.11). . ,

92

. , * , : , , (4.112). , , . : , , , . (6.53).

9 , Wittgenstein , , , . , 5 . ( , ): (6.54).

, , Wittgenstein 4 j : , (7). ( , , ). , .

93

Tractatus . . , -, . * , , , , .

2.

. , , , Moritz Schlick, (1922), 1950, Hempel 103, . , Tractatus Wittgenstein104: , , ,

103 C.G. Hempel, Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning, Revue Internationalede ph ilosoph ie 4 (1950), A.J. Ayer, Logical Positivism , Glencoe, 111. 1959, 108- 129.

104 Schlick Waismann ( ),

94

, . , , , , . . Russell, , : ... 105.

, , , . , . , , 106. . , ( , ) - . -

Cambridge. Tractatus (1921) , . Schlick (Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, 1918).

105 Logical Positivism Logic and Knowledge, 381.106 M. Schlick, Die Wende der Philosophic, Erkenntnis 1 (1930-31), 4-11.

95

, , , , , . , 107. , , , ( ) . , , . , , , , .

, . . : ; Schlick,

107 . , . Schlick . (Gesammelte Aufsatze, Wien 1938, 390).

96

108. . .. 109 . : . . . , . .

, , - (.. ). . - (.. * , , , ., ).

.

, . , , 91. I,w F. Waismann, Verifiability, Proc. o f the Arist. Soc., . . 19

(1945), 119.

97

, . . .. , , . , , .

. , . (.. ) . . -( ), , , . - . , ( Hume110, ). , . , , , , . , Ayer. -

1,0 A Treatise o f Human Nature, III, I, 1.

98

( ).

, , (.. ) - -. . Wittgenstein111, (.. ), . John Stuart Mill, , , , .

, Carnap112 Ayer113, , . Carnap, , , , , . . . , , , .

111 Tractatus, 6.1 ..1,2 R. Carnap, Logische Syntax der Sprache (1934), 2 ., Wien - New York

1968 Philosophie und logische Syntax (1935), . . , . , ..

113 A.J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936), 2 . 1946.

99

* 114.

-- , ( ). : ) , ) ) . * ( ). ( ). * . - , .

, Carnap, (), , - . , . , . , , , .

, , ,

114 Logische Syntax der Sprache, iii-iv.

100

, , .

Ayer, , - . , ( , , Ayer) . , . Ayer , * (strong verification) (weak verification), , 115.

Carnap, Ayer . , . (definiendum) 116. - , , . ,

115 Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936, 2 . 1946), Penguin Books1974, 12 ..

"6 .., 81.

101

.

Carnap Ayer . Carnap ( 1935 117) (semantical) . Ayer , (1946) 118. , , .

, Carnap ( ) . , . , . , .

. , , .

117 Truth and Confirmation: Readings in Philosophical Analysis, . H.Feigl W. Sellars, New York 1949, 119-27.

118 Language, Truth and Logic, 32.

102

Karl Popper. 119 ( Carnap ), . .

Popper - , , , . - . - ( - ). IV .

. . .. , , , . (.. ),

119 K.R. Popper, Logik der Forschung, Schriften zur wissenschaft- lichen Weltauffassung, Wien 1934 (2 ., Tubingen 1966).

103

, .

. , : . , , - . .

, , ) , ) ) , . . : ( , ) , , .

, - Popper , , .

104

1. , (Wittgenstein)120.... , (Wisdom)121. .

2. ( ) , . ( ) 5 : ( )* , , , , (Black)122. Tractatus.

3. , . . , , , , .. , ; Tractatus (2.18, 2.181, 2.182, 2.19, 2.2, 3).

4.

120 Tractatus, 1.1.121 J. Wisdom, Logical Constructions II: Mind 40 (1931), 460.122 M. Black, A Companion to Wittgensteins Tractatus, Cambridge, Mass.

1964, .

105

, , . Wittgenstein, , (4.121). , , , ;

5. Wittgenstein, Tractatus, 4.014. , , , , 4.0141 , , . . . , ; (.. , , ), () () ;

6. , (Gellner)123. ;

123 . Gellner, W ords and Things, London 1959, 200-1.

