Εγχειρίδιο Lexibook

GB

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

GRAPHIC CALCULATOR GC500i/GC1000i

GB

Copyright LEXIBOOK 2002

Copyright LEXIBOOK 2002 - 3 -

GB

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ABOUT THE POWER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

HANDLING PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1. GENERAL GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1 KEY MARKINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2 HOW TO READ THE DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.3 KEY OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.4 BEFORE USING THE CALCULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2. MANUAL CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.1 BASIC CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3 FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.4 BINARY, OCTAL, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL CALCULATONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.5 STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3. GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.1 BUILT-IN FUNCTION GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.2 USER GENERATEDE GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.3 SOME GRAPHING EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4. PROGRAM CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.1 WHAT IS A PROGRAM ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.2 PROGRAM CHECKING AND EDITING (Correction, Addition, Deletion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.3 PROGRAM DEBUGGING (Correcting Errors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.4 COUNTING THE NUMBER OF STEPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.5 PROGRAM AREAS AND CALCULATION MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.6 ERASING PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.7 CONVENIENT PROGRAM COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.8 ARRAY-TYPE MEMORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.9 DISPLAYING ALPHA-NUMERIC CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.10 USING THE GRAPH FUNCTION IN PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

FUNCTION REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

ERROR MESSAGE TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

INPUT RANGES OF FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

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� The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice.� No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the manufacturer.� In no event will the manufacturer and its suppliers be liable to you or any other damages arising out of use of or

inability to use this calculator or manual.� In no event will the manufacturer and its suppliers be liable to you or any other person for any damages,

expenses, lost profits, lost savings or any other damages arising out of loss of data and/or formulas caused byuse of this calculator or manual.

� Due to limitations imposed by printing processes, the displays shown in this manual are onlyapproximations and may differ somewhat from actual displays.

INTRODUCTIONThank you for your purchase of the LEXIBOOK GC500/GC1000This unit is a totally new type of advanced programmable calculator. Besides versatile scientific functions, graphfunctions also make it possible to produce a wide variety of useful graphs.Manual calculations can be easily performed following written formulas (true algebraic logic). A replay function isprovided that allows confirmation or correction when key operation errors occur. Programs can also be input byfollowing true algebraic logic, so repeat and/or complex calculations are simplified.All of this power built into a compact configuration that folds up to slip right into you pocket.To use the GC500/GC1000 to its full potential, be sure to carefully read this manual and keep it handy for futurereference.

IMPORTANT – RESET YOUR CALCULATOR BEFORE USING IT FOR THE FIRST TIME !

IMPORTANT – ALWAYS BACKUP DATA !

This product features electronic memory that is capable of storing large volumes of data. You must also that your data issafely stored as long as power is being supplied to the memory. Data stored in memory will be irreparably damaged orlost entirely if you let battery power become too low, if you make a mistake while replacing batteries, or if power is cutoff. Data can also be damaged by strong impact or electrostatic charge, or by environmental extremes, Once data isdamaged or lost, it cannot be recovered, so we strongly recommend that you backup all important data.

ABOUT THE POWER SUPPLYPRECAUTIONS: Incorrectly using batteries can cause them to burst or leak, possibly damaging the interior of the unit.

Note the following precautions:� Keep battery out of the reach of children� Make sure the “+” facing up� Make sure the new battery are the correctly type� Do not disposed of in the fire as they may expose

This unit use one lithium battery (CR2032). If the power of the battery should diminish, the display will weaken andbecome difficult to read. A weak display even after contrast adjustment may indicate power is too low, so the batteryshould be replaced.

Stored programs or data are erased when battery is replaced. Therefore, it is recommended that programs and datarequired for later use be recorded on a coding sheet before replacing battery.


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REPLACING BATTERY

CAUTION: � Make sure that the power of the calculator is switched off before replacing battery� Make sure to store programs or data before performing these operations.� After replacing battery, be sure to switch the calculator on and then perform the reset operation.

PROCEDURE:1. Remove the battery case back cover.2. Remove the old battery.3. Install the new battery and make sure the “+” side facing up.4. Put back the battery back cover.5. Switch power on.

AUTO POWER OFF FUNCTIONThe power of the units automatically switched off approximately 6 minutes after the last key operation (except duringprogram calculations). Once this occurs, power can be restored by pressing the key. Numeric values in thememories, programs or calculation modes are unaffected when power is switched off.

RESET OPERATIONStrong external electrostatic charges can cause this calculator to malfunction. Should this happen, perform the followingprocedure to reset the calculator.

WARNING: The following procedure clears all data from the memory of the calculator and cannot be undone! To avoidthe loss of important data, be sure to always keep written backup copies.1. Switch the power on.2. Press the RESET button on the back of the calculator with a thin, pointed object to reset the calculator and clear

memory contents.

*** Never press the RESET button while internal operations are being performed. Doing so can cause irreparabledamage to the memory of your calculator.

HANDLING PRECAUTIONS� Your calculator is made up of precision components. Never try to take it apart.� Avoid dropping your calculator and subjection it to other strong impacts.� Do not store the calculator or leave it in areas exposed to high temperatures or humidity, or large amounts of dust.

When exposed to low temperatures, the calculator may require more time to display results and may even fail tooperate. Correct operation will resume once the calculator is brought back to normal temperature.

� The display will go blank and keys will not operate during calculations, when you are operating the keyboard, be sureto watch the display to make sure that all your key operations are being performed correctly.

� Never leave dead battery in the battery compartment. They can leak and damage the unit.� Avoid using volatile liquids such as thinner or benzine to clean the unit. Wiper it with a soft, dry cloth, or with a cloth

that has been dipped in a solution of water and a neutral detergent and wrung out.� In no event will the manufacturer and its suppliers be liable to you or any other person for any damages, expenses,

lost profits, lost savings or any other damages arising out of loss of data and / or formulas arising out of malfunction,repairs, or battery replacement. The user should prepare physical records of data to protect against such data loss.

� Never dispose of battery, the liquid crystal panel, or other components by burning them.� Be sure that the power is off when replacing battery.� If the calculator is exposed to a strong electrostatic charge, its memory contents may be damaged or the keys may stop

working. In such a case, perform the Reset operation to clear the memory and restore normal key operation.� Not the strong vibration or impact during program execution can cause execution to stop or can damage the

calculator’s memory contents.� Before assuming malfunction of the unit, be sure to carefully reread this manual and ensure that the problem is not

due to insufficient battery power programming or operational errors.

AC

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1. GENERAL GUIDEBefore using this unit for the first time, be sure to perform the RESET operationIMPORTANT- the keys of a scientific calculator perform more than one function. The following explains all of theoperations of each key, and so you should read this section carefully before using your calculator for the first time.

1.1 KEY MARKINGSThe keys of this unit perform a number of different functions. The key illustrated below, for example, is used to

perform 4 different functions: X-1, X!, A, /A.

Note the following, concerning the key illustrated above.

Mode FunctionDirect Input X-1

X!

ABASE-N, HEX /A

The keys of this calculator can perform a number of different functions. The keyboard is color-coded to help youquickly determine the key sequence you have to perform for each function. The following table shows how tointerpret the various key marking on the keyboard.

Keyboard Marking MeaningYellow Press and then keyBlue Press and then keyGreen Press key in BASE-N modeIn red brackets Press key in SD or LR mode

In addition to the above, there are a number of key sequences indicated on the panel beneath the display (suchas [ ] [2 Sx]). These key sequences can be used in the SD or LR mode only.

1.2 HOW TO READ THE DISPLAY1.2.1 Display indicators

The following indicators appear on the display to show you the current status of the calculator at a glance.S : key pressedM : key pressed.A : key pressedSci : Number of significant digits specifiedFix : Number of decimal places specifiedhyp : key pressedD: Degrees specified at the unit of angular measurementR: Radians specified at the unit of angular measurementG: Grads specified at the unit of angular measurementWRT : Program write mode ( ) specifiedPCL : Program clear mode ( ) specifiedX=, Y= : Indicates current x- and y- coordinate location of Trace function pointer← → : Indicates display consists of more the 12 characters. ← indicates extra characters run off left

side of display, → indicates characters run off right side.Disp : Indicates displayed value is intermediate result

ALPHA

ALPHA

X-1X!

/A A

SHIFT

ALPHA

hyp

SHIFT

MODE

MODE 2

MODE 3

ALPHA

SHIFT

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1.2.2 About the display layoutThe display consists of a dot area for graphing, as well as an area for indicators and characters. youcan monitor the status of the calculator and programs by viewing the display.

Example:Graph Display

Coordinates

ExponentMantissa

Graph Shows Trace function coordinates

Calculation Display

Mode Status Display

1.2.3 Exponential displayDuring normal calculation, this unit is capable of displaying up to 10 digits. Values that exceed this limit,however, are automatically displayed in exponential format. You can choose between 2 different types ofexponential display formats.

NORM 1 mode : 10-2 (0.01) >x, x ≥ 1010

NORM 2 mode : 10-9 (0.000000001) >x, x≥ 1010

Selection of these modes can be carried out by pressing , when no specification hasbeen made for the number of decimal places or significant digits. The present status is not displayed, so itis necessary to perform the following procedure to specify either display format:

(All of the examples in this manual show calculation results using the NORM 1 mode.)

How to interpret exponential format ?

1.2 11 indicates that the result is equivalent to 1.2x1011. This means that you should move the decimalpoint in 1.2 eleven places to the right. Since the exponent is positive. This results in the value120,000,000,000.


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LR D WRT

360

PO_2_3_5789

D

-11

2.052631ExponentMantissa

ExponentMantissa

Mode StatusRemaining number of program stepsProgram area status

D

-03

5.

D

0.005

MODE 9 EXE

÷ EXE1 200 ÷ EXE200

NORM 2 modeNORM 1 mode

D

11

1.2

ExponentMantissa

D

-03

1.2


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1.2 -03 indicates that the result is equivalent to 1.2x10-03. This means that you should move the decimalpoint in 1.2 three places to the left, since the exponent is negative. This results in the value 0.0012.

1.2.4 Special display formatsSpecial display formats are used for the representation of fraction, hexadecimal and sexagesimal values.

Fraction value display

Integer Numerator Denominator

Hexadecimal value display

Sexagesimal value display

Degrees Minutes Seconds

1.3 KEY OPERATIONS

1.3.1 Special operation keysShift key

Press when using the function commands and functions marked in yellow on the key panel. An “S” willappear on the display to indicate that has been pressed. Pressing again will cause the “s”to disappear from the display and the unit to return to the status it was in before was originallypressed.

Mode keyUse the key in combination with , through , , , and tospecify the calculation mode and the unit of angular measurement.

For manual calculations and program execution (RUN mode).WRT displayed. For writing or checking programs.PCL displayed. For clearing programs.D displayed. if , is pressed, unit of angular measurement is specified as degrees.R R displayed. if , is pressed, unit of angular measurement is specified as radians.G displayed. if , is pressed, unit of angular measurement is specified as gradsFix displayed. Entering a value from 0 to 9 followed by will specify the number ofdecimal places according to the value entered. . Ex. : 3 Three decimalplaces.Sci displayed. Entering a value from 0 to 9 followed by will specify the number ofsignificant digits from 1 to 10.

Ex. 5 → 5 significant digits 0 → 10 significant digits

Si vous appuyez sur will cancel the specified number of decimal places or thespecified number of significant digits.

Display of 456 +

Display of ABCDEF12 (-1412567278)

1223

D

456 12 23

Display of 12°34’ 56.78’’ D

12°34° 56.78°

BASE-Nh

ABCDEF

SHIFT

SHIFTSHIFT

MODE

SHIFT

MODE . 1 9 + - x ÷

MODE 1

MODE 2

MODE 3

MODE 4

MODE 5

MODE 6

MODE 7

MODE 8

MODE 8

MODE 8

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

MODE 7

MODE 9 EXE


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*** If you have not specified the number of decimal places or the number of significant digits, you can pressand the change the range of the exponential display (NORM 1 / NORM 2)

*** With the exception of the BASE-N mode, modes ~ can be used in combination with the manualcalculation modes.*** The mode last selected is retained in memory when the unit’s power is switched off.

Defm displayed. Entering a value followed by will specify the number of memoriesavailable. Ex. : 10 → Number of memories available increased by 10.If EXE is pressed without entering a value, the current number of memories available andremaining steps will be displayed

Example : M-26 S-488 Specifies COMP mode for arithmetic calculation or function calculation (programexecution possible).For binary, octal or hexadecimal calculations / conversions (BASE-N mode)For standard deviation calculations (SD mode).For regression calculations (LR mode).The xy and x√ functions are not available in the LR mode. To use these functions,firstperform the statistical operations and then press to enter the COMPmode.

