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BAIBAL THUANTHU ( BIBLIOLOGY)

ХρІЅΤОЅ ό θέοЅ

A SUNGTHU:

PART I. THU HMAIHRUAI

PART II: BAIBAL CATHIANG AN POMDAN TLANGPI

PART III: BAIBLA FINGKHAWI DAN

PART IV: THUTHUANGHLIM CABU HMAISA (ORGINAL TEXT) PAWL

PART V. APOCRAPHA: (HIDDEN)

PART VI: THUTHIANGHLIM KENKAWH DAN LE FINKHAWM DAN

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PART I. THUHMAIHRUAI

Baibal hi: Bezai (Poetical) Cabu 5 pawl : Job, Sam, Thufim, Thusimtu, le Solomon Hla

Kumsang (Prophet) 17 cabu pawl: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Tah Hla, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel,

Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. Thuthlungthar: Thuthangtha, buli 4, A thlahmi pawl tla ih tuahnak bu 1, cakuat bu 21, le Thupuan bu 1..

Thuthanghta buli: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,

Cakuat bu 21: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, and Jude.

Bible thutawi dang: Bung zaten: 1189, A hlun-bung 929, a thar-bung 260 A saubik bung: Sam 119; A tawibik bung-Sam 117. A saubik cang: Esther 8:9; A tawibik cang: John 11:35. Bible ngandan: :

Kum 1500 a rei, ( 1400 B.C ihsin A.D. 100); milai san, thlah 40 lenglo a rei, ; ngantu 40 lenglo an tel (Cupawl cu, Siangpahrang, lothlo, philospher, nga-kaitu, bezai ngan thiam, cozah hantuan upa, mifim filawr, tvp. An si.)

BAIBAL IN ZIANG IN NEIHTER

Pathian in amai duhnak vekin ziangkim a sersiamih a sersiammi pawl hnenah amai thu hla

theihternakah hman-rua nei in a theihter hai. Pathian in a sersiammi pawl hnenah a theihter

awknak thu sung ihsin milai in anmah sersiamtu Pathian cu zo asi, ziangtin khua a khangih

ziangvekin hna a tuan ti an theih tlunah milai cu ziangtivekin nung ding le tlang leng dingah

sersiam an si ti theihtheinak a thu sungah a um. Cun, hmailamah a ra thleng lai ding thu thawn

peh aw in in sim cia mi khal a um. Curuangah himi pawl kan theihfiang tikah a hnuai lamih

thusutnak pawl hi Pathian thu vekin kan sang thei ding.

1. Ziangkim sersiammi ih hram thawhnak (Ziangtin ziangruangah hi tawk ah ka um?)

2. Pathian mizia ( I sersiamtu cu zo asi?)

3. Nunnakih san (Ziangruangah hi tawkah ka um?)

4. Ka thlarau in ziang man a nei (Ziangruangah man ka nei?)

5. Thiltha lole milai tuarnak thu (Leitlunah ziangruangah sual le naa tuarnak pawl a um?)

6. Bulpak nun diriamternak (Zo in kei I ngaihven?)

7. Thuanthu cu zuangtin a cangih hmailamah ziang a cang ding? (Thuanthu hi khui tawk

ihsin ziang/khuilam pan in a feh ih keiteh ziangtin ka tel ve?)

8. Rundamnak lamzin (Ziangtin keimah bulpak cu rundam ka si ding?)

9. Lungawinak hrampi (Ziangtin ka lung a awi thei ding, ruahsannak, le hnangamnak teh

ziangtin ka nei thei ding?)

10. Tisa in kan thih hnu ah ziang ka tawng ding( Rei lo te leitlunah ka nunnak a cem hnu ah

khui ah ka feh ding?)

Pathian Thuthianghlim sung lawngin milai thusutnak pawl hi fiangten theihter a si ih milai cu

ziangti vekih nung ding asi tile Pathian khawkhan dan pawl cu theihtheih asi.

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KAN NEIH TULMI LUNGPUT

1) Thinlung thar (I Kor.2:14)

Thlarau mi pawl cun Thlarau bawmnakin Thuthiang theihtheinak an nei ih tisa mi pawlin

Thlarau thilthu theihtheinak an nei lo.(Sam.119:18)

2) Thinlung ah haalnak (I Pit.2:2)

Thinlung in theih duhnak a neitu pawl lawngin Pathian thutak theihtheinak an nei ding.

Tongdang in kan sim asile, Pathian in amah le amah a lang/lar awknak ding milai pawl thinlung

sungah amah Pathian theih duhnak thinlung duhnak a pek hmaisa theu.

3) Felzet ih a zuamtu pawl thinlungput (II Tim. 2:15)

Thinlung ih tairialnak le felzetih a zuamtu pawl hrangah Pathian in a thu theihnak a pek ding

4) Thulunnak thinlung (Sam 119:100-104)

Pathian thu kan theihtheinak dingah Pathian in a duhmi in simmi lun duhnak thinlung

kan neih a tul. Pathian thu ka theih hnu ah ka duh le ka thlun kei ka duh lo le ka thlun lo ding

tivek lungput thawn Pathian thutak theihfiangnak co theih asilo.

5) Thinlung a thiangmi (I Pit.1:14-19)

Pathian hmaiah sual sirnak thawn a kun duhtu pawl lawngin thlarau lam thu theihtheinak

thinlungkharvar an nei ding.

6) Thlacammi thinlung (Sam 119:12)

Thinlungin Pathian tihnak thawn Pathian hnenah theihtheinak dilin a hnenah Pathian

amah le amah a rung tarlang aw ding in a dil a tul.

I. BAIBAL PATHIAN THAWKKHUM A SINAK THU

Pathian thu Baibal sungih nganmi hi Pathian thawkkhummi asi ti kan zum lawngah

Pathian thu cu a sinak vekin kan theithei ih Pathian in in theihter duhmi pawl cu theihtheinak kan

nei asi, (II Tim 3:16). Baibal Pathian thawkkhum asi ti a zum lo tu pawl cun Baibal an zir

hmanah thutak theihtheinak an nei lo asi. Thuthianghlim cu Pathian thawkkhumi asinak thu ah

milai in ruahdan a phunphun kan nei ih ruahdan langsar deuh pawl le Thuthiang vekin

thawkkhum ti mi cu ziang a si ti kan zoh hmaisa ding.

Milai hmuhdan

A. Simfiangnak: Baibalcu sakhua mi pawlih nganmi asi ih Pathian ih huham cahnak

hleice a um lo, Pathian thawkkhummi timi cu Pathian in leitlun sakhua mi pawlih

nganmi biaknak cabu cu amah zumtu pawl kaihhruai awknakah a hmang ti ah an zum.

Saannak: Mirang tongih 'Inspire' a timi cu latin tong ihsin a ra mi a siih 'to breath

in' 'thawkkhum' tiah kan ti ih, thil a umcia mi pakhat kha a thaw in a thawkkhum tinak si loin a

mai (Pathian ) sungih a ummi thaw kha a 'thawkkhum' ‘ a thawt-lut” tinak asi sawn.

B. Elnak

i) Thuthiangih a simmi thawn a kalh aw

Pathian cu cangantu asi (II Tim 3:16); Heb. 1:1; II Pit.1:20 ). Pathian in a sim timi

tongfang hi Thuthlunghlun ah voi thawngthum lenglo le a thar ah voi zanga lenglo ngan a si.

ii) Greek tongih ' Thawkkhum' timi thawn a kalh aw (II Tim.3:16).

Himi ruahnak in Thuthiangih a danglamnak pawl a thei lo, cu pawlcun Pathian huham

cahnakih tuahmi an si zia an langter;

iii) Bible a thawknak, an thu rualnak, huham cahnak, thuanthu dik a sinak, asimcia nak,

Thupuan le ziangkim thu thawn a ngan telnakpawl.

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1. Neo-orthodoxy (Milai nganmi thuanthu cu Pathian thu ah a cang)

Simnfiangnak:

Baibal thu cu Pathian thu ah a cang. Milai nganmi a famkim lo mi le a sual thei asi, asinan a siar

tu in a siar laiah Pathian in a hnenah cui Baibal thu hmangin thu a simmih thleng awknak a hmuh

theinak dingah a hman tikah Pathian thu ah a cang.

Elnak:

Ziangtin thuanthu ngan thiam pai nganmi cu Pathian thu ah a cang thei ding?

A siartu ih thinlung a khawngtu le a hman tangkainak ih zir in Pathian thu ah a cang ti cu (II

Tim.3:16) ih ngan mi thawn a kalh aw.

2. Partial View (Degree inspiration) (A then a lang thawkkhum)

Baibal thu thenkhat pawl lawng Pathian thawkkhummi asi. Milai nganmi a siih sualnak a nei

asi.

Verbal Planary

A zaten a thawkkhum thluh (Complete or Full), Baibal sungih thu hmnuahhmuah Pathian

thawkkhummi asi.

A. Thuthianghlim Pathian thutkhummi sinak thu ttansan:

i) II Tim.3:16), Thuthiang hmuahhmuah.

ii) Heb.1:1 Pathian in kamsang pawl hnenah thu asim, (Mipum.12: 6-8).

iii) 3) II Pet.1:21 Pathian hnen ihsin Khrih le a dungthluntu pawlin Thuthlunghlun cu

Thuthiang vekin an sim, ( John 5:39, 47; Mth.5:18; Mak.7:13).

iv) Khrih in Thuthlungthar ngan asi lai ding thu a rak simcia, (John 16:14-15).

v) Paul in thu a simmi kha Pathian simmi asi thu a sim, ( I The 2:13).

vi) Peter in Paul ih cakuat kha Thuthiang tiah a sim, II Tim 3:15-16.

vii) John in Thupuan kha thawkhummi asi thu a puang, Rev.1:1-3:2; 22:18-20.

Ziangtin thawkkhum asi?

Machanical (Diklo): Milai cu Pathian in khawl vekin a hmang.

Ruahnak thawkkhum (Diklo): Baibal sungih ruahdaan tlangpi pawl cu thawkkhum asi.

Verbal inspiration- tongfang tinkim a thawkkhum (Diklo).

Pawnlamah thawkkhum a sinak bawmtu kan hmuh theimi:

1) A thu hla pehtlaih awknak (Semtirnak ihsin Thupuan tiang a thu hla pawl a pehtlai aw

thluh ih a kalh aw a um lo).

2) A thuanthu a rem awknak- Baibal sung ih thuanthu pawl hi pakhat le pakhat an rem aw

theh.

Khrih rak hmuh lawknak - Khrih a ra suak ding mi cu Baibal in Zesu suah hlan ihsin a rak

simcia thluh.

3) Khrih thu sim cia nak le a famkimnak- Khrih thu sim cia mi pawl a famkim nak in

Pathian thu cu a dik in Pathian thawkkkhum asinak a langter.

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4) A zaten bu 66 a um.

5) Mi 44 lenglo ih nganmi asi.

6) Cangantu pawl- siangpahrang, lo thlo, mifim, ngakai, sibawi, ram uktu, scholar

(thiamsangfilawr), zung hnatuan bawi upa pawl tla an si.

7) Kum 1600 sungah a nungmi Pathian milai pawlin an nganmi asi.

8) A sung um thu ih a huapkauhzia:

i) Hmun – van le leilungpi

ii) Tikcu - a thawkin- a neknak

iii) Leitlun thuanthu

iv) Diknak thu

v) Santhar fimnak (scientist) pawl hmuhnak thawn a milaw

vi) Ram a huapkauhzia- tong 1100 lenglo in leh zo mi a si. (Sam 119: 89)

Pathian thu cu a hnget ih amah Pathian in a humhim:

1) Hniksakmi asi, Thuf.30:4

2) A Thianghlim, Sam 12:6

3) Thawkkhummi, II Tim 3:16

4) Pathian theihternak ih nganmi asi, II Pit 1:21

5) Hnatuan a nei, Isai. 55:11

6) A Hmun ringring, Mak.13:31

7) Pathian in a thulun a ngaisang, I Samuel 15:22

8) A thu ah umtu dinhmun cu a hnget ding, Mth. 7:24

9) A thu cu bet theih asilo ih lakhloh theih asi lo, Thup.22:18; Thuf.360:6

A. Pathian in milai hnenah a lar awknak thil pathum:

1) Sersiammi in

i) Sersiammi in Pathian a umzia an langter, ( Rom.1:19-20)

ii) Sersiammi in Pathian sunlawinak an langter, (Sam.19:1)

iii) A thilti theinak an langter, (Sam 19:1-6; Isai.40:25-26)

2) Khrih sungih a nungmi thutak

i) Zesu Khrih cu Pathian sinak (John 1:1-3;Heb.1:1-3)

ii) A milai sinak (John.1:14; Heb.2:14)

iii) Khrih ih testemony (Jnhn 1:18

3) Baibal nganmi thu ah

Baibal sungah Pathian sinak le milai sinak pawl an lang.

A sersiammi Sem.1:1-31

Pathian in Thuthianghlim sungah amai thu, a sersiammi thu, a tumtahmi a duhdan le a

hnatuandan pawl thu tla milai hnenah a theihter ih milai fimnak, thiamnak, thazaang le hman-rua

pawl cu hmangin leitlun milai pawlin Amah thawn an pehtlaih awknak hrangah siseh, milai

nuntu khawsakdan ding le pakhat le pakhat pehtlaih awkdan ding pawl thu tla cu a kumkhua

hrangin Baibal sungah khum thluh asi. Thuthainghlim cu milai tong le nunphung bungrua pawl

hmangin milai hnenah thieihter asi vekin Thuthianghlim Pathian thawkkhummi ti mi cu

Thuthiang ngannak le simnak ih an hman mi tongkam kha thawkkhummi asi tinak asi loih

Thuthiang sungih thu pawl sawn cu "Pathian hnen ihsin suakmi thu " asi tinak sawn asi.

Curuangah ziang tik khalah Thuthianghlim cu simsuah asi tikah Pathian in ziang thutak kha milai

hnenah a theihter duh timi a thupi ringring.

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II. THUTHIANGHLIM CU MILAI NUNNAKTLUNAH THU NEI TU ASI.

Pathian thu cu a thleng aw dahlo, a nungmi thuneihnak nei asi. Ziangvek dinhmun le

milai nitin nun khalah kumthawng siar rei ihsin mialai in an rak nunpi vekin nunpi dingmi asi

(Sam.19:7-11,19:160; Math.24:35;Rom.15:4;Heb.4:12;I Pet.24:25).

Pathian thu cu ziang a si? A kumkhua in a hmunmi asi, Isai.40:8.

i) A zaten a famkim thluh ding, Matjh 5:18.

ii) Lei le van an hlo ral ding, asinan Pathian thu cu a hloral dah lo ding, Mth.24:35.

iii) A kumkhua in a hmun ringring ding, I Pit.1:25.

iv) Sankhuk in a hmunmi asi, Sam. 119:89,160.

1) Milai nuntu zirh awknak le hman awknak ding hrangah Pathian thawkhummi, asi II

Tim.3:16-17.

i) Thlarau Thianghlim kaihhruainakin Pathian mi thianghlim pawlin an ngan, II Pet.1:21.

ii) Pathian thutak cun nitin nun khawsakdan ding lam mi a khihhmuh, II Tim.3:16-17.

a) Cucun lam mi a hruai (mi a zirh), Sam.25:4-5; 94:12.

b) Nun mi a rem, (Sualnak a lailang) Heb.4:12.

c) Lam mi a hmuh, Sam.15:8-9; 119:9.

c) Diknak lamzin ah mi a zirh, Heb.5:13-14.

d) Pathian hmantlak mi a siter, I Pit.1:22-23; II Pit.1:3-4.

e) Thiltha tuah dingah mi a hmang aw ter, I The.2:13.

2) THUTAK asi Jn.17:17

i) Pathian thu hmuahhmuah cu Thutak asi, Sam.119:151,160.

ii) Rundamnak Thuthangtha cu Thutak asi, Ephe.1:13.

iii) Thutak sungin hrinmi na si, James. 1:18.

iv) Thutak tongkam cu a dik le a sinak vek ciah in milaiin kenkawh dingmi asi, II

Tim.2:15.

3) Thlarau huham cahnak anei Jer.23:29

i) Thilti theinak nei in khatlam le khatlam a hriammi khandaih hriam hnakin a hriam

sawn mi asi, Heb.4:12.

ii) Thlarau sual nehnak ralthuam hmanrua tha asi, Ephe.6:11-17.

iii) Satan hmanrua pawl nehnak ah hman dingmi asi, Mtjh.4:4-10; Ephe.6:11,17.

iv) Thutak cun ralpa hnakin fim deuh ah mi a tuah, Sam.119:98;Eza.10:3;Isai.66:2,5.

4) Na lamzin a lo thianhlimter ding Sam.119:9

i) Pathian thu sungin thianhlim na si, Jn.15:3;Ephe.5:26.

ii) Pathian tongkam in ti thianhlimnak a um, Jn.17:17.

iii) Thutak nunpi nakin thiamnhlimnak asi, I Pit.1:22.

6) Thutak cu nun tungding tu asi Dung.20:32 i) Riahsiatnak canah thazaang petu asi, Sam.119:28.

ii) Cawmdawltu asi, Sam.119:116.

iii) Thinlung hliam, tuarpawl hrangah mi thlakamtu asi, Sam.119:50,92.

iv) Ruahsannak, Sam.119:49;Rom.15:4.

v) Daihnak mi a pe, Sam.119:38.

vi) Zalennak mi a pe, Sam.119:45;Jn.8:32.

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7) Thutak cu amah le amah a famkimzia a lailang aw aw, II Pit.1:3-4.

i) Thu ngai lo pawl nun a sim, Jer.6:10.

ii) Bet ding khal a um loih lak hloh ding khal a umlo, Dan.4:2.

iii) Thutak bet le hlawnhloh cu tihnung asi, Thuf.30:6;Thup.22:19.

iv) Thutak lenglamah thuthangtha lem na sim asi ahcun khak tuar le anse dawng na si,

Kal.1:8-9.

v) Thutak lakkawi cu siatralnak asi, II Pit.3;16.

vi) Nintin nun khawsak dan hrangah zirh awknak a tel, Rom.15:4; I Kor.10:6,11.

vii) A hloral mipawl hrang ahcun Thutak cu atnak asi, I Kor.1 :8.

viii) Mi bumnakah daithlang in Thutak cu hman ding asilo, II Kor.2:17.

ix) Ti-thianghlimmi le a thiangmi asi, Sam.12:6;19:8.

x) Fiahzo mi asi, II Samu.22:31; Sam.18:30; Thuf.30:5.

xi) A hmunmi asi, Sam.19:7.

xii) A kumkhua in a dinghnge,t Sam.93:5.

8. Thutak cun Pathian tumtahnak a tuah famkim ringring, Isai.55:11.

i) Thuthianghlim cun Khrih ih thu a dikzia a sim, Jn.5:39.

ii) Mi pakhatkhat kha Khrih ah zumnak nei dingin lam hruaitu asi, Rom.10:17.

iii) Zumtu pawl nunah hna a tuan, I The.2:13.

9. Thuthennak tahfung asi, Jn.12:48.

i) Thutak pom le pom lo thu in mipakhat ih sankhuk nun lai a rel, Jn.5:24,38;8:47,51.

ii) Thutak cun mialai thinlung tumtahnakpawl parah thu a then, Heb.4:12.

10. Thutak cu na sunglam nunah hmun luah ding asi, Kol.3:16.

i) i) Sualnak hrial thei dingin mi a bawm, James.1:22-24.

ii) Pathian Thutak na ngai tikah thlawsuah mi na si, Lk.1:28, Jn.13:17; James 1:25.

iii) iii) Pathian Thu na ngai tikah thlaraulam thu thuthen theinak na nei, Heb.5:14.

11. Thutak cu hna in theih men ding lawng a siloih nunpi ding a si, Mth.7:24-27.

i) Theitu lawng si loin nunpi tu si ding, James .1:22-24.

ii) Pathian thu vekih na nun tikah thlawsuah mi na si, Lk.11:28; Jn.13:17; James.1:25.

iii) Pathian thu lun tikah thlaraulam thu thleidan theinak neih asi, Heb.5:14.

12. Pathian tongkam suak Thutak cu milai nunnak asi, Dan.8:3; Mth.4:4.

i) Pathian thu ah ziangkim a famkim, Job.23:12.

ii) Pathian thutak cu khuai tizuu hnakin a thlum sawn, Sam.19:10.

iii) Pathian thu hnuai ah thanlennak a um, I Pit.2:2.

iv) Pathian thutak ih nun cu lungawinak asi, Jer.15:16.

v) Pathian siahhlawh pawl cu zumnak thutakin cawmdawl an si, I Tim.4:6.

13. Nunnak lamzin hruaitu eng asi, Sam.119:105.

i) Theih theinak eng mi a pek, Sam.19:7;119:99,104,130.

ii) Tluk siatnak ihsin mi a humhim thei, Sam.119:9,165.

iii) Thim lakih a eng mi eng a si, II Pit.1:19.

iv) Lam hmuhtu eng mi a pek, Thuf.6:23.

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III. BAIBAL THU THEIFIANG SIMFIANG THEI DINGIN

Baibal kan zir, hliakhlai, simfiang tikahah theih dingmi pahnih

A. Baibal cu milai ih nganmi asinak

1. Baibal cabu pakhat cio hi anmah le ram, tikcu ih zirin tumtah nei ih ngan mi an si.

Ziangvek dinhmunah ziangvek thu ruangah, ziangvek tumtaknak thawn nganmi asi ti kan

theih a tul.

2. Cauk pakhat cio hi thuanthu pakhat le milai nunphung pakhat sungah mil aw in nganmi

asi. Milai thuanthu pakhat a cangmi thawn pehpar in le cumi milai pawl nunphung le

nuntudaan le tong pawl hmangin nganmi a rak si.

Baibal cabu pakhat cio in a ngantu ih ca ngandaan (style) le tongkam in ngan asi.

B. Pathian nganmi/ tongkam a sinnak

1. Baible ah thuthup a tel (Eph. 3:4,9). Ca ngantu milai in amai palung ih suakmi si loin

Pathian hnen ihsin a ra mi thuthup a tel.

2. Baibal pakhat le pakhat hi an rual aw in an rem aw thluh. Thuthianghlim pakhat le pakhat

an kalh aw dah lo.

3. Baibal sungah a um mi thutak cu kumkhua daih thutak asi (Tikcu pakhat le thuanthu

pakhat thawi mil aw in nganmi a rak sinan a sung um thutak pawl cu a kumkhua hrang

asi).