106

1. (Wittgenstein)124. ; , , Tractatus ; -, ; , ;

8. , , , ;

9. , * ( Tractatus, 7), :() () * () () , () , , , 125. Tractatus,

10. ( ) ( , --), . :() () -

124 Tractatus, 5.6.125 F. Ramsey, Foundations o f Mathematics, 133-4.

107

( ). ;

11. ( ) - : - , . Wittgenstein . Tractatus , . , 9 - (6.54). , . ;

12. , , :() () ()

13. 9 - , - , 9 , .

14. (, , ), ( , ,

108

;) . , ( 9 ) . , :() (Schopenhauer) () (Leibniz)() (Wittgenstein).

109

5

Wittgenstein II

1.

Wittgenstein, - Tractatus, . . , , , . : . , . , , .

, .. 5

110

. Wittgenstein. 5 , . , , . . 126: ( 1945) ( - ) . , : * . , , 127.

Wittgenstein , . .. , , Wittgenstein , , , .126 Philosophische Untersuchungen (1935-1949), . G.E.. Anscombe

R. Rhees, Schriften I, Frankfurt/M 1960 (Philosophical Investigations, Oxford 1953). . . . , 1977.

127 (), , 22.

111

, , , .

: , .

1.1.

, Whitehead Russell Wittgenstein . , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , . . : ; ; ; , ; : . : ; . :

112

, ; ; (, 47). , , , . . 32 32 . .. ; (, 47). , , . ; : . ( , ). . , , . ( - ).

, , , . , , , ; ; (, 39-46). , Russell (individuals) , . ( , ( ).

113

1.2.

. , , .

;, , , ; , , , , , , , , , . . Wittgenstein : * . * (, 88). 10 , . 100 , .

, , . , . , : ( ); ( ); ... ...; , *, (I)

114

(2) (), (3) , (4) . . . ; ; ; , , , . , . , , . , , . ( , ) [, 79].

1.3.

, Wittgenstein . , .. , (, 90). , . , , , ; , , , ( , ), ;

115

; ; ( ), . .. . * , * (, 91). , , .

, . . : Kant , . Kant, 9 , , . , , , , ; ( ) , . , (, 60). , . : ; , : ; -

116

; * 9 , ; (, 60).

. , , . , , , , . , . Principia - thematica Whitehead Russell Tractatus Wittgenstein : . - , 9 . Wittgenstein , , , . , , , . . , , , , : , , , , , , , , .

117

2.

, : , , , , , , , . , , , , , , (, 23 25). , , , - . . , , , . , , , , .

. . .. ( , , , , , , ). , (, 11). , , , . .. , - 9 ( - ; - - !).

.

118

. , , , , .

3.

, . 128: , , * , , * , , .

3.1.

, , , . .. . : , , . , . -

128 Hoche-Strube, 67 ..

119

, , , . * (, 2). , , . , (, 6). , ' : . . * , , . (.. )* : (, 1).

. , , , , , 129. ,

129 , 44.

120

, 130.

, , Wittgenstein. , , 131. , , , , 132 . , .. : ; : . , . , .. : - - . , , , . , . : - ! : . ( ) : ;.

, , ,

130 ..131 . Hoche-Struba, 71 ..132 . Wittgenstein, On Certainty, . G.E.M. Anscombe G.H. .

Wright, Oxford 1989 (1969), 243.

121

, , , . , - . , , . : .

3.2.

, .. , (, 7). . , .. : , , . , : , , . , * , , , .... Wittgenstein . , (, 23):

122

, () . . , , , ,

, , Wittgenstein , . , , , , . , , . .. , , . , ; ( , ), , -

123

, (, 108). , , (, 179). , , -; , ( .. ; ; ; , 24) . , , . : !.

, , ( ), , , . . - ( ). , . , * (, 54). , , , . , * .

124

-

, , ( , .. , , , , - ).

3.3.

, - 133. , - . (, 19)* (, 23). , . (, 195). , , , . : : , ; , -

m Hoche-Strube, 67-70, 79.

125

. . , .., ( , ) * , , , . (, 117).

