Η αρχαία κοινωνία του Morgan και ο Engels

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    H

    HELEANOR BURKE LEACOCK " ".

    . ELEANOR BURKE LEACOCK " ". .. L . , (" The City College , TheUniversity of New York "). , , . , , ()

    , .

    " " , - . , . " " (ncietSociety ) Lewis Henry Morgan 1877. (. " " ., " "

    Jacques De Morgan , "L HumanitePrehistorique ", " ", 1920 "L evolution de l Humanite ". " " Leslie A . White (Harvard University Pres , Cambridge , Massachussets , 1964). Anthropos (1971) Raoul Laura Makarius ). 1884"... ... , ". , .

    , , . , . 560 . To , , "", .

    , : ) , ) , ,

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    , (. . Unesco , "" ( " " , . -, 1972. Unesko ) ) , , . , , ,

    (. Primate : , , .) .1. " " , "", , 19 . (culture ) -

    - . 18 Giovani BattistaVico , , . , "". Vico: "" ( ), "" () " " . , "" , "" , " " 18 . Vico Comte "" "",

    "" . Condorcet 18 . , , , . Condorcet : , . 1850, GustaveKlemm , (" "),

    ("") , , (""). , , . , "" . , , , , , . , , , . . H

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    , . , , , " " ("Systems ofConsanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family "), 1871.

    , , . , , , , , " ". , . - ; ;

    . H . Spencer , , , . "" , . . , ", , - ",

    " " . ( , " " "", ""). :", , " ". {Resek , 1960! 99, 136 -137}. " ", , " ", - , .

    " ", , " , ". " " . , , , . , , "" "". .

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    , "" 1846, " ". " , , , ",

    ". " " " ", -, " " (Marx and Engels ,1970: 43-45) (. ). , , " ", , , . (Marx , 1965:96) (. ). ,

    . , , " ", . . . 19 , . , : ( culture ) , , , , . ,

    , " ". , , , . , , . . , , , .

    . "" , , - , .2. , , . , .

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    "" "", , . , . "",

    . - , . , - " ". , -, Franz Boas , , ,

    , "" . , , "" , " ", "". "", : 1) , 2) , , , , 3) , 4) , 5) " ", , .,

    . - . - " , ", , " , ". : ( " " " "), ( "), ( ""), ( ""), ( "")

    ("")(1) , "" "" , : , , " ". K , " , , ". . , , " ". " ". , ,

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    : " , ,... , , , , "(. . 310).

    : , , , , , . "" , . , .(2)

    * 1)

    , ( Washburn Lancaster Lee De Vore , 1968: 294). " ". ( E . Leacock ) (1963, : XI - XV ).* 2) "" , Childe , 1944 Semenov , 1965. OSemenov : " . , .

    , , . , , . , , , , ".

    3.

    , . , . , . , 19 , , . . " ", , .

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    , . : " , "" ", , "". ,

    , , . , , , , . , . (Soviet Studies in History , 1966). : . , .

    , , , , . " " , , . , ( ), .

    "" , , , , , , , "" . "" , Franz Boas , . " "*, " ", ,

    "" , . "" "", "" , . . , , . , . , "", "" . "" .

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    "". , . , "" .

    - - , . , , . . "" "" "" , V . Gordon Childe . ( Childe (1935, 1969)

    , .. , . Childe " " "", , . , " " (" ") " "(""). " " ( ). "", / / . "" Robert J . Braidwood (

    : ) Tax , 1960) , , . Leslie White (1945, 1947), , Robert Lowie (1946), . ( " The History ofEthnological Theory " ( ) 1939, Lowie Leslie A .White : " The Science of Culture " ( ) 1949, " The Evolution of Culture " ( ) 1959).

    "" , . , , , , . , , . , . , "" , ,

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    , . . .

    "-" ( neo - evolutionism ) , . ( , Ghilde White , Steward , 1965 Sahlins Service , 1960). . "" .

    . ( Harris , 1968, (1968, : 519): " " " ", " "). , "", ( ), . , . , , , .

    4.

    Boas . ", (gentes)" "" . , , "" " ". ,

    . . , , . , " ", . . "" "", , " , , ". (. 291). Frank G. Speck. Montagnais, Labrador, " ", ,, . Speck (1926 Eiseley, 1939) , ,

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    . . . Speck Eiseley " , , , , (culture)

    " (1942: 238). Diamond Jenness (1935: 4-41, 1937:44) libwa sekani, Julian Steward(1941:501), Carrier. (Leacock, 1954), Speck, , . , ,

    , , . , - - , . Le Jeune, Montagnais 1632-33, . , , , . , . (Leacock, 1954: 14-15).

    , "". , "", "" "". : , , . Fried, " " " ". " .