Baibal Simfiang Daan Daanthlangpi

A. Gramatical (cangan daan) vekih simfiangnak

1. Lexicology

Tongkam bungrua pawl san zirnak. Cabu ngan lai ih an tongkam hman daan le tongkam pakhat

ih san a rak neihdan pawl le a san a thleng aw mi le hmandan a thleng aw mi pawl theih ding in

zirnak. Cuticun, Baibal an ngan laiah ziangvek san neiin tongkam an hmangih tui kan sanah

ziangvek tongkam in Baibal thutak an simin a lailang thei ti ka theithei.

2. Etymology-tongkam hrampi zirnak

Baibal ah a hmanmi tongkam pakhat hi khui tawk ihsin a suak ih ziangti vekin hmanmi a si ti

thei dingah zirnak. Cucun, ziang tivek san nei in Baibal ah hman a si ti theihtheinak mi a pe.

3. Philology-tong zirnak

Hnam pakhat le pakhat kar lakah himi tongkam hi ziang tivek in an hmang ti thei fiang

thei dingah zirnak. Cumi theih fiang tikah Baibal ih hmanmi tongkam pawl hi a tikcu le hmun ih

zir in ziangvek san a nei ti theihfiang theih asi.

3. Morphology-tongrem daan pawl zirnak.

Hnamkhat le hnamkhat tongthluan kan hmandan a bang aw lo cio ih Baibal ngan thawk nak ih an

hman mi tong thluan pawl cun kan mai tongin ziangvek san a nei ti kan theitheinak asi.

B. Thuanthu vekih simfiangnak

1) Dinhmun

Ca ngan laiah ziangvek buainak le milai thuanthu a cang rero laimi a um ih ziangvek thu ruangah

ca cu ngan a rak si ih zo pawl hnenah ziangvek thubuai le thu tluangthlam pawl cu ngan asi ti

thei dingin ziar a tul.

2) Ngantu

Zovek minung in zo hnen ah ca a ngan ih ziangtin a thu pawl a dawng ih ziangruangah a sim in

caah a ngan ti theih a tul. A ca ngantu le a ca nganmi ah a sim duhmi milai pawl pehthlah awk

nak pawl khal theih a tul.

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3. Nithla

Ziangtik kumah le ziangvek caanah ngan asi ti theih a ttul. Cuitlunah ca ngan laiah ziangvek

milai pawlin ziangvek thuanthu an rak fehpi ti theih a ttul.

4. Tumtahmi

Ca ngan tu in ziangvek tumtahnak thawn ca a rak ngan ih ziangvek tthathnemnak ruahsannak nei

in ca a rak ngan asi ti theih a ttul.

5. Thuanthu thawn a peh tlaih aw mi thu pawl

Ca ngan laiih thuanthu thawn a peh tlai aw mi milai thuanthu, hnam nunphung, politics,

sumdawnnak lam, ei hawlnak lam, sakhuanak, milai san thuanthu, thiamnak lam le a dang milai

thuanthu pawl tla theih a ttul.

C. Ca sung ngan vekin simfiangnak

1. Genre – ca ngandan kalhmang

Ziangti vek ca/calai in ngan asi, thuanthu, hla, kamsang simcianak, bezai, nunthuleng, thufim,

maw ziangvek ca in ngan a si ti theih a ttul.

2. Structure – thu belh khawm dan

Ziangvek in thuthlangpi pawl cu cabu sungah rem khawm an si ti kan theih a ttul. Thudung le

thuhmai theih a ttul.

3. Figures of Speech – Ttongkau seh

Tahtthimnak, khihhmuhnak, suangtuahnak, ttonglinglet, ttong ngiofio, tong irhsit, hro nak,

forhfialnak, maw ziangvek ttong kauseh hmangin simmi (nganmi) a si ti theih a ttul.

Baibal san neihterdan pahnih

1. Deductive Method ( eisegesis)

Mimal ruahdan a hmaisa ah retin thuthiang sungah thu ttansan hawlin milai ruahnak cu a dik a

si tiah simfiang tumnak asi.

2. Inductive Method ( exgesis)

Thuthiangin ziang a sim ti zoh hmaisa in Thuthiang san cu ca ngantu in a sim duhsan

vekin hliakhlai simfiang hnu ah tulai kan san thawn mil aw in ziang san a neihter, ziang kan

hmang ding ti le kan zir dingmi pawl khaikhawmnak asi.

Cutin Baibal cu kum 3450 lai rei ihsin ngan thawk mi asi ih kum 1550 sungah ngan

thluhmi asi. Tuihlan kum 1900 rei tlukah Greek le Hebrew ttongin Pathian mithianghlim 40

lengloiin Pathian hnen ihsin thu an dawn mi pawl cu ngan a si. Thuthlunghlun cu BC 400 hlanah

le Thuthlungthar cu AD 100 hlanah felten ngan thluh mi an si. AD 400 hrawngah Pathian

thawkkhummi Thuthianghlim cabu pawl cu Thlrarau Thianghlim hnattuannak le zumtu

kawhhran pupa pawl hmangin finkhawm thluh asi hnu ah Baibal bu 66 cu Bibal cabu pakhatah

tuah in Pathian Thuthainghlim le biaknakah hruai awknakah hman dingah pom thluh a rak si. Cui

hnu ah zumtu pawlin Thuthianghlim cu harsatnak, siatsuah tumtu, le dodalnak tampi lakah an rak

fingkhawi, kilhim, kenkawh ringringih miphun tampi le ram tampi ah Pathian le milai karlak

pehtlaihnak lam hruaitu hmanrua asi. Cutin kum le caan a rei vivo ih nuntu khawsak dan khal a

thleng aw vivo vekin tongkam hmandan khal a thleng aw vivo tlunah Pathian thu cu milai ttong

phun tampi ah leh vivo asi tikah zocio khalin Pathian thuthianghlim cu a san let sual tahratin

thuphan kan per lo nak dingah le Pathian thuphan kan puh pang lo nak dingah ziangvek Baibal

kan hmang khal asile fimkhur zetin kan zoh ih Thlarau Thianghlim bawmnbak le lamhruainak in

kan fehpi le kan nunpi a ttul asi.

10

PART II: BAIBAL CATHIANG AN POMDAN TLANGPI

Ziangtin, zo in zo ih nganmi ca pawl cu Pathian thawkkhummi, Pathian thutak asi tiah ziangtin an rak

pom in an rak cohlang in senpi hman dingah an rak nemhnet?

A. Ahmaisa bikah, kamsang nganmi asi maw?

Atlangpi thu in ca ngantu cu kamsang asilole dungthluntu asi maw? ti an zoh hmaisa bik.

Ziangah tile Pathian in a rak simcia vekin "An tong dingmi ka sim dingih ka thupekmi pawl

hmuahhmuah cu mi senpi hnenah an simtheh ding" a tivekin kamsang le Dungthluntu pawlin an

simmi thu cu Pathian hnen ihsin a ra mi thu an asi (Daan.18:18). Kamsang pawl thusimmi pawl

cu milai duhnak vekin simmi an si loih Thlarau Thianghlim in a simter vekin Pathian thu an

simzia khal Piter in a sim (II Pit.1:21). Micaiah in a sim vekin kamsang pawl cu Pathian in a thu

cu milai hnenah a simsuaknak ih a hmanmi hmarua men an si ( I Siang.22:14). "Lalpa in hitin a

sim" timi tongkam hi Thuthiang sungah hmun tampi ah kan hmu thei.

1) Thuthlunghlun (TH)

Moses hi Pathian kamsang pawl lakah ca ngantu hmaisa bik asi vekin a ca nganmi pawl cu

TH ih thu hramnpiah a cang. (Joshua 1:7-8) ihsin malakhi 4:4 tiangah Moses ih daan thu an

simnak kan hmu thei. Isreal pawlin Moses ih nganmi thu pawl cu olten Pathian thu asi tiah an

pom. Ziangruangah tile Moses kha Pathian thawn hmaiton in an be aw theu asi ti kha mipi

pawlin an thei (Mipum.12:8), a thu pawl kha cabu sungah a rakkhum asi (Suah.34:27;

Daan.31:9).

Moses cun canvo tha, Pathian thawn hmaton in biakawk theinak a rak neiih larnak le

mangah si loin hmaton in Pathian hnen ihsin a thu sim ding pawl kha a rak dawngih cuticun a

nih in mipi hnenah thu cu a aupi. Asinan, amah hnu ah amai aiawhtu ding kamsang midang an

um. Moses ih thih hlanah Pathian in amai miphun lak ihsin kamsang dang a hril dingih anih in

Pathian hnen ihsin Pathian thu cu mipi hnenah a aupi ding thu cu rak sim ciami asi

(Daan.18:18). Hi tawkah Pathian in a simciami cu Isreal pawl lakah Pathian in kamsang pawl

hmangin thu a simmi pawl cu a famkimih (Daan.13:1-5) hrihlo ih, cui an simmi a famkimnak a

tawpnak cu Kamsang Zesu Khrih ah a thleng (Jn.1:21;Dung.3:23). Hebru cabu sungah ca

ngantu in a simmi cu," Khuahlanah Pathian in kamsang pawl hmangin thu a rak simih a tu

ahcun a Fapa hmangin kan hnenah thu a sim" ti asi (Heb.1:1-21). Thuthiang lala in Pathian

thawkkhummi thu casungih nganmi pawl cu khuimi an si ti theihtheinak a sim.

Kan sim zovekin Moses cu Pathian palai a sizia mi zapi theih a siih a thu simmi pawl cu

Pathian hnen ihsin a ra mi Pathian thu asi tiah zohman ello ten an pom. Cuvek thotho in

kamsang dang pawl khal an thu simmi le an hnatuan in Pathian palai an sizia cu mipi theih an

rak si. Cuitlunah kamsang pakhat le pakhat an thu simmi le an canganmi le Pathian thu an

dawnmi pawl cu Pathian hnen ihsin a ra mi Pathian thu asizia an theihpi aw. Joshua in Moses ih

canganmi pawl cu Pathian thu vekin a pom. Cun Maikhah in Isaiah ih thu simmi pawl kha a sim

(Mai.4:1-4; Isai.2:4. Daniel in Jeremiah ih thu simmi pawl kha a pom (Dan.9:2).

2) Thuthlungthar (TT)

Thuthlungthar khal hi Thuthlunghlun vekin pomdaan tlangpi nei in pommi an si. Ca

ngantu cu kamsang lole Dungthluntu an si maw? ti cu an thusut mi asi. Paul in Ephesian pawl

hnenah ca a kuat tikah ziangkim an thei zoih kamsang le Dungthluntu pawl tohmi hramah hram

tohmi an si ti thu a sim (Efe.2:19-20). Dungthluntu timi cu Khrih ih nun, thih le a thawhsalnak

rak thei le hmu ih Khrih amah rori in leitlun hmun zakipah Thuthangtha simdingah

mawhphurhnak a pekmi an si (Lk.24:46-49; Dung.1:8). Annih pawl cu Zesu’i hnen ihsin thu a

dawngsawngtu an siih Zesu amah rori in Thuthangtha sim dingah mawhphurhnak a pekmi an si.

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An hmuh le an theihmi thu pawl kha sim vivo dingah thupekmi an si. An thih hlanah Thlarau

Thianghlim a ra dingih ziangkim thu a sim thluh hai ding thu kha an hnenah Zesu in a rak

kamcia (Jn.14:26). Annih pawl cu AD kum 100 nak sungih Pathian kamsang pawl an si. Zesu in

Thlarau Thianghlim a rat tikah thu ziangkim a theihter tlunah hmailamah a thleng ding thu pawl

tiang a theihter ding thu a rak kamcia hai (Jn.16:13). Curuangah annih pawl cu TH san lai ih

kamsang pawl vekin Pathian hnen ihsin an thu dawnmi sim suakin cabu sungah khumtu an si.

Piter khalin a simmi thu cu kamsang pawl simmi thu thawn a hlutzia an bang awk thu a sim

(IIPit.3:1-2).

Kawhhran pupa pawl kha Dungthluntu pawl kekar thluntu an sinan Dungthluntu pawlih

dinhmun hleice kha an thei ih an dinhmun le an canvo vek co in an simaw dah lo. Clement of

Rome kha (AD.30-100) Dungthluntu pawl san laiih nung a rak siih Paul khan Pathian

thawkkhummi thu a simin cabu sungah a ngan asi ti a theitu asi. Asinan, amah le amah cu

Dungthluntu sinak dinhmun nei in le a ca nganmi pawl kha Dungthluntu pawl ca nganmi vekin

Pathian thawkkhummi asi tiah ziang tik hmanah a sim dah lo. Ignatius (AD.117) in amai

dinhmun le Dungthluntu pawl dinhmun kha danglam zetin a theiih Dungthluntu pawl tuar vekin

martar in a thi ve nan a damlaiah Dungthluntu pawl canvo vek co in a sim aw dah loih

Dungthluntu Paul, Piter le Dungthluntu dang pawl kha upatnak a pek sawn hai asi.

Thuthlungthar sungih Baibal pawl cu an zaten Pathian thawkkhummi an si. Ziangruangah

tile Dungthluntu le kamsang pawlih nganmi an siih Pathian thawkkhummi vekin nganmi an si

ruangah asi.

i) Thuthangtha Mathew kha Dungthluntu ih nganmi a siih Pathian thawkkhumi asi.

ii) Mark kha Pathian in mawhphurhnak a pekmi kamsang a rak si. (Dung.12:25; KK Tim.4:11).

Piter thawn a neihniam aw zetmi an si.Papaias, Hieropolis ih Bishop tuanmi, Dungthluntu san lai

ih rak nung in hitin a ngan (AD.70-140), "Mark kha Piter ih tonglettu ah a cangih Piter thawn

rawngbawlnak an neih hnu ah Zesu’i tongkam le a simmi pawl kha cabu ah a ngan." Papaias in

Mark Thuthangtha kha Piter in Zesu’i thu a simmi asi tiah a sim. Cutin kan ti tikah Mark ih

cangannak ah Thlarau Thianghlim a tello kan tinak asilo. Mark Thuthangtha sungih Zesu thu

ngami pawl hi Mark in Piter hnen ihsin thu a dawnmi pawl an si tinak sawn asi.

iii) Luke kha Dungthluntu cu a rak si lo nan kamsang a rak si ( Kol.4:14; Philemon.24)

Dungthluntu pawl thawn hnatuan tlang an rak si. Kum zabi 2 laifangih a thi mi kawhhran pupa

pakhat, Justin cun Luke khan Dungthluntu pawl thuneihnak vek thuneihnak a nei asi a ti,

ziangruangah tile Paul ih kaitlun asi ruangah a ti.Irenaeus in hitin a sim ( kum zabi 2 laiah):

"Piter le Paul in Rome khua ah kawhhran an din laiah Mathew cun Thuthangtha a nganih, a sim

khal a sim. An thih hnuah Piter ih dungthlun le tonglettu, Mark in Piter ih thu simmi pawl kha

cabu ah tuah tahratin kan hnenah thu in sim. Cuvek thotho in Paul ih dungthlun Luke

khalin Pawlih simmi thu pawl le an rawngbawlnak thu pawl kha cauk ah ngan tahratin kan hnen

ah thu in sim".Tertullian, Carthage ih theologian (Pathian thu thiam sang)(AD.196-212) khalin

hitin a sim: " Mark in Piter ih thu simmi le Luke in Paulih thu simmi an sim salnakah , zozo

khalin an ca nganmi pawl cu an pu le hnen cio ihsin an dawnmi thu a si tiah a ti (51/252).

Luke amah rori khal ca a ngan tikah Khrih nunnak, a thihnak le a thawhsalnak thu pawl kha

mitih hmutu pawl hnen ihsin thudawnmi vekin a sim.

iv) John kha a dungthluntu a siih Thuthangtha pakhat, cakuat pathum le thupuan pakhat a ngan.

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v) Paul kha a dungthluntu a siih bu 13 a ngan .(Romans, I le II Korintian,

Kalatian,Efesian,Philipian, Kolosian, I le II Thesolonika, I le II Timote, Titus, le Philemon).

A cakuat pali sung lawngah amai hmin a ngan tel lo.

vi) Hebrew Baibal ngantu zo asi ti tutiang theih a si hrih lo.

Mi tampi cun Paul ih nganmi asi tiah an zum. Clement of Rome; Clement of Alesendria

(AD.150-215); Origen (scholar) (AD.185-254) pawlin Paul ih ngami a si an zum. Origen in

hitin a rak sim, "Hebrew Baibal hi a sung thu pawl cu Paul ih ruahnak asilole a simtheumi

thawn a mil aw mi an si. Asinan, a ca ngandan zoh tikah Dungthluntu pawlih thu theitu in an

zirhtu pawl ih zirhmi kha ca sungah an nganmi asi ding ti ka zum.Curuangah zokhalin Paul ih

ngami a si an ti ahcun mawhsiat ding asilo. Ca ngantu taktak cu Pathian lawngin a thei".

Curuangah, Hebrew ca ngantu in a sim vekin, ca ngantu cun Khrih thu a theihnak cu

mit ih hmu tu pawl hnen ihsin theihsawngmi asi ih, Khrih ih thu a simtu le a ngantu pawl

hnen ihsin a theihsawngmi asi thu a sim (Heb.2:3). Curuangah ca ngantu cu Dungthluntu a

siloih kamsang pakhatkhat asi thei ding tiah an ruat. Adungthluntu pawl cun an mit in an

hmu ih an hna ih an theihmi thu pawlkha an simin an ngan. Cuvek thotho in Paul khal khan

Pathian hnen ihsin a dawnmi thu a simin a ngan. Curuangah himi ca ngantu hin Dungthluntu

pawl hnen ihsin thu a rak dawngih a rak siarmi pawl kha cabu sungah a nganih Paul ih simmi

pawl hi a rak ngan tlangpi bikmi asi ding tiah mi tampi cun an zum.

vii) James, Zesu ih unau (Mth.13:55) in Zesu’i thawhsalnak a rak hmu ih (I

Kor.15:7), Dungthluntu asi (Kal.1:19). Cule Jerusalemah kawhhran hotu a rak tuan

(Dung.15:13; Kal.2:9) ih amah in amai hmin nganin cakuat pakhat a rak ngan (James 1:1).

viii) Piter, TT ah cabu pahnih ngantu cu dungthluntu larzet a rak si. Silvanus kha a

cangantu ah a hmang (I Pit.5:12).

ix) Jude, Zesu’i unau pa ( Mth.13:55) in kamsang thuneihnak thawn Jude cakuat

kha a rak ngan (Jude 11).

B. Daan tlangpi pahnihnak

Ca ngantu pawl an pawimawh tlukin a rak dawngsawngtu pawl khal an pawimawh zet

asi. Ziangruangah tile Pathian thu cu Pathian palai pawlih phuanmi lawng si loin Pathian fa le

pawl hnenah nganmi a siih zovek milai pawlin an rak dawngsawng hmasa ti hi a thupi zet.

1) A hramthawk ah miburpi in rak cohlanmi le hmanmi asi maw?

Baibal bu pawl cu Pathian minung pawlih rak cohlanmi an si. Ziangruangah tile

Pathian kamsang cu mi zapi theih an siih an thu simmi Pathian hnen ihsin a ra thlengmi khal

Pathian minung pawlin an thei. Paul in an thu simmi pawl cu milai thu men vekin an rak

dawng loih Pathian thu vekin an rak dawnzia thu kha Thesolonia pawl hnenah ca a kuat tikah

a sim ( I The.2:130). Adang zawngin kan sim asile Pathian Thlarau in Pathian fale pawl

thinlung sungah hna a tuanih Pathian thu, kamsang pawl hmangin a simmi cu an thei. Geisler

le Mix in an simmi cu, Thuthiang tehfung hi milai theihnak in kawhhran tawn khawm awknak

menah tuahsuak mi asilo. Thlarau Thianghlim hnatuannak in Pathian Thutak theihtheinak a

pek haimi asi an ti. Zesu in 'ka tu pawlin ka aw an thei' a ti (Jn.10:27).

Cuticun Pathian Thlarau in zumtu pawl thinlung sungah hna a tuannakin Pathian

thutak kamsang pawl hmangin Pathian in a rak theihterih kamsang pawlin an rak nganmi pawl

cu an theithei asi tiah an sim. Pathian Thlarau Thianghlim hnatuannak tel loin zumtu pawlin

Pathian hnen ihsin thupuan dawn theinak an nei loih Pathian thu theihtheinak khal an nei lo a

si. Pathian in a thu a simmi pawl cu thilmak le hminsinnak pawl thawn a theihter hai theu

(Dung.2:22; II Kor.12:12; Heb.2:40.

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Asinan, acancan cu Thuthianghlim asi tiah pom zo mi pawl hi kum reipi hnuah

ringhleltu an suak theu. Thuthimnakah, Thufim, Thusimtu, Solomon hla, Esthar, Ezkiel pawl

kha BC 400 hlanah Thuthiang vekin an rak pom zo nan, AD kum zabi pakhatnakah mi

hrekkhatin an rak ringhlel. Thupuan kha kawhhran pupa pawl (Polycap AD 150; Justin

Martyr AD. 140; Irenaeus AD.170; Clement of Alexandria AD. 200) pawlin Pathian thupuan

vekin an rak pomzo nan, AD kum zabi 3 ah fehsual ( Montanists) pawlin an rak ringhlel.

Theih dingmi pawl:

Pathian in a thu kamsang pawl a theihterih a ngan ter tikah a rak dawngtu mipi

zumtu an ummih anmah in Pathian thutak asi tiah an thei lohli. Curuangah a lehhnu kum

ziangmawzat hnuah rinhlelhnak le sawiselnak a um sal theu mi cu zumtu diktak hnen hnakin

Pathian Thlarau in a cencilh lo mi pawl hnen ihsin asi theu.

Cuticun kawhhran Council ( tawn khawmnak) an rak tuah ih Baibal thu an rel tikah an

rak zohmi cu zo ih ngami a siih kum zabi pakhatnakah zovek mipi in an rak dawngin an

cohlang, ziangtin Pathian thu asi tiah an rak pom ti pawl hi an rak zoh bikmi asi.

2. A thuneihnak

Baibal ngami cu zoin ziangvek tikcu ah ziangvek dinhmunah a ngan? Ziangvek

minung pawlin Pathian thu vekin an rak pom ti theihfiang tikah lungkimtawktak theihtheinak

a um lawng si loin ziangtlukin a sungih thutak cu a dik ih thuneihnak a nei ti zohfiang asi

theu. Pathian cu Amah le Amah a kalh aw thei lo ih kamsang hmangin thu a simmi pawl khal

a kalh aw thei lo. Curuangah Thuthiang bu khat cun a hlanih thuthiang pawl thawn a thu in a

rem aw ding asi. ( Dung.17:11; I Jn. 4:1-6), cui tlunah leitlun milai thuanthu thaw khalin a

kalh aw thei lo. Thuthimnakah mi hrekkhatin James le Jude hi Baibal asi ngaingai maw tiah

an ringhlel. Ziangruangah tile James in zummnak thu a simmi hi Paul ih zumnak thu a simmi

thawn a kalh aw asi an ti . Martin Luther hman in himi cauk cu a nep deuh ah a rak ret an ti.