Pressed after a numeric value representing degrees ( °) is input.Pressed after a numeric value representing radians ( r ) is input.Pressed after a numeric value representing grads ( g ) is input.

A -LOCK

Alphabet keyPress to input alphabetic characters or special characters. Pressing displays “A” and allows theinput of only one character. After that, the unit returns to the status it was in before the key wasoriginally pressed. Pressing followed by will lock the unit in this mode and allowconsecutive input of alphabetic characters until is pressed again.

Goto

Program / Goto keyPress , enter a value from 0 to 9 and then press to execute a program.Ex. : → Execution of Program 1 beginsPressing followed by will cause Goto to appear on the display. This is a jumpcommand used in programs.

Cursor / Replay keys

The key moves the cursor to the left, moves the cursor to the right. In the Plot function, the key moves the pointer up, and moves the pointer down. Holding any of the keys down will cause

the cursor to continuously move in the respective direction.Once a formula or numeric value is input and is pressed, the key and key become (replay)keys. In this case, pressing displays the formula or numeric value from the beginning, whilepressing displays it from the end. This allows the formula to be executed again by changing the values.

Pressing followed by displays the insert cursor ([ ]). Entering a value while the insert cursoris displayed inserts the value in the position immediately preceding the insert cursor location.

MODE .

MODE +

MODE +

MODE -MODE x

MODE ÷

MODE 4

MODE .

MODE 9

97

EXE

EXE

EXE

MODE . EXE

ALPHA

SHIFT

MODE 5SHIFT

MODE 6

1

SHIFT

ALPHA

Prog

Prog

ALPHASHIFT

ALPHA

ALPHA

EXE

EXEProg

SHIFT Goto

- REPLAY-

EXE

SHIFT INS

Line

INSValue

X↔Y

Lbl

Pressing followed by enters the “Lbl” (Label) command.Pressing followed by makes it possible to produce line graphs of regression linesAfter you draw a graph, press to display a value that shows the x-coordinate for the currentlocation of the pointer on the graph. You can switch between display of the x-coordinate and they-coordinate by pressing .

MclDelete key

Press to delete the character at the current position of the cursor. When the character is deleted, everythingto the right of the cursor position will shift one space to the left.Pressing will clear the memory contents.

All clear / Power ON / Power OFF keyPress to clear all input characters or formulas. You can also use this key to clear the error message from thedisplay.Press to switch the power on (even if power was switched off by the Auto PowerOff function).Press to switch the power off. Note that mode setting and memory contents areprotected even when power is turned off.

Execute keyPress to obtain the result of a calculation or to draw a graph. Pressed after data input for a programmecalculation or to advance to the next execution after a calculation result is obtained.

(-)Answer / Minus key

Pressing followed by will recall the last calculation result. It can be recalled by even after it has been cleared using the key or by switching the power off. When used duringprogram execution, the last result calculated can be recalled.Press following key to entering a numeric value to make that value negative. Ex: -123°˙ → 123Press following key to input a space.

1.3.2 Numeric / Decimal point / Exponent input keysRnd = Ran# π

~ z [ r] o [ ]

When entering numeric values, enter the number in order. Press the key to enter the decimal point in the desired position.

Ex. To input 1.23 x 10-6 → press 1.23 6.key combinations for the various modes are as follows:

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SHIFT Lbl

SHIFT Line

DEL

EXE

SHIFT Value

SHIFT

ON/OFF

Mcl

SHIFT

SHIFT

OFF

EXE

EXEAns

Ans EXE

EXP

EXP

SHIFT ( - )

Ans

ON

AC

AC

SHIFT x↔y

ALPHA

0 9 .

.

Rnd Ran#

⇒IszDsz

=

<<

+

≠>>

⇒IszDsz

=<<

≠>>

π Rnd Ran#

⇒Iszx

=<

xσn

≠>

xσn-1π

SHIFT

SHIFT

( - )

Rnd Ran#

Αyx

Bxσnxσn

rxσn-1xσn-1

π

COMP mode ( )MODE

Pol(, Rec(, Rnd, Ran# andπ cannot be used in thismode

Standard deviation functions can be used

Paired variable statistic functions can be used

BASE-N mode ( )MODE . SD mode ( )xMODE LR mode ( )MODE ÷

1.3.3 Calculation keysPol( Rec( Zoom xf Zoom xl/f

Arithmetic operation keysX Y x^S yT

For addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, enter the calculation as it reads. keycombinations for the various modes are as follows:

+ − x ÷

SHIFT

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COMP mode Following , this key causes the graph currently shown on the display to be

enlarged or reduced in accordance with the factor setting.

COMP mode or SD modeCoordinate transformation

LR modeEstimated value calculation of x and yCoordinate transformation

1.3.4 Graph keysUsed to produce a variety of graphs. These keys cannot be used in the BASE-N mode.Zoom Org

Graph / Original zoom key� Press before entering a formula to be used for a graph ( “Graph Y=” appears on the display).� Press to return an enlarged or reduced graph to its original size.� When pressed following the key, the results of each section of the programmed calculations or

consecutive calculations are sequentially displayed with each press of .Factor

Range / Factor key~

� Used to confirm or set the range and size of graphs� Press following to magnify or reduce the upper and lower ranges of graphs.� Press following in order to assign the same value to more than one memory.

Ex. To store the value 456 to memories A through F: 456 Plot

Trace / Plot key?

� Used to trace over an existing graph and display the x or y coordinate value.� Press following to plot a point on the graph screen.� To indicate data input within a programmed calculation or repeat calculation, press and then

. Cls

Graph-Text / Clear screen key� Switches between the graph display and text display� clears the graph display (“done” is displayed)

1.3.5 Function keysPress for functional calculation. Various uses are available in combination with the key, and / ordepending on the mode being used.

Multi-statement keyxnor k� Press to separate formulas or commands in programmed calculations or consecutive calculations.

The result of such combination is known as a multi-statement.

� Press following in the BASE-N mode to enter the logical operation for negation of logical sums(xnor)

Engineering / Negation keyNot xor m� Press to convert a calculation result to an exponential display whose exponent is a multiple of three.

Kilo mega giga milli micro nano pico

(103 = k, 106 = M, 109 = G, 10-3 = m, 10-6 = m, 10-9 = n, 10-12 = p)� When obtaining logical negation for a value in the BASE-N mode, press prior to entering the value.� Press following the key in the BASE-N mode to obtain the exclusive logical sum.

SHIFT

SHIFT

ALPHA

ALPHA

ALPHA

ALPHA

Graph

Range

Trace

G↔T

Zoom xf Zoom xl/f

Pol ( Rec (

x y

Pol ( Rec (

^ ^ ^ ^

EXE

→ A ~ F EXE

EXE

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

Cls

?

:

ENG

→

SHIFT


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Square root / Integer keyDec d µ� Press prior to entering a numeric value and press to obtain the square root of that value� When pressed following the key, the integer portion of a value can be obtained.� Press followed by in the BASE-N mode to specify the decimal calculation mode.� When pressed following the key in the BASE-N mode, the subsequently entered value is

specified as a decimal value.Frac

Square / Fraction keyHex h n� Press after a numeric value is entered and press to obtain the square of that value.� Press following key prior to inputting number in order to obtain fraction part of that number.� Press followed by in the BASE-N mode to specify the hexadecimal calculation mode.� When pressed following the key in the BASE-N mode, the subsequently entered value is

specified as a hexadecimal value.10x

common logarithm / Antilogarithm keyBin b p� Press prior to entering a value and press to obtain the common logarithm of that value.� When pressed following the key, the subsequently entered value becomes an exponent of 10.� Press followed by in the BASE-N mode to specify the binary calculation mode.� When pressed following the key in the BASE-N mode, the subsequently entered value is

specified as a binary value.ex

Natural logarithm / Exponential keyOct o f� Press prior to entering a value and press to obtain the natural logarithm of that value.� When pressed following the key, the subsequently entered value becomes an exponent of e� Press followed by in the BASE-N mode to specify the octal calculation mode.� When pressed following the key in the BASE-N mode, the subsequently entered value

is specified as an octal value.x!

Reciprocal / Factorial key/A A� Press after entering a value and press to obtain the reciprocal of that value.

When pressed following the key, the factorial of a previously entered value can be obtained.Press in the BASE-N mode to enter A (10) of a hexadecimal value.

Degree / minute / second key (decimal ↔ sexagesimal key)IB B

� Press to enter sexagesimal value (degree / minute / second or hour / minute / second).Ex. : 78° 45’ 12” → 78 °’ ” 45 °’ ” 12 °’ ”

� When pressed following the key, a decimal based value can be displayed in degrees/minutes/seconds (hours/minutes/seconds).

� Press in the BASE-N mode to enter B (1110) of a hexadecimal value.

Hyperbolic keyIC C

� Pressing , and then , , or prior to entering a value produces therespectve hyperbolic function (sh, ch, th) for the value.

� Pressing , then and then , or prior to entering a valueproduces the respective inverse hyperbolic function (argsh, argch, argth).for the value.

� Press BASE-N mode to enter C (1210) of a hexadecimal value.

SHIFT

SHIFT

x2

log

hyp

hyp sin cos tan

hyp sin cos tan

°’ ‘’

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

√

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

→

In

x-1

sin-1 cos-1 tan-1

Trigonometric function / Inverse trigonometric function keysID D IE E IF F

� Press one of these keys prior to entering a value to obtain the respective trigonometric function for thevalue

� Press and then one of these keys prior to entering a value to obtain the respective inversetrigonometric function for the value.

� Press in the BASE-N mode to enter D, E, F (1310, 1410, 1510) of a hexadecimal value.d/c

Fraction / Negative keyNeg G

� Use this key for input of simple fractions and mixed fractionsEx. To input 23/45: 23 ab/c 45 To input 2+3/4: 2 ab/c 3 ab/c 4

� For improper fractions, press this key following (indicated by ad/c in this manual)� Press in the BASE-N mode prior to entering a value to obtain the negative of that value. The negative

number is the two’s complement of the value entered.

Assignment keyScl H

� Press prior to entering a memory to assign the result of a calculation to the memory Ex To assign the result of 12+45 to memory A: 12+45 °˙

� Press this key following to clear all data from the statistical memories., ;

Parenthesis keysI J

� Press the open parenthesis key and the closed parenthesis key at the position required in a formula.� When pressed following the key, a comma or semicolon can be inserted to separate the

arguments in coordinate transformation or consecutive calculations.Abs

Power / Absolute value keyandCL K

� Enter x (any number), press this key and then enter y (any number) to compute x to the power of y. Inthe SD or LR mode, this function is only available after pressing the key.

� Press following the key to obtain the absolute value of a subsequently entered numeric value.� Press in the BASE-N mode to obtain a logical product (“and”).� Press in the SD or LR mode to delete input data.

3√−

Root / Cube root keyorDT L

� Enter x, press this key and then enter y to calculate the xth root of y. In the SD or LR mode, thisfunction is only available after pressing the key.

� Press following the key to obtain the cube root of a subsequently entered numeric value.� Press in the BASE-N mode to obtain a logical sum (“or”)

Used as a data input key in the SD or LR mode.

1.3.6 Contrast adjustmentPressing the or key following the key adjusts the contrast of the display.Pressing makes the screen lighter, while makes it darker. Holding either key down will cause thedisplay to successively become respectively lighter or darker.Pressing any other key besides , , or (as well as , ) cancels contrast adjustment.If the display becomes dim and difficult to read, even if you increase contrast, it probably means thatbattery power is getting low. In such a case, replace battery as soon as possible. After replacing battery,perform the RESET operation.Contrast adjustment is impossible during range display using the key or during factor displayusing the key.


GB

sin

ab/c

→

cos

( )

tan

SHIFT

SHIFTSHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

SHIFT

MODE

MODE

Range

Factor

ALPHA A EXE

x y

x√

GB


1.4 BEFORE USING THE CALCULATOR1.4.1 Calculation priority sequence

This calculator employs true algebraic logic to calculate the parts of a formula in the following order:1) Coordinate transformation: Pol (x, y), Rec(r, θ)2) Type A functions: With these functions, the value is entered and then the function key is pressed.

x2, x-1, x!, °, r, g, °’ ”3) Power / Root: xy, x√4) Fractions: ab/c5) Abbreviated multiplication format in front of π, memory or parenthesis 2 π, 4R, etc.6) Type B functions: With these functions, the function key is pressed and then the value is entered.