    , " (1967: 110)., "" . , , , "", - ( hunter - gatherer) -. , "" , - - , . , , . . , "

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    ", , . , , " ", , . , . ,

    , (.. ), , . "" . , : - , , , . , " " : Ruth Benedict

    Margaret Mead. ( Edward Sapir, ). 1920 1930 , . Emile Durkheim . , Charles Horton Cooley George HerbertMead, "" . ,

    , , , , . , , , , . , "" , , . Ruth Benedict

    , . " " ("Patterns of Culture"), , , . , - , , , . "" " - " , " ", "", ,, ,

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    . " ", " " ("Cooperation and Competition AmorgPrimitive Peoples"), (1937). , ,

    - -, , , . , , ( ), , . Jeanette Mirsky Speck

    . , Hughes (1958), . RuthLandes "" ( ). , Mirsky, Landes . , , " "("separatism"), " " ("social atomism"),

    . , , " " "", , . , . ( , , ). , (E.L.) Nascapi ,

    . , , , . - " "( Homo Sapiens) ( ), - " ", . , , , , , ( , ), . ""

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    , . , , , .

    , , .

    5.

    , , . , . : ( ) ,

    , "" ( ) - "" -. , 80 , . "", , , . , ,

    . , " " . , " ", , , , , . , , ( - ), . ,

    , , . , , . . , , , . , , " ", "" . , , .

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    , Linton ", " - - (.Linton , 1926: 152). ,

    , , , . "", , " , ". , , . ", ", "", . "", , . () , , ,

    , , . "", , , . . , : " ; ; ; , , ;". (Mead , 1937:34). ,

    . : " , , , , , , , , ". (. . 136). , . " ", , " , ... , ". "",

    :" , , , . , , : ... . , , " ( . 28 Lawrence & Wishart 1972)., , , " " (Lawrence Wishart ,1972), " ". ,

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    , ( ). , , . ,, , ,

    , - , , . . - , , , , Homo Sapiens ., , , HomoSapiens , .

    , , , , , , , , .

    6.

    "", , ( ) ,

    . , . ..: " , : , , ...". , " ", . . , . ( : , , " "

    . . Unesco, "") , . , , . , , , "" ( "" , ), "". , , , , . , , . ,

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    , , . , , .

    - (""), ("") , ("") , "" , " ", . " " . , " ", , " "." ", , " , - , ". " ... ...

    , ... ". , " " : , , " ". " " , , . -, , , . ,

    , , . . . , . , . , , . , . , , ( )

    , , ( ), . , . " " . : " , , ". (. . 192). , - ,, - . . , , , - . ,

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    , , . " ", . "" () , , .

    25 40 , , , . . "" -, . , , , , "" "" ( ), . - , , , () "" -.

    , ("") , , ( - ), . . , , , , , , , . , ( ), , .

    , , , , . : , , . , , . , - . , . ,

    . "" , , . "" . "", , , . , , , . . , , , "".

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    ., - - . , ( Bushmen Kalahari). , ,

    "" . , , , , . . , , , . , .

    , . , , . . 19, , ,

    "" . . "-" , . 5.000 . , , "", . ,

    , . . , . , . ( ) (), - . , . , ,

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    , , - , . , , , , Service , (1966: 37-38),

    , . Service, " ", , . , , , . (E.L.) Nascapi - -, , , , . (Leacock 1955, 1969). ,

    , . , , . Martin " " . , , 33 , . , , (1969: 256-57).

    , , - . . (Mead, 1950). , , , , , . (Mead, 1955). , Mason " " "" Briffault, ,

    . : 1) , 2) , , , . 3) . , , , , , . ( , , ).

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    , Kaberry (1939). , , . Kaverry , , ,

    , , . : , , . , , . Jane Goodale (1971) Tiwi., , , , . Anauta

    (Washburne and Anauta, 1940), "Buffin Land", , . Nunivak, , . (Landis, 1960). Nascapi . 17 , " " " , , " (Thwaites, 1906: Vol. V, 181 Vol. LXVIII, 93).

    , . , : " ", , " ( ), ". : " . , ". (Vol. VI, 225). , , , ,

    (Vol. II: 77, Vol. VI: 191, Vol VII: 61, 175, Vol.XIV: 183). , , , . , , : " , ". , , (E.L.), . . , , . . , , .

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    , . , , , , . ..

    , ; , ; ; ; Mintz (1971) Yoruba , , . , . , ,

    , . , , . , . , , , , . , , . .

    , "-", . . , .., "" , ,, . , , , . ,

    , . , Hogbin (1970) , . : " ", , , . , ( , ) , , , . , , . , , ,

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    . , , , -. . , .

    - - . , , , , , , , , . , . , .

    , , . , . , , , . , , : " - ... -

    . ". (. . 297).

    , , , , , (, ) , , . ( , ), . " ,

    ,... ". (. . 166). , , " ". (. . 168). , , , . ( , ), , , . , . , .

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    , , , , : , , , , ,.

    . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , ,

    . , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , ,

    , , .

    7.