Asinan, Paul le James hin mibur dangdang hnenah le thubuai dangdang ruangah ca an rak

nganih an tumtahnak a dan vekin an sim duhsan khal a dang ih Thutak ahcun zianghman kalh

awknak a um lo asi ti an theih hnu lawmngah James cakuat hi Pathian thutak asi tiah an pom

thei sal. Cun mi hrekin, Jude hi Apocryphal cauk sung ihsin thu lakmi a neih ruangah an

ringhlel ih Pathian thutak asi ding maw tiah an ti. Jude hin Apocryphal sung ihsin ( cang.

14,15) kha Enoch 1:19 ihsin a lakmi asi tiah an ti ih Jude cu Biabal sungah telh dingah an

thukthun. Asinan, Jude in Enoch cauk sung ihsin a lakmi a um ruangah Enoch cauk

kha thawkkhummi asi tinak asi cuang lo ih Paul khalk han zumlo tu pawl hnen ihsin a lakmi

a rak um ve thu kan hmu ( Dung.17:28; Tit.1:12).

Hitawkah, pahnihnak ih an tehfung cu thutheihnak asi. Zumtu pawlin Pathian thu

cu huham cahnak thawn a ra mi asi tiah an zum. Hebru Thuthiang sungah Pathian thu ih

thiltitheinak cu kan hmu, "Pathian thu cu a nungih a cangvai tlunah khandaih hriam hnakin a

hriam sawn ih milai sunglam thlarau nunnak khal a sun tlang thei asi tiah a sim Heb.4:12).

Pathian thu cu huham cahnak a neiih milai thinlung sungah hna tuan in an sunglam nunah

danglamnak a neihter thei.

Esthar, Solomon Hla, le Thusimtu pawl hi an thuneihnak thu ah mi rinhlelh an

rak kai. Esthar ca ngantu hi kum zabi pakhatnak lawngah an thei suak salih a thu sungah

Pathian voikhat hman a tel lo ruangah an ringhlel. Solomon ih hla, ngai awknak thu a simnak

pawl le Thusimtu, thil tha lo zawng hlir ih hmuhdan simnak pawl kha Pathian thunung asi thei

ding maw tiah an ringhlel. Asinan, Pathian hnen lawngah ziangkim a famkim zia le Khrih ah

mi-lungawi a kimnak thu an simnak pawl an hmuh suak tikah an zumih anpom.

14

PART III: BAIBLA FINGKHAWI DAN

THUTHLUNGHLUN AN RAK FINKHAWM DAN THUANTHU

( OT, Canon)

A. A pehzawm vivo mi kamsang pawl:

Pathian in Isreal miphun hmangin leitlun thawn a pehtlaihnak hmuahhmuah cu

Thuthlunghlun ah kamsang pawl rawngbawlnakin hmuhtheih asi. Pathian in catbang loin

kamsang a nei ringring. Anmah pawl hmangin Pathian thu phuan cia mi siseh an ram le

dinhmunih zirin a tulmi Pathian in a theihter mi siseh Israel pawlin an kilkhawi in an finkhawi

ringring. Moses kha kamsang ca ngan hmaisa biktu a siih a cauk ngami pawl cu Pathian

thawkkhummi asi tiah hmakhat teah Isreal pawlin an pom. (Moses nganmi cabu pawl tla cu

Semtirnak, Suahhlannak, Puithiam Hnatuannak, Mipum Siarnak, le Daan peksalnak pawl tla

an si). A cauk nganmi pawl rak dawng hmasatu Israel mipi pawlin Pathian thu asi tiah

hmakhat teah an rak pomih a dung hnu ih kamsang pawl khalin Moses nganmi cu Pathian thu

asi tiah an pomih an sim nawn sal theu. Joshua 1:7-8; 8:31-32), David ( I Siang. 2:3),

Solomon ( I Siang. 8:53,56,61), Jeremiah (Jer.8:8); Daniel ( Dan.9:11,13); Ezara ( Aza.6:18);

Nihemiah (Neh.13:1) le Malakhi ( Mal.4:4) pawlin an sim nawn sal theu ti kan hmu.

Pathian in a sim vekin Moses in an nitin nun khawsak danah a tul a timi pawl kha a

rak ngan thluh (Mipum 33:1-2). Moses ih thihnak thu (Daan.34) kha Joshua in a sunzawm, a

ngan (Jossh.24:26). Joshua hnu ah kamsang Samuel, Nathan pawlin thu hla an run ngan vivo

tikah Joshua ih hnatuan netnak pawl kha Joshua 24 nakah an ngan bet a si ding tiah an zum.

Thuthentu, Ruth, I, II Samuel pawl khal anmai nganmi a si ding ( I San. 29:29). Jeremiah,

Ahijah, Jehu, Iddo, Shemiah pawl hi I, II Siang pahrang cabu ngantu ding awm bik an si ( II

San.9:29; 12:15; 13;22; 20:34). Cun I, II Sansiarnak kha Ezara in mawhphurhnak a nei tiin a

lang ( II San.36:22-23; Eza.1:1-3).Cun Ezara le Nehemiah cu bu hmaisa ( TH. (Origin) bu

ahcun bukhat an rak si) ( Ezara.7:25-28; II Mai. 2:2:13). Kamsang dawtdawt pawlin TH.

Cabu a dawtdawtin an nganih Semtirnak ihsin Nehemiah tiang thuanthu a dawtdawtin an

ngan thluh. Cuticun kamsang pawl nganmi pawl cu pakhat hnu pakhat an rak pomih Pathian

thu vekin an rak urhsun.

Himi tikcu sungah hin hla (Poetical) bu nga pawlkhal ngan an si ( Job, Sam, Thufim,

Thusimtu, Solomon hla). Cun a dang prophetic (sim lawknak) bu 17 pawl khal thlarau

luahkhatmi kamsangpawlih nganmi an siih Pathian thawkkhumi vekin cadang (Scroll dang)

lakah telh an si. An lenpi kamsang dang pawlin pakhtat le pakhat Pathian hnen ihsin an

dawnmi thutak Pathian thu cu an theihsak aw in an pom sak aw ih an hlan ih Pathian thutak

pawl khal an theiin an pom. Thuthimnakah, Ezakiel in Job a um thu a sim ( Eze.14:14,20); II

Samuel 22 ihsin Sam 18 sungih thuanthu a ngan tel; Jeremiah in ( Jer.26:18) Maikhah

(Maik.3:12) thu a la; Maikhah (4:1-3) in Isai ( 2-4) ta asim sal; cutin paskhat le pakhat

kamsang pawlin an Pathian thu an sim le an ngan mi an theih sak awk ih an simsawng

ruangah ziang thu pawl hi Pathian thuthiang an si ti awlten theihtheinak an si.

B. Cabu pawl thendan

TH. Cabu pawl hi phun dangdangah then an si:

1. Thenhnih ah thendan:

15

A tlangpi thu in (Thlungthar sungah ngan vek cun) "Daan le Kamsang" ( The Law and

the Prophet) tiah an then ( Mth.5:17, 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk.16:16,17; Jn. 10:45; Dung.13:15;

24:14; 28:23; Rom.3:21), asilole 'Moses le Kamsang' (Moses and prophet) tiah an ti

(Lk.16:29, 31; 24:27; 44; Dung.28:23). Cun hmun hrekkhat ahcun TH pumhlum hi "Daan"

(Law) tiah an sim ( Jn.10:34; 15:25; I Kor.14:21). Daan ahcun Moses ih cabu 5 ( Semtirnak,

Suahlannak, Puithiam Hnatuan, Mipum Siarnak, Daan pek salnak) ti pawl an telih Kamsang

ahcun a tang mi bu 19 pawl an tel. Tui hlan reipi ah TH hi bu 24 lawng a rak um. ( Ziangah

tile, Minor prophet (Kamsang nauta) pawl kha bu khat vekah an rak ret. Cuvek thotho in I, II

Samuel; I, II Siangpahrang; I, II Sansiarnak; Ezara le Nehemiah pawl hi bukhat fingfingah ret

an rak si. Cuti asilole bu 22 ah an rak ret khawm ( Ruth cabu kha Thuthentu ah an rak komih ,

Tah Hlla cabu kha Jeremiah bu ah kom an rak si. Eusebius (AD 325) cun Hebrew Baibal bu

22 a um a ti. Jerome cun bu 22 lole 24 a rak um a ti. Origen (AD. 250) cun bu 22 um a ti.

Tertulian (AD.200) cun bu 24, Melito (AD.170) cun bu 22, Josephus cun bu 22, Talmud cun

bu 24. Cuticun an bu siardan a rak bang aw lo cio. Ziangruangah tile bu khat ah an kommi le

komdan cio a rak bang awk lo ruangah asi. Ziangkhal sisehla bu 22 maw 24 khalin an siar a si

khallen TH an neihmi cu tui kan neihmi bu 39 thotho a si.

2. Thenthum ih thendan

Hebrew pawlin an Thuthiang kha phunthumah an then. Daan (Law, Torah); Kamsang

( the Prophet, Nebiim); le Ca ngan ( Writing, Ketubim) pawl an si. Himi phunthum an

thennak mi Apocryphal, Ecclesiasticus timi ah BC132 ihsin kan hmu thei. Zesu in phunthum

ih thenmi hi a pom a si thei men, "...Moses Daan, Kamsang le Sam sungah an nganmi " tiah a

ti (Lk.24:44). Babylonian Talmud cun himi phunthum thendan hi a rak sim. Daan bu 5,

Kamsang bu 8, Ca ngan bu 11 tiah an then. Cuticun himi phunthum ih thendan hi BC. 200 lai

ihsin kan hmuh thei mi a siih AD 400 lai khalah pommi a si. Cuticun Hebrew Baibal cu a

hnuailam vekin then a si.

i) Daan/the Law/ Torah

Semtirnak, Suahlannak, Puithiam Hnatuan, Mipum Siarnak, Daan pek salnak,

ii) Kamsang/Nebim/ the Prophet

Kamsang hmaisa ( Former prophet) Joshua, Thuthentu, Samuel, Siangpahrang,

Kamsang neta (Latter prophet) Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekial, le kamsang fate 12.

iii) Ca ngan/ Ketubim/ Writing

a) Hla bu pawl: Hla, Sam, Job, Thufim

b) Cazual pa nga ( Five rolls)- Hla, Ruth, Tah Hla, Thu simtu, Esthar,

c) Thuanthu bu: Ezara, Nehemiah, Sansiarnak

Kum zabi pakhatnak ih Jews mi thuanthu lam thiam Josephus cun hitin a sim,

"Thuthiang kan pomdan thu ah ngaihdan bang aw lo hnuaihni a um. Asinan bu 22 kan nei ti

cu a fiang. Cu pawl cu Pathian thawkkhummi lole Pathian hnen ihsin a ra mi an si. Pa nga cu

Moses ih ngan mi an si ih, Daan tiah kan ko. A cabu sungah milai thuanthu thawn ngan mi a

si. Moses ih thih hnu ihsin Persian lal Artaxerxes ih san tiang kamsang dang pawlih ngan mi

cabu pawl kha a zaten bu 13 a um. Cuitlunah Patian thangthatnak hlabu bu li a umih milai

nuntudan thu thawn ngan mi an si" tiah a ti.

Josephus hin midangin Baibal cabu pawl an tthen dan thawn a bang aw loin a tthenih,

a hmaisa bikah Moses ih nganmi cabu, danbu pa nga kha phunkhat ah a ret. Apahnihnak ah bu

13 le a dang buli (Sam, Thufim, Thusimtu, le Solomon Hla) pawl kha phunkhat ah a tthen.

16

Josephus in autography sungih a ngandan cun lal Titus in thuthianghlim ngannak caphek

(scroll) pawl kha a hnenah a pek thu a ngan. Cucu a dik a si achun Josephus ih simmi pawl hi

a dik zet tiah kan pom thei ding.

Himi Thuthiang phunthum ih tthen dan hi liberal Pathian thu thiam pawlin an la ih

Thuthlunghlun pawl hi voithum finkhawm (tehfung thawn teh) mi a si tiah an ti. Daan (law)

pawl kha BC 400 hrangah, Ca ngan (writing) pawl kha BC. 200-AD 90 ah finkhawm theh an

si tiah an sim. Goodspeed (1871-1962), Chicago University ih Thuthlungthar zirhtu cun hitin

a sim, "Jews pawl Thuthiangih tthenthumnak (writing) pawl kha Khrih a thih hnu kum zabi

pakhatnak cemzawng tiangah felfai zetin tthen a rak si hrih lo. Asinan Jamnia khau ah Jews

pawl synod( khawmpi) ah felten tthenfel a rak si" tiah a sim.

Asinan hitin an simmi pawl hi Thuthiang sungah zianghman hmuh theimi kan nei lo.

Kamsang pawl ca ngan mi pawl cu Pathian thu a sizia mipi pawlin hmakhat teah an thei lohli

ttheu a si ti cu thuthiang sungah kan hmu thei. (Thutthimnakah, Suah.24:3,7). Cuticun zumtu

pawlin Pathian thu ngan mi pawl cu felfaiten kilkhawi an si (Daan.31:24-26; Jos. 1:8; 24:26).

Curuangah, Pathian thu ngan mi pawl hi mipi in an ntheihthiam hlanah a phunphun in rak

tthendarh an si lo. Kamsang pawlin mipi hnen an thlenpi ve ten mipi in Pathian tawkkhum mi

a sizia thei in an kilkhawi ttheu sawn asi. Pathian thuthianghlim pawl an rak tthen tikah

Pathian sinak a danglam ruangah an tthen si loin a hmangtu pawlih theih awlnak ding hrangah

an tthen men mi a si ih ziangtin an tthen khal asile a sungih thu um pawl cu an bang aw

thotho. Thuthlunghlun an tthendan hrekkhat pawl kan zoh hnik pei.

3) Tthendan thuanthu

i) Septuagent (LXX)

Alexandria khua, Egypt (BC, 250-150) ah Hebru Baibal ihsin Greek ttongah lehmi a si. Cule

anmah an duhdan in Thuthlunghlun bu tthen dan cu an tthen hai mi a si. Bruce cun,

Septuagent ah Hebru Baibal an tthendan hi khua hlan ihsin Hebru pawlin an rak tthendan

thawn a mil aw bik ding tiah a ti.

ii) Dead Sea Scroll ( Tipi thi caphek-Tipi thi ah an sarmi Jews pawl Baibal ngannak

caphek . BC-250-AD 68).

Himi caphek sungah cun Thuthlunghlun pawl hi Moses ngan mi tiah le Kamsang nganmi tiah

phunhnih ah an tthen ih phunthum ih tthen a um lo.Harris in Qumran thu a ngannakah

"Thuthlunghlun cabu pawl hi a phunphun in rak tthen an si lo". Curuangah Qumran a rak nei

tu pawl cun Thuthlunghlun cabu pawl hi tthenhnih le tthenthum ah an rak tthen lo a si ti a

fiang.

iii) Josephus cun, a hmaisa ah kan sim zo vekin, Hebru Baibal pawl hi tulai ah kan

tthendan vekin a rak tthen lo. Amai san laiih minung pawl in an tthen dan vekin a

tthen ve a si bik in a lang.

iv) Kum zabi pakhatnak ihsin pathumnak karlakih Pathian thuthiam pawlin Hebru Baibal

hi tthendan a phunphun in an rak tthen. Josephus (AD. Pakhatnak), Melito (AD170),

Origen (AD 250), Eusebius (AD.325) pawl hin Hebru Baibal cu bu 22 ah an rak tthen.

Septuagent le Dead Sea Scroll (Tipi thi caphek) sungah kan hmuh thei vekin

Thuthlunghlun Baibal cabu pawl hi BC kum zabi pahnih hlan ihsin felfai zetin finkhawm,

kilkhawi le kenkawh mi an si ti fiangzetin kan sim thei. Lk.11:49-51 ah Zesu in thu a sim

tikah Abel ihsin Zachariah tiang Pathian palai martar tuartu pawl thu a simih Thuthiangin a

simmi martar tuartu pawl thu cu a dik asi ti a langternak asi tiin kan thei thei. Curuangah

Thuthlunghlun sanlai ih Baibal an rak neihmi cu Pathian thutak tiah an pom asi ti a lang. Abel

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ih thih thu cu Semtirnak bu sungah ngan a siih Zachariah ih thih thu cu Thuthlunghlun sungah

martar tuar neta bik kamsang hmin ngan mi a si. Zechariah ih thih thu cu Thuthlunghlun bu

neta bik II Sansiarnak bu sungah ngan a si. Curuangah Zesu in thu a sim tikah Thuthlunhlun

cabu hmaisa bik Semtirnak ihsin a neta bik Malachi thu tiang a sim asi tin kan sim thei.

Geiser le Nix in an sim dan ahcun Thuthlunghlun bu pawl cu BC 400 hlan ah

finkkhawm thluh a siih BC. 200 hrawngah Daan (Law), Kamsang (Prophet) le Ca ngan

(writing) tiah phunthum ah an then lehsal mi asi tiah an ti. Thhenthum ah an tthensalnak cu

Jews pawlin an zirh awknak ah awlsam deuh dingin an tthen mi asi. A hmaisa ah nitin nun

khawsak dan thawn a pehper aw mi Daan bu pawl, Thuanthu bu pawl le thuanthu a si lo mi

Kamsang pawl ca ngan mi bu tiah an tthen.

v) Jamnia Council (AD.90)

Jerusalem a siat hnu, AD. 90 ah Jews hruaitu ( Rabi) pawlin Jamnia ah tawng aw

khawm in an sakhua biaknak lam thu reltlang dingin Rom kumpi hnenah sialnak an la.

Jerusalem biak inn pi a um nawn lo ruangah Jews pawl raithawinak khal a tawp ih an sakhua

nak khal a danglam vivo. An tawn awk khawmnak ih an thutlangpi bik cu Baibal finkhawm

ding asi. Thufim, Thusimtu, Solomon Hla le Esthar cabu pawl kha Jews thuanthu thei tuk

lemlo tu pawlin Pathian thawkkhum mi a si maw si lo tiah an ringhlel ih cucu an tawn

awkkhawm nakah an rel khawm. Hi mi cabu pawl hi a rak dawng hmaisatu pawlin Pathian

thawkkhummi asi tiah an rak pom zo mi asi. Cucu AD kum zabi pakhatnak hrawngah mi

hrekkhat in an ringhlel sal. Thufim 26:4 le 26: 5 nak hi an kalh aw asi an ti. Cui tlunah

Thusimtu cabu sungah ziangkim thil a tthatlonak lam lawnglawng in simmi a um tikah

Pathian thawkkhummi asilo ding tiah an ring hlel. Cun Solomon hla kha fala le tlangval ngai

awknak hla asi tikah Pathian thawkkhum mi asilo ding tiah an ring hlel fawn. Cun Esther cabu

sungah Pathian hmin voikhat hman nganmi a um lo ruangah Pathian thawkhummi asilo ding

tiah an ring hlel. Curuangah Jamnia ah an tawn awk khawm hnuah an rel khawmih ziang

cabu pawl kha Pathian thawkkhum mi Pathian thu asi ding timi an nemhnget. Cule an sakhua

nak lam hruaitu pawlin Thuthianghlim vekin zianghman rinhlelhnak um nawn lo dingin thu

an suah. A dang zawngin sim asile, cui tawn awkkhawmnak (council) ah BC san lai ihsin

Jews pawlin Pathian thawkkhum mi thuthianghlim vekin an rak hman mi cabu pawl kha

Thlarau Thianghlim bawmnakin a sinak vekin an theithei ih anmai biaknak lam hruaitu

Thuthianghlim asi tiah an nemhnget bet.

THUTHLUNGTHAR AN RAK FINKHAWM DAN THUANTHU

( NT, Canon)

A. Grik Cabu ( Manuscript pawl)

Khrih dungthlun pawlin kutin nganmi Thuthianghlim pawl kha kawhhran tinah siar theih

dingin kawpi an rak tuah vivo ih kawhhran tin in khawm awknak hmuntinah an rak siar ttheu.

Cui hnu ah ken sukso le fingkhawi a awlsam deuh mi 'Papyrus' timi caphek parah an rak ngan

sawng vivo. Cui caphek pawl cu boruak ttha lo a tuar thei lo zet (II Jn.12). Kawhhran thawk

pek ihsin AD kum zabi 15 tiang milai kutin anrak ngan sawng vivo. Kum zabi 15 hnu lam

lawngin Baibal Thuthianghlim cu khawlin an rak ngan sawng vivo thei. Cutin kutin an rak ngan

sawng vivo tikah cafang ngan sual le cawn sual mi um loin rak tuah a harsa zet. Asinan hlanlaiih

Grik ttonngin an nganmi pawl hmuh thei mi a um laiih an ngan swngnakah an sual mi tete remsal

theih asi. Cuticun Thuthlungthar cu kawpi tampi tuah sawng vivo asinan kum zabi pahnih

18

hrawngah Grik ttongin nganmi caphek pawl ( a hrek cu a tthen a lang lawng kan hmu thei) kan

hmu thei ih Dungthluntu pawl rak nganmi thawn a dang aw lo ding tiah kan ti thei. (Grik ttongin

nganmi Baibal caphek cu 5366 lai hmuh ding a um). Bruce in hitin asim "Leitlunah Baibal ca

tlukin khua hlan ca (Original kawpy) hmuh thei mi kan nei lo." Cui Baibal Grik caphek pawl cu

a tlangpi thu in phunthum ah an tthen. Cupawl cu ziangvek an si ti kan zoh hnik pei.

1. PAPYRI

Thuthlunghlun san lai ahcun ca ngannakah savun ih tuahmi a tlangpi thu in an rak

hmang nan Thuthlungthar san ahcun Papyri hi a thlangpi thu in ca ngannakah an rak hmang.

Papyri hi Egypt ram Nile tiva kiangih a um mi Papyrus hridai ihsin an tuah mi a siih Egypt

ramah kum 3000 BC lai ihsin an rak hman mi asi. (An tuah dan cu, Papyrus hri pawl kha

pherphiar vekin an phiar hnu ah an sut bek ih nisa lakah an pho hnu ah a hri thling pawlin a tinal

ih caphek vekin nal zenzi ten a suak). Cule Egypt ram ihsin ram inhnen pawl khalin an run

cawng vivo ih Grik le Rome ram pawl khalin can ngannak hmanrua ah an run hmang ciam co.

Metzger in hitin a sim:

" Grik le Rome ram pawl ahcun ca an ngan tikah Papyri lole savun ih tuah mi pawl parah an

ngan ttheu. Cun a hrek cun Papyri pawl kha an thitkom ih cabu vek tla in an tuah hnuah a

lenglam in tuamtu an tuah. A tlangpi thu in Grik cazial pawl hi pi 35 (feet) hrawng a sau. Cauk

pakhat ah tuah dingmi pawl kha cazual pakhatah ngan asi ttheu."