√ , 3√ , log, ln, ex, 10x, sin, cos, tan, arcsin, arccos, arctan, sh, ch, th, argsh, argch, argth, (-), Abs,Int, Frac, parenthesis, (following in BASE-N calculations only) d, h, b, o, Neg, Not

7) Abbreviated multiplication format in front of Type B functions: 2√ 3, A log2, etc.8) x, ÷9) +, -10) and (BASE-N calculations only)11) or, xor, xnor (BASE-N calculations only)12) Relational operators <, >, ≠ , =, <, >›� When functions with the same priority are used in series, execution is performed from right to left

ex ln√120 = exp([ln(√120)]Otherwise, execution is from left to right.

� Compound functions are executed from right to left.� Anything contained within parentheses receives highest priority.

1.4.2 Number of stacksThis calculator uses a memory known as a “stack” for temporary storage of low priority numeric valuesand commands (functions, etc.). The numeric value stack has 10 levels, while the command stack has 24.If a formula exceeds the stack space available, a stack error (Stk ERROR) message appears on the display.Ex. 2 x ( ( 3 + 4 x ( 5 + 4 ) ÷ 3 ) ÷ 5 ) + 8 =

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Numeric stack value Command stack

(1) 2(2) 3(3) 4(4) 5(5) 4....

1 x2 (3 (4 +5 x6 (7 +

....

*** Calculations are performed in sequence, with the highest priority operation first. Once a calculation isexecuted it is cleared from stack.

1.4.3 Calculation modesThis unit features modes for manual calculations, storing programs, and modes for general as well asstatistical calculations. The proper mode to suit calculational requirements should be employed.

GB


� Operation modesThere are a total of three operation modes.1) RUN mode: Graph production as well as manual calculations and program executions.2) WRT mode: Program storage and editing.3) PCL mode: Deletion of stored programs.

� Calculation modesThere are a total of four calculation modes which are employed according to the type of calculation.1) COMP mode: General calculations, including functional calculations.2) BASE-N mode: binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversion and calculations, as well as logical

operations. Function calculations and graph drawing cannot be performed.3) SD mode: Standard deviation calculation (single-variable statistics).4) LR mode: Regression calculation (paired-variable statistics)

With so many modes available, calculations should always be performed after confirming which mode isactive.

*** When the power of the unit is switched off (including AUTO Power Off), the current system mode iscancelled, and the unit will be set to the RUN mode when switched on again. However, the calculationmode, number of decimal place setting ( n), number of significant digits ( n),and angle unit (Deg, Rad, Gra) will retained in memory.*** To return to standard operation (initialized state) press (COMP mode) –(RUN mode) – (Norm mode).

1.4.4 Number of input / output digits and calculation digitsThe allowable input / output range (number of digits) of this unit is 10 digits for a mantissa and 2 digitsfor an exponent. Calculation, however, are internally performed with a range of 12 digits for mantissa and2 digits for an exponent.Example: 3 x 105 ÷ 7 =3 5 73 5 7 42857

*** Calculation results greater than 1010 (10 billion) or less than 10-2 (0.01) are automatically displayedin exponential form.

Example: 123456789 x 9638123456789 9638

Once a calculation is completed, the mantissa is rounded off to 10 digits and displayed. And the displayedmantissa can be used for the next calculation.Example: 3 x 105 ÷ 7 =3 5 7

42857

*** Values are stored in memory with 12 digits for the mantissa and 2 digits for the exponent.

1.4.5 Overflow and errorsIf the calculation range of the unit is exceeded, or incorrect inputs are made, an error message will appearon the display window and subsequent operation will be impossible. This is the error check function.

The following operations will result in errors:1) The answer, whether intermediate or final, or any value in memory exceeds the value of

+ 9.999999999 x 1099.2) An attempt is made to perform functional calculations that exceed the input range.3) Improper operation during statistical calculations. (Ex. Attempting to obtain xσ or xσn without

data input)4) The capacity of the numeric value stack or the command stack is exceeded.

(Ex. Entering 23 successive ’s followed by )

MODE 7

MODE + MODE 1

MODE 8

MODE 9

EXP EXE÷

EXP EXE÷

EXP - EXE

- EXE

( 2 + 3 x 4 EXE

÷

x EXE

42857.14286

0.1428571

12

1.189876532

42857.14286

.14286

GB


Operations to clear the display depend upon the type of display being shown:Graphs: Text : Pressing the key causes a cleared text display to appear if pressed during a graph display.

1.4.8 CorrectionsTo make corrections in a formula that is being input, use the and keys to move the position of theerror and press the correct keys.*** If, after making corrections input of the formula is complete, the answer can be obtained by pressing

. If, however, more is to be added to the formula, advance the cursor using the key to the endof the formula for input.� If an unnecessary character has been included in a formula, use the and keys to move to the

position of the error and press the key. Each press of will delete one command (onestep).

� If a character has been omitted from a formula, use the and keys to move to the position wherethe character should have been input, and press followed by the key. Press

and insertions can be subsequently performed as desired.*** When are pressed, the letter at the insertion position is surrounded by “[ ]” and blinks.The insert function is activated until you press , , or or until you perform again.

- 16 -

5) Even though memory has not been expanded, a memory name such as Z [2] is used.6) Input errors are made. (Ex. )7) When improper arguments are used in commands or functions that require arguments.

( i.e. Input of an argument outside of the range of 0~9 for Sci or Fix.)

The following error messages will be displayed for the operations noted above:1~3 Ma ERROR4 Stk ERROR5 Mem ERROR6 Syn ERROR7 Arg ERRORBesides these, there are an “Ne ERROR” (nesting error) and a “Go ERROR”. These errors mainly occurwhen using programs.

1.4.6 Number of input charactersThis unit features a 127 steps area for calculation execution.One function comprises one step. Each press of numeric or [+] [-] [x] and [÷] keys comprise one step.Though such operations as Require two keys operations, they actually comprise only onefunction and, therefore, only one step. These steps can be confirmed using the cursor. With each press ofthe [ ] or [ ] key the cursor is moved one step.Input characters are limited to 127 steps. Usually the cursor is represented by a blinking “_”, but once the121st step is reached the cursor changes to a blinking “)”. If the “(” appears during a calculation, thecalculation should be divided at some point and performed in two parts.*** When numeric values or calculation commands are input, they appear on the display window from theleft. Calculational results, however, are displayed from the right.

1.4.7 Graphic and text displaysThis unit has a graph display for production of graphs, as well as a text display for production of formulasand commands. These two types of display contents are stored independently of each other.Switching between graph and text displays is performed using the key. Each press of

switches from the current type of display to the other.

Example: (Text display) (Graphic display) (Text display) (Graphic display)

5 x x 3 EXE

EXE

EXE AC

AC

SHIFT x !

G↔T

G↔T G↔T

G↔T

Graph sin ALPHA

SHIFT

SHIFTSHIFT

Cls

X

EXE

INS

SHIFT INS

SHIFT INSAC

DEL DEL

INS

GB


1.4.9 MemoryThis unit contains 26 standard memories. Memory names are composed of the 26 letters of the alphabet.

Numeric values with 12 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent can be stored.Example: To store 123.45 in memory A:123.42

Values are assigned to a memory using the key followed by the memory name.Example: To store the sum of memory A+78.9 in memory B:

78.9

Example: To add 74.12 to memory B:74.12

� To check the contents of a memory, press the name of the memory to be checked followed by .

� To clear the contents of a memory (make them 0), proceed as follows:

Example: To clear the contents of memory A only:0

Example: To clear the contents of all the memory:

� To store the same numeric value to multiple memories, press followed by .

Example: to store a value of 10 in memories A through J:10

1.4.10 Memory expansionThough there are 26 standard memories, they can be expanded by changing program storage steps tomemory. Memory expansion is performed by converting 8 steps to one memory.

Number of memories 26 27 28 . . . 36 . . . 74 . . . 76

Number of steps 400 392 384 . . . 320 . . . 16 . . . 0

Memory is expanded in units of one. A maximum of 50 memories can be added for a maximum total of76(26+50). Expansion is performed by pressing , followed by , a value representing the sizeof the expansion, and then .

- 17 -

EXE

+

123.45 → A_

123.45

A+78.9 → B_

202.35

→ ALPHA A

EXE→

→

ALPHA B

EXEALPHA A

EXEALPHA

ALPHA

A

EXE

EXE

SHIFT Mcl

ALPHA A

+B+74.12 → B_

276.47

10 → A ~ J

10.

Mcl

0.

123.45

0.

EXE

EXE

→

→

ALPHA BALPHA B

~

~ EXE→ SHIFT ALPHA

MODE

A J

.


GB

Example: To expand the number of memories by 30 to bring the total to 56.

The number of memories and number of remaining steps are displayed. The number of remaining stepsindicates the current unused area, and will differ according to the size of the program stored. To check thecurrent number of memories press , followed by and then .

To initialize the number of memories (to return the number to 26), enter a zero for the value in thememory expansion sequence outlined above.

*** Though a maximum of 50 memories can be added, if a program has already been stored and thenumber of remaining steps is less than the desired expansion, an error will be generated. The size of thememory expansion must be equal to or less than the number of steps remaining.*** The expansion procedure ( expansion value) can also be stored as program.

� Using expanded memoriesExpanded memories are used in the same manner as standard memories, and are referred to as Z[1], Z[2],etc. The letter Z followed by a value in brackets indicating the sequential position of the memory is usedas the memory name (Brackets are formed by for “[” and for “]”). After thenumber memories has been expanded by 5, memories Z[1] through Z[5] are available. The use of thesememories is similar to that of a standard computer array, with a subscript being appended to the name.

Defm 30 _

M-56 S-160

M-56 S-160

3 0.MODE

.MODE

EXE

EXE

.MODE EXE

M-26 S-400.MODE

.MODE

EXE0

Number of memories Current number of remaining steps

.ALPHA EXPALPHA


GB

2. MANUAL CALCULATIONS2.1 BASIC CALCULATIONS

2.1.1 Arithmetic operations� Arithmetic operations are performed by pressing the keys in the same sequence as in the

formula.� For negative values, press before entering the value.

Example

23 + 4.5-53 =

56 x (-12) ÷ (-2.5) =

12369 x 7532 x 74103 =

(4.5 x 1075) x (-2.3 x 10-79) =

(2+3) x 102 =

(1 x 105) ÷7=

(1x105) ÷ 7-14285 =

Key Operation

23 4.5 53

56 12 2.5

12369 7532 74103

4.5 75 2.3 79

2 3 1 2

1 5 7

1 5 7 14285

Display

-25.5

268.8

126.903680613

-03-1.035

500.

14285.71429

0.7142857

Remarques

Results greater than 1010 (10billion) orless than 10-2 (0.01) are displayed inexponential form.

NORM1

The correct result cannot be derived byentering 2 3 2.Be sure to enter 1 between theand in this example.

Internal calculations are calculated with12 digits for a mantissa, and the result isdisplayed rounded off to 10 digits.Internally, however, the mantissa of theresult is 12 digits.

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXP

-+

x (-)SHIFT

(-)SHIFT

EXP

EXEEXP

EXP ÷ EXE

EXE

EXP

EXP

EXP

÷

÷

-

(-)SHIFT

( )

÷(-)SHIFT

Example

3 + 5 x 6 =

7 x 8 - 4 x 5 =

1 + 2 - 3 x 4 ÷ 5 + 6 =

Key Operation

3 5 6

7 8 4 5

1 2 3 45 6

Display

33.

36.

6.6

Remark

EXE

EXE

EXE

x+

x x-

+

+

x-

x x

x

x+ +

x

( )

)

(-)SHIFT

� For mixed arithmetic operations, multiplication and division are given priority over addition andsubtraction.

Example

100 - (2+3) x 4 =

2 + 3 x (4+5) =

(7-2) x (8+5) =

Key Operation

100 2 3 4

2 3 4 5

7 2 8 5

Display

80.

29.

65.

Remark

Closed parentheses occurringimmediately before operation of the

key may be omitted, no matterhow many are required.

A multiplication sign (x) occurringimmediately before an open parenthesiscan be omitted.