    : " ... ", . " ",

    . : " - , ... ". (. . 187). : " , . . , ". , , , " , ". (. . 197). , "

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    , , ". , , , , . ,

    "" , , "", , . , , , - - , , .

    , , , , , , - , , , . , , . , ,

    . , , . , , , , , , . , , , . ,

    - , .. - , . (), - , - , . (1860-1863), , , "" . , , . ,

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    . : , , , .

    , - , , , . , . , . - , , .

    - - ( - ), , , . . , , , " " .

    , , , . , , . , , , .

    8.

    , , , . . , , " , " . " ", , " , ". " " " " . "

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    , . ". , .

    , . , , " - : , . , , . , . ,

    . " , , , , , ". (. . 304). , , " , - ". (. . 304). , Boas ,

    . , , , Robert H. Lowy, " ", , , " , "(1929:2). " " ,, " ( " , Radcliff-Brown, "The Andaman Islanders", 1933 (CambridgeUniversity Press) ". Lowie, : ,

    .., . , : " - , " (1929:116). " ", , . , , , . Lowie, . , ,

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    . , ., , , .

    . "" , . , , . , , , , - , "" , ,

    . "" , , . ( , , ). "" "" , .. (. "). , ( , . Unesco, "")

    , . , , , . . ("",1967:334). : " , , . ". (1967:79). "Anti-Duhring" (1939: 165,

    337, ff) "". , , , " ". , " ". . "" , " , ", .

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    : " , , , : 1) , , , 2) , 4) ".

    , , " () , , ". : " , , , , ". (. . 313). , , 7

    , , . , , , . , , , , . ,

    , , , , . ., , , , "" (. . 58), , , , , . "" , ,

    , . , - . , : 1000 .. , , . . , , , , , - . , , , , ,

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    - . , , , - , . , , , , , ,

    . , , , , . , , . , . . " ",

    , , , , , , . "", , . , Adams " " , ". " , ,

    "" ". (1966: 119, 103-104). , Adams , , . : " , , . , , , - , , , ". (1966: 103).

    "" . ,, , , . , . Maurice Godelier , . , , . , ,

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    , . , (. " ", ) ,

    , . , . "" . , , , , ,

    . , . , , , status - . , , , . , ,

    . , - , , , , , , , . , , . John Murray ,

    , , . "" , , "" , , " , "" , , ". , . Murray : " : , , . "", - , , , ". (1962: 721-

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    722). , , , . , "",

    , , , , : , , , ; , ; , , ; - , ,

    , , , , , , . , . , , , . , . , , , , , , ,

    " " . , . , , , , . , , , ,, , . , : , ,

    , : 20 .

    9.

    6 , , - , . , . ; , , , ; ;

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    ; "" , " ", , ", " " , , ". (. .

    312). : " . , , . , . , , , , ". (. .311). , -

    , , , , , . , , , , , . - , .

    - , , , , , , , , , . , , . , "" (state societies) , ,

    . , . - , , , . , , , . - , , , : , ,

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    , - . , , , , , 19 , .

    , 20 . , , , . , . Talcot Parsons , , : "

    - , . , , , . , , , . , , . ,

    , , , (occupational roles) ". (1954: 324). Parsons , . , , . , , , , ipso facto, ,

    , , . . . ( ), . , , , , "", . , , ad in finite, , , , , , .

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    , , , "" - ! . ,

    . , , . . , , , - , , . , , , : ; : ,

    , , , . , , , , . . , . Harris, "Rise of Anthropological Theory" (1968), , . Harris

    " " , (655, 674), , , . " " (. Cultural anthropology, ) ". (249, ). " " "", . , " ", ,

    . (220-22). , "" . " " (1971: 7), "" "", "", (). , . (71). " ", " "." , . , , , , ,

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    : , ". (68-69) ( Leacock). , . " ",

    , Hegel, . , , , - , - , , - " ", "" "" "". , . , , ,

    , . , : , , , ., . , , , . , "" , , , "" , "" .

    , " ". (223).

    , , , ", " (223). , , " ", : " , , .

    : , ". (236). : , "" , . , , , - . , , : " , : , , , ,

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    ". (67). ( Leacock).H "" , - . " ", : " ,

    , " (221). , , , , , , , . , , . , , - ,

    , , . , , , . "" "" . "", : " , , , , , " (571)

    , , " ", "" (569). "", " , ". (575). - : " , , , . , .

    (. , , ) ". (580 - 81). , "" - , - , "" (1971: 503). , " " - , - . , , , ,

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    , . (1965). , , , , , , ,

    . , , - , (1964). () , . , . - - - ,

    . , , . " -" , " ", , , " "(233). , " " (299) , ., ,

    : " , ". : " () ., , , , ., ". (579). , , , , , , , , , . , . - , , -

    , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , .

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    , , , , ( ), , , , -,

    . , , , . ( ) , , . , , , , . , , . , , .

    1971

    .