Cazual hman tikah a siartu pawl hrangah a awlsam zet. Khatlam le khatlamah a zial

theih ih casiartu in ca siar phah in a kut khatlam in a kau vivo ih a kut khatlam in a zial phahphah

a ttul. Cutikah zumtu pawlin Thuthianghlim an siar tikah an duhnak catlang kha awlsam ten

hawl a theih lo ti an hmuhsuak tikah cazial kha a phekphek in an tuah ih tui kan hmanmi cabu

vekin an tuah thawk. Cutikah an duh nak catlang kha awlsam ten an kau thei ih casiartu hrangah

a awlsam zet. Cumi cabu vekin an tuahmi cu Codex form tiah an ko. A hlan ih an hman mi

cazual hnakin a tthatnak tampi an hmu suak. a) Thutthimnakah, Thuthangttha buli pawl kha

hmunkhatah a ngan kawp theihih cabu pakhat vekin a tuah theih. Cuvek thotho in Paul cakuat

pawl kha hmunkhatah ngan in cabu pakhat vekin a tuah theih. An duh zatzat kha bukhat sungah

an ret theiih bukhat sungah an telh duh zatzat kha tuah theih asi. Cuitlunah phek khatlam le

khatlamah ngan a theih ih cabu man a awl tlunah a ken le ret khal a awlsam deuh. Cuvekin cabu

phun (Codex Form) kha Grik Khristian pawlin an duh zetih Jews pawlin Synagogue ah an

hmanmi Thuthlunghlun cazual (Roll-form) pawl lak ihsin thleidan a awlsam ruangah an duh zet

fawn.

Papyrus catlep pawl cu a tlek awl zetih tuah a harsat ruangah Grik catlap pawl malte lawng

hmuh ding a um. Grik ttongin nganmi ca pawl kan hmuh thei mi cu a tlangpi thu in phun 88

lawng a um. Hi pawl hi a rei bik ca ngan mi kan hmuh thei mi an si, tui hlan kum zakhat (100)

sungah Egypt ramah hmuhsuak sal mi an an si. Egypt pawl hin ca thupi pawl hi an hlawn dah

loih ttha zetin an kilkhawi ttheu ruangah Egypt ram ihsin a tam bik cu hmuhsuak sal an si.

Asinan, Papyri pawl hi an tlek hnuaihni ih a tlek pawl cu rem khawm hnu lawngah siar theih mi

tla an si. Cun a hrekkhat cu famkim deuh in a um lai mi khal an um.

Curuangah Papyri pawl cu hminsinnak "P" timi an nganih cu mi tlun te ah number an

nganih Baibal lehthar mi pawlin an hman tikah hminsinnak thawn an ngan tel ttheu. Revised

Standard Version, New American Standard Bible, le New International Version pawl hi Grik

tongin nganmi bu ( Original Text) pawl ihsin an leh mi an si.

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a. P52, John Rylands Fragment (AD.110-125)

Himi Papyrus parih nganmi fate (21/2 by 3 1/2 ft.) hi tulai san Thuthlungthar nganmi

kan hmuhmi lakah a rei bik, khua hlan ta bik asi. Himi catlep fate ah cang 5, John 8:31-33, 37-38

tiang a um. Himi catlep hi a fate zet nan hlanlai ihsin a rak umnak hmun le tikcu in theihter

ruangah a thupi zet. Egypt ramah kum 1920 ah an hmuh suak mi a siih Mirang ram (England),

Machester ih John Rylands Library ah tu tiang an ret. AD. 100 ihsin 125 karlak hrawngah an

nganmi asi tiah an zum.

b. P45, P46, P47, Chester Beaty Papyri (200-250)

Keiro ih Chester Beaty pawlin kum 1930 hrawngah Egypt ram ihsin an lei mi Papyri

catlep pathum a si. Thuthlungthar papyri an hmuhsuak mi lakah a thupi bik an si tiah an ti.

Dublin ih Beaty Museum ah a tutiang an ret lai.

P45 cu hnah 220 a ummih (10/8 inches) hnah sawmthum in tuah mi a si. A sung thu um pawl

cu hnahhnih - Mathew, Hnahruk - Mark, Hnah sarih-Luke, Hnahhnih-John, hnah hleithum -

Dungthluntu pawl tuahnak tlan an si.

P46 ahhin tlap 86 a umih hnah 104 in tuah mi a si. (Hnahkhat ah 11 by 61/2 a hlai) A sungthu

pawl cu a hnuailam vekin an si. Roman, Hebrew, I & II Korintian, Ephesian, Kalatian, Philipian,

Kolosian, I & II Theosolonika tla an si. Kum 200 AD hrawngih ngansawng mi vekin a langih

P45 hnakin a rei deuh in a lang.

P47 hi Thupuan hnah 10 lai ngan mi a siih ( a hlailam inchi 9 1/2 le 5 1/2 hawng a si). P45 vekin

P47 khal kum 250 AD hrawngih ngansawngmi vekin a lang.

c. P66, P72, P75 Bobmer Papyri (175-300)

A hmin hi a cazual neitu Geneva ih Martin Bodmer hmin lakih an sak mi a si. Hi khal hi

Egypt ram ihsin lei mi an siih Thuthlungthar ah a thupi zetmi an si. P66 papyri hi Grik

Thuthlungthar ahcun a rei lam pakhat asi ve. A zaten hnah 104 lai asi ih John (1:1-6:11; 6:35b-

14:26) pawl a um. Cuithlunah a belcawng hnah 40 lai a tel. P72 hi kum zabi pali hrawng ihta a si

ih I & II Piter le Jude pawl kawpi hmuh hmaisa bikmi an si. P76 cu Luke kawpi reibik le John

kawpi reibik lakah pakhat a si.

2. UNCIALS

Grik Baible catlap lakah a pahnihnak pawl cu savun ih tuah mi catlap (parchment,

vellum) asi. Kawhhran pawlin savun hmangin Thuthianghlim an ngannak cu AD kum zabi pali

ihsin pakua tiang kar lakah asi.

Savun ih tuah mi cathlap pawl kha mipi in an hmang thawk vivo. Ziangruangah tile

papyrus pawl cu a tuah a harsa ih a siat awl fawn, savun cu a tang sawn deldel asi. Savun ih

tuahmi asi. Savun ih tuahmi par ahcun cangantu pawlin a phek lehlam le lehlam ah an ngan thei.

Papyri cu a tlangpi thu in phek lehlam lawngah an ngan theu.

Savun parih ca ngan mi pawl cu tulai sanah a tlangpi thu in phunhnih in an then. Metzger in hitin

a sim.

Atlangpi thu in ca an ngan tikah phunhnih in an ngan. Pakhat cu nitin hmanmi,

hmanlangpi ca a siih 'cursive' asilole 'running' (kut ngan rang kan ti men ding kan theihthiam thei

nak dingah) tiah an ko. 'Running' lole 'Cursive'-Hmanlang ca cu nitin cakuat, hnatuan

hminsinnak le hmanlang pawlah an hmang. Cun a dang pakhat cu, cabu an suah tikah kut ngan

mawi deuh in an nganih ngandaan pa-ngai an nei. Cumi cu 'Uncial' tiah an ko. Uncial cangan

daan ahcun cafang pakhat le pakhat a dai aw loih tui cafang tumpi kan ngan daan vek deuh a si.

Asinan kum zabi pakua (9) hrawng ihsin cabu tuahnak ah an hmanmi kutngan phun khat a suak

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salih cucu minuscules tiah an ko. Cuticun, cursive cafang pawl hmangin cangan daan cu Grik ca

hmang an mal vivo. Cuticun Grik ca ah cursive, minuscules pawl cu a neta ah a suak mi le

hmanmi an si ih uncial pawl cu a hmaisa le hlanlai ta ah a cang.

Cuticun Grik tongin savun ah an nganmi Baibal cathlap pawl cu Grik uncial pawl cafang

hmangin nganmi an si. Cule uncial ca pawl cu ca an ngan hlan ah Arabic number pawl an ngan

hmaisa ih cui hnu ah ca an ngan thawk theu ruangah theih le hminsin a awlzet.

a. 01, Codex Sinaiticus (AD. 340)

Himi ca pawl hi Constantine Tischendorf in 1853 Sinai tlang hnuai ih St.Catherine

tlawng umnak hmun ah a sar mi a si, cumi thlawng cun Russian Czar hnenah laksawng vekin a

rak pek ih, Soviet kumpi in 1933 ah Mirang (Britist) hnenah a rak zuar sal mi asi. Cule a tuah cui

ca cu Mirang Museum ah a um. A dikzet ih hrelhmi a neih mal ruangah tuini ah cui ca cu Greek

cathlap hmuhsuak mi lakah hmantlak bik pakhat asi. Culawng hman si loin, Codex Sinaiticus hi

Grik uncial ca in Thuthlungthar a zaten a ummi umsun asi. Himi ca sungah Thuthlunghlun

Septuagint sungta khal a hrek tluk a telve. Cun Barnabas ih cakuat le Spepherd of Herman lak

ihsin a tel mi a um ve. Grik uncial in nganmi a siih phek 3641 1/2 a um…13 1/2 12 14 inches

kau le sau a si). Ca hmai pakhat ah column pali ah then a si ih column pakhat ah 2 1/2 inches cio

a kau. Caphek hi savun in tha zet in tuah mi asi.

b. 02, A, Codex Alexandrinus (450 AD).

Himi codex hi kum 1627 ah mirang ramah an rak keng ih mirang ram Musium ah an ret.

Himi codex ahhin Thuthlunghlun hmuahhmuah (hnahra siar lo), le Thuthangthar hmuahhmuah

(hnah 25 siar lo) cu tui kan hmanmi Baible thu pawl a kim thluh.

c. 03, B, Codex Vaticanus (ca. 325-350)

Codex Vaticanus hi Thuthlungthar savun parih nganmi a hlun bik pakhat asi. A hmin ah an

telh vekin Rome ramih Vatican Library ah kum 1475 ihsin an ret ih cumi hnu kum zali hnu

lawngah thiamsang filawr pawlih zir awknak ah hman an siang. Septuagint Thuthlungthlun le

Thuthlungthar tamsawn cu a telthluh. Semtirnak sungih bung 46, Sam number 30, Pastoral

cakuat hrekkhat le Hebrew Bung 9:14 ihsin hnu lam pawl a tel nawn lo.

Minuscules

Hihi kutngan kawi ih ngaimi an si. Cursives cangan mi pawl hi 2,800 thluk ah then a si.

Asinan, a nithla an nganmi hi kum zabi pakua ihsin hleiruk karlak sung lawng si thei in a lang.

Asinan cursive pawl hin kan thuthlungthar sungah tampi telh asi.

Ewert in a sim dam cu:

Uncial canganmi pawl hnakin minuscule canganmi pawl hi a tlai, lehhnu ih nganmi an si.

Ca ngan hmaisa mi pawl hi a neta pawl hnakin a dik deuh in le a man a nei deuh ding tiah a

tlangpi thu in ruah mi an si. Lehhnu ih canganmi pawl cu hlan lai ih ca nganmi pawl ihsin ngan

sawng mi an si ih hlanlai ih ca ngan pawl hi a dik sawn ding tiah ruah mi an si. Grik tongih

nganmi ca (Baibal) pawl hi phunthum in man an nei zet, Thuthlungthar a dik le diklo le khuimi a

dikbik ti zohfiangnak dingah hman an si thluh. Papyri, uncial le miniscules pawl tha ten

zohkhawm ih khaikhin hnu ahcun Dungthluntu pawl nganmi cathianghlim pawl hi khuimi a dik

in a thawk ih nganmi a si ding ti theihtheih nak dingah hlanlai ca nganmi pawl kan zoh ih kan

khaikhin tikah a hram thawk ih Thuthiang nganmi pawl porhsuak theih asi. Thuthianghlim an

ngan sawngnakah cafang ngan sual mi tete a um nan Grik tongih ngami ca 5000 tluk lai a ummi

khaikhinnak in Dungthluntu pawlih rak nganmi thuthianghlim cun ziang thu bik a sim ih

ziangvekin rak ngan a si ti thutak cu zingzawi theih asi.

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B. Text neta pawl: Bu neta pawl

1. Receivd text (textus Receptus)

“Thuthiang pawl hi an ngan thawk ihsin kum zabi 16 tiangah kutngan (manuscript form) in a

rak umih kutngan in ngan sawng vivo mi asi ruangah bu khat le bu khat cafang bangawk lonak

tete a um. Asinan, Kawhhran dinsal nak (reformation) ihsin thawk in Baibal cu khawlsutmi in

suah asi. Curuangah bu tampi ah suah asi khal len cafang bang aw zetin a suak thei.

Dutch thiamsang (scholar), Erasmus in kum 1516 ah Grik tongih khawl sut

Thuthlungthar cu a suah ih mi tampi lei theih in zuar asi.

Stephanus tiah theihmi Estiene le Theodore Beza pawlin an suah bet sal ih cu pawl cu a

tlangpi thu in Received Text a silole Textus Receptus tiah theih asi. Eramus in Grik tongin

Thuthlungthar khawl sut a suahmi pawl kha kumzabi 12 hrawngih ngan sawng mi pawl kha a

hmang thlangpi bik in a lang. A rei bik text a hmanmi cu kum zabi pahra (10) hrawngih ta

minuscule tiih kawh mi asi. Asianan, cumi cabu sungta hman cu malte lawng a hmang.

Metzger in hitin a sim; Erasmus ih Thuthangthar suah mi hi King James lettu in an tansan

le an hman bikmi asi ih kum 1881 hlanah Protestant pawlin an tansan le an hman bikmi asi.

Curuangah Textus Receptus tiah kawhmi Erasmus ih Thuthlungthar khawlin a rak sutmi hi text a

hmanmi pawl kha lehhnu ta (kum zabi 12 hnu ta) a hman ruangah Grik ca nganmi (Thuthiang

nganmi dang pawl) thawn khaikhin tikah ca ngan daanah rin um tawk lonak tete a um thei.

2. Westcott-Hort Text

Cutivek dinhmun ruangah scholar (thiamsang) pawlin Grik tongih nganmi Thuthlungthar bu

hlun pawl kha thaten an zir thawk ih khuimi a dikbik ding tiah an zoh hliah sal ciamco.

Metzger cun hitin a sim.

“Thuthlungthar a dik maw dik lo tiah an hliakhlainak (textual criticism) thuanthu ahcun

thiamsang pawlin Greek cabu hlun pawl le nganmi dangdang le kawhhran pupa pawlih simmi

pawl an zoh hliahsal nak asi. Cuticun Thuthangthar zoh hliahnak dingah Europe ram le ni

suahnak lam ramthenah laibarary le Musiam pawl tla thiamsang pawlin an din. Asinan, himi

kumzabi sungah thiamsang (scholar) tamsawn in a famkim lo zet nan Erasmus ih khawlsut mi

Thuthangthar kha suah nawn sal dingah an rak lungkim.”

Textus Receptus a suah ihsin kim 1700 hnu lam tiang Greek Baibal suahmi kha

sawiselnak a rak um hnuaihni ih an mah te cio Greek cauk hlun pawl an zirnak vek cio in an mah

te a dangdang in an suah cio. Asinan hminsin tlak le a dik bik ding tiah pommi cu kim 1881 ah

Cambridge ih scholar (thiamsang fillawr) pahhnih, B.F.Westcott le F.J.A. Hort in an ruak suah.

Cauk hlun pawl kha a phun then a theih asi tiah an ti. Kawhhran pupa hmunkhat ihsin a rak suak

mi cauk pawl cun bang awk nak te an nei deuh in a lang an ti.

Carson in hitin a simbet;

Greek tongih suahmi pawl kha a phun then theih an si, phunkhat cio cun famkim lonak le

hawi zawn lonak bang aw an neiih an rak suahdan le kilven an si daan khal bang aw an si. (Text

type) Bu hlun phunkhat hnu phunkhat cu kut ih ngan sawng mi an si vekin pakhat cio kha khuimi

phun ih tel mi asi ti theihtheih le thleidan theih an si. Asinan cu lakah a rawi aw mi cu thil um

thei mi asi.

Westcott le Hort in a tlangpi thu in Greek cabu pawl kha phunli ah then theih an si tiah an

ti. Syrian, Western, Alexandrian le Neutral tiah an ko. Cule, thiamsang dang pawlin hmin dang

an saksal ih Alexandrian, Eastern, western le Byzatine tiah an ti. Alexandrian text (bu) pawl hi

rin umbik le a dikbik asi ding tiah an ruat deuh. Ziangahah tile hlanlai buhlun pawl- uncial pawl

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(codex Vatican, codex Sinaiticus le codex Alexandrinus) le minuscules hrekkhat pawlin an

betbawm (support). Byzantine bu (text) pawl hi a dang thlukin dinhmun tha a nei lo. Ziangah tile

a nithla a tlai deuh thlukin dinhmun tha a nei lo. Ziangah tile a nithla a thlai deuh ruangah. Kum

zabi 300 le 400 karlak hrawngih suak an si tiah an ti. A thlaihnu ah tuahmi asinan, Greek tong

hmang Khristian pawlih hman thlangpi bikmi le Textus Receptus khalah an run hmanmi bikah a

cang.

Westcott-Hort ih tuahmi cu lehnuta a si nan hlanta Textus Receptus kha a run neh ih mi

tampi hman mi ah a rung cang. Himi scholar pawl hin Alexandrian ih Text (bu) pawl kha an rak

ngaina ih Codex Vatican le Sinaiticus khal kha Thuthangthar ah siar ding an si tiah an ti.

Curuangah Westcott-Hort san hnu lamih Greek Baibal suahmi pawl cu Byzantine bu pawl

hmang ih tuahmi Textus Receptus thawn an dang aw zet.

Bible hlun pawl lak ihsin tongfang le cathluan bang aw lo pawl lak ihsin a dikbik dingih

ruahmi an hrildan tlangpi cu a hnuai lam vekin asi.

3. Electic Metho (Thlankhawm daan)

Tulai, santhar thiamsang (scholar) pawlin Baibal an leh tikah hlanlai bu hlun pi

pakhatkhat kha hmang men loin bu dangdang kha an zohkhawm ih a tha bik dingin an let theu.

Westcott le Hort in an rak tuah vekin an hmanmi bu sung ta lawng siloin bu dangdang sung ihsin

zohkhawmin Bible an let theu. Cuticun Baibal sungah an ngan daan sung ihsin zoh khawm in a

dikbik le Pathian thu in a simmi bik kha theihsuak thei dingah an zuam in an tuah suak theu. A

thlangpi thu in an zoh tikah an theih fiang theinak thu pahnih in a then theih:

a. Lenglam theihtheinak

Himi thu ah a hnuailam vek pawl hi a thupi

1. Ca nganmi pawl ih kum (ziangtikah nganmi asi)

2. Khuitawk le khui ram ihsin nganmi asi

3. A bu pawl ziangvek cabu pawl lakih tel an si

4. Cabu dang sungah an ngan telnak le kawhhran pupa pawlin an theihpinak

b. A sunglam thu ummi

Himi thu ah a hnuailam thu pawl an tel

1) Siardan bangaw lo lakah a siardan harsa deuh pawl kha an hril

Thuthimnakah, Mark 16 nakah, “Farasi ngantu” tiah ngan a siih a dang hrekkhat ahcun

“Farasi ca ngantu” tiah ngan asi. Hitawkah Mark in a sim duh mi cu Farasi ca ngantu tiah a sim

duhnak san asi.

2) A tawi deuh pwl hril asi

Ziangruangah tile ca ngantu pawl ttongkam hman mi fiangter deuh dingah ttongkam an bet tthei

asi tiah ruat asi.

3) Catlang bang aw zikte pahnih lakah a siardan a nal lo deuhmi kha lak asi ttheu.

Ziangruangah tile ca ngan sawngtu pawlin ca an ngansawng tikah ca siar awl deuh dingin an

rak remsal ttheu ruangah asi.

4) Ca ngandan (Grammar) har deuh kha lak a si ttheu.

Ziangruangah tile ca ngan sawngtu pawlin ca an ngan swng tikah ca siar awl deuh ding in le

theih awl deuh dingin an rak remsal ttheu ruangah asi.

5) Adung le hmailamih thu thawn a bangaw mi asilole a zulpeh aw mi hril asi sawn ttheu.

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6) Ca ngantu (author) ih ruahdan le ca ngan ttheu dan thawn a mil aw bik lak asi ttheu.

Ziangruangah tile ca ngantu pakhat cio in anmai ca ngandan, ttongkamseh, an ruahdan le ca

ngandan pawl hi thleidan theih an si ttheu ruangah asi,

7) Ca ngan tu pai zirhnak pawmmi le fehpi mi thawn a mil aw bik kha hril asi ttheu.

Curuangah scholar (thiamsang filawr) tampi an um vekin Greek cabu hlun pawl le ca nganmi

hlun pawl tampi lak ihsin Thuthlungthar cu cabu pakhatah suah asi vekin tulai ih kan neihmi

pakhat le pakhat kar lakah maltete bang awk lonak a um tei mi asi. Asinan cu pawl cu fimkhur

zet in kan zoh asile Thuthiang in ziang a sim duh ih ziang a khihhmuh ti cu rinhlelh ding um loin

kan thei thei asi.

Zianglam khal sisehla, khuahlan lai ih rak nganmi kan Baibal Thuthianghlim cu tampi hmuh

ding a umih cu pawl ihsin Mirang tongin an let sawng hnu ah leitlun tong phunphun ah leh sal a

si tikah ttongkam hmandan bang aw lo mi maltete a um thei. Cutikah kan theih ding mi cu kan

Baibal hi a hram thawk ihsin mi tampi le kut tampi in ngan sawng vivomi a si ih mithianghlim

tampi in an nunnak le an tikcu seng in an fingkhawimi Pathian thawkkhummi Thuthianghlim asi

ti kan thinlung sungah zianghman rin hlelhnak um loin kan pom thei ding hi asi sawn.

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PART IV: THUTHUANGHLIM CABU HMAISA (ORGINAL TEXT) PAWL

Thuthlunghlun san nelamah Thuthianghlim kilkhawitu le nganswngtu an rak um. Cu

pawl cu Sopherim ( BC. 400-BC200) le Talmudist (BC. 300-AD.500) tiah kawh an si. Fimkhur

zetin an biaknak Thuthianghlim pawl cu an rak ngan sawng vivo nan khui maw laklak ah cafang

kawm sual mi tete a rak um. Curuangah BC100 hrawngah Jerusalem ca ngantu pawlin an

biaknak Thuthianghlim cabu pawl kha a cafang sual pawl an rem sal thluh. Cuticun an cabu hlun

hmuahhmuah( Temple ah an retmi pawl khal a tel ko ding) an lak khawmih an zohsal hnu ah a

ttha bik le a famkim bikin an tuahsal thluh. Curuangah a hlanih an rak hmanmi pawl kha an

hmang tuk nawn lo sawn ih an tuah thar mi kha AD. 100 hrawngah cun an hmang bik sawn.