EXE

EXE

x

+ +x

x

- +

+

-

2.1.2 Parenthesis calculations

EXE

(

(

)

( ()

)

EXE)

Key Operation

9.874

7

12

26

29

23 953 6

45 2

99 3

2.3 3.412 5

2.3 3.4 4.5

3015


GB

10 - {2+7 x (3+6)} =

(2 x 3+4) ÷ 5 =

(5x6+6x8) ÷ (15x4+12x3) =

(1.2 x 1019) {(2.5x1020) x 3÷ 100} =

6 ÷ (4x5) =

10 2 7 3 6

2 3 4 5

5 6 6 815 4

12 3

1.2 19 2.520 3 100

6 4 5

-55.

2.

0.8125

184.5

0.3

*** Henceforth, abbreviated style willnot be used in this manual.

This case is the same as 6 45

EXE

EXE

x

x

x

x

- +

+

+

(

(

(

(

)

)

x

x

x

EXE

EXP EXP- (

)

EXE

EXE

)

EXE)x

+

+

+

(

)

÷

÷

(÷

÷

÷÷

Example

9.874 x 7 =

9.874 x 12 =

9.874 x 26 =

9.874 x 29 =

23 + 9 =53 -6 =

45 x 2 =

99 ÷ 3 =

12x(2.3+3.4)-5 =

30x(2.3+3.4+4.5)-15x4.5 =

Display

9.874

69.118

118.488

256.724

286.346

32.47.79.90.

-11.33.22.

5.763.4

5.74.5

238.5

Remark

The key is used toinput numeric values inmemory. (Clearing a memorybefore input is not required,because the previous valuein the memory will beautomatically replaced withthe new value.)

Multiplication signs (x)immediately before memorynames can be omitted.

2.1.3 Memory calculationsThe contents of memories are not erased when power is off. They are cleared by pressing

followed by and then .EXESHIFT Mcl

→→ EXEAALPHA

EXExAALPHA

EXExAALPHA

EXExAALPHA

EXEx

EXE-

EXEx

EXE÷

AALPHA

EXEBALPHA→

EXEBALPHA+ AnsBALPHA →

EXEBALPHA+ AnsBALPHA

+

-

x GALPHA

→

EXEGALPHA+ →

EXEGALPHA+ →EXEHALPHA

EXEHALPHA

H )( ALPHA

→

EXEGALPHAx -

EXEBALPHA- AnsBALPHA →

2.1.4 Specifying the number of decimal places, the number of significant digits and the exponent display� To specify the number of decimal places, press followed by , a value indicating the

number of places (0-9) and then .� To specify the number of significant digits, press followed by , a value indicating the

number of significant digits (0-9 to set from 1 to 10 digits) and then .� Press the key or followed by will cause the exponent display for the

number being displayed to change in multiples of 3.

MODE 7

EXE

MODE 8

EXE

ENG SHIFT ENG

→


GB

� The specified number of decimal places or number of significant digits will not be cancelled untilanother value or is specified using the sequence: . (specified valuesare not cancelled even if power is switched off or another mode (besides is specified).

� Even if the number of decimal places and number of significant digits are specified, internal calcula-tions are performed in 12 digits for a mantissa, and the displayed value is stored in 10 digits. Toconvert these values to the specified number of decimal places and significant places and significantdigits, press followed by and then .

*** You cannot specify the display format (Fix, Sci) while the calculator is in the BASE-N mode. Suchspecifications can only be made if you first exit the BASE-N mode.

MODE 9

MODE 9

MODE 9 EXE

EXERndSHIFT

Example

100 ÷ 6 =

200 ÷ 7 x14

123m x 456= ?m= ?km

78g x 0.96= ?g= ?kg

Key Operation

100 6

4

5

3

200 7

14

200 7

14

123 456

78 0.96

Display

16.66666667

Fix

16.6667

16.66666667

Sci 01

1.6667

16.66666667

16.667

Fix

28.571← Fix

8.57142857 x _

Fix400.000

Fix28.571

Fix

28.571Fix

28.571x_Fix

399.994

399.994

0056088.

0356.088

0074.88

030.07488

Remark

Four decimal places specified

Specification cancelled

Five significant digits specified


*** Values are displayed rounded off tothe place specified.

Three decimal places specified.

Continues calculation with 10 digitsdisplay.

If the same calculation is performedwith the specified number of digits.

Value stored internally cut off atspecified decimal place.


EXE÷

EXE÷

EXE÷

x

x

EXE

EXE

EXE7MODE

EXE9MODE

EXE8MODE

EXE7MODE

EXERndSHIFT

EXE9MODE

EXEx ENG

EXEx ENG

ENGSHIFT

ENGSHIFT

EXE9MODE

→

→

The Ans memory can be used in the same manner as the other memories, thus making it possible touse it in calculation formulas. In multiplication operations, the immediately before can beomitted.

Example : 15 x 3 = 45 78 x 45 – 23 = 3487

15 3

78 23

2.2.2 Continuous calculation functionEven if calculations are concluded with the key, the result obtained can be used for further calcula-tions. Such calculations are performed with 10 digits mantissa of the displayed value.

Example 1: To calculate ÷ 3.14 after 3 x 4 = 12 Example 2: To calculate 1 ÷ 3 x 3

3 4 1 3 3

(Continuing) 3.14 1 3

(Continuing) 3


GB

2.2 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

2.2.1 Answer functionThe answer function stores the result of the most recent calculation. Once a numeric value or numericexpression is entered and is pressed, the result is stored by this function.To recall the stored value, press the key. When is pressed, “Ans” appears on the display alongwith the answer function value. The value can be used in subsequent calculations.*** Since the “Ans” function works just like any other memory, it will be referred to as “Ans memory”throughout this manual.

Example : 123+456 = 579 789-579 = 210

123 456

789 -

Numeric values with 12 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent can be stored in the Ansmemory. The Ans memory is not cleared even if the power is turned off. Each time is pressed, thevalue in the Ans memory is replaced with the value produced by the new calculation. When execution ofa calculation results in an error, however, the Ans memory retains its current value.When a value is stored to another memory using the key, that value is not stored in theAns memory.

Example: Perform calculation 78+56=134, then store the value 123 to memory A:

78 56

EXE

AnsAns

579.

789 - Ans _

210.

134.

134.

123.

134.

AC + EXE

45. AC x EXE

3487. Ans - EXE

EXE

+ EXE

Ans

Ans EXE

Ans

Ans

EXE

EXE

12.

12. ÷ 3.14

3.821656051.

AC x EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

...Checking the content of Ans memory

123 EXEAALPHA→

x

÷

1.

0.333333333

0.999999999

AC ÷ x EXE

x EXE

EXE÷

This function can be used with memory and Type A functions (x2, x-1, x!, °’ ”, °, r, g), �, �, xy, and x√ .

Example 1: To store the result of 12x45 in memory C: Example 2: To square the result of 78÷6 = 13

12 45 78 6

(Cont.) (Cont.)

2.2.3 Replay functionThis function stores the latest formula executed. After execution is complete, pressing eitherthe or key will display the formula.Pressing will display the formula from the beginning, with the cursor located under the first character,pressing will display the formula from the end, with the cursor located at the space following the lastcharacter. After this , use and to move the cursor, to check the formula. You can edit numeric values or commands for subsequent execution.

*** As with the number of input steps, the Replay function can accept input of up to 127 steps.

2.2.4 Error position display functionWhen an ERROR message appears, press or to display the calculation with the cursor located atthe step that caused the error. You can also clear an error by pressing and then reenter the valueand formulas from the beginning.

2.2.5 Multi-statement function� The multi-statement function available in program calculations can also be used in manual

calculations.� With the multi-statement function, multiple statements are linked together with a colon ( )

separation them.� Pressing the key after a multi-statement is entered causes the entire chain of statements to be

executed from left to right.� Using “ ” ( ) in place of a colon displays the calculation result up to the point that

“ ” is encountered.

Example : 6.9 x 123 = 848.7 123 ÷ 3.2 = 38.4375

1236.9

3.2

*** The final result of a multi-statement is always displayed, whether a “ ” symbol is input at theend of the last statement in the chain.*** Consecutive calculations contained in multi-statements cannot be performed.

Example : 123 x 456 : x5 (Invalid)

2.3 FUNCTIONAL CALCULATIONS

2.3.1 Angular measurement units� The unit of angular measurement (degrees, radians, grads) is set by pressing followed by

a value from 4 through 6 and then .� The numeric value from 4 through 6 specifies degrees, radians and grads respectively.

Appears on display when “ ” is used.


GB

540.

540. → C_

540.

6.9xA:A÷3.2.

Dispo

848.7

38.4375

x EXE

EXE

EXE

x

13.

13.2 _

169.

AC ÷ EXE

EXE

AC

x2CALPHA→

:

:

:

→

AALPHA

ALPHA

:AALPHA

MODE

÷AALPHA

→

EXE

EXE

EXE


GB

� Once a unit of angular measurement is set, it remains in effect until a new unit is set. Settings are notcleared when power is off.

� You cannot specify the unit of angular measurement (degrees, radians, grads) while the calculatoris in the BASE-N mode. Such specifications can only be made if you first exit the BASE-N mode.

Key Operation

4.25

1.23

7.89

47.3 82.5

12.4 8.3 1.8

24 6 31 85.34

36.9 41.2

Example

4.25 rad = ? degrees

1.23 grades = ? radians

7.89 degrees =? grads

47.3°+82.5 rad=? °

12.4°+8.3 rad- 1.8grad = ? °

24°6’ 31”+85.34 rad= ? rad

36.9°+41.2 rad= ? grads

Display

243.5070629

0.019320794

8.766666667

4774.20181

486.33497

85.76077464

2663.873462

Remark

SHIFT

EXE4MODE

EXE5MODE

EXE6MODE

EXE5MODE

SHIFT EXE6MODE

SHIFT EXE4MODE

EXE4

EXE4 +

+

MODE

EXE5MODE

EXE5MODE

EXE6MODE

°’ ‘’ °’ ‘’ °’ ‘’

SHIFT EXE5MODE

SHIFT EXE6MODE

+ SHIFT -5MODE

SHIFT SHIFT+4MODE

SHIFT MODE

Key Operation

63 52 41

3

35

2 45 65

1 30

1 3

1 30

Example

sin63° 52’41” =

cos(η/3 rad) =

tan(-35grad) =

2.sin45°xcos65°=

1/tan30° =

1/ cos(η/3 rad) =

1/sin30° =

Display

D

0.897859012

R

0.5

G

-0.612800788

D

0.597672477

1.732050808

R

2

D

2

Remark

EXE

EXE

EXE

4MODE

EXE5MODE

EXE6MODE

SHIFT

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

4MODE

EXE5MODE

EXE4MODE

sin

sin

cos

°’ ‘’ °’ ‘’ °’ ‘’

x cosx

η ÷

÷

(

SHIFT η ÷(

SHIFTtan

tan

EXE÷ tan

÷ cos

(-)

)

EXE)

2.3.2 Trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions� Be sure to set the unit of angular measurement before performing trigonometric function and inverse

trigonometric function calculations.� The operations noted below cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode.

Key Operation

1.23

90

456 456

64 4

1.23

4.5

4 4 1.2 2.3

5.6 2.3

7 123

78 23 12

2 3 3 64 4

2 3.4 5 6.7


GB

0.5

SHIFT 2 2

0.741

2.5 0.8 0.9

sin-1 0.5=

cos-1 √ 2/2 = ? rad= η/4 rad

tan-1 0.741 = ?°= ? °

2.5x(sin-10.8-cos-10.9) = ?°’ ‘’

30

R

0.7853981630.249999999

D

36.5384457636°32’18.4”

D

68°13’13.52”

If the total number ofdigits for degrees /minutes / seconds exceeds10 digits, the high-ordervalues (degrees andminutes) are given displaypriority, and anylower-order values are notdisplayed. However, theentire value is storedwithin the unit as adecimal value.

EXE5MODE

EXE4MODE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

SHIFT

sin-1

cos -1

SHIFT sin -1

SHIFT tan -1

(

(

√

SHIFT

EXE)

SHIFT SHIFT °’ ‘’cos -1 )

SHIFT η÷

x -

÷

(

(

)

)

-

-

°’ ‘’SHIFT

Example

Log 1.23 (log101.23) =

ln90(loge90) =

Log456÷ln456 =

4x = 64x.log 4 = log 64x = log 64 / log 4 =

101.23 =

e4.5 =

104xe-4 +1.2x102.3 =

5.62.3 =

7√123 (=1231/7) =

(78-23)-12 =

2+3x3√64-4 =

2x3.4(5+6.7) =

Display

0.089905111

4.49980967

0.434294481

3.