Wittgenstein (, 43) - . - . , , , .

4.

Wittgenstein - . , , , . , , . . , .

. :

126

, ; 5 , , , : . (, 256). , , ; . , , - , , , (, 243). , : , ; : . ; ; ; (, 253). * ; * . , , . ( ;), . , ! (, 246). : * ! : .

127

: ; , : * . 9 , : . - ; - . 9 9 . 9 , . . , . Frege, , Wittgenstein: . * 9 . , 134. Wittgenstein , . 9 , , . . , , ;

-

134 Frege, Logische Untersuchungen, . . G. Patzig, Gottingen1966, 68 (. 42).

128

. , , : , (, , )* , , . . : ! ! ( ) ; .. , ; , , ; - , ( , , , , .); , , ;

, , . , , , , ( , , , , ), ( , ; , ;).

; ()

129

; , * , - . , , , ! . * (, 293). , , - , . , . . ( ) . , , , . . - ( .. ). ; ; Strawson135,

135 P.F. Strawson, Critical Notice: Philosophical Investigations': Mind 63 (1954), 83 .., . . 27/28 (1979), 303 ..

130

Wittgenstein , . : ) - , ) 9 9 , ) . , 9 , .

Wittgenstein , , : (, 580). ( , , ) , , , , , , , , , . , , .136, ( , , 9 ). ,- 9 , 9 , 9 (, , , ). 9 . (, 583).

1,6 . , 572-87, 465, II, i, ix, x.

131

4.1.

, , . . , - : * : . * , : . (: , * , ). , , ; , ; ; * . (. , 56).

, ( , , , , , , , ...)* , ( .. ). , : (, , , ) , ( ).

132

. , .. * , . 5 , ;

, , Hume137 . . , * , . Hume , . , . Wittgenstein , (, 258). .

1,7 Enquiry, V, vii. - . S.A. Kripke, Wittgenstein on Rules and PrivateLanguage, Oxford 1982, 66 ..

133

. , , ( ;), , . , . : - , . (, 219). , . : , , , (, ) (, 199).

, . . Wittgenstein , , .. . ,

----------------------------------------------------------- -----------

134

: : . , , * , - . .. ( ) 9 , , .

4.2.

, , ( ). 9 . , ( , , , , ), , , , . . , , 9

135

. , , , . ( ), - : ; - ; ( , .. , ). , , , . , .

, , , . .. . , - , ..

. , , , * 5 . , ..

136

, . ( ) ( ), * , . , , , .. . ( ) - : , , . . , ( ), - .

5. ;

Wittgenstein . , . , , . , :

137

. . IV . , . , , ; : (, 421). , .. , . .. ( , , ) ( ). , , , . .. , 9 . . .. : . , - : 138 - - . - : . ; - ; -

138 . , (, 12 ., 1979, 215).

138

; , . , . . Wittgenstein : , 139. , , , .

. : * . . - (* , ). , . , . ()

139 , 113' . 102.

139

, (). , , .

: , , 140. . .. , ( Wittgenstein, ), , , . , . , , . . . , , (, 198-205).

, , . . Wittgenstein 141: ,

140 Cornforth, 226 ..141 , 127-128.

140

, . , ;... .

, , .. . ..., .. : , ;

, , .. . , .. 5 . ..., ; ( )142;

( , .), .

142 . Malcolm, Dreaming, London 1959, 70-82* . Dreaming andScepticism, Philosophical Review 65 (1956), 14-37.

141

. , , .. , . , , , - . . . .. : . , : , 143. : * . , , . - .

, . , , , . : : , \ (, 132).

143 . Cornforth, 171-2.

142

, , , , , , () , . - .. , , , ( ), V s . ( , , ), . , , , .

6.

, ; - , ; , , , . .

, Wittgenstein, ,

143

. , * . Moore144, . Wittgenstein , , , , , , (, 194). , : - . - .; ; : , , . . , , . . .. , 5 (, 193-194). , , , .

, .

144 The Conception of Reality, Proc. o f the Aristot. Society, 1917-18, 101- 120 .

144

, . . . .. , , , , , - , . ; , - , , (, 116).