Cutin Hebru Baibal thar a suah hnu lamah Hebru ca ngantu (scribe) pawl cun a hlan

hnakih fimkhur zual sinsin in an Baibal cabu cu an ngan sawng vivo ih kawpi dang an suah vio.

Masoretic cabu as suah hlan, AD. 500 hrawngah Hebru ca ngantu pawlin Hebru cafang pawl

kha fiang deuh dingin an rak tuah. Cuticun, AD 6 hrawng ihsin Jews Pathian thu thiam sang

filawr (scholar) pawl an suak ih Masoretes tiah an ko. Annih in Thuthianghlim kilkhawi le

kenkawh dingah mawphurhnak an la. Cupawl cun ttongfang fiangtertu (vowel) an rak tuah bet.

Cumi hlan ah Hebru ca ah vowel (ttongfang aw suahtertu) a rak um lo.

Lightfoot cun hitin a rak sim: Masoretes pawlin an rak tuah tthat bikmi cu awphei

(vowel) le a thluk (accent-aw thluk fiangtertu) an rak tuahmi asi. Ziangah tile Hebru ca ah vowel

a rak um lo ruangah casiartu pawlin a aw suah dik zetin siar a rak har zet ttheu. Hebru ttong khal

santhar ttong in a khuh vivo ruangah a hlan ih an rak hmanmi ttong vek ciah an hmang nawn lo

ih santhar minung pawl hrangah an thuthianghlim cabu pawl kha dikzetin siar thiam a har zet

ruangah an rak tuahnak a si. Santhar minung pawl in tthaten an siar theinak dingah awtung

(consonant) tlun le hnuai ah awphei ( vowel) an rak bet ih awlten zir le siar theih a si.

Cuticun, BC 100 hrawng ihsin an rak remtthat rero zo mi Hebru Baibal cu a sung thu

zianghman thleng mi um lo ten awphei le awthluk pawl an rak betih santhar minung pawl

hrangah awlten zir le siar theih dingin an rak tuah. Cuticun Masoretes pawl in Baibal thar an run

tuahmi cu AD kumthawngkhat sungah Hebru Baibal an tuah tthat hmaisa bikmi siin a ttutiang an

run hman mi Baibal ah a cang ta. A tawizawngin MT tiah an ko.

THUTHLUNGHLUN BU HMAISA BIK (THE EARLY VERSION OF THE HEBRU BIBLE)

Hi Mi cabu pawl hi an thupi zet. Ziangah tile Masoretes Baibal a suahnak dingah an hmanmi

Baibal pawl an si.

1. Samaritttan Bu (SP) (The Samaritan Pentateuch)

Isareal saklam ram lal Omri ( a paruknak lal) (BC.880) in Samaria kha an khawpi ah a

rak tuah. Cule BC.722 ah Isreal saklam ramkulh cu Asyrian pawl kuthnuaiah ral an sungih

Assyrian pawlin salah an kaih ih an hruai hloh thluh. Cuticun Isreal saklam ramkulh cu Gebtla

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miphun (miphundang) pawl in an luahkhat. Cule Isreal saklam ram sungah Isreal miphun a

tangsun pawl le Gebtla miphun pawl cu nupi pasal ah an neih pawlh aw vivo ih cui hnam

pumpawlh pawl cu Samarittan miphun tiah kawh an si.

Cuihnu rei lo ta ah Isreal thlanglam ramkulh khal kha Babylon kuthnuai ah ral an sungih

Babylon pawlin Mesapotamia ramah salah an hruai (BC.586). Kum 70 sung sal an tan hnu ah

Isreal pawl cu Babylon ihsin an ramah an ra kirsal. A hmaisa bikah Zerubabel ih kaihhruainakin

mi 50,000 an ra kir salih Jerusalem biak inn pi cu an saksal. Cule Babylon ihsin a ra kirsal tu

Isreal pawl in Jeruslam ah an biak inn pi an saksal tikah Isreal saklam ram a luahtu Samaritan

(hnampumpawlh) pawl cun nan biak inn sak kan lo bawm ding tiah an rak ti. Asinan Isreal pawl

in an duh lo ih an rak el. Cuisi tawkin saklam ram ih Samarittan pawl le Isreal pawl karlakah

pehtlaih awknak a ttha lo vivo ih Isreal saklam ram luahtu Samarittan pawl in Shechem khua

kiang, Gerizim tlang parah Biak in an mahte an sak ve. Cule saklam ram luahtu pawl cun an

biak inn sakmi cu Pathian in pi asi tiah an ti. Jerusalem cu Pathian in a tlansan zoih an sak thar

mi Biak inn pi cu an Pathian cennak inn pi a si tiah an ti. Cucu BC 400 hrawngah a si. Cui hnu

rei lo te (BC. 104) ah Jews pawl in Samarittan pawl biak inn cu an siahsuah sak.. Cuticun Jews

pawl le Samarittan pawl karlakah thu a so sang vivo ih Zesu leitlun a rat lai khalah khan thubuai

a um ringring. Cuticun Samaritan pawl cun ROM kumpi humhimnak in an Pathian cu Shechem

ah an be thei ve. Isreal saklam ramih Gebtla miphun pawl cun Isreal pawl thawn an cawhphawlh

ruangah Isreal miphun Pathian cu an be ve. Tui ni tiang Palestine ram ah Samaritan miphun cu

an um lai. Egypt le Isreal ram pawl khalah cui hlanlai Samarittan miphun pawl cu a tutiang an

um lai.

Cutin hmunkhat ah Pathian an biak tlang thei lo ruangah Samarittan pawl khalin anmah te

an biaknak lam hruaitu thuthianghlim an mamawh ve ih an neihmi umsun cu Moses ngan mi bu

nga (Pentateuch) pawl lawng a si. Samarittan pawl cun Moses ngan mi Danbu pawl lawng kha

Pathian thawkkhum mi Thuthianghlim an rak nei. Cuticun Samarittan pawl cu Isreal tlanglam

ram thawn pehtlaih awknak nei lo in an mahte an rak um ruangah Moses ngan mi bu nga lawng

cu Pathian thu ah an rak nei. An neihmi cu Hebru ttong ih nganmi asi.

Ewert cun hitin a sim: "Samarittan pawl hman mi Hebru Baibal (Moses Dan bu) hi Hebru Baibal

tuah famkim (cabu pakhat ah remtthat) asi hlanah ziangtin Hebru Baibal an rak hmang ti kan

theihtheinak ding hrangah in bawm tu tthazet asi. Hmuntampi ah Masoretes Bu thawn an bang

awk lonak (6000) lai a um nan a tlangpi thu in an bang awk lonak cu cafang ngandan le hmandan

ah asi".

Bruce in hitin a sim ve: "Samarittan pawl hmanmi Baibal hin Masoretes Baibal hi ziangtlukin a

dikih a famkim ti a langter sawn asi (a bik takin a hmaisa bu nga pawl). Curuangah Samarittan

pawl hmanmi Hebru Baibal hin Hebru Baibal hi ziangtlukin a famkim ih a thianghlim ti kan

theihtheinak in bawmtu ttha zet asi".

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1) Septuagint ( LXX)

Nebukhanazar in kum 586 BC ah Jerusalem a siatsuah hnu rei lo te ah Jews mi tampi cu

Egypt ramah an feh ciam co. Cuticun a lehnu ah mi hrakkhat pawl Jerusalem ah an ra kir sal.

Asinan adang hrekkhat pawl cu anmai pupa ramah ra kir sal nawn loin ramdangah an tapta. A

tlangpi thuin, kum zabi pakhatnak (AD 100) hrawngah Egypt ramah Isreal mi million khat

hrawng an um ti asi. Mediterean tipi kap, Greek ttong hmang Egypt mi pawl umnak hmun

Alexandria khawpi ah a tambik cu an rak um. Cutawk hmunih a ummi Isreal pawl cun Greek

ttong an rak hman ruangah anmai tong (Hebru) ih nganmi Baibal kha an hmang thei nawn loih

Greek ttongin lehmi Baibal an ttul. Ziangah tile Jews pawl hrangah Baibal cu an sakhua le

nunphung kaihruaitu thuthlung asi vekin an hruaitu pawlin an siar thei a ttul. Curuangah Greek

ttong hmang pawl hrangah Greek ttongin nganmi Baibal an rak ttul.

Cutivek dinhmun ruangah Hebrew Baibal kha Greek tongin an rak let ih Septuagint

(A san cu: LXX – 70 (sawmsarih) tinak a si) kha BC 250 ihsin an rak tuah thawkih BC 150 ah an

rak ttheh. Ziangvekin an rak tuah ciah ti fiangzetin kan hliakhlai thei lo mi a um. Tuihlan Baibal

lam thiamsang hrekkhat cun Septuagint Baibal an rak tuah thawk nak cu BC 3 hrawng ihsin

Alexandrai ah an rak tuah thawk mi asi an ti. Jews mi thiamsang filawr (scholar) 72 pawlin

Hebru tongih nganmi Moses danbu pawl kha Greek tongin an let ih a dang Hebru Baibal pawl

kha zoih leh mi an si ti fiangten kan thei lo. Anmah pawl thotho in an ttuan sunzawmmi asi ding

tiah zumnak a um. Cuticun Hebru Baibal (Thuthlunglun) cu Greek tongin lehfel asi ih Egypt

ram Alexandra ih a ummi Jews pawl le Isreal Pathian a be tu, Greek tong hmang mi phundang

pawl hrangah Baibal thar cu tuah famkim a rak si. Edward in a sim dan cun, LXX (Septuagint)

cu thiamsang burkhat lole mi pahnih khat men in an rak tuahmi asi loih kum rei zet mithiam

dangdang in an buaipi hnu lawngah Thuthlunghlun famkim zetin rak tuahsuak mi asi. Ahmaisa

ah Moises dan bu panga pawl kha leh a rak siih cui hnu ah Thuthlunghlun bu dang pawl cu BC

kum zabi pahnih (2) hrawngah tuah famkim mi asi. Cuticun Greek tongih lehmi Septuagint

Hebru Baibal cu zumtu pawlin an rak hmang.

Kenyon in hitin a sim: Septuagint Baibal kha an theh tikah Palestine, Asia le Egypt

ram tiangah a karhzai vivo ih Greek ttong hmangtu pawl cun an hman tlangpi bik ah a cang.

Zesu Khrih leitlunah rawng a rak bawl lai fangah khan Palestine ramah Greek ttong hi calai

lamah an rak hmangih Aramic kha ttong ahcun an rak hman tlangpi mi a rak si. Cule Hebrew

tong cu tlawngta cazir, le zirhtu hrekkhat pawl lawngin tthaten an rak thiam. Curuangah

Thuthlungthar an rak ngan tikah Hebrew ttong hmang loin Greek ttong lawnglawngin an rak

ngan nak asi. Cui tlunah Thuthlungthar sungah (OT) Thuthlunghlun ta ttongkam an hmanmi

pawl hman kha Hebru ttongin nganmi si loin Greek ttongih nganmi Hebru Baibal sungta an rak

lakih Greek tongin an rak hman mi asi.

Asinan Jews pawlin Septuagint Baibal kha thu pahnih ruangah an rak hnawng. Thu

pakhatnak cu Hebru Baibal kha AD kum 100 hrawngah a thar tthaten an rak tuahsal. Septuagint

kha anmai ramsung ihsin a suakmi a si lo ruangah Jews pawlin an rak ngainep vivo. (Isreal

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ramleng, Egypt ram ih a ummi Isreal pawlin an rak tuah mi asi ruangah ttongkam hmandan pawl

kha Isreal ram sung minung pawl hmanmi thawn a bang aw lo mi siseh Pathian thu an kenkawh

danah siseh a bang aw lo mi tete ruangah Isreal ramsung minung pawlin an rak ngainepnak asi

tiah a tthenin an ruat). Thu pahnihnak cu Khristian pawl ruangah a si. Khristian ( Khrih dungtlun

le zumtu) pawl in Septuagint kha an rak hmangih Thuthangtha simnak ah an hman tlangpi mi

Baibal a si ruangah Jews pawlin Septuagint Baibal kha an ngainep ih an rak hnawnnak a si.

Cuticun Khristian pawl cun Septuagint kha kawpi (coppy) an rak tuah sawng vivo ih ttha zetin an

rak finkhawi. Cumi kawpi pawl cu papyri le Vellum pawl ah hmuh theih a si. (Papyri le Vellum

timi cu cahnah a suah hlanah ca an rak ngannak caphek lole zial tinak a si).

Samaritan Pentateuch le Septuagint Bainbal pawlin Hebrew Baibal ttha zet a suah theinak

dingah an rak hmanmi hmanrua mankhung an rak si. Geisler le Nix in an rak sim dan ahcun,

Septuagint, Samaritan Pentateuch le Masoritic Text pawl hin ziangtin Thuthlunghlun (Hebrew

Baibal) pawl hi an rak kenkawh ih rak finkhawi asi ti fiang ten in hmuh ter.

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PART V. APOCRAPHA: (HIDDEN)

(Roman Catholic pawlin Baibal sungah an hman telmi)

Apocrapha timi Greek tongih san cu ‘Hidden’ ‘Thuhruk’ tinak asi. A sim duhsan cu Jews pawl

Baibal bu 15 (Thuthlunghlun) le Thuthlungthar sungah telh lomi Pathianthu pawl asi. Cu pawl cu

Khristian hruaitu pawlin church council (kawhhran ton khawmnak) ah an rel khawm hnu ah

Pathian Thuthianghlim asilo an tiih an rak hnawn mi pawl an si.

A. APOCRYPHA THUANTHU

Hlanlai Baibal nganmi hmuhsuakmi vekin (II Esdras siar lo) Apocrapha cabu pawl cu

Septuagint Baibal ahcun an rak telh thluh. Thuthlunghlun lakah an telh. Esdras kha Ezara le

Nehemiah hlan ah a umih, Esther hnu ah Judith le Tobit, Addition to Esther le Daniel cu bukhat

vekin a lang. The Wisdom of Solomon le Ecclesiasticus kha Job cabu thawn an kawp aw.

Baruch cu Jeremiah cabu hnu ah ret asi. Maccabees kha kamsang pawl ca ngan mi hnu lamah,

cun The Prayer of Manasseh kha Septuagint belhbawmtu vekin ngan mi a rak si.

Ciangzetin kan theihthei mi cu Apocrypha cabu pawl hi khui mi pawl pommi an si ti a um

lo ih, Khristian pawlin Baibal kha scroll (cazial) ihsin cabu vekah an rak tuah tikah Apocrypha

pawl cu Pathian thuthianghlim dunglamah a hranten an rak ret khawm.

Cuticun Khristian ca ngantu pawlin Thuthianghlim tiah Hebru pawlin an pommi

belhbawmtu ah Apocrapha pawl kha cabu dunglamah an telh. Cuticun ca ngantu pawl cun

Pathian thu vekin an rak ret loih Pathian thu theihfiang theinak dingah siseh thuanthu

belhbawmtu vekin an rak ret sawn mi asi. Asinan Jews pawl thuanthu le Apocrypha cabu

thuanthu thei ngaingai lo tu Gentel Khristian pawl an tam vivo tikah Baibal cabu sungah an

ngan tel mi hmuahhmuah cu Pathian thuthianghlim vekin a run pawm. Septuagint cu Greek

tongin ngan mi a siiih Khristian hmaisa pawl cun a tlangpi thu in an rak hmanmi a siih a sung

um thu hmuahhmuah cu Pathian thuthianghlim vekin an rak pawm.

Cuticun, Jews thuanthu ziang thei hrawthrai lo Grik le Latin Khristian zumtu, Irenaeus,

Clement of Alexandria, Cyprian pawlin Apocrypha cabu pawl kha an siar tikah Hebru Baibal

dang pawl thawn danglamnak nei loin an ruatih Pathian Thuthianghlim tlukin an rak upatih an

rak hmang. Asinan Jews thuanthu a theitu malte (Origin le Jerome) cun Jews pawlin ziang cabu

pawl kha Pathian Thuthianghlim tiah an pom timi an zirih an ziangzawi. Curuangah Khristian

pawl lakah Apocrypha pawl hi khui tawk hmun vekah ziangvekin kan ret ding ti thu reipi an

buaipi. Augustine in Apocrypha hrekhat pawl kha Thuthianghlim lakah a retih Pathian thu vekin

a hmang, Cule Augustine ih thu zawm ve tu Hippo ih kawhhran tawn awknak (church council)

39 AD ahcun an pom ve ih Carthage ih kawhhran tawn khawm awknak (church council) khalah

cui thu cu an pulut salih an pom ve (AD 397).

Cuti asi laiah, Pathian thuthiam sangfilawr (scholar) pakhat, Jerome (AD 340-420) cun

latin Vulgate Baibal a leh tikah Apocrypha pawl kha Pathian Thuthianghlim ah a pom hai lo.

Jerome cun Apocrypha cabu pawl kha Khristian pawl hrang ahcun siar ttha cu an sinan Pathian

thu zirh awknak tlak an si lo a ti. Curuangah Apocrypha cabu pawl cu Thuthianghlim ah pom

ding a duh loih Augustine pawl thawn an rak el aw rero. Cule Latin ttongih leh ding hman a duh

lo nan a leh hnu ah ziangti lam in simaw Latin ttongin a run let leh thotho. Judith le Tobit kha

bishop in a nawr nak ruangah hmanhmawh zatin a rak let nan Pathian thuthianghlim pawl lak

ihsin a danglamnak a lailang ringring. Asinan kum ziangmawzat a rung rei hnu ah Latin

Khristian pawlin Apocrypha bu dang pawl kha Latin Baibal sungah an run telh hai.

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Cuticun kawhhran dinsalnak ( reformation) lai ah khan Protestant hotu pawlin Pomcia mi

Hebru Thuthianghlim le Apocrypha pawl kha an thlei dangih Pathian thu vekin an pom duh lo.

Asinan kum 1546, Trent khua ah kawhhran tawn khawm awknak (church council) an tuah tikah

Roman Catholic hruaitu pawlin (The Prayer of Manasseh, I le II Esdras siar lo) Apocrypha cabu

pawl kha Thuthlunghlun Pathian Thuthianghlim asi tiah an puangih cui Apocrypha cabu le a

sungthu pawl a pom lo tu pawl cu unsedawng (anathema) an si tiah an ti.

Asinan Baibal lettu pawlin Apocrypha cabu pawl cu Thuthlunghlun san laiih Hebru pawl

pom cia mi Thuthianghlim sungah an pom lo ih a hran ten an ret hai. Luther in German ttongin

a lehmi Baibal ahcun Apocrypha cabu pawl cu malakhi dunglamah a hranten a ret hai (AD 1534

ah a let ttheh). Cun mirang Baibal (Coverdale Baibal, Geneva Baibal le King James Baibal)

pawlin Apocrypha cabu pawl cu an lakkhawmih Baibal sungthu belthbawmtu ah an ret.

Cun Puritan (Mirang ramih zumtu tthenkhat ) pawlin an rak buaipi ih Baibal ca thianghlim

a si tiah pom zo mi siar lo, zianghman Baibal cabu sungah ret tel lo ding asi an ti. Cuticun

Pathian thawkkhum asilo an ti mi Apocrypha cabu pawl cu Pathian Thuthlianghlim cabu sungah

telh nawn lo dingin an nawrih Baibal an suahsalmi pawl ahcun Apocrypha cabu pawl kha

Baibal sungah an ret tel nawn lo. Apocrypha cabu pawl telh loin mirang Baibal suah hmaisa bik

mi pakhat cu AD. 1599 ah a suak mi Geneva Baibal asi.

B. APOCRAPA CABU PAWL AN HNAWNNAK THU

Tuihlan zumtu le kawhhran hruaitu pawlin Apocrapha cabu pawl hi Pathian thawkkhummi

Thuthianghlim an si lo tiah an rak hnawnnak thu malten zoh hnik uhsi.

1. Kamsang pawl ngan mi an si lo.

a. Khui tawk hmanah Apocrypha cabu pawl hi kamsang pawlih nganmi an si tinak

hmuh ding a um lo, curuangah kamsang pawl nganmi an si ti theinak kan nei lo.

b. Thuhtlunghlun bu neta tabik Malakhi hnu lamah Jews kamsang pawl rawngbawlnak

kha a tawp in a langih Pathian kamsang rawngbawltu pawl hmin theih ding an um lo. A

hnuailam thu pawl hi zo hnik.

i) Malakhi in a sim dan cun amai dunghnu ah Pathian kamsang a ra dingmi cu lalpai

lamzin sialtu ding asi (Mal. 3:1; 4:5-6)

ii) Apocrypha cabu sung lala ah Malakhi hnu lamah Pathian kamsang an um nawn lo thu

simmi kan hmu thei ( I Macc. 4:46; NEB; I Macc. 9:27;cf. 14:41, RSV). Mipi pawlin

a ra thleng dingmi kamsang an hngahnak thu le Isreal ramah Pathian kamsang an um

nawn lo hnu ah harsatnak maksak a thlen thu pawl an sim.

iii) Quram ih cazual pakhat (BC) in a sim dan vek asi le mipi pawlin kamsang an

hngahnak thu kan hmu.

iv) Jews pawl sakhua thu ngannak Babylonian Talmud sung khalah Kamsang Haggai,

Zechariah le Malakhi hnu ah Pathian Thlarau Thianghlim in Israel miphun pawl a

suahsan ti thu khal kan hmu. Curuangah, Malakhi san ihsin ti-hnimtu John san tiang

Isreal pawl hnenah Pathian kamsang rawngbawlnak a rak um lo tinak asi.

v) Kum zabi AD pakhatnak ih Jews thuanthu thiam Josephus in a simmi cu, kamsang

pawlin Moses san ihsin Artaxerxes tiang thu kimcang zetin an rak ngan. Cun htin a

sim bet, "Artaxerxes hnu lam khalah ngan mi cu a um nan kamsang an um nawn lo

ruangah zianghman hmatlak le rintlak an si lo" a ti.

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2. Apocrapha sungum thuanthu pawl kha Pathian Thuthianghlim vekin a thawk ah a rak

cohlangtu tu mibur an rak um lo.

a. Hebru pawl Baibal ah Apocrypha cabu pawl hi an telh dah lo. Hebru pawl

Thuthlunghlun Baibal ahcun tui kan hman mimpawl lawng hi an rak hman mi asi.

b. Philio, Alexendria ih Jews mifim pa le Pathian thu thiam in Thuthlunghlun kha a

sim tikah Apocrypha pawl hi Pathian thu vekin zaingtik hmanah a sim dah lo.

c. Jews thuanthu thiam Josephus kha (AD.30-100) Apocrypha pawl hi a rak hnawngih

Thuthianghlim lak khalah a telh dah lo.