16.98243652

90.0171313

D

422.5878667

52.58143837

1.988647795

-21

1.305111829

10.

3306232.

Remark

log/ln ratio = constant M

xy and x√ given calculationpriority over x and ÷.

EXE

EXE

log

EXEIn

EXESHIFT 10 x

SHIFT 10 x

SHIFT 10 x

EXE

EXE

xy

x √

x √

EXE

EXE

EXE

SHIFT e x

SHIFT SHIFTe x

log in÷

EXElog log÷

x

x

2.3.3 Logarithmic and exponential functions� The operations noted below cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode

(-) +

+

EXE

EXE

x

x

+

SHIFTx y

x y

(-)

2.3.5 Coordinate transformation� Your calculator lets you convert between rectangular coordinates and polar coordinates.

Rectangular coordinates Polar coordinatesY Y

� Calculation results are stored in variable memory I and variable memory J. Contents ofvariable memory I are displayed first. To display contents of memory J, press .

I JPol r θRec x y

� With polar coordinates, θ can be calculated within a range of –180° < θ < 180°. The calculation rangeis the same for radians and grads.

� The operations noted below cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode.


GB

Key Operation

3.6

1.23

2.5

1.5 1.5(suite)

30

20 15

0.88 4

21.5

2 3 4 5

(

(

)

)

+

Example

sh 3.6 =

ch 1.23 =

th 2.5 =

ch1.5 –sh1.5 = ?=e-1.5

Argsh30 =

Argch(20/15) =

(Argth0.88)/4 =

Argsh2xArgch1.5 =

Argsh(2/3)+Argth(4/5)=

Display

18.28545536

1.856761057

0.986614298

0.22313016-1.5

4.094622224

0.795365461

0.343941914

1.389388923

1.723757406

Remark

chx + shx = e+x

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

SHIFT

hyp sin

hyp sin-1

EXE

EXE

cos-1

SHIFThyp cos-1

EXEhyp sin

Ans EXEin

EXEhyp tan

EXEhyp cos

hyp cos

2.3.4 Hyperbolic functions and inverse hyperbolic functions� The operations noted below cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode.

-

x

÷

SHIFThyp tan-1

SHIFThyp SHIFThyptan-1

SHIFThyp sin-1

SHIFThyp tan-1

÷

÷÷

( )

EXEJALPHA

y

P(x,y) P(r,θ)


GB

Key Operation

14 20.7(cont.)

7.510

(cont.)

25 56(cont.)

4.5 2 3

(cont.)

Example

x=14, y=20.7r= ?° θ=?°„

x=7.5, y= -10r= ?rad θ= ?rad

r= 25 θ=56°x= ? y= ?

r= 4.5 θ=2/3ηx= ? y= ?

Display

D

24.9897979255.9283901955°„55’42.2”

r

12.5-0.927295218

D

13.9798225920.72593931

r

-2.253.897114317

Remark

r

θ

rθ

xy

xy

)

EXE4MODE

EXE5MODE

EXE4MODE

EXEJALPHA

EXEJALPHA

EXEJALPHA

EXEJALPHA

SHIFT EXEPol(

)(-)SHIFT EXE

SHIFT ,

)

(

SHIFT EXE

) ) EXE

Rec( SHIFT ,

EXE5MODE

SHIFT Rec( SHIFT ,

SHIFT Pol( SHIFT ,

°’ ‘’SHIFT

÷SHIFTx η

2.3.6 Other functions (√, X2, X-1, X!, x√, Ran#, Abs, Int, Frac)� The operations noted below cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode.

Key Operation

2 5

2 3 4 5

3 4

8

36 42 49

13 5 3 4

1 40(cont.)

2 4 6 8

3 4

7800 96

7800 96

2512549139 21412512549139

2141

Example

√2 + √5 =

22 +32 +42 +52 =

1/(1/3-1/4) =

8!(=1x2x3x...x8 ) =

3√ 36x42x49 =

√ 132-52 + √ 32+42 =

√ 1-sin240° = ?= cos40°

(Proof of cosθ = √1-sin2 θ)

1/2!+1/4!+1/6!+1/8! =

[log3/4] =

7800/96 ? integer

7800/96 ? fraction

2512549139÷2141 = ?aliquot part

Display

3.65028154

54.

12.

40320.

42.

(Ex.) 0.792

17.

D

0.76604444340.

0.543080357

0.124938736

81.

0.25

1173540.

0.99953

Remark

EXE

EXE

+

+

-

EXERan#SHIFT

SHIFT ab/c log

EXEx2

x-1

-x2 x2

x!

x-1 x-1

+x2 +

+

x2 +

++

+

x2 x2

SHIFT

x! x-1SHIFT x! x-1SHIFT

EXEx! x-1SHIFT x! x-1SHIFT

EXE

SHIFT

(

(

)

EXE

EXE

x2 )

x x

√

3√

( )

x2 )- ( )

√

(√

(√

√

) EXE

EXE4MODE

sin

cos-1SHIFT EXEAns

( ) EXE÷

EXE÷

SHIFT Int ( ) EXE÷

SHIFT Frac ( ) EXE

) EXE

÷

SHIFT Frac ( ÷

Random number generation(pseudorandom number from0.000 to 0.999)

2.4 BINARY, OCTAL, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL CALCULATIONS

� Binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal calculations, conversions and logical operations are performed in theBASE-N mode ( ).

� The number system (2,8,10,16) is set by respectively pressing , , or followedby . A corresponding symbol – “b”, “o”, “d” or “h” appears on the display.

� Number systems are specified for specific values by pressing , then the number system designator(b, o, d, or h), immediately followed by the value.

� General function calculations cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode.� Only integers can be handled in the BASE-N mode. If a calculation produces a result that includes a decimal

value, the decimal portion is cut off.� Octal, decimal and hexadecimal calculations can be handled up to 32 bits, while binary can be handled up

to 12 bits.


GB

Key Operation

2 5 3 1 4 (Conversion to decimal)

3 456 78(cont.)

1 2578 1 4572

1 2 5

1 3 4 5 5 6

1 2 1 31 4 1 5

1 2 3

1 1 3 1 4

Example

2/5+3+1/4= ? fractions= ? decimal

3+456/78=8+11/13(Reduced)

1/2578+1/4572 =

1/2 x 0.5 =

1/3 x(-4/5)-5/6 =

1/2x1/3+1/4x1/5 =

1/2/3=1/6

1/(1/3+1/4) =

Display

3˚13˚20.

3.65

81113.11513.

-04

6.066202547(NORM1

mode)

0.25

-1110.

1360.

16.

157.

Remark

Fractions can be converted todecimals and then convertedback to fractions.

Fractions and improperfractions which can be reducedbecome reduced fractions whena calculation command key ispress.Press to convertto improper fraction.

When the total number ofcharacters, including integer,numerator, denominator anddelimiter mark exceeds 10, theinput fraction is automaticallydisplayed in decimal format.

Calculations containing bothfractions and decimals arecalculated in decimal forma.

Fractional calculations canbe performed by usingparentheses in the numerator ordenominator.

SHIFT d/c

SHIFT d/c

2.3.7 Fractions� Fractions are input and displayed in the following order: integer, numerator, denominator.

ab/c

ab/c

ab/c ab/c EXE

ab/c ab/c EXE

+

ab/c ab/c EXE+

ab/c EXE

ab/c EXE

x

ab/c ab/cx

ab/c x ab/c +

ab/c x ab/c EXE

ab/c EXE

-

-

:

SHIFT

MODE

SHIFT

Bin Oct Dec

(-)

ab/c( )

EXE

EXE

ab/c )

ab/c +ab/c (

Hex

Number system Number of digits displayed

Binary Up to 12 digits

Octal Up to 11 digits

Decimal Up to 10 digits

Hexadecimal Up to 8 digits

� The total range of numbers handled in this mode is 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , A, B, C, D, E, F. If values notvalid for the particular number system are used, attach the corresponding designator (b, o, d or h), or an errormessage will appear.

Number system Valid values

Binary 0, 1

Octal 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Decimal 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Hexadecimal 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , A, B, C, D, E, F

� Negative numbers in binary, octal and hexadecimal are expressed as two’s complements.� To distinguish the A, B, C, D, E and F used in the hexadecimal system from standard letters, they appear

as shown in the chart below.

Key Display

( = ) /A

( = ) IB

( = ) IC

( = ) ID

( = ) IE

( = ) IF

� Calculation range (in BASE-N mode)Binary Positive : 0111111111 >x> 0

Negative: 1111111111 >x> 1000000000Octal Positive : 1777777777 >x> 0

Negative: 3777777777 >x> 2000000000Decimal 2147483647 >x> -2147483648Hexadécimal Positive : 7FFFFFFF >x> 0

Negative : FFFFFFFF >x> 80000000� You cannot specify the unit of angular measurement (degrees, radians, grads) or the display format (Fix, Sci)

while the calculator is in the BASE-N mode. Such specifications can only be made if you first exit theBASE-N mode.


GB

lA

lB

lC

lD

lE

lF

x-1

°’ ‘’

sin

cos

Hyp

tan


GB

Key Operation

2A

274

123

1010

15

1100

36

1F7

Example

2A16 = ? decimal2748= ? decimal

12310= ? hexadecimal10102= ? hexadecimal

1516 = ? octal11002= ? octal

3610 = ? binary1F716= ? binary

Display

BASE-N

dd

42d

188

BASE-N

hh

7BhA

BASE-N

oo

25o

14

BASE-N

bb

100100b

111110111

Remark

-MODE

EXESHIFT h

EXESHIFT d

EXESHIFT b

EXEoSHIFT

Dec EXE

Hex EXE

EXESHIFT h

EXESHIFT b

Oct EXE

EXESHIFT d

EXESHIFT h

Bin EXE

2.4.1 Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversions

Key Operation

110010

72

3A

Example

Negation of 1100102

Negation of 728

Negation of 3A16

Display

BASE-N

bb

1111001110

BASE-N

oo

7777777706

BASE-N

hh

FFFFFFC6

Remark

-MODE

EXENeg

EXENeg

Bin EXE

Oct EXE

EXENeg

Hex EXE

2.4.2 Negative expressions

Key Operation

19 1A

1110 36

23 61


GB

Key Operation

10111 11010

B47 DF

123 ABC

1F2D 100

7654 12

1234

1EF 24

Example

101112+110102

= ? Binary

B4716-DF16

= ? hexadecimal

1238xABC16

= ? hexadecimal= ? decimal

1F2D16-10010

= ? hexadecimal

76548÷1210

= ? decimal= ?oct

123410+1EF16÷248

= ? oct= ? decimal

Display

BASE-N

bb

110001

BASE-N

hh

A68

BASE-N

037AF4

d228084

BASE-N

d7881

h1EC9

BASE-N

dd

334o

516

BASE-N

o2352

d1258

Remark

-MODE

EXE

Bin EXE

EXEDec

SHIFT o x EXE

EXEHex

EXEDec

SHIFT h - EXE

EXEOct

SHIFT o ÷ EXE

SHIFT SHIFTd h

2.4.3 Basic arithmetic operations using binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal values

2.4.4 Logical operationsLogical operations are performed through logical products (and), logical sums (or), negation (Not),exclusive logic sums (xor), and negation of exclusive logical sums (xnor).

+

-MODE

EXE

Hex

and

EXE

EXE

Oct

or

EXE

EXE

Bin

and SHIFT O

EXE

EXE

Hex EXE

-

+

EXE

EXEDec

÷

Example

1916 AND 1A16

= ? hexadecimal

111082 AND 368

= ? binary

238 OR 618

= ?oct

Display

BASE-N

hh

18

BASE-N

bb

1110

BASE-N

oo

63

Remark

2.5 STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS

2.5.1 Standard deviation� Standard deviation calculations are performed in the SD mode ( ). “SD” appears on

the display.� Before beginning calculations, the statistical memories are cleared by pressing followed by

and then .� Individual data are input using .� Multiple data of the same value can be input either by repeatedly pressing or by entering

the data, pressing , followed by , that presents the number of times the data isrepeated, and then .

� Standard Deviation

� Mean

*** The values for n, Σx, and Σx2 are stored in memories W, V, and U respectively and can be obtained bypressing followed by the memory name and then (i.e. ).