: - 145. , . (, 496), 9 . , , , , , . . , . , , -

145 Wittgenstein, Notes on Logic: Schriften, I, Frankfurt/M 1969, 186.

145

: . , , . (, 124, 109).

( ) . , .

146

1. :() 8 () 100 . 9" ()

2. , 9 . , - (, 130). Wittgenstein :() () () .

3. , , . . , , (, 89). -, - . ( Wittgenstein ). , 4 ; 9

147

, . .

4. :() ( )() () . , , , , -, ;

5. : . ; ;

6. : ; (, 226).

7. UFO, ;

8. ;() () () () ;

9. * (, 246);

148

.. . .. , , . , , , , . ( ), : , . , . , , :() , () , ( , )() , ., , :() , : ;() ( ) (, , ) : . , ;() ,

149

. , , .

10. :() () . , ;

11. , ;

12. , minimum : (Austin)146. (.. , , , ) , .

13. , , ; .. , , , (, , , , , ). , . , , ,

146 J.L. Austin, A Plea for Excuses (1956): Philosophical Papers, . J.O.Urmson G.J. Warnock, Oxford 1970 (1961), 181-82.

150

, .

14. Wittgenstein, , :() (, . 274-76) () , , : , (, . 276). :(i) , .. ;(ii) 5 ;

15. : ; : . , ; , ; , . ( ); ;

16. 3. 3 3 (.. , , ,

151

, , , .). . , ; ;

17. , . , * , . , ( Norman Malcolm147 Wittgenstein). , , , (Wittgenstein)148. , , .

18. J. Wisdom149 : , , . , ;

147 Ludwig Wittgenstein. A Memoir. With a Biographical Sketch by G.H. v. Wright, London - New York - Oxford 1958, 51 ( 25).

148 , 71.149 Interpretation and Analysis in Relation to Benthams Theory o f Definition,

London 1931, 18 ..

152

6

Wittgenstein II - Ryle

1.

, . , . , . Wittgenstein150 . : ! : . . * (.. , , ) . , .

150 , 44 ..

153

. , , , , . album . .. . - ( Tractatus) -. , 9 : . , , , 9 .

- -, , -, . , ( .. , ). , . ( ) . . ; (, 432),

154

, -. , . , ( .. ), , . . , , , , . , , , . , , .

, , , . , ( !): ; , , , . , , .

. , . ,

155

, . .. , , (, 18) : , , , , . , , . , . , ( ). , , , . , , .

, .. , . , , Gilbert Ryle .

156

2.

. ( .. , , ) * . (.. , , , ) . 151. Ryle - , Russell Moore, , (, ) 152. Husserl 153. Wittgenstein . , , , . . 154.

151 Philosophical Arguments: Collected Essays, 207-8.152 Categories (1938): Collected Essays, 182 - Phenomenology versus the

Concept of Mind: Collected Papers, I. Critical Essays, London 1971,188.

153 Phenomenology: Critical Essays, 170.154 Ludwig Wittgenstein: Analysis 12 (1951) [. Collected Papers, I.

Critical Essays, 255].

157

, .

, , . , - , . . , , , , . . , , , 9 - . .

, . .. . , ,

158

155. , , . Ryle Cambridge, , : ... ... , , 156. , , , . , (speech) (languages)157.

, , ; ; - ;158 , 159, . .

155 Dilemmas (1954), Cambridge 1977, 1-14.156 Dilemmas, 12.157 Use, Usage and Meaning: Collected Essays, 410.158 Autobiographical: Ryle, . O.P. Wood/G. Pitcher, London 1970, 6.159 Systematically Misleading Expressions: Collected Essays, 39- The

Linguistic Turn, . R. Rorty, 85.

159

Ryle160 - . . ( Russell ) , - . , , , , . , . ( .. * , , ). , , , , -. , , , , . .. , , , .

160 The theory of meaning: British Philosophy in the Mid-Century, . C.A. Mace, London 1966 (1957), 239 ..

160

, , . , Ryle . . , , : , . Ryle161, , .

3.

. , . . Ryle162, :

1) - , , (.. , . Pickwick , ). , ,

161 Dilemmas, 112.162 Systematically Misleading Expressions: The Linguistic Turn, 87 ..

161

.