A hnuailam ih an simnak vekin Thuthlunghlun kha Artexerxes san laiah an rak pom

hnget zoih cu mi hnu ih ngan mi pawl cu Thuthlunghlim tiah an pommi cabu pakhat

hman hmuh ding a um lo.

Hitin a rak sim, "Kalh aw buai dingin cabu 1000 siar lai kan nei loih Pathian

thuthianghlim tiah kan pommi bu 22 lawng asi. Cumi lakah a hmaisa cu Moses daan pawl an

siih Sersiam thawk ihsin Moses thih tiang kum 3000 thluk rei sungthu bu-nga sungah ngan

mi asi. Cun Moses thih hnu ihsin Persia lal, Artexerxes san tiang kamsang pawlin bu 13 an

ngan. Cun a dang buli pawl cu Pathian thangthatnak hla le nun sim awknak pawl tla an si.

Artexerxes san ihsin kan san tiang thu nganmi cu an um nan Pathian kamsang an um nawn lo

ruangah a hlan ih nganmi vekin man an nei lo. Aisnan, ca thianghlim parah fal zetin an rak

kilkhawinak cu kanmai sanah tuahmi asi. Zohmanin an bet loih zohman in an la kawi fawn

lo. Cuticun Jews pohpoh cun an suah thlak ihsin Pathian thupek an pom ih an thlun, tul sehla

cu Pathian Thuthianghlim ruangah cun thih hman an hreh lo ding".

d. Jamia khua ih Jews mifim filawr (scholar) pawlin Apocrypha cabu pawl kha

Thuthianghlim vekin an pom lo.

e. Sard khua ih bishop Melito (AD. 170) kha Hebru Baibal ah ziang cabu pawl an tel ti

zohfel dingah Judea ah a feh ih (Esthar telh loin) Thuthlunghlun pawl cu kimcang zetin a rak

telh thluh. Cutikah Apocrypha cabu pawl cu Thuthianghlim cabu lakah a rak telh lo.

f. Augustine (AD. 354-430) khalin Apocrypha cabu pawl kha a pom nan Jews pawlin

Thuthianghlim ah an rak pom lo asi ti a thei. Hitin a sim, "Biak inn pi (Temple) an saksal hnu

lam thu hi Thuthianghlim tiah Jews pawlin an pom lo. Asinan, Jews pawlin Thuthianghlim

tiah an pom lomi, Khristian pawlin an pommi Apocrypha cabu sungah Jews pawl harsatnak

thu pawl kan hmu thei."

g. Apocrypha cabu pawl Thuthianghlim sungah an siar telnak cu kum zabi 4 AD hrawng

ihsin asi. Grik tongih lehmi Hebru Baibal, Septuagint ( BC 250 -150 hrawngih lehmi),

Alexendria ih Jews mifim pa in a leh mi kha AD zabi pali hrawngah Khristian pawlin

Pathian Thutak vekin an run hmangsal. Asinan Jews pawl cun an sakhua nak lam hruaitu

Pathian thutak vekin an hmang lo. Bruce in hitin a sim, "Apocrypha hi Palestine Jews (Israel

rammi) pawlin an pom loih Alexendria Jews pawlin Pathianthu vekin an pom asi ti ah an sim

ttheu. Asinan, hihi a dik lo. Apocrypha cabu pawl hi Isreal ram sung ah maw ramlengah maw

Isreal pawlin Pathian Thu Thianghlimah an rak pom dah loih an hmang dah fawn lo. Cuti si

loin, Grik tong hmang Khristian pawlin Alexendria ih ummi an unau Jews pawlin an rak

hmang zo si hmang an ti ih Apocrypha cabu pawl cu Pathian thutak vekin an rak pom venak

asi."

Cuitlunah Greek tong Baibal pawl khalin khuimi cabu pawl kha pom tlakmi Apocrypha an si

ti an sim dah cuang lo. (Trent khua ih kawhhran pum khawm awknak khalah) Judith, Tobit,

Wisdom of Solomon, le Ecclesiasticus cabu pawl lawng an rak neih mi asi.

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h. Hlanlai ih kawhhran pumkhawmnak (Hippo khua ah 393 le Carthage khua ah 397)

ah hotu hrekhat pawl cun Apocrypha cabu pawl cu an rak pom cia vek a bang nan Roman

Catholic kawhhran pawlin an zung ihsin Apocrypha pom dingah thusuah an rak suahnak

cu kum 1000 rei hnu, April 8, 1546, Trent khua ih kawhhran tawn khawm awknak a

voihnihnak an rak neih hnu lawngin asi. An thusuah tawite cu a hnuai lam vekin a si:

"Catholic kawhhran in kan pom zo vekin, Apocrypha cabu pawl a pom lo tu an um asi

ahcun,….anse dawngin umseh".

Tulaisan ih Roman Catholic Pathian thu thiamsang pawl cun Apocrypha cabu pawl cu

"Pomnawn salmi" (Deuterocanonical) tiah an ti. Ziangah tile a thawkah an rak pom lo nan

lehhnu ah an pom sal mi asi ruangah asi.

3. Apocrypha sungthu um pawl hin Pathian thutak vekin thuneihnak le huham a nei lo.

a. A sung thu um pawl lakah, thuanthu, ramthu, le sansiardan thuanthu pawl thawn a

kalh aw mi a um.

b. Tualte vanglai le thuanthu lenglawng pawl an si.

c. Thuthianghlim sungih thutak pawl thawn a kalh aw mi a tel. Thutthimnakah, mithi

hrang thlacamnak (II Macc.12:41-45; CF. 16:25-26; Heb. 9:27).

d. Thutak vekin thuneihnak a nei lo

i) Apocrypha cabu pawl hi Pathian thawkkhum an sinak kmuihmanah hmuh ding a um

lo. Thuthianghlim pawl an ngan lai ah kamsang pawl an um lo ti ah dokalhnak khui

hmanah kan hmu lo. Asinan Apocrypha cabu pawl an ngan lai ahcun Pathian

kamsang an rak um lo a si ti thu kan hmu thei.

ii) Thuthlungthar ngantu Khrih dungthlun pawlin Thuthlunghlun sungta tongkam

hmanmi an nei nan Apocrypha cabu sungta tongkam Pathian thu vekin hmanmi an

nei dah lo. Adungthluntu pawlin Septuagint sungta an hmang nan Apocrypha cu an

hmang cuang lo.

iii) Kawhhran thawh pekte ah hruaitu tampi thinlungah Apocrypha hi Pathian

thawkkhummi vekih hmang dingah rin helhnak an rak nei. Zirhnak (doctrine) si loin

tha pek awknak ttha fang asi tiah an ti.

C. APOCRAPHA CABU PAWL

Catholic Baibal, Revised Standard Version le The New American Bibal sungih an ngan vekin

cabu hmin pawl ka run tarlang ding.

Revised Standard Bible

1. I Esdras

2. II Esdras

3. Tobit

4. Judith

5. Adition to Esther

6. The Wisdom of Solomon (Book of Wisdom )

7. Ecclesiasticus (Sirach)

8. Baruch

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9. The Letter of Jeremiah

10. The Song of the Three Young Men

11. Susanna

12. Bell and the Dragon

13. The Prayer of Manasseh

14. I Maccabees

15. II Macabees

The New American Bible

1. III Esdras

2. IV Esdras

3. Tobias

4. Judith

5. Esther 10:4-16:24

6. Book of Wisdom

7. Ecclesiasticus

8. Baruch Ch. 1-5

9. Baruch Ch. 6

10. Daniel 3:24-90

11. Daniel 13

12. Daniel 14

13. Prayer of Manasseh

14. I Machabees

15. II Machabees

I. Esdras (lole III Esdras), II Esdras (lole IV Esdras), le The Prayer of Manasseh pawl siar

lo Apocrypha bu dang pawl cu Roman Catholic Council (Rome Catholic kawhhran tawn

awk khawmnak), kum 1546, Trent ah an tuahmi khawmpi cun an pom thluh.

Apocrapha Cabu pawl simfiangnak thutawi:

1. I Esdras ( 150-100 BC)

Himi cabu hi Apocrypha cabu dang lakah a danglam zetmi asi. Hebru Baibal cabu sungih

a ummi thuanthu tamzet pawl thawn bang awk lonak a um lo ti theih asi. I Esdras sungah II

Sansiarnak 35: 1-36; 23, Ezara hmuahhmuah, Nehemiah bung 7:73-8:12 pawl a tel. Cuitlunah,

Siangpahrang Josiah ih nunnak thu, Babylon pawlin Judah ram an siatsuahnak thu, Cyrus in

saltang Jews pawl Jerusalem Biak Inn pi saksal dingin thu a peknak thu, Hagai le Zechariah

rawngbawlnak thu, Ezara Jerusalem ah a kir salnak thu le mipi pawl an sual sirnak thu pawl tla a

tel. Guard (kiltu) pawlin “ziang a cak bik? Ti mi thu an el awknak thu kha fiangzetin a sim. I

Esdras 3:1-5:6 ah “Darius ih ihthat sungah Guard (siangpahrang in kil) pathum pawlin leitlunah

ziang tumtahnak a nei ti thu kha an rak el aw. Cule an thu saannak a dik bik in siangpahrang

hnen ihsin laksawng an dawng ding asi tiah an rak ruat. Cule an thu saannak cu ca sungah an rak

ngan ih siangpahrang pai lukham hnuaiah an rak ret. A pakhatnak cun “zuu a cak bik” tiah a ti.A

pahnihnak cun siangpahrang a cak bik tiah a ti. Cule a pathumnak cun nunau a cak bikih thutak

in ziangkim a nehthluh tiah a ti ( I Esfras 3:10-12) (NEB). Cule an thu saannak cio cu

siangpahrang pa in a theih tikah a pathumnak pa in a neh hai ih lawmman co ding asi. Cule

siangpahrangpa in ziang a duh bik tiah a sut tikah a pathumnak lawmman co tu ding pa

Zerubabel cun Jews ram din sal dingah siangpahrang pai hnenah a dil. Cule siangpahrang pa in a

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thukam vekin Zerubabel cu Jerusalem ah kirsal dingah thu a pek. Hi mi thuanthu hi tui protestant

pawlin kan hmanmi Baibal sungah a um lo.

II. Esdras (AD. 100)

II Esdras hi Apocrapa cabu lakah thupuan simtu umsun a si ih a danglam zet. Himi cauk

hi {Palestine ramih Jews mi pakhat Hebru asilole Aramic tongin a rak ngan mi asi. Hebru le

Greek ttongin an rak ngan mi cu a hlo zo ih Latin, Syria le Arminian ttong pawlin a um lai. Himi

cabu lawng hi Septuagint Baibal sungah a um lo mi asi.

Cangantu pa hin sual ( thil ttha lo) le thilttha thu a buaipi bik mi asi ih mi ttha le mi ttha

lo pawl hma khua thu khal a buaipi bik mi asi. Pathian in thu a tthen ding thu a sim tel.

3. Tobit (BC. 200)

Hi cabu hi Apocrypha cabu pawl lakah a lar bik cabu pakhat asi ding. Pathian fa le

pawl harsatnak hnuai ihsin nehnak an co nak thu a sim. Moses dan pawl thlunih mi harsa pawl

bawmtu dinhmun thu a sim. Assyrian hnuai ah thilttha tuah tu a rak si nan vanduainak a rak tong.

A phunpi Jews mi pakhat thlanmual ah a phum hnu ah khawlengah a riahfial ih cu tawk hmunah

suntam (vate) in a mit ah thil (bal) pakhat a thlakih a mit cu a caw ta. Cule Tobit cun Job bangin

a tuarnak harsa ruangah Pathian hnenah a nunnak laksak dingin a dil ( 3: 6).

Nunau nu Sarah cu pasal pasarih a nei. Cule a pasal pawl cu thlarua sual; pawlin an thah

sak cingcing ih a pasal neta bik tiang an thi thluh. Ziangruangah tile cui thlarau sual cun Sarah cu

a rak ngaizawng ruangah asi ti mi thu tla a tel.

Cun, Tobit fapa, Tobias kha a khualtlawnnak ah vancungmi thawn an tawng aw. Cui

vancung mi cun Sarah cu a nupi ah a tthit. Cule cui vancungmi ih nupi tthit zanah Tobias cu

meisa in an ur. Cule thlarau sual cu Egypt ramah a thlan hlo. Cui hnu ah Tobias cun nga thin

hrekkhat cu a lakih inn ah a phurh hnu ah a pai mitah a hnih ih a pa Tobit cu khua a hmu thei sal

ti mi thu tla a tel. Hi mi cabu sungah thuanthu ngai nuam zetzet tampi a tel.

Metzger in a sim dan cun, himi cabu in a tumtah bik mi cu Harsatnak cu Pathian in a mile

sa pawl parah thlenter a siangih harsatnak lakah Pathian bawmnak le lungawinak a pek mi pawl

thu hi thuanthu vekin simg fiang ding a si.

Martin Luther cun himi cabu hi ngainuam zet thuanthu bu asi ih Khristian pawl khalin

siar thlak zet cabu asi tiah a ti.

2) Judith (BC. 150)

Metzger in a sim dan cun, himi cabu hi Jews pawl thuanthu kha ral thuanthu vekin a

simih ngainuam zet asi. Ca ngantu hi Palestine Jews a si ih Jews pawl biaknak khan doral a tawn

lai fangah ngan mi a si in a lang. Cule sakhuanak le hnam thu hi pakhat asi ih hnam/miphun paral

ttha pawl cun Pathian daan pawl thlun in an harsatnak le an ral karlak ihsin bawm suak an si ding

ti thu pawl a sim tel.

Judith cu nuhmei milian zet a siih raltha zetin thu a simih an miphun ral a do nak ruangah

a hminthannak asi. Amah rori ralramah feh suak in ral a do thu a sim. Judith cabu hi Jews pawl

thuanthu mawi zetin an ngannak cabu a si nan phuahcawp men mi vekin a lang.

Judith cabu sungah thuanthu, tikcu (kum), hmun le ram thu pawl tampi a dik lo mi a um.

Thutthimnakah, Nebuchadnezzar kha Assyrian, Nineveh ah lal a ttuan ti asinan a diktak ahcun

Babylon lal asi. Cuvekin a dik lo mi tam pi a um.

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5. Addition to Esther ( 140-130 BC).

Ca lettu ih Hebrew Baibal kha Grik tongin a let ih cang hrekkhat bet mi a nei. Jerome

(AD. 340-420) in Hebru Baibal kha Latin tongin a rak letih Grik addition ( cang betmi) pawl

kha Esther cemnetnak lamah a ret hai. Asinan Jerome ih ttansan le Baibal lehdan pawl cu hnawn

asi ih zianghman man nei lo ah a cang. Asinan Stephen Langton in Baibal bungcang a run tthen

tikah Esther kha bung 1-10 tiang a ret ih Grik addition (Greek tongin an leh hnu lawngah an bet

mi) pawl kha Esther bung 11-16 ah a ret hai tikah buainak tampi a suahter.

Calettu in Hebru Baibal kha Grik tongin a rak leh tikah Esther bu sungah Pathian hmin

nganmi pakhat hman a tel lo ruangah a ngaihttha loin a rak bet mi asi thei. Betcawmp mi sungah

Pathian hmin voikua ngan mi a um. Metzger in a sim dan cun Esther bu sungih bet cawp mi

bungcang pawl hi Esther thuanthu thawn a bang aw lo asi tiah a ti. Kum le tikcu thu a simmi

pawl ah tampi bang awk lonak a um asi a ti.

6. The Wisdom of Solomon (BC.30)

Cangantu in amah le amah Solomon vekah a ret aw. Asinan Alexandria mi pakhat ih ngan

mi a siih amai miphun fimnak le Greek miphun pawl fimnak thu pawl tamzet rak thei tu asi. A

tumtahnak bik cu fimnak (wisdom) asi. A tlangpi thu in a ca ngan mi hi tthenthum ah tthen a

theih. A tthenkhatnak (1:1-5:23) cun fimnak le siatral thei lonak ( immortality) thu a sim. A

tthenhnihnak (6:1-9:18) cun Solomon ih fimnak thu a sim. A tthen neta bik (10:1-19:22) cun

fimnak le thuanthu pawl tla a sim.

7. Ecclesiasticus (Sirach, 132 BC)

Himi cabu hi Apocrypha cabu lakah a sau bik a siih bung 51 a um. Ca ngantu pai fapa cu

Jesu, Sirach fapa asi, Amah cu zirhtu pakhat si ding vekin a lang. A ca nganmi ih tumtahmi bik

cu fimnak asi ih amah le amah tui hlan mifim pawl tlukih fim in a rel aw (24:33;16-18).

A cabu khai khawm cun pipu fimnak le sakhua thuanthu pawl kom khawm in tuah mi a si.

8. Baruch (150-50 BC)

Greek tongin nganmi Thuthlunghlun bu sung ahcun Solomon Ttah Hla hnu ah a ret ih

Jeremiah ih kaithlun Baruch ih nganmi ti asi. Baibal thiamsang hrekkhat cun mi pahnih asilole

pahnih hnakih tamih nganmi asi ding tiah an zum. Cabu sungah a sim vekin himi cabu hi Baruch

in Babylon ah a va sarsuakmi asi tiin a lang.

A sung um thu ah, Jerusalem puithiam hrangah tangka an kuat thu (Ch.1: 1-14); Isreal

pawl an sir aw ih an thlacamnak le Pathian hremnak thu (1:15-2:10); Pathian laksawng pekmi

Daan thu (3:9-4:4); sal tannak le runsuaknak hla (4:5-5:9) pawl an tel. Himi cabu sungah

thuanthu a dik lo mi a um. Canghnihnak (V.2) ah Biak inn kha siatsuah zo mi vekin a simih cang

hra (v 10) nakah Biak inn pi cu saksal zo mi vekin a sim. Cun Belshazzar kha Nebuchadnezzar ih

fapa asi loih Nabonidus ih fa asi sawn (Cang.11).

9. Jeremiah ih cakuat (The letter of Jeremiah) (300-100BC)

Himi cabu cu LXX in Ttah Hla hnu ah a ret. Ca ngan tu in milem biaknak a dodalnak thu

a si. Milem pawlin nunnak an neih lo zia, mi an bawm thei lo zia, tthathnemnak an neih lo zia, le

milem biak tthatlonak thu pawl asi. Ca ngantu in, "milem pawl cu Pathian an silo ih ttih aw hlah"

tiah vawikua lai a sim nawn.

10. The Song of ther Three Young Men ( Mino pathum Hla-kum zabi 1 lole 2 BC)

Azariah ih thlacamnak le Daniel rualpi pathum pawl hla sakmi thuanthu kawmkhawm

mi asi. Himi cabu cu tthenthum ah tthen theih asi. A tthenkhatnak cu Daniel rualpa, Abenego in a

simmi asi. A tthenhnihnak ahcun cangcungmi in ziangtin Daniel rualpi pathum pawl kha a

runsuak timi thu a sim. A tlangpi thu in a cabu pum in sersiam mi ziangkim in Pathian thangthat

dingin fawrhfialnak asi.

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11. Susanna (BC. Zabi 2 lole 3)

Susanna cu Babylon ih saltang Jew pakhat pai nupi a siih miin uire an puhih thutthentu in

a sual asi tiah thu an tthen hnu ah Daniel in a run suaknak thu a sim. Susanna cu nu pitling le duh

um zet asi. Susanna cabu sungah cang 63 a um. A tumtah bik mi mipi hmai ih diknak hnakin

nitin nunah pathian hmaiih thianhlimnak a thupitzia a sim duhnak asi. A sung ih thu um pawl in

a simmi hi saltang pawl dinhmun thawn a mil aw lo mi a um. Asinan ngainuam zet thuanthu asi.

12. Bel and the Dragon (BC.100)

Himi cabu hi thuanthu pahnih kawmkhawmmi asiih a hmaisa ahcun Susanna cabu vekin

Daniel ih fimvarnak thu a sim. Milem biaknak pawl nautat zawngin nganmi asi. Bel temple cu

Babylon ah a hminthang zet mi a siih cumi laiah leitlun thilmak pasarih lakah a tel mi asi.

A pahnihnak ahcun Daniel in Babylon pawl biak mi rulpi a thah ruangah kiosa khur

sungah an thlak ih Pathian in a hum thu le kamsang Habakuk in Babylon ah Daniel ih ei ding

rawl a rak ken thu tla a sim tel.

13. The Prayer of Manasseh ( Manasseh Thlacam) Kumzabi 2 lole 1 BC.

II Samuel in a simmi Manasseh cu saklam Isreal ramih lal pawl lakah a sual bik asi.

Lal a tuan laiah a rak sual tukih milem tiang a rak bia. Cule a thilsual tuahmi pawl a dodaltu pawl

cu a rak that ttheu. Asinan Babylon ah sal a tan hnuah a sir aw salih Pathian hmaiah a kunsal (II

San.33:11-13). Himi cangantu in Manasseh in ziangtin thla a cam ding ti a rak suangtuahnak in a

ngan mi asi in a lang.

14. I Maccabees (BC.110)

Maccabees hmaisa in Jews awl in an sakhua le an politics hrangah zalennak an rak

sualnak thu a sim (Kum zabi 2 BC). Alexandria ih thihhnu rei lo te ah Greek rampi cu tthenli ah

a tthen aw (323 BC). Cumi sanlai ah Palestine cu Seleucid uknak hnuai ah an um. Maccabees I in

Syria in Seleucid siangpahrang Antiochus Ephipanes thuanthu a sim ( BC 175). Antiochus in

Palestine Jews pawl kha an sakhua nak ih an tuah mi pawl sabath ulhnak, daan siarnak pawl kha

tuah lo dingin a kham ih milem biak an fial tikah Jews pawlin an do letve. Cumi doletnak cu

puithiam Mattahias in a ho ih I Maccabees ah a fapa pathum pawl thu a ngan: Judah Maccabees

(3:1-9:22), Jonathan (9:23-12:52), le Simon (13:1-16:24). Himi cabu a thupitnak cu Khrih a rat

hlan i Jews pawl thuanthu a sim ruangah a tha zetih theih tha zet a si.