GB

120 1101

1010 A7

5 3

2A 5D

1234

2FFFED

Hex EXE

Hex EXE

EXE

EXE

Bin

or SHIFT b

and SHIFT h

or

EXENot

EXENot

EXEScl

DT

DT

DT

SHIFT h

EXESHIFT xnor

Hex EXE

Oct EXE

Hex EXE

EXESHIFT xnor

EXE

12016 OR 11012

= ? hexadecimal

10102 AND (A16 OR716)

= ? binary

516 XOR 316

= ? hexadecimal

2A16 XNOR 5D16

= ? hexadecimal

Negation of 12348

Negation of 2FFFED16

BASE-N

hh

12D

BASE-N

b

b1010

BASE-N

hh6

BASE-N

hh

FFFFFF88

BASE-N

oo

7777776543

BASE-N

hh

FFD00012

(

)

xMODE

W EXEEXE ALPHAALPHA

SHIFT

SHIFT ;

Using all data from a finitepopulation to determine thestandard deviation for the population

Using sample data from a populationto determine the standard deviationfor the population

σn=

n n

n-1 n-1

σn-1=

*** Erroneous data clearing / correction I (correct data operation: 51 )1) If 50 is entered, enter correct data after pressing .2) If 49 was input a number of entries previously, enter correct data after pressing 49 .

*** Erroneous data clearing / correction II (correct data operation: 130 31 )1) If 120 is entered, enter correct data after pressing .2) If 120 31 is entered, enter correct data after pressing .3) If 120 30 is entered, enter correct data after pressing .4) If 120 30 was entered previously, enter correct data after pressing

30 .

2.5.2 Regression calculation� Regression calculations are performed in the LR mode ( ), “LR” appears on the display.� Before beginning calculations, the tabulation memories are cleared by pressing f o l l o w e d

by and then .� Individual data are entered as x data y data .� Multiple data of the same value can be entered by repeatedly pressing . This operation can

also be performed by entering x data y data ollowed by a valuerepresenting the number of times the data is repeated, and then .

Key Operation

(Clears memory)55 54 51 55

53 54 52

(cont.)

55

54

51…

110 10130 31 150 24170190


GB

Example

Data 55, 54, 51, 55, 53, 53, 54,52

To calculate the deviation of theunbiased variance, the differencebetween each datum, and mean ofthe above data

To calculate x and σn-1 1 forthe following data.Class no. Value Frequency

1 110 102 130 313 150 244 170 25 190 3

Display

52.

1.3169567191.407885953

53.3758.

427.22805.

1.982142857

1.625

0.625

-2.375…

110.130.150.170.190.

70.137.714285718.42898069

Remark

*** You can press thefunction keys to obtainresults in any sequence

Standard deviation snStandard deviation sn-1Mean xNumber of data nSum total ΣxSum of squares Σx2

x

x2

x

MODE

EXESHIFT Scl

EXESHIFT Scl

EXE

SHIFT

Scl

EXExσnSHIFT

EXExσn-1SHIFT

EXExσn-1SHIFT

EXESHIFT

W EXEALPHA

W EXEALPHA

V EXEALPHA

U EXEALPHA

;SHIFT

DT DT

DT

;SHIFT DT

;SHIFT DT

DT DT

DT DT DT

DT

DT

DT

DT

DT

DT

DT

DT

DT DT DT DT

x

EXExσn-1SHIFT

EXESHIFT

x- EXESHIFT

x- EXESHIFT

x- EXESHIFT

SHIFT ;

SHIFT ;

SHIFT ;

DT

DT

SHIFT ;

SHIFT ;

SHIFT ,

SHIFT ,

SHIFT

CL;

SHIFT ;

CL

CL

CL

÷MODE

AC

AC

GB


� If only x data is repeated (x data having the same value), enter y data ory data or y data followed by a value

representing the number of times the data is repeated, and then .� If only y data is repeated (y data having the same value), enter x data or x data

followed by a value representing the total number of times the data is repeated, and then .

� RegressionThe following are the formulas the unit uses to calculate constant term A and regression coefficientB for the regression formula y= A+B x.

Constant term of regression formula Regression coefficient of regression formula

Σy - B Σx n Σxy - Σx ΣyA = B =

n n Σx2 - (Σx)2

� Estimated value x, and y based on the regression formula can be calculated using the followingformulas:

y = A + B x x =

(To obtain the estimated value y, is used, and to obtain estimated value x, is used.)

� The correlation coefficient r for input data can be calculated using the following formula:

n Σxy - Σx Σy r =

√ {n Σx2-(Σx)2} {n Σy2-(Σy)2}

*** The values for n, Sx, Sx2, Sxy, Sy, and Sy2 are stored in memories W, V, U, R, Q and P respectively,and can be obtained by pressing followed by the memory name and then (i.e.

).

2.5.3 Linear regression

DT

DT

DT

DT

DT

SHIFT ;

SHIFT;

SHIFT ,

SHIFT ,SHIFT ,

^

Y AB

^

^ ^

^

^

ySHIFT ^

ALPHA EXE

EXE

WALPHA

Key Operation

10 100315 1005 20 1010 25 1011 30 1014

÷MODE

Example

Relationship between tem-perature and the length ofsteel bar

Temperature Length10º C 1003mm15º C 1005mm20º C 1010mm25º C 1010mm30º C 1014mm

Display

10.15.20.25.30.

Remark

Clears memoryEXESHIFT Scl

DTSHIFT ,

DTSHIFT ,

DTSHIFT ,

DTSHIFT ,

DTSHIFT ,

x

SHIFT^

GB


Example

xi yi29 1.650 23.574 38.0

103 46.4118 48.9

The data in the above can beused to obtain the terms ofthe regression formula andthe correlation coefficient.Based on the regressionformula, estimated value ycan be obtained for xi=80,and estimated value x can beobtained for yi=73.

*** Erroneous data clearing / correction (correct data operation: 10 1003 )1) If 11 1003 is entered, enter correct data after pressing .2) If 11 1003 is entered, enter correct data after pressing .3) If 11 1003 is entered previously, enter correct data after pressing 11

1003 .

2.5.4 Logarithmic regression� The regression formula is y=A+B.lnx. Enter the x data as the logarithm (ln) of x, and the y data inputs

the same as that for linear regression.� Estimated values x, and y based on the regression formula can be calculated using the following

formulas:

y = A +B lnx x = exp

� The same operation as with linear regression can be used to obtain the regression coefficient and formaking corrections. To obtain the estimated value y, x is used, and toobtain estimated value x, y is used.Furthermore, Σx, Σx2 and Σxy are obtained by Σlnx, Σ(lnx)2, and Σlnx.y respectively.

Key Operation

29 1.650 23.574 38.0103 46.4118 48.9

80

73

- 35 -

18

1000

1

The data in the above canbe used to obtain the termsof the regression formulaand the correlationcoefficient. Based on theregression formula, theestimated length of thesteel bar at 18°C an thetemperature when the baris 1000mm long can becalculated. The criticalcoefficient (r2) andcovariance

997.4

0.56

0.9826073681007.48

4.6428571430.965517241

35.

Constant term A.

Regression coefficient B

Correlation coefficient rLength at 18º C.

Temperature at 1000mm

Covariance

EXESHIFT A

EXESHIFT

EXERSHIFT

EXEySHIFT

EXExSHIFT

EXERSHIFT x2

B

EXE

RALPHA WALPHA

WALPHA

(

)

)

(÷SHIFTx SHIFTxx y

-

-

SHIFT ,

SHIFT , CL

AC

SHIFT , DT

DT

SHIFT , SHIFT,

DT

CL

^

^

^^^

^

^

^

^

y - AB

EXEin

In

SHIFT y

EXEXSHIFT Ans EXEexSHIFT

÷MODE

Display

3.367295833.9120230054.3040650934.6347289884.770684624

-111.1283976

34.02014748

0.994013946

37.94879482

224.1541314

Remark

Clear memory

Constant term A


Correlation coefficient r

y when xi=80

x when yi=73

EXESHIFT Scl

EXE

EXE

SHIFTIn

EXESHIFT A

EXESHIFT B

EXERSHIFT

DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

y

EXESHIFT xAns

exSHIFT

^

^

2.5.6 Power regression� The regression formula is y=A.xB (lny=lnA+Blnx). Enter both data x and y as logarithms (ln).� Estimated values x, and y based on the regression formula can be calculated using the following for-

mulas:

y = A eBx x =

� Correction is performed the same as in linear regression. Constant term A is obtained by , estimated value y is obtained by x

, and estimated value x is obtained by y. Σx2 Σy, Σy2 and Sxy are obtained by Σlnx, Σ(lnx)2 , Σlny, Σ(lny)2 and Slnx.lny

respectively.

Example

xi yi6.9 21.4

12.9 15.719.8 12.126.7 8.535.1 5.2


2.5.5 Exponential regression� The regression formula is y=A eB.x (lny=lnA+Bx). Enter the y date as the logarithm of y(ln), and the

x data the same as that for linear regression.� Estimated values x, and y based on the regression formula can be calculated using the following for-

mulas

y = A eBx x =

� Correction is performed the same as in linear regression. Constant term A is obtainedby , estimated value y is obtained by x

, and estimated value x is obtained by y . Σy,Σy2 and Σxy are obtained by Σlny, Σ(lny)2 and Sx.lny respectively.


GB

^ ^

^ ^

^ ^^

Iny - InAB

EXE

y EXESHIFT

Ans

ex EXEASHIFTSHIFT

exSHIFT in EXESHIFT x

Key Operation

6.9 21.412.9 15.719.8 12.126.7 8.5 35.1 5.2

16

20

^

^

In

÷MODE

Display

6.912.919.826.735.1

30.15716545

-0.048870452

-0.997192153

13.79760894

8.403652083

Remark

Clear memory

Constant term A



y when xi=16

x when yi=20

EXESHIFT Scl

EXE

EXESHIFT B

EXERSHIFT

DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

EXESHIFT y

SHIFT y

x^

Ans

EXEAns

exSHIFT

ex EXEASHIFTSHIFT

ex EXEASHIFTSHIFT

EXESHIFTIn

In

In

^

^

^ ^

^^ Iny - InAB

EXE ex

EXEAnsex

SHIFT x EXESHIFT


GB

Example

xi yi28 241030 303333 389535 449138 5717


Key Operation

28 241030 303333 389535 449138 5717

40

1000

^

^

÷MODE

Display

3.332204513.4011973823.4965075623.555348062

3.63758616

0.238801069

2.771866156

0.998906253

6587.674787

20.26225681

Remark

Clear memory

Constant term A



y when xi=40

x when yi=1000

EXESHIFT Scl

EXE

EXESHIFT B

EXERSHIFT

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In DTSHIFT ,

In

In

DTSHIFT ,

EXESHIFT

SHIFT

y

Ansex

SHIFT

EXE

In EXESHIFT

SHIFT

x

Ansex

SHIFT

ex EXEASHIFTSHIFT

^

^

3. GRAPHS3.1 BUILT-IN FUNCTION GRAPHS

The COMP mode of the RUN mode should be used when graphing function. Some graphs can be produced in theSD and LR modes, but certain graphs cannot be produced in these modes. The BASE-N graphs making it possible toproduce the graphs of basic functions.

sin cos tan arcsin (sin-1) Arcos (cos-1) Arctan (tan-1)

sh ch th argsh argch argth

√− x2 log ln 10x ex

X-1 3√−

Any time a built-in graph is executed, the ranges are automatically set to their optimum values, and any graph pre-viously on the display is cleared.

Example 1: Sine curve Example 2: y = 1/x graph

3.1.1 Overdrawing built-in function graphsTwo or more different built-in function graphs can be drawn together on the same display. Since the rangefor the first graph is automatically set, all subsequent graphs on the same display are produced accordingto the range of the first graph.The first graph is produced by using the previously mentioned operation (Graph [function key] ).Subsequent graphs are produced using the variable x in the operation Graph [function key]

. By inputting after the function key, the range is unchanged and thenext graph is produced without clearing the existing display

+MODE

Graph sin EXEGraph x-1 EXE

EXEXALPHA

EXE

XALPHA

Example: Overdraw the graph for y= cosx on the graph for y=sinxFirst, draw the graph for y=sinx. Next, draw the graph for y=cosx without changing the exiting range

*** Built-in function graphs cannot be used in multi-statements and cannot be written into program.

3.2 USER GENERATED GRAPHS

Built-in function graphs can also be used in combination with each other. Graphing a formula such as y=2x2+3x-5makes it possible to visually represent the solution.Unlike built-in functions, the ranges of user generated graphs are not set automatically, so graphs produced outside ofthe display range do not appear on the display.