2) (.. , , ). , ( .. , ).

3) , , , , . , Russell.

, . .. - (-) . , - - ( - ). , , . , Ryle, . Pickwick . Baldwin . . ,

162

. .. ( All, Some, Not, And, Or, If) . , , - 163. .. , , .

4.

Ryle164 (category- propositions). , Kant . , . , .

(sentence-frame) ... . , . ( ) ( )* , .

163 Dilemmas, 114 ..164 Categories, Collected Essays, 170, 173, 184.

163

, .. . , . . , - , , , . , , ; Ryle165 : ( ) , , , . . 166, , , , .

, 167, , (cate- gory-mistakes) . , , .

165 .., 179.166 .., 181.167 Philosophical Arguments, Collected Essays, 202.

164

4.1. -

168 , , , , . : ; , . : , , ; , , , , , .

( , , ). . , , , . , ( ) . , , , ( ). , . (, ,

168 The Concept o f M ind (1949), Penguin Books 1973, 17.

165

) . , , ( ), , .

Ryle ( Descartes)169 , , . , ; , Hume170 , , .

, , , : . : ( ). - 9 , . . 5 - , . .

169 The Concept o f Mind, . I. Descartes Myth.170 A Treatise o f Human Nature, I, IV, vi.

166

, .. , , , , 171. . . : , . : . , , - , . , : . , . , .

, , , , Descartes , : , , , . . , , , , , ,

171 The Concept o f M ind , 20.

167

. , , . . .. , , , , ' . : . , .

4.2.

Ryle , , - . , , , , ( ) , (.. , , , , , , ).

168

* , , .

, , 172. : , , . , , , , . , , .. , , , , , ( ). ( ), .

, , , , , , , . , , . , , .

172 Hoche, 159 ..

169

, , , , , . , . , , 173. , , ( ;).

173 The Concept o f M ind , 143.

170

1. Ryle ( ) Wittgenstein ( Tractatus, 4.112b);

2. : , . ; - ; ( ), ;

3. . ; ; ;

4. Hume174 , , () , () , , , () , , ,

174 A Treatise, I, IV, vi.

171

, * , . Descartes Ryle.

5. Hume , , . Wittgenstein175 ( ) Ryle ;

6. , , , ., , 5 , . , , , , , (Descartes)176. , . ;

7. . ... -

175 Tractatus, 5.631, 5.632.176 Meditations, VI (Oeuvres et Lettres, Pleiade, Paris 1949, 217).

172

(Strawson)177. . ;

8. , (Strawson)178. (.. - ).

9. , ; : , ; (Wisdom)179. (-, - ), .. , .

10. . , , , ; ;

177 P.F. Strawson, Individuals. An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics, London 1974 (1959), 103.

178 Self, Mind and Body, Common Factor 4 (1966), 172.179 J. Wisdom, Philosophy, Metaphysics and Psychoanalysis, Philosophy and

Psychoanalysis, Oxford 1969 (1953), 255.

173

7

Austin Searle

1. !

, . , . .. ; . ( : - , ). : ;

. , . Austin, , . 180: ,

180 J.L. Austin, A Plea for Excuses (1956): Philosophical Papers, 182.

174

, ... ( , ) , 5 : , .

, Austin, . Moore . 181 , : , , . , , , , . , . , , . , , : , . , 182.

2.

. ,

181 .., 185.182 .., 185.

175

, .. . , . , ( 183) ( ), , , . , , , . , 184.

. Austin, 2500 , . . , , . Austin185 (speech-act) ) (locutionary element), , ) - (illocutionary element), (, , , , , .) , ) - (perlo- cutionary element), * .

183 How to do Things with Words, 100 ..184 A Plea for Excuses: Philosophical Papers, 190, . 2.185 How to do Things with Words, 94.

176

: () () * () . , , , , , . . . , 186.

, . .. (constative) (performative) 187: .. , . , . () () () 9 . . , * , . , , ; , , ; ;

Austin 9 ... ( , ),

186 , 76.187 How to do Things with Words, 4.