15.I Maccabees (110-70 BC)

II Maccabees cabu hi a pakhatnak Maccabees pehzawmmi asi loih a pakhatnak ngan

lai thotho ah ca ngantu in a rak ngan mi asi. Antiochus Epiphanes (BC 175) ihsin (BC 160) tiang

kum 15 sung thu pawl a ngan. Maccabees pakhatnak ih a hmailam bung 7 sungih a thu pi pawl

kha Meccabess pahnihnak thu pi thawn an bang aw deuh. Maccabees hmaisa cu a ca ngandan a

awlsam ih thuanthu tluangtlam ngan vekin ngan mi asi. Cun a pahnihnak Macaabees cu thuanthu

le Pathian thu rawi in ngan mi asi ih theih a har deuh. Metzger in a sim dan cun a hmaisa

Maccabess cun Isreal mi ralttha le Maccabees ho tu pawl kha a cawisangih a neta Maccabees

cabu cun Pathian thuthiam pawl thu le Isreal sakhuanak cu milem be pawl sakhuanak hnakin a

cuangmuar deuh asi ti thu pawl tla a ngan tel.

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Himi cabu sungah thuanthu thawn a kalh aw mi a um hnuaihni. Cuitlunah II Maccabees hi

ca ngantu pai nganmi a um nawn loih thuanthu thei Cyrene ih Jason in a ngan bet mi asi.

Casiartu pawlin fiangzetin an theihthei nak dingah a ngan bet ih a remtthat sal mi asi (2:23-26).

PART VI: THUTHIANGHLIM KENKAWH DAN LE FINKHAWM DAN

(Canonicity and transmission of scripture)

Thuhmaihruai

Thuthianghlim finkhawmdan (Canonovity) timi cu Bibal hi Pathian thawkkhummi asi ti ziangtin an

theithei ih an finkhawm? Cuitlunah a tu ih kan hmanmi Baibal bu 66 hi ziangtin a ra suak? Ziangruangah

Pathian thawkkhummi tutak asi tiah an pom? Thildang sakhuanak thu hla an nganmi pawl hmuah

ziangruangah an hnawng? Tui kan hmanmni cabu pawl lawng hi Pathian thutak vekin ziangtin an rak pom

timi thu asi. Curuangah, a tu ah kan hmanmi bu 66 pawl cu thutak asi tiah ziangtin an rak pomih an fin

khawm tiah kan zoh tlunah ziangruangah cabu dang an nganmi thenkhat pawl an rak hnawng timi thu

khal kan zoh ding.

Canon timi cu "tehfung" tinak asi ih Greek tong ihsin a rak mi asi. Nunnak tehfung ti simnak khalah

hmantheih asi ih leitlun fimthiamnak thu tehfung khalah hman thothomi tongkam asi. Kal 6:16 ah Paul in

nun kawsakdan tehfung thu simnakah a hmang. Kawhhran pupa pawlin Thuthiang hi nun khawsakdan

tehfungah an rak hmang. Ziangruangah tile Thuthiang cu an zumih an zumnak le an tuahnak ziangkim

thutak tehfungah an rak hman ruangah asi.

Cuitlunah 'tehfung" timi cu a umzat tehnak khalah hman asi. Curuangah tui kan hmanmi 'tehfung' timi

tongkam hi Thuthiang tehnak fung khalah hman asi. Alexendria ih Bishop Athanasius (AD 350) kha himi

tongkam hmang hmaisa bik tu in a lang.

Curuangah tui kan hmanmi Baibal bu 66 hi ziangtin Pathian thutak, Pathian thawkkhummi asi ti an

thei ih thutak vekin an rak kenkawh timi thu a hnuailam vekin tarlang asi.

I. Thuthianghlim kenkawhdan le finkhawmdan a dawtdawt

A. Pathian thawkkhummi asinak

Thuthiang hmuahhmuah cu Pathian thawkkhummi asi ih Thlarau Thianghlim kaihhruainakin milai

hnenah pekmi asi (II Tim.3:16).

Kamsang pawlih rawngbawldan tlangpi cu Pathian in an mah hmangin milai hnenah thu a sim ding

ti asi. Exo.7:1 nak hi thuthimnak tha zet asi. Moses khan tongkam thiam lo ka si ati, asinan Aaron kha

Moses bawmtu dingah Pathian in a pek. Cu tikah Moses ih rawngbawlnak kha hmun tampi ahcun Aaron

in a bawmin thu a sim sak ko ding. Sihmansehla, Pathian in Moses hnenah mawhphurhnak a pek ih

ziangkim cu Moses hmin in tuahsuak asi ringring vekin, Pathian in milai hmangin milai pawl hnenah thu

asim tikah milai tongkam in a suak nan Pathian in milai pawl cu hmanrua ah a hman ruangah an thu

simmi pawl cu Pathian thu tiah zum asi.

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B. Milai in Pathian Thuthianghlim pawl cu an thei

Pathian thu cu milai in cabu sungah ngan in milai hnenah theihter asi tikah a theitu pawlin Pathian

Thuthianghlim a sizia an thei. Thuthimnakah, Moses kha tlangpar ihsin a rung tum tikah Pathian thu kha

Israel mi pawl hnenah a theihter haiih Isreal mipi pawlin "Lalpa in asim zo mi pawl hmuahhmuah kan thlun

dingih kan tuah ding" tiah an ti (Exo.24:3,4,7). Hmundang khalah Pathian in Moses hnenah a theihter mi

thu pawl kha Moses in ca sungah a ngan ih mipi a theihter tikah mipi pawlin Pathian thu a sizia an

theithiam. Cuvek thotho in Thuthlungthar khal kha Dungthluntu pawlin Pathian thu an sim ih ca an ngan

tikah mipi pawlin Pathian thu asi ti an theithei (I The.2:13).

Hi tawkah kan theihthiam dingmi cu Pathian in kamsang pawl hmangin a milesa pawl hnenah thu a

sim tikah Pathian fa le pawlin Pathian hnen ihsin a ra mi Pathian thutak a sizia an theithei ih an zum.

Baibal cabu sungih thutak pawl hi Baibal sungah an ngan ih an rak telh ruangah Pathian in a thawkkhum

hai ih thuneihnak an nei asilo. Pathian in a thu cu milai hmangin milai hnenah a theihter hai mi asi sawn.

Pathian in kamsang pawl hmangin a thu cu milai hnenah a theihter ih cabu sungah an ngan ter mi pawl

cu Pathian fa le pawlin Thuthianghlim a sizia an thei ih an zum. Cuticun, Pathian thutak cu upatnak thawn

an zum ih an thlun. Baibal sungah bu 66 lawng a umnak cu Pathian in hihmuah hi milai in Amah an

pehtlaihnak hrang lamhmuhtu dingah a tawk a ti ruangah asi.

C. Milai in an finkhawm ih an kenkawhdan

Tui kan neihmi kan Bibal bu 66 hi voikhat te ah pekmi an si lo. Tikcu reizet (kum 1600) sungah

tuahsuakmi asi. Asinan, Pathian fa le pawlin sankhat hnu sankhat Pathian thu cu an theiih an kilvengin an

kenkawh ringring.

Thuthlunghlun cabu pawl hi Pathian fa le pawlin bu khat hnu bu khat ziangtinThuthianghlim

sungah an telh, ziangtin thutak asi tiah an thei ih an kilkhawi in an kenkawh ti simtheinak a um. Moses ih

ca nganmi pawl cu Pathian thu a si tiah mipi pawlin an theih vekin Puanthlam sungih Thukam kuang

kiangte ah an ret (Daan.31:26; II Siang.23:24-25; Joshua.24:26). Samuel in siangpahrang ih covo le

tuanvo pawl kha cauk sungah a nganih hmun thianghlim ah a ret ( I Sanu. 10:25).

Kamsang dang pawlin kamsang dang nganmi thuthianghlim pawl cu Pathian thu an sizia

theihtiamnak dingin simmi an nei. Thuthimnakah, Maikhah in Isaiah ngan mi thu a sim (Mai.4:1-4 :

Isai.2:2-4). Daniel in Jeremiah ih thu simmi pawl kha Pathian thu asi tiah a sim (Dan.9:2; Jer.25:11));

Ezara in Hakai, Zechariah le Jeremiah ih simmi thu pawl kha Pathian thu asi ti a thei (Eza.1:1;5:1). Cun,

Nehemiah le Zechariah in kamsang dang pawl thu kha Pathian thu a sizia an thei ( Neh.9:30;Zech

7:7,12). Cuticun, Pathian thupek vekin ngan mi thu pawl cu tha zetin ret le kilkhawi an si ti a fiang

(Dan.9:9; Deu.17:18).

Thuthlungthar Baibal cabu pawl hi Dungthluntu neta bikin thuthiang a ngan theh hlan hmanah

khawnkhawm ih retthat an si ti a lang. Thuthimnakah, Piter in Paul ih cakuat pawl thu asim (II Pit.3:15-16).

VI. THUTHLUNGTHAR AN RAK POMDAN DWTDAWT

A tui kan hmanmi Thiuthlungthar Pathian Thuthianghlim hi ziangtin cabu pakhat ah an rak tuah ih

Pathian thawkkhummi asi ti ziangtin an rak pom ti kan zoh fiang hnik pei. Thuthlungthar cabu pawl cu

ziangtin Pathian thawkkhummi asi ti an rak pomnak kan zohhlan ah Pathian thutak in dodalnak a rak

tonmi pawl kan zoh hmaisa ding.

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A. Thuthlungthar cabu pom le kenkawh asinak dingah a daltu pawl

1. Thuthangttha cu a hmaisa ah kaa in rak simmi a si.

Jesu a thih le a thawhsal hnu ah Dungthluntu pawl cu thuthangttha kenkawhtu an rak si. An

theihmi thuthangttha cu an kaa in anmah rori in an sim ruangah Thuthangttha cabu an rak ttul tuk lo tluk a

si. Cuticun AD 60 tiang hrawng ahcun Thuthangttha cu cabu ah ngan ttul ciamco tuk hrih loin a lang.

Ziangruangah tile Rundamtu Zesu kha mit ih hmu tu le a thu rak dawngsawngtu rori an damlai ih anmah

in thuthangttha cu an sim sawng vivo tikah cabu an ttul tuk lo ah a cang. Asinan a dunthluntu pawl cu

kumkhua leitlunah an nung thei ve lo vekin Zesu in an hnenah thuthangttha a zirhmi le a theihter mi pawl

kha a ra lai dingmi milai pawl hrangah cabu ah tuah in ret tthat a ttul.

Duntluntu pawl san laiah ca in si loin kaa ih sim hi an rawngbawlnak bik a rak si. Thuthlunghlun

san lai ihsin ca ngantu le danthiam pawlin Jews nunphung le sakhua daan pawl cu mipi hnenah kaa rori

in phuang in zirh awknak cu an hmang tlangpi mi a rak si. Ewert in Jews pawlin ziangtin an nunphung le

sakhua thuanthu pawl an rak zirh aw in an sim aw sawng timi thu a simnak ah hitin a sim: Jews miphun

pawlin ca ih nganmi siar hnakin zirhtu pawlin an thu le hla pawl cu zohloin (byheart) an thei thluh ih

cuticun mipi tawn khawm awknakah an rak zirh awk ttheu mi asi. Cuticun zokhal an nunphung le sakhua

thu le hla a thei duhtu pawl cun an hruaitu pawl zirhmi cu an thinlung sungah thei thluh thei dingin an rak

zuam awk bik mi asi. Cuvek thotho in Thuthangttar khal kha milai kaa in an rak sim ih an rak zirh sawng

aw vivo asi ti cu el ding a um lo.

Asinan Khrih dungthluntu pawl an thih hnu, AD kumzabi pakhat lole pakhat leh a hrek hrawng

ihsin Thuthlungthar cabu ngan mi pawl kha an rak ngaihven thawk in an hawl suak vivo. Ziangruangah tile

Zesu kha mit rori in a hmu tu le a kai rak thluntu pawl an um nawn lo tikah Dungtluntu pawlin kawhhran

pawl hnenah thuthangtha an rak sim mi le ca an rak kuat mi pawl kha an finkhawi vivo sal. Cuticun,

Thuthangttha pali pawl kha Zesu'i rawngbawlnak ca ngannak asi vekin zumtu, Zesu Khrih kha mitin a rak

hmu ban nawn lo tu pawlin Khrih thu le a zirhnak thu an zirnakah le Dungthluntu pawlih ca ngan mi pawl

kha kawhhran haihruai awknak, nunnak thlakthleng awknak le an zumnak ih lamhruaitu ah an hmang.

2. Kawhhran zumtu pawl kha Mediterinean ram tthen pawlah an darh aw

Thuthlunghlun san laiih Jews pawl vek si loin AD kum zabi pakhatnak ih zumtu, khristian pawl cu

hmuntin le ramtinah an rak darh aw celcel. Curuangah Thuthangttha cabu le Dungthluntu cakuat ngan mi

pawl kha kawhhran tin a fehsuaknak dingah tikcu rei zet a duh ttheu. Ziangruangah tile kha lai ah

cakuatnak khawl ttha ttha an rak neih lo ruangah cakuat le cabu pawl kha duhzatzat olaiten suah a rak

theih lo. Curuangah hmun hrekkhatah Thuthangtha bu hrekkhat a thlengih hmun hrekkhat ah a dang

hrekkhat lawng a thleng ttheu. Cuticun Thuthlungthar bu 27 pawl hi hmun hrekkhat ahcun khuimi pawl hi

Pathian thawkkhummi thuthangttha an si ding tiah an rak el awk ttheunak asi. Hmun tthenkhat ih

kawhhran misa hrekkhat pawlin cabu hrekkhat pawl hi voi tam deuh an rak siar ngah ih a dang zumtu

hrekkhat pawlin bu dang pawl kha voi tam deuh an rak siar ngah ttheu. Curuangah hmun khat le hmun

khat zumtu pawl lakah an ngainat cuangmi le an theih nal cuang mi Pathian thu kha a rak bang aw lo.

Thuthlungthar bu 27 pawl hi a rak hmu hmaisa biktu pawlin Pathian thawkkhummi Thuthianghlim asi tiah

an rak pom cio nan vio le khatah a bu 27 ten kawhhran pakhat le khua pakhatah a rak thleng thei loih

khua pakhat le kawhhran pakhat in bu hrekkhat kha Pathian thawkkhummi vekin an rak pomih an rak siar

lai ah khaw dang le hmun dangih a ummi zumtu khristian unau pawl cun bu dang pawl kha an rak hmu ih

Pathian thawkkhummi tiah upatnak thawn an rak hmang. Cui tlunah an san lai ah lamzin pehtlaih tawnnak

tthat lo ruang khalah khua pakhat le pakhat ih a ummi zumtu unau pawlin ziangvek cabu pawl kha

Pathian thawkkhummi Thuthianghlim asi tiah Thlarau in a theihter hai ti thu an thei aw lohli thei lo ttheu.

Cutikah kawhhran pakhat le pakhat hnenah Thlarau Thianghlim theihternak vekin Pathian thutak an co mi

39

hlawm awknak ah khua a tlai ttheu. Cuticun tikcu ziangmawzat hmuntin le ramtin a feh suak hnu ah tui

kan hman mi Thuthlungthar cabu 27 pawl hi Pathian thawkkhummi thuthianghlim asi tiah an rak pomih an

rak nemhnget. Kum zabi 4 AD hrawng ahcun zianghman el awk ding um loin tui kan hman mi

Thuthlungthar bu 27 cu Pathian thawk khummi thuthlainghlim asi tiah an rak pom thelpthlep.

B. Thuthlungthar bu 27 pawl kha Pathian thawkkhummi thuthianghlim an si tiah nemhnget dingah le

tehfung thawn khuimi cabu pawl kha Pathian thawkkhummi an si ti zohfel a ttulnak thu

1. Thuthlunghlun a um

Thuthlunghlun kha famkim zetin cekfel, kilkhawi, finkhawi le kenkawh a siih Grik tong in an leh

tlunah khawm awknak tinah Pathian thu vekin an hman ttheu ruangah Thuthlungthar khal cuvekin tuah a

ttul ve asi tiah kawhhran milesa pawlin an rak thei. Kawhhran thawh pek te ihsin thuthluhnghlun cu

kawhhran thuthianghlimbu a rak si.Thutthimnakah, Peter in thu a sim tikah a hman mi cang 27 sungah

cang 20 cu Thuthlunghlun sung ihsin a lakmi an si (Dung. 2:14-40). Cuvek thotho in Paul in Antioch ah

thu a sim tikah cang 26 a simmi sungah cang 9 cu Thuthlunghlun sung ihsin a lakmi asi. Cuticun

kawhhran hram thawh pek te ihsin Thuthlunghlun cu kawhhran hruai awknakah an hmanmi Pathian

thuthianghlim bu asi ti kan thei thei. Curuangah Pathian in a fapa Jesu Khrih hmang in mailai hnenah

thuthangtha a tarlangmi le Dungthluntu pawl hmangin thuthianghlim milai hnenah a theihter mi pawl cu

cabu pakhat le leitlun ro thil vekin ret tthat a ttul a i tiah kawhhran hruaitu pawlin an rak thei.

2. Mipi in Thuthlungthar kha kawhhranah an rak hmang

Kawhhran a thawh pekte ihsin khawm awknakah Thuthlunghlun sungih daan le kamsang pawl

cangan mi an siar vekin Thuthlungthar pawl kha an siar ttheu. Thutthimnakah, Paul khalin kawhhran

hnenah ca a kuat mi kha kawhhran hmin a tarlangmi kawhhran pakhat lawng si loin zumtu unau dang

pawl hnen khalah siar ter vivo dingin thu a cah hai (I The.5:27). Cun Kolosian pawl hnenah ca a kuat mi

kha Laodician ih a um mi zumtu unau pawl khal siar ter ve dingin thu a cah hai (Kl. 4:16; Thu.1:3).

Cuticun Thuthlungthar cabu pawl kha Pathian thawkkhummi thuthianghlim an si ti an theih tikah

Thuthlunghlun pawl thawn hmunkhatah an ret hai. Cule kawhhran tinte in anmah te cauk neih cio an duh

ih an neih hrih lo mi khal an hawl khawmih Pathian thawkkhummi thuthianghlim asi ti an theihmi pohpoh

cu khawng khawmin hmunkhatah an ret khawm. Cuticun kawhhran pakhat cio in anmah le thuthianghlim

bu cio cu an rak nei (II. Pet.3:15-16).

3. Marcion ih Thuthianghlim bu tehfung

Kum zabi pahnih le a hrek (2 1/2 AD) hrawngah Aisa ram tthen hi Pontus (Tulai san ih Turkey)

khua ah Marcion timi sakhua lam fehsual pa a rak um. Amah cu Jews pawl daan duh lo tu a rak siih

Thuthlunghlun le Thuthlungthar hrekkhat pawl kha tanta in amai duhzawng cabu pawl lawng kha a lak

khawmih amai duhzawng Thuthianghlim cabu hran te a rak tuah. Marcion cun Thuthlunghlun Pathian le

Thuthlungthar Pathian cu an bang aw thei lo asi tiah a rak ti. Paul lawng kha Khrih dungthluntu pawl lakah

mi rinum a siih mi dang pawl cu lalpai zirhnak pawl kha an feh sual pi asi tiah a ti. Cule Luke khal hi Jews

pawl ih nunphung le sakhua daan ihsin a luat bik mi asi vekin a ca ngan mi pawl cu a pomsak. Curuangah

Paul cakuat ngan mi (I & II Timothy tello) le Luke ih ngan mi cabu pawl lawng kha Thuthianghlim tiah a

rak pom (AD. 140 ih a tehfung vekin). Cuticun a duh lo zawng hmuahhmuah cu a Pathian thutak tiah a

pommi sung ihsin a hlawn thluh. Luke Thuthangtha sungih Thuthlunghlun thawn a peh par aw mi, John

tihnimtu ih rawngbawlnak, Zesu in thlemnak a tuarnak thu pawl kha cubu sung ihsin a hlawn hai. Cuvek

thotho in Kalatian cakuat sungih 3:6-9, 15-25 pawl khal kha Abraham le Jews daan thu pawl a tel ruangah

Pathian thuthianghlim sungah a telh duh lo. Cuitlunah Rom cakuat sungih Isreal pawl thuanthu umnak

pawl kha a hlawn hai ih amai duhzawng te lawng kha khawn khawm in ca bu hran te a tuah.

Marcion in cuvek in thil a rak tuah ih Pathian thutak a rak lak tthen kha thilttha lo zet asinan

khatlamah kawhhran pawlin an pommi thuthianghlim bu pawl kha felfaiten finkhawi dingin tha a rak pe

sawn. Marcion in cutin Pathian thutak a lak tthen hlanah kawhhran khrihfa zumtu pawlin ziang cabu pawl

kha Pathian thawkkhummi an si ti an rak thei thluh zo. Asinan cuvekin Marcion in a lak tthen tikah mi

hrekkhat an lung a buai ih kawhhran in an Thuthianghlim kha felfai ten an tehfung thawn an zohtthat ih an

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kilkhawi tthat a tul asi ti an thei. Curuangah kawhhran pawlin Pathian Thuthianghlim tiah an pom mi pawl

kha tthaten an kenkawh ih zianghman rin hlelhnak le thinnuam lo nak um loten Pathian thuthianghlim cu

an zumnak le sakhua biaknak lam hruaitu dingah an finkhawi a ttul.

4. AD kum zabi 2,3, le 4 hrawngah ca ngan mi phunphun a suak vivo

Mi hrekkhat ca ngantu pawlin an sakhuanak lam ih anmai mimal zumnak le ruahnak pawl kha a

Dungthluntu pawl hmin asilole mi pakhatkhat hmin hmangin ca an nganih kawhhran zumtu khristian unau

pawl lakah khuimi bik hi Pathian thawkkhummi thuthianghlim an si ti theihtheih lo ding khawpin ca ngan

mi a phunphun an nawk celcel. Curuangah zumtu zovek khalin thutak an thleidan theinak dingah le

rinhlelhnak um loin an nunnak lamhruaitu ah an hman theinak dingah kawhhran Pathian thawkkhummi

Thuthianghlim cabu pawl kha finkhawm in an kilkhawi tthat a ttul. Culai ah an hnuailam ih can ngan mi

pawl hi an lar zet:

a. Ecclesiastical cabu pawl

i. Epistle of Barnabas (AD. 79) (Barnabas ih cakuat)

ii. First Epistle of Clement (AD. 79) (Clemment ih cakuat pakhatnak)

iii. Shepherd of Herman (AD.115-140)

iv. Didache (100-120) Teaching of the Twevle (Hleihnih pawl zirhnak)

v. The second Epistle of Clement ( AD.120-140), (Clement ih cakhuat pahnihnak)

vi. Apocalpse of Peter (AD.150) , (Peter Thupuan)

vii. The Act of Paul (AD. 170) (Paual ih tuahnak)

b. Midang hminhmang in thuanthu lem ngan mi pawl

Midang hminsang ih ca ngan mi pawl hi AD zabi pahinhnak ihsin pali karlakah an lang tamzet. Hivek

ca an ngannak san cu a thlangpi thu in thu pahnih a um. A pakhatnakah, Zesui nunnak, rawngbawlnak le

thuanthu pawl hi Thuthianghlim sungah a famkim in ngan thluh asilo ruangah a thei bettu an um ding ti

ruatin mi hrekkhat in ca an rak ngannak asi. Anmai suangtuahnak pawl kha thudik vekin mi pakhatkhat

hmin hmangin thuanthu an rak phuah ih an rak ngan ciam co. A pahnihnakah, an sakhua lam thu an

zumnak le an ruahnak pawl kha mi thlunter, midang zirh an duh ruangah Zesu’i zirhmi pawl kha

Dungthluntu pawlin an nganmi vekin Dungthluntu pawl hminsang in ca an rak ngannak asi.