3.2.1 Range parametersAfter pressing the key, you can look up and specify the range parameters for the x- andy- coordinates. Range parameters consist of maximum and minimum values for each axis, as well as theirscales (distance between hash marks).Before drawing a graph, you should first specify range parameters to set the size of the graph.� Range parameter types

Range parameters consist of the following:Xmin . . . . minimum value of the x-axisXmax . . . . maximum value of the x-axisXscl . . . . . scale of the x-axisYmin . . . . minimum value of the y-axisYmax . . . . maximum value of the y-axisYscl . . . . . scale of the y-axis

� Specifying range parametersWhenever you press the key (except in the BASE-N mode), the range parameter settingscreen appears on the display. Enter the value you want to specify for the displayed parameter and thenpress .Example: Change the range parameters on the left to those on the right.

Xmin : 0 → -5 Ymin : -10 → -5

Xmax : 5 → 5 Ymax : 10 → 15

Xscl : 4 → 2 Yscl : 4 → 4

Specifies –5 for Xmin

Xmax does not change, so simply press .

Specifies 2 for Xscl

Specifies -5 for Ymin


GB

Graph

Range

Range

Range

sin EXE Graph cos EXEXALPHA

EXE

Xmin?0.

Xmin?-5_

Xmax?5.

Xscl?4.

Xmin?-10.

EXE5SHIFT (-)

EXE

EXE2

EXE2SHIFT (-)


GB

Specifies 15 for Ymax

Yscl does not change, so simply press .

Press to return to the display that was shown before entering the range display.

� Checking range parameters

Press the key and the range parameter setting screen appears on the display. Press EXE to scrollthrough the range parameter settings without changing them.

Xmax?10.

Yscl?4.

Xmin?-5.

Xmin?-5.

Xmax?5.

Xscl?2.

Ymin?-5.

Yscl?4.

Ymax?15.

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

1 EXE5

Range

Range

Press to return to the display that was shown before entering the range display.You can input range parameters as expressions (such as 2π) and these expressions are automaticallyconverted to the values.*** The input range for graph ranges is –9.999999999E

+97 through 9.999999999E+97.

*** If you enter a value that is outside the allowable range or if you try to perform some other illegal operation, an error message appears on the display. When this happens, press or to display theplace in the calculation that caused the error (Replay function) and make the necessary corrections.*** Inputting 0 for Xscl or Yscl does not set any scale.*** Inputting a maximum value that is less than the minimum value will reverse the respective axis.*** If the maximum and minimum values of an axis are equal, an error (Ma ERROR) will be generatedwhen an attempt is made to produce a graph.*** When a range setting is used that does not allow display of the axes, the scale for the y-axis isindicated on either the left or right edge of the display, while that for the x-axis is indicated on either thetop or bottom edge. (In both cases, the location of the scale is the edge which is closest to the origin (0,0).*** When range values are changed (reset), the graph display is cleared and the newly set axes only aredisplayed.*** Range settings may cause irregular scale spacing.*** If the range is set too wide, the graph produced may not fit on the display.*** Points of deflection sometimes exceed the capabilities of the display with graphs the changedrastically as they approach the point of deflection.*** An Ma ERROR is generated when ranges are extremely narrow.

Range


GB

� Range resetRange values are reset to their initial values by pressing during range display.The initial values are as follows.

Xmin : -3.8 Ymin : -2.2

Xmax : 3.8 Ymax : 2.2

Xscl : 1 Yscl : 1

(Reference)Range settings are performed within programs using the following format:

Xmin value, Xmax value, Xscl value, Ymin value, Ymax value, Yscl valueUp to six data items are programmed after the Range command. When less than six items are programmed,range setting is performed in the order from the beginning of the above format.

3.2.2 Use generated function graphsAfter performing range settings, user generated graphs can be drawn simply by entering the function(formula) after pressing .Here, let’s try drawing a graph for y=2x2+3x-4.Set the ranges to the values shown below.

Xmin : -5 Ymin : -10

Xmax : 5 Ymax : 10

Xscl : 2 Yscl : 4

Input the functional formula after pressing the key. 2

3 4

The result produces a visual representation of the formula.

3.2.3 Function graph overdrawTwo or more function graphs can be overdrawn, which makes it easy to determine intersection points andsolutions that satisfy all the equations.Example: Here, let’s find the intersection points of the previously used y=2x2 + 3x – 4 and y= 2x +3

First, clear the graph screen in preparation for the first graph.

2 3 4

Next, overdraw the graph for y = 2x +3

2 3

In this way it can be easily seen that there are two intersections for the two function graphs. Theapproximate coordinates for these two intersections can be found using the Zoom function and the Tracefunction described in the following section.*** Be sure to input variable x ( ) into the formula when using built-in graphs foroverdraw.If variable x is not included in the second formula, the second graph is produced after clearing the firstgraph.

Graph

Graph

Graph x2 EXEXALPHA

EXEX -ALPHA

Graph x2 EXEXALPHA

Graph EXEX +ALPHA

XALPHA

EXEX -ALPHA

EXESHIFT Scl

MclSHIFT

Range

3.2.4 Zoom functionThis function lets you enlarge or reduce the x- and y-coordinates. If you use the Trace or Plot function tolocate the pointer at a specific point on the graph, the enlargement / reduction is performed using thepointer location as the center point.

� Enlarging a graphExample: to enlarge the graph for y=sinx by a factor of 1.5 on the x-axis and 2.0 on the y-axis. Usethe following range parameters for the original graph.

Xmin : -360 Ymin : -1.6

Xmax : 360 Ymax : 1.6

Xscl : 180 Yscl : 1

After specifying the range parameters, graph y=sinx.

Press for the factor specification

1.5

2

*** whenever you try to change the factor value while a graph is displayed, the display changes tothe text screen automatically. To return to the graph screen after changing the factor value,press or .

(or )

Press to enlarge the graph according to the factors you specified.

Let’s take another look at the range parameters.

Xmin : -240 Ymin : -0.8

Xmax : 240 Ymax : 0.8

Xscl : 180 Yscl : 1

If you press again, the graph is enlarged once more by the factors you specified. To returnthe graph to its original size, press .

Press to return to the displaythat was shown before entering the factordisplay.


GB

Graph sin EXEXALPHA

Xfact?2.

Xfact?1.5_

Yfact?0.

Yfact?2_

Yfact?1.5

EXE

EXE

SHIFT Factor

SHIFT Factor

SHIFT Factor

EXEG↔T

EXE G↔T

SHIFT Zoom xf

SHIFT Zoom xf

SHIFT Zoom xf

SHIFT Zoom org


GB

� Reducing a graphExample: To reduce the graph for y=sinx by a factor of 1.5 on the x-axis and 2.0 on the y-axis. Usethe following range parameters for the original graph.

Xmin : -360 Ymin : -1.6

Xmax : 360 Ymax : 1.6

Xscl : 180 Yscl : 1

After specifying the range parameters, graph y=sinx.

Press for the factor specification screen.

1.5

2

*** whenever you try to change the factor value while a graph is displayed, the display changes tothe text screen automatically. To return to the graph screen after changing the factor value,press .

Press to reduce the graph according to the factors you specified.

Let’s take another look at the range parameters.

Xmin : -540 Ymin : -3.2

Xmax : 540 Ymax : 3.2

Xscl : 180 Yscl : 1

If you press again, the graph is reduced once more by the factors you specified. Toreturn the graph to its original size, press .

� To specify the zoom factors within a programUse the following format to specify the zoom factor in a program.Factor (Xfactor), (Yfactor)

3.2.5 Trace functionThis function lets you move a pointer around a graph and display the x- and y- coordinates of the currentpointer location. You enlarge or reduce the x- and y- coordinates. Using the Trace function.

Graph sin EXEXALPHA

Xfact?2.

Xfact?1.5_

Yfact?0.

Yfact?2_

Xfact?1.5

EXE

EXE

SHIFT Factor

SHIFT Factor

SHIFT Factor

SHIFT Factor

EXESHIFT Cls

SHIFT Zoom xl/f

SHIFT Zoom xl/f

SHIFT Zoom xl/f

SHIFT Zoom org


GB

Example: To use the Trace function in combination with the Zoom function to analyze thegraph for y=x2-3. Use the following range parameters for the original graph (seven significantdigits specified).

Xmin : -4 Ymin : -8

Xmax : 4 Ymax : 8

Xscl : 2 Yscl : 4

After specifying the range parameters, graph y=x2-3.

3

Activate the Trace function

Use or to move the pointer along the graph. Each press moves the cursor one point. Move the pointer to the point where the graph intersects the x-axis and press to displayx-coordinate value.

Press to change the coordinate display to show the y-coordinate.

Now use the Zoom function to enlarge the graph. First specify a factor of 2 on the x- and y-axes.

2

*** Whenever you try to change the factor value while a graph is displayed, the display changes to the textscreen automatically. To return to the graph screen after changing the factor value, press .

Now enlarge the graph according to the factors.

Activate the Trace function and move the pointer again.

Graph

Trace

x2 EXEXALPHA -

EXESHIFT Cls

SHIFT Value

SHIFT Value

SHIFT X↔Y

SHIFT X↔Y

EXE

EXE

SHIFT Factor Xfact?1.5

Yfact?2.

Xfact?2.

SHIFT Factor

SHIFT Zoom xf

Trace SHIFT X↔Y

SHIFT Factor

- 0.287197231

- 1.647058824

Enlarge the graph again to check the location of the pointer.

Activate the Trace function and move the pointer again.

~

View the x-coordinate value.

Press to display the x-coordinate.

Press again to exit the Trace function.

As you can see above, the Trace and Zoom functions can be used to locate the pointer at an approximatepoint, and then SHIFT value produces a readout of the coordinates.To return the graph to its original size, press .

(Important)The pointer does not move at fixed intervals. It follows the dots on the display. Because of this , thisvalues provided for coordinates are approximate.

*** The Trace function only be used immediately after a graph is drawn. This function cannot be used ifother calculations or operations (except ) have been employed after a graph hasbeen drawn.*** The x-y coordinate values consist of a 10 digits (max.) mantissa or a 7 digits (max) mantissa plus a 2digits exponent. Negative values are one digit shorter because one digit is used for the negative sign.*** The Trace function cannot be written into a program.*** The Trace function can be used during a “Disp” display.*** When the format “ formula formula ” is executed and a graph is drawnby pressing directly after executing the Trace function during halt status, the previous coordinatevalue remains on the display. After the Trace function is executed and the text display is brought up usingthe key, pressing causes the next graph to appear and the coordinate value to clear.Examine the above using 2 5.

3.2.6 Plot functionThe Plot function is used to mark a point on the screen of a graph display. The point can be moved left,right, up and down using the cursor keys, and the coordinates for the graph displayed can be read. Twopoints can also be connected by a straight line.


GB

ZoomxfSHIFT

ValueSHIFT

Trace

Trace

Trace

SHIFT X↔Y

SHIFT X↔Y

SHIFT X↔Y

SHIFT Zoom org

SHIFT Zoom org

Range

Graph Graph

Factor

EXE

EXE

G↔T

G↔T

EXE

Graph x2XALPHA Graph X +ALPHAALPHA

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ ?W26X? @@@@@@@@ W&@@1? @@@@@@@@ *@@@@L @@@@@@@@ V'@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ 3@@@)X @@@@@@@@ N@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@1? @@@@@@@@ N@@@@L @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ 3@@@1? @@@@@@@@ N@@@@L @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ 3@@@)X @@@@@@@@ N@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@1? @@@@@@@@ N@@@@L @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ 3@@@)X @@@@@@@@ N@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@1? @@@@@@@@ N@@@@L @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@1? @@@@@@@@ 3@@@@L @@@@@@@@ V'@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ 3@@@)X @@@@@@@@ N@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@)X @@@@@@@@ N@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@1? @@@@@@@@ N@@@@L @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@1? @@@@@@@@ 3@@@@L @@@@@@@@ V'@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ 3@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@)X @@@@@@@@ N@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@@1? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@L @@@@@@@@ V'@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ 3@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@1? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@L @@@@@@@@ V'@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ 3@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@)X @@@@@@@@ N@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?3@@@@1? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@L @@@@@@@@ V'@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ 3@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@1? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@L @@@@@@@@ V'@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?N@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ 3@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@1 @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@L? @@@@@@@@ W2@? ?V'@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?W&@@? N@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?7@@@? ?3@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@? 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@@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@)K? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@6X? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ V4@@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ I'@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@)K? @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@6X? @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@@)X @@@@@@@@ V4@@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ I'@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ ?V'@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@)K? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@@6X? @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ V4@@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ I'@@@@@)K? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@@6X? @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ V4@@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ I'@@@@@)X? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ V'@@@@@)K? @@@@@@@@ ?V4@@@@@@6X? @@@@@@@@ ?I'@@@@@)K @@@@@@@@ V4@@@@@@6X @@@@@@@@ I'@@@@@)K? 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x =-1.705882353

y =-0.114186851

Press and specify the x- and y-coordinate after the “Plot” message.Example: Plot a point at x=2 and y=2 on the axes created by the following range values:


Xmax : 5 Ymax : 10

Xscl : 1 Yscl : 2

2 2

The blinking pointer is positioned at the specified coordinates. Press to display the x-coordinate value.