177

.. . , ( , ). , , ; , . , , . , , , , , . , ..., ..., ... ( , , ) 188.

. .. ! , ( ). : ! : . , ! ! : , , , * - .

188 How to do Things with Words, 31.

178

! , - .

Wittgenstein . .. ; (, 250). , . . , (, 665). , , . , , . ..., , , .. , (, . 237-8).

, , . ; ; ; .. ; .. ! : 1) * 2) , . ,

179

, * 3) , , , . . , , . 189. , .

- , - . , -- . .. : . , , - , . - , . , , ( .. - , ).

: , ,

189 . W. Stegmuller, Hauptstrommungen der Gegenwartsphilosophte, II, 6 ., Stuttgart 1979, 68-69.

180

. Austin190 ( , ):

1.() , (.. ).

() (.. ).

2.() , - (.. , ).

() , - (.. , , , ).

3.() , , (.. , ).

() 9 , , .. .

190 Performative Utterances: Philosophical Papers, 237 ..

181

, ( .. ), , - . . . , ( 191, , ). , . !

2.1.

, . , , .. , , , ( ).

John Searle, Austin, , . , Austin, Searle 192.

191 . 612.192 J.R. Searle, Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy o f Language, Cam

bridge 1984 (1969), 38.

182

. ) , ) ) , -. , : , . . , .. , . , , , , , , (- , Austin)193. 194 :

1. .2. ;3. , !4. .

, . : ( , , ). , , , . --

193 Speech Acts, 23 . , , 17 (1977), 73.

194 Speech Acts, 22.

183

. , -. , () (). - , , , .

Searle195 - , Austin. . . , :

1) , (.. , , , , )

2) ,

3) ( , )

4) *

195 Speech A cts, 54 ..

184

5) ( .. )*

6) ( )*

7) *

8) *

9) , -- , , , (1-8).

: 2 1 3, 4 5* 6 1-5 7 8. . , (1), , ( ), . (2), . (6-8), , , (

185

). Searle (, ). , , , .

, , , ( ) 196. , . .. . .. ; . , , : , ; , , , , : , .

, , , , , . .. . (.. ), , , , , , .

196 Speech Acts, 55.

186

, . ( .. ), , .

, . 9 . . , - , 197. 9 , . . ( .. ). .

197 Symposium on J.L. Austin, . .. Fann, London 1969.

187

1. ; () () !() !

2. ... (Austin)198. () () ()

3. , - , . . , , , ;

4. , (. 184-185), , : ...

5. ! :()()()

198 A Plea for Excuses: Philosophical Papers, 129.

188

6. , :()

()

()

( )

()

() .

. ;

7. , .. , , . , (Austin)199. .

8. (principle of expressibili- ty) Searle200 : . () .

199 J.L. Austin, Three Ways of Spilling Ink: Philosophical Papers, 273 ..200 J.R. Searle, Speech Acts, 19.

189

8

Moore - Wittgenstein - Ayer - Stevenson - Hare

1. ;

To Moore 201 . . tl , Moore . ( , ). - , - 202.

( ). , . , , . , , (-

201 G.E. Moore, Principia Ethica, Cambridge 1903.202 Principia Ethica, Cambridge 1978, ix.

190

) 203.

: ; Moore : , * , 204. . , . , , ^ : . . , . , . , 205. ,

(^ , % 206.

. Hume . (.. ) , . , : ; 203 .., 5.204 .., 6.25 .., 6-7.206 .., 39.

191

- (.. )207. (open- question argument), - 208: , .. : . , * . . , . . .. maximum , . , , 9 .

; 209; , , , . , . * , , , .

( , ), , . Moore210 ,

207 .., 10.208 .., 13, 24, 26.209 .., 66.210 Ethics, 2 ., Oxford 1966 (1 . 1912), 65.

192

, , . , , ^ , / . : * . . * , 211. ( ;), , .

, , , ( , , . 5 , . .

2.

, , : ; , , ;

211 Is Goodness a Quality? Proc. o f the Arist. Soc., . . 11 (1932), 116-31.

193

, . , ( .. ) , ;

, , , ( , , ) , , . , , , , , , . , . , .. .