Harrison in a sim dan cun, kawhhran pawl cu cuvek ca ttha lo lak ihsin an ralring zet. Origen cun

" Kawhhran pawl cun Thuthangttha ( Zesu’i thu hla le zirhnak pawl ngannak) buli kan neiih fehsual

(heretics) pawl cun bu tampi an nei" tiah a rak sim( AD. 185-254).

Hivek ca ngantu pawl thinlung le ruahnak a rak luattu ruahnak pakhat cu Gnosticism (Theihnak

cu ziangkim asi timi ruahnak ihsin a suakmi fehsualnak), Dualism (Pathian cu a thianghlim ih leitlun le tisa

cu a bawrhhlawh asi timi ruahnak ihsin ruahnak sual a suak mi) pawl ihsin a suakmi ruahsualnak asi.

Pathian cu a thianghlim ih leitlun le tisa cu a thianghlim lo ruangah Pathian cu tisa thawn dai aw thei le

hnawmhnawih aw thei asi loih theihnak lawng in rundamnak kan co thei tiah an zum. Curuangah Zesu ih

Pathian sinak khal an pom loih milai rundamnak thu khalah Khrih in a zirh lo mi vekin lamzin dang pi in

an zum.

Hivek zirhnak pawl hin khristian thurin tlangpi pawl cu an hnawngih milai sinak, sual le

rundamnak thu pawl an zirhnak khalah Baibal in a zirhmi a kalh thluh. Curuangah kawhhran in hivek

zirhnak pawl a do a tulih zumtu pawl cawkbuai lo dingin a thiarfihlim thei a tul.

Pseudepigrapha (Phuahcawp ca ngan mi pawl):

1. Phuahcawp Thuthangttha pawl (Gospel)

i. Thomas ih thuthangttha

ii. Peter ih thuthangtta

iii. Hebrew thuthangttha

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iv. Bartholomwe ih thuthangtha

v. Egyptian pawl thuthangtha

vi. Protevangelium of James

vii. Arabic Gospel of the Birth

viii. Philip ih Thuthangtha

ix. Thutak thuthangttha

x. Dungthluntu hleihnih thuthangttha

xi. Nicodemus thuthangttha

xii. Mathias thuthangttha

xiii. Thomas Athelte ih cabu

2. Acts (Tuahnak pawl)

i. The Acts of John (John ih tuahnak)

ii. The Acts of Piter (Peter ih tuahnak)

iii. The Acts of Andrea (Andrea ih tuahnak)

iv. The Acts of Thomas (Thomas ih tuahnak)

3. Epistles ( Cakuat pawl)

i. A dungthluntu pawl cakuat

ii. Laodicean pawlih cakuat

iii. Koriantian pawlin Paul hnenah ca an kuat mi

iv. Paul le Seneca ca an kuat awkmi

v. Khrih le Abgar ih cakuat

4. Apocalypses ( Thupuan pawl)

i. I Apocalypse of Paul ( Paul thupuan)

ii. Apocalypse of Thomas (Thomas thupuan)

5. Diocletian

Rome uknak hnuaiah khristian pawlin hremnak an rak tuar ttheu nan Diocletian sanlai ah

khristian Thuthianghlim cabu pawl hmuahmuah kha siatsuah thluh dingin thu a rak pek tikah khristian

pawlin hremnak harsazual an rak tong (AD.303). Caesarea khua ih Eusebius in hitin a rak sim (AD.263-

340)

"Diocletian ih lalkum kum 9 nak March thla ah lal thuasuah a suah ih biak inn pawl kha siatsuah thluh

ding, thuthianghlim ngannak cabu pawl khal meisa ah ur thluh ding, kawhhran upa ttuan pawl khal

zianghman canvo an nei thei lo ding, cuitlunah mai insangih a um men pawl khal an khristian sakhuanak

an tlansan lo asile nasa zetin hremnak an tuar ding." Cumi lal thusuah a suak hnu rei lo te ah kawhhran

upa pawl hmuahhmuah thawng inn ah thlak ttheh ding ti mi thusuah a suak lala. Cule thawng inn sungih

an um laiah an khristian sakhuanak tlansan dingin a phunphun in hrem an si ding tiah an thusuah cun a

sim bet.

Cuvek dinhmun ruangah khawhhran zumtu pawlin Pathian thawkkhum mi Thuthianghlim kha tthaten

retin lalsual pawlin an siatsuah thei lo nak dingah finkhawi ding mawhphurhnak an nei.

C. Thuthlungthar pawl kha Pathian thawkkhummi Thuthianghlim asi ti an theihtheinak thu tlangpi pawl:

I. Pathian thawkkhummi Thuthianghlim pawl an thlir dan tlangpi

Kum zabi pahnihnak (AD) hnu lam ahcun Thuthlungthar cabu pawl kha Pathian thawkkhummi vekin

kawhhran upa pawlin an hmangih an ca ngannak le Pathian thu an simnakah an hmang thluh cio. A

hnuailam ih ca nganmi pawlah hin Thuthlungthar sungih thu pawl Pathian thu vekin an hmannak kan hmu

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thei.

a. Epistle of Barnabas (70-79 AD)

b. Clement Cakuat pakhatnak (95-97 AD)

c. Didache (70-130 AD)

d. Polycarp in Philipian pawl hnenah ca a kuat mi ( 108 AD)

e. Shepherd of Herman (115-140 AD)

f. Interpretation of Oracles of the Lord ( Papias, 120 AD)

g. Diognetus hnen cakuat ( 150 AD)

II.Thuthangtttha an pom dan a fal tete in thlirdan

A hnuailam ih tarlangmi pawlin Thuthlungthar Pathian Thuthiamnghlim pawl kha ziangtin bu khat

hnu bu khat Pathian thusuak asi ti an rak pom timi a langter

a. Hliakhlai tikcu ( 70-170 AD)

Himi kum zakhat sung ahhin Dungthluntu pwl thei tu pawlih ca ngan mi khal rak ngan thluh an si

zo. Khrih dungthlun hleihnih pawlih ca ngan mi khal zapi theih an si zo ih anmah (Dungthluntu) thei tu

pawlin an thu hla an simnak le ca ah an ngan mi pawl khal a famkim zo.

1. Peter ( 66 AD)

Dunghtluntu Peter in Paul ih cakuat pawl kha finkhawi in a um thu a sim, ( II. Pet. 3:15-16).

2. Clement of Rome ( 30-100 AD)

Rome khua kawhhran hruaitu pakhat dinhmun in Korin khua ah ca a kuat ih Mathew, Roman, I

Korintian, Hebru, James cabu pawl lak ihsin tongkam pawl Pathian thu vekin a hmang.

3. Ignatius (Martar 110-117, AD)

Ignatius hi Anticoh khua ah a pahnihnak bishop a ttuan ti lo cu a thu hla rel ding tam kan thei lo.

Amah hi Empiror Trajan ih lal lai ah Martar tuar ve mi asi. Ignatius hin Paul cakuat pawl, Mathew le John

thuthangtha pawl kha a thei ih a duh in a ngaina zet hai.

4. Didache (120)

Dungthluntu pawlih hnatuannak thu nganmi tiah mi tampi in a thlangpi thu in an theihmi himi ca

ngantu in Mathew le Luke Thuthangttha le Thupuan cabu sung ihsin a ca ngannak ah tampi hman mi a

nei.

5. Barnabas (130 AD)

Himi ca ngantu in Mathew, Rome, I & II Korintian, Ephesian, I & II Timothy, Titus, I & II Peter

pawl hi Pathian Thuthianghlim vekin a hmang hai.

6. Papias (70-140)

Lyons khua ih bishop ttuan mi Irenaeus (140-203) in a sim vekin, Papaias cu Smyrna ih bishop a

si. Cule Polycarp ih rualpi a siih Dungthluntu John ih thu simmi rak thei tu asi. Central Asia ramtthen,

Hieropolis khua ih bishop a ttuan lai ah hitin a sim, Mark cu Peter ih tonglettu asi ih Mark Thuthangttha

ngan tu asi. Cule Mathew in a Thuthangttha kha Hebru tongin a ngan. John in Thuthangttha a simmi khal

a thei ih I John le I Peter sungih thu pawl kha a ca ngannakah a hmang asi.

7. Polycarp (69-155)

Dungthluntu John ih kaihhruai mi a rak si ih Smyrna (Western Asia ram tthen) khua ah bishop a

rak ttuan. Anih in Philipian zumtu pawl hnenah ca kuat a rak ngan tikah Mathew, Luke, Dungthluntu pawl

tuahnak, Rome, II Koritian, Kalatian, Philipian, Kolosian, II Thesolonika, I Timothy, Hebru, I Peter, I John

le II John thuthianghlim pawl thu a theihnal zet thu asim.

8. Sheprhard of Herman (115-140)

A ca sungah kan hmuh thei vekin ca ngan tu in Mathew, Ephesian, James, II Korintian, Philipian, I

Thesolonika, Hebru, I John le Thupuan cabu pawl a theihfiang zet thu asim.

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9. Clement ih cakuat pahnihnak ( 120-170)

Himi cakuat sungah Clement in Mathew le Luke Thuthangtha cabu pawl thu a theihfiang dan

thu a sim.

10. Justin Martar (140 AD)

A ca ngannakah Mathew 2 , Luke, le John thuthangtha sung thu pawl a telh cih mi a um.

Cuitlunah Dungthluntu pawl tuahnak, Rome, I Korintian, Kalatian, Ephesian, Kolosian, II Thesolonika,

Hebru, I Piter le Thupuan pawl tla fiangzetin a theih thu a sim.

11. Basilides ( 117-138)

Hipa hi Gnostic scholar hmaisa bik pakhat a rak si, A ca ngannak ah John, Rome, le I Koritian pawl

hi Pathian thu vekin a rak hmangih Thuthlungthar ca uk pawl hi Pathian thawkkhummi thutak vekin a rak

pom thluh hai.

12. Marcion (140)

Marcion hi fehsual pakhat cu a rak sinan Thuthlungthar cabu rak suah hmaisa bik tu pakhat asi ve

ruangah a thusimmi pawl lak ihsin zir dingmi a um. Amah cu fehsual asinan Thuthlungthar cabu a lak

khawmih cabu pakhat a tuah tikah Thuthlungthar sungah a tel mi pawl an um. Luke Thuthangttha le Paul

cakuat pakua (9) (Rom cakuat ihsin II Theosolonika tiang le Philemon) pawl kha a pom ih bu dang pawl

kha Thuthlunghlun thawn an peh zawm awknak ruangah a hnawn hai.

13. Valentinus (140)

Valentinus hi Alexendria ah Gnostic fehsualnak zirhtu asinan a zirhnak ah Mathew, John, Rome, I

Korintian, Kalatian, Ephesian, Kolosian cabu pawl kha Patian thutak vekin a hmang hai ih Dungthlun, I

John le I Peter cabu pawl thu a theih thu khal a sim.

b. Ziangtik canah Thuthianghlim cu phuahcawp ca le thuanthu satliah pawl lak ihsin an rak

thleidang (170-303 AD)

Dunthluntu pawl san a liam hnu ah sankhat a liam lala. Dungthluntu pawl thu simmi rak theitu pawl

khal an thi hlo thluh zo. Cutikah Khrih dungthluntu pawl thu simmi rak theitu le an thu hla a thei fiangtu

pawl an um nawn lo tikah thu simtu midangdang thu simmi an theih sawngmi le ca an siar mi lawng asi

tikah ruahdan ngaihdan bang aw lo a suak vivo. Culai ah mi hrekkhat in ca a phunphun an ngan vivo

tikah mi tampi in an sakhua lam hruaitu thutak, Pathian Thuthianghlim pawl kha rinhlelhnak an nei

thawkih an buai celcel. Cuvek thubuai lakah ca suah hrekkhat sungah Pathian thutak an pommi thu an

simnak hrekkhat pawl kan zoh hnik pei.

1. Muratorian Fragment (170)

Milan khua ih Ambrosian Library ah kum 1740 ah an sar suak mi ca tlep fate asi. Thuthlungthar

cabu pawl lakah ziangziang pawl kha Pathian thutak tiah kawhhran zumtu pawlin an rak pom ti asim

fiang. Rome kawhhran pawlin Thuthianghlim ti ah an rak pommi cabu pawl thu a sim fiang lawng hman si

loin cabu pakhat cio thu maltete a sim tel mi a um. Thuthlungthar Pathian thu tiah an rak pom asi tiah a

sim mi lakah tulai protestnat kawhhran in kan hmanmi Thuthlungthar cabu hmuahhmuah, Hebru, James,

le I & II Peter siar lo a tel thluh.

2. Irenaeus (140-203)

Irenaeus hi Asia ramah Polycarp ih zirhnak hnuaiah a rak tthanglian mi asi. Orthodox zirhnak

humhimtu a siih Gnosticism zirhsualnak pawl rak dodaltu asi. Rome khua ah rei lo te a um hnu ah Gaul

khu ah bishop a rak ttuan. A ca ngan mi ah Thuthlungthar lak ihsin (Philimon, Hebrew, II Peter, III John le

Jude siar lo) Pathian thutak vekin a hmannak kan hmu thei. Metzger in a sim dan vekin, Irenaeus cun

Thuthlungthar pawl kha Thuthlunghlun vekin Pathian thawkkhummi thutak vekin a rak hmang. Harrison in

a sim bet mi cu “Irenaeus khan Thuthlungthar cabu hrekkhat sung ihsin hnawn mi a neih thu kan thei lo”.

3. Tertullian ( 150-223 AD)

Tertullian hi Carthage khua ah a rak um ih Pathian thu le dan thiam sangfilawr (lawyer & scholar)

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a rak si. Latin tongin ca a rak ngan ih a ca ngan mi pawl hi hmantlak zet an si. Amai ca ngannak ihsin

Thuthlungthar hi "New Testement" “Thuthlungthar” tiah an rak kawh thawk nak asi. NT (Thlungthar) sung

ihsin James, II Peter, II & III John cabu pawl siar lo cu Pathian thawkkhummi thutak vekin a rak hmang

thluh hai.

4. Clement of Alexendria ( 155-215 AD)

Clement hi Alexandria kawhhran le sakhua zirh awknak tlawng pawlah hotu a rak si. A

hnattuannakah Thuthlungthar ihsin Philimon, James, II Peter, II le III John siar lo cu Pathian thuthianghlim

vekin a rak hmang hai.

5. Origen ( 185-254 AD)

Origen hi Alexendria khua ah a rak ceng bikih khualtlawng mi a rak si. Rome, Antioch,

Ephesus, Athens le Arabia khua pawl hi a khual tlawnnak bik a rak si. Caaesarea le Palestone ram pawl

khalah a rak ceng dah. Thuthlungthar pawl kha Thuthlunghlun dunglamah a rak ret hai ih Thuthlungthar

cabu pawl thu el buai awk lai mi pawl kha a hranten a rak ret hai. Kawhhran zumtu pawl kha Mediterenian

ram tthenah a rak tthen awk vekin Thuthlungthar ngan mi pawl kha kawhhran pakhat le pakhat kar lakah

an hmandan le an neih mi cio a rak bang aw lo kha zianghman ruahhar ding a um lo. Origen in

Tuthlungthlungthar cabu pawl mi zapi in Pathian thawkkhummi tiah an rak pommi pawl kha hmunkhat te

ah a rak ret hai ih a dang thu sut awk buai mi (a ngan tu zo asi tile Pathian thawkkhummi asi maw silo tiah

an el awk buai mi cabu) pawl kha a hran ten a rak ret khawm.

Zianghman buainak um loin mi zapi in an pommi pawl cu Thuthangttha buli le Dungthluntu, Paul

cakuat pawl, I Peter, I John, le Thupuan an rak si. Hebru hi Alaxendria mi pawl cun Paul ih ngan mi asi

tiah an ti. A sung um thu pawl cu Paul ih ruahnak le Pathian thuken pawl thawn a bang aw ko nan a

tongkam hmandan ah Paul ih tongkam hmandan asilo. Cuitlunah khuihmanah Paul ih ngan mi asi tiah a

simnak kan hmu lo. Curuangah kawhhran hrekkhat pawl cun an Pathian thawkkhummi thutak asi tiah an

pom loih Oregin khalain a buai mi lakah a rak ret. A ngan tu taktak cu "Pathian lawngin a thei" tiah a rak ti.

Origen in miin an buaipi mi le a fianglo mi ah a ret mi cabu pawl cu II Peter, II & III John, James le Jude

cabu pawl an si.

c. Thuthianghlim cu zapi pommi Pathian thawkkhummi asi tiah an rak nemhngetnak can ( 303-

400 AD)

Himi kum zabi pakhat sung ahhin kawhhran pawlin khuimi le ziang cabu pawl kha Pathian

Thuthianghlim le Pathian thawkkhummi an si tiah an zohhliah ih fiangfaiten an theih mi pawl kha Pathian

thuthianghlim asi tiah an rak nemhnget bet. Cuticun Dungthluntu pawlin an rak ngan ta mi pathian

thawkkhummi Thuthjlungthar cu an nemhnget ih kawhhran tiin Pathian thutak zumnak le sakhua biaknak

lam hruai tu ah hman a si.

1. Eusebus (265-340 AD)

Eusebus hi Palestine ram, Caesarea ih bishop pakhat a rak siih kawhhran thuanthu theitu pakhat

a rak si. Eusebius in Zesu Khrih san lai ihsin Constantine (313 AD) san tiang khristian pawl cangvaihdan

a hailangih thuanthu a rak buatsaih. Dioletian in AD.303 ah Thuthianghlim bu pawl a rak ur thluh ih

khristian pawl a rak hrem lai fangah a rak nungih Eusebus ih hnattuan suak mi kawhhran thuanthu bu

(Ecclesiastical History) hi a thupi zet ih thuanthu bu dangah kan hmuh thei lo mi kawhhran thuanthu pawl

tampi himi cabu sungah kan hmu thei.

Eusebus in khristian Baibal thuanthu pawl fiangzetin a nganih Pathian thutak tiah ziangzat

pommi an siih zo ih nganmi pawl an si ti khal fiangzetin a rak tarlang.

Oregin vek thotho in Thuthlungthar hi tthenhnih ah a tthen ih a rak buatsaih. Zianghman sawiselnak

um loin zo khalin Pathian thawkkhummi Pathian thutak asi tiah an pommi cabu pawl kha hmuhkhat te ah

a rak ret hai. Mi zapi pommi lakah ( James, II Peter, II & III John, Jude, le Thupuan siar lo) tui kan hmanmi

Thuthlungthar bu pawl hi an tel thluh.

Empiror (lal) Constantine (AD. 332) in ram a uk laiah Khristian sakhuanak kha tha a rak pek tikah

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Constantinople khua ah Eusebus hnenah Baibal bu 50 tuah dingin a rak fial. Cule Eusebus in

Thuthlunghlun pawl le tui kan hmanmi Thuthlungthar bu 27 pawl telh in a rak tuah sak.

2. Codex Sanaiticus (340 AD)

Codex Sanaiticus caphek hi Sinai tlang hnuai ih um St. Catherine, Greek Ordthodxo pawl tlawng inn

ah an sar mi asi. Kum zabi pali le a hrek tluk rei ihta an sarsuaksal mi a siih Baibal thuanthu hawlsuaknak

ah a thu pi zet. Himi caphek sungah tui protestant pawlin kan hmanni Thuthlungtha bu 27 pawl le

Barnabas ih cakuat le Shepherd of Herman timi pawl an tel.

3. Athanasius (298-373)

Athanasius hi Alexandria khua bishop a rak siih "Canonical" "tehfung" timi hmangin tui kan

hman mi Thuthlungthar bu 27 kawmmi Thuthlungthar bu rak tawlrel hmaisa biktu asi tiah zum asi. Bruce

in a sim dan cun Athanasius hi tui kan Thuthlungthar ih hman hman mi bu 27 pawl hi zianghman

thleidang lole rinhlelhnak um loin Pathian thawkkhummi Thuthianghlim vekin a rak hmang hamisa biktu a

si.

4. Jerome (AD.340-420)

Jerome hi khristian thuthiam sangfilawr (scholar) pakhat a rak siih hmun dangdangah khual

tlawng. Rome khua ih bishop Damascus in a dilnak vekin Vulgate tiah an kawhmi Latin ttongin

Thuthianghlim a rak tawlrel. Vulgate Baibal sungah tui kan hman mi Thuthlungthar bu 27 pawl an tel.

5. Council of Carthage (397) and Hippo (419)-(Carthege le Hippo khua ih kawhhran tawn khawm

awknak)

Khristrian palai pawl hmun hranhran ihsin an tawng aw khawm ih an thurel cat mi pawl kha thusuah

tuah tahratin an tlangzarh.

Kawhhran tehfungin Pathian thutak asi tiah a pommi siarlo kawhhran sungah Pathian thu vekin zo

hman in ziangthu hman siar lo ding. Tehfungin a pommi pawl cu a hnuailam Thuthianghlim bu pawl an si.

Thuthlungthar ah: Thuthangttha buli, A dungthluntu pawl tuahnak bukhat, Paul cakuat (bu 13), Hebru

pawl hnen cakuat (bu 1), Peter cakuat (bu 2), John cakuat (bu 3), Jude cakuat (bu 1), le John Thupuan

(bu 1) pawl an si.

Cuticun, kawhhran tawn khawm awknak ah kawhhran palai pawlin khuimi pawl Pathian thawkkhum mi

Thuthianghlim asi ti an hliakhlai ih kawhhran tehfuang thawn an tuah famkim zo ruangah kawhhran zumtu

pawlin ziang cabu pawl kha Pathian biaknakah hman dingmi Thuthianghlim asi tiah an buai nawn lo.

Kawhhran tawn khawm awknakin Thuthianghlim an tuah si loin Thlarau Thianghlim kaihhruainakin ziang

cabu pawl kha Pathian thawkkhum mi Thuthianghlim an siin kawhhran tiin an rak hmang ti kha an zoh

khawm hnu ah Pathian Thlarau theihternak vekin Pathain in zumtu pawl hnenah a pekmi Thuthianghlim

pawl kha an finkhawm ih zumtu pawl kaihruaitu thuthianghlim vekin kenkawh le finkhawm asi.