*** Due to limitations caused by the resolution of the display, the actual position of the pointer can onlybe approximate.*** When press to display the x-coordinate value, a blinking pointer becomes a fixed point(not blinking)*** The pointer can be moved left, right, up and down using the cursor keys. The current position of thepointer is always shown at the bottom of the display.

To view the y-coordinate value:

Now, inputting a new coordinate value causes the new pointer to blink without clearing the presentpointer.

2 6.5

If x-y coordinates are not specified for the Plot function, the pointer appears at the center of the screen.Set the following range values:Xmin : -2 Ymin : -2Xmax : 5 Ymax : 10Xscl : 1 Yscl : 2

To find the y-coordinate value:

*** Attempting to plot a point outside of the preset range is disregarded.*** The x- any y-coordinates of the pointer used in the Plot function are respectively stored in theX memory and y memory.*** A blinking pointer becomes a fixed point (not blinking) when a new pointer is created.


GB

PlotSHIFT

PlotSHIFT

ValueSHIFT

EXESHIFT ,

PlotSHIFT EXESHIFT ,

ValueSHIFT

ValueSHIFT

PlotSHIFT EXE

ValueSHIFT

ValueSHIFT

SHIFT X↔Y

ValueSHIFT

SHIFT X↔Y

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3@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ V4@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ @@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ 3@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ V4@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

x= 2.058823529

x= 3.529411765

Blinking dot

3.2.7 Line functionThe Line function makes it possible to connect two points (including the blinking pointer) created with thePlot function with a straight line. With this function, user generated lines can be added to graphs to makethem easier to read.Example: draw perpendiculars from point (2,0) on the x-axis to its intersection with the graphfor y=3x. Then draw a line from the point of intersection to the y-axis.The range values for the graph are as follows:Xmin : -2 Ymin : -2Xmax : 5 Ymax : 10Xscl : 1 Yscl : 2

Clear the graph display and draw the graph for y=3x.

3

Next, use the Plot function to locate a point at (2,0)

2 0

Now plot a point at (2,0) again and use the cursor key (→)to move the pointer up to the point on the pointon the graph (y=3x).

2 0~

(Move the pointer up to the point on the graph for y=3x.)Draw a line using the Line function.

Next, a perpendicular will be drawn from the same point on the graph to the y-axis. First, plot thepoint on the graph and use the cursor key to move the pointer to the y-axis. This can beaccomplished using Plot X, Y since the x-y coordinates of the point on the graph are stored in the Xand Y memories.

~ (Move the pointer to the y-axis)

*** The Line function can only be used to draw lines between the blinking pointer and a fixed pointcreated using the Plot function.

3.2.8 Graph scroll functionImmediately after you have drawn a graph, you can scroll it on the display. Use the cursor keys to scrollthe graph left, right, up and down.To scroll the graph on the displayExample: To draw the graph for y=0.25 (x+2) (2x+1) (2x-5), y=2x-3, and then scroll it.

Xmin : -5 Ymin : -8

Xmax : 5 Ymax : 8

Xscl : 1 Yscl : 2


GB

Graph EXEXALPHA

EXESHIFT Cls

EXESHIFT Line

EXESHIFT Line



EXEYALPHA,PlotSHIFT SHIFTXALPHA

EXEYALPHA,PlotSHIFT SHIFTXALPHA

3.3 SOME GRAPHING EXAMPLES

The following examples are presented to show you some ways that the graphing functions can be usedeffectively.Example 1: to graph the function y=x3-9x2+27x+50Use the following range parameters.


Xmax : 10 Ymax : 150

Xscl : 2 Yscl : 20

39 27 50

Example 2: To graph the function y=x4+4x3-36x2-160x+300 Use the following range parameters.

Xmin : -10 Ymin : -600


Xscl : 2 Yscl : 200

4 4 3 36 160

300

4 PROGRAM CALCULATIONS4.1 WHAT IS A PROGRAM?

This unit has a built-in program feature that facilitates repeat calculations. The program feature is used for the conse-cutive execution of formulas in the same way as the “multi-statement” feature is used in manual calculations.

Programs will be discussed here with the aid of illustrative examples.

Example: Find the surface area and volume of a regular octahedron when the length of one side is given.

0.25 22 1 2

52 3

Press to return the graph to its original position after scroll operations.


GB

EXESHIFT Cls

SHIFT Zoom Org

EXE

XALPHAGraph ALPHA( )+

XALPHAGraph -

XALPHA :)-

EXE

EXE

SHIFT Cls

XALPHA xyGraph -

XALPHA x2 +

XALPHA +

EXE

EXE

SHIFT Cls

XALPHA xyGraph +

XALPHA xy -

XALPHA xy -

XALPHA +

XALPHA( ()+

Length of one side (A) Surface area (S) Volume (V)

10 cm ( ) cm2 ( ) cm3

7 ( ) ( )

15 ( ) ( )

*** Fill in the parentheses.


GB

1) FormulasFor a surface area S, volume V and one side A, S and V for a regular octahedron are defined as:

S = 2√3A2 V = A3

2) ProgrammingCreation a program based on calculation formulas is known as “programming”. Here a program will becreated based upon the formulas given above. The basis of a program is manual calculation, so first of all,consider the operational method used for manual calculation.

Surface area (S): 2 3 Numeric value A Volume (V): 2 3 Numeric value A 3

In the above example, numeric value A is used twice, so it should make sense to store it in memory A beforethe calculations.

Numeric value A2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S

2 3 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VWith this unit, the operations performed for manual calculations can be used as they are in a program. Onceprogram execution starts, it will continue in order without stopping, therefore, commands are required torequest the input of data and to display results. The command to request data input is “?”, while that to displayresults is “ ”.A “?” within a program will cause execution to stop temporarily and a “?” to appear on the display as the unitwaits for data input. This command cannot be used independently, and is used together with as “ memory name”. To store a numeric value in memory A, for example: ? → AWhen “?” is displayed, calculation commands and numeric values can be input within 127 steps.The “ ” command causes program execution to stop temporarily and the latest formula result oralphanumeric characters and symbols to be displayed. This command is used to mark positions in formulaswhere results are to be displayed. Since programs are ended and their final results displayed automatically, thiscommand can be omitted at the end of program. However, if the BASE-N mode is specified for baseconversion during a program, do not omit final “ ”.Here these two commands will be used in the previously presented procedure:

2 3 Input to memory A DisplayS

2 3 3 ( omitted)3) Program

The storage of programs is performed in the WRT mode which is specified by pressing .

when are pressed, the system mode changes to the WRT mode. Then, the number of remainingsteps is indicated. The number of remaining steps is decreased when programs are input or when memories areexpanded. If no programs have been input and the number of memories equals 26 (the number of memories atinitialization), the number of usable steps should equal 400. The larger figures located below indicate theprogram areas. If the letter “P” is followed by the numbers 0 through 9, it indicates that there are no programsstored in areas P0 through P9. The blinking zero here indicates the current program area is P0.Areas into which programs have already been stored are indicated by “_” instead of numbers.

AALPHA→ EXE

x x EXEx2

EXEx2

EXE

ALPHA A√

x x√

÷ x EXExyALPHA A√

÷ x√

?ALPHA

→→

°’ ‘’

x x2ALPHA A A

2MODE

2MODE

2MODE

WRT

400

PO123456789

WRT

226

PO12_34_6789

Number of remaining steps

√23

xy

÷ x ALPHA A√ xy

A √?ALPHA → : xALPHA

Here the previously mentioned program will be stored to program area P0 (indicated by the blinkingzero):

(Start storage)

2 3

2 3 3

After these operations are complete, the program is stored.*** After the program is stored, press to return to the RUN mode.

4) Program executionProgram are executed in the RUN mode ( ). The program area to be executed is specified usingthe Prog key.To execute P0: 0To execute P3: 3To execute P8: 8

5) Here the sample program that has been stored will be executed. The surface (S) and volume (V) for theregular octahedron in the sample problem are calculated


GB

A √?ALPHA → : xALPHA

WRT

_

_

WRT

011

?→A:2x√3xA2_

WRT

012

→A:2x√3xA2

EXE

x xyALPHA A

ALPHA �

WRT

020

√2÷3xAxy3_

�÷ x ALPHA A√ xy

1MODE

1MODE

?

?

471.4045208

1MODE

Prog EXE

Prog EXE0

Prog EXE0

EXE

EXE

EXE

01

Prog EXE

Prog EXE


10 cm (346.410615) cm2 (471.4045208) cm3

7.5 (169.7409791 ) (161.6917506)

20 (779.4228634) (1590.990258)

Disp

346.4101615

161.6917506

Disp

169.7409791

(Value of A)

EXE7

(Value of A)

Indicates answer displayedby ( S when A=10 )

(V when A=10)

(S when A=7)

(V when A=7)

Number of steps usedfor program area P0.

*** Program calculations are performed automatically with each press of when it is pressed after datais input or after the result is read.*** directly after a program in P0 is executed by pressing as in this example, the Prog 0command is stored by the replay function. Therefore, subsequent executions of the same program can be perfor-med by simply pressing .

Operation 0 (P0 program execution)10 (Input 10 for A)

(Display V when A=10)(Re-execute)

7 (Input 7 for A)(Display V when A=7)

4.2 PROGRAM CHECKING AND EDITING (Correction, Addition, Deletion)

Recalling a stored program can be performed in order to verify its contents. After specifying the desired programarea using or in the WRT mode ( ), the program contents will be displayed by pressing the

key. Once the program is displayed, the or key is used to advance the program one step at a time forverification.When the program has been improperly stored, editing can also be performed by adding to it or erasing portions. Herea new program will be created by checking and editing the previous sample program (the surface area and volume ofa regular tetrahedron).

Example: Find the surface area and volume of a regular tetrahedron when the length of one side is given

1) FormulasFor a surface area S, volume V and one side A, S and V for a regular octahedron are defined as:

S = √3A2 V = A3

2) ProgrammingAs with the previous example, the length of one side is stored in memory A and the program thenconstructed.

Numeric value A3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S3 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

When the above is formed into a program, it appears as follows:3

2 12 3

√212


GB

1590.990258

EXE

EXE

51 Disp

779.4228634(Value of A) (S when A=15)

(V when A=15)

?Prog EXE

Prog EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

0

2MODE

Prog EXE

EXE

0

EXE


10 cm ( ) cm2 ( ) cm3

7.5 ( ) ( )

20 ( ) ( )

AALPHA→ EXE

x EXEx2ALPHA A√÷ x EXExyALPHA A√

x x2ALPHA ALPHAA

÷ x ALPHA A√ xy

A √?ALPHA → :ALPHA

3) Program editingFirst, a comparison of the two programs would be helpful.Octahedron: 2 3

2 3 3Tetrahedron: 3

2 12 34) The octahedron program can be changed to a tetrahedron program by deleting the parts marked with wavy

lines, and changing those that are marked with straight lines.In actual practice, this would be performed as follows:

x 9 times

5) Program executionNow this program will be executed.


GB

x x x2ALPHA ALPHAA

÷ x ALPHA A√ xy


x x2ALPHA ALPHAA

÷ x ALPHA A√ xy


2MODE

1MODE

WRT

380

P_123456789

WRT

000

?_A:2x√3xA2

EXE

EXE

EXE WRT

004

?→A:√3xA2 √2

�

WRT

015

√3xA2 √2÷123

�

WRT

015

√3xA2 √2÷12x

_

�

Cursor located at beginning. Press to bring cursorto end

Locate cursor at position to be delete. And delete two characters.

Insert two characters.

Delete unnecessary 3.

Editing complete.

Return to the RUN mode.

DEL

DEL DEL

SHIFT Ins

1 2SHIFT Ins

DELSHIFT


10 cm (173.2050808 ) cm2 (117.8511302) cm3

7.5 (97.42785793 ) (49.71844555)

20 (692.820323) (942.8090416)

_1MODE

?

97.42785793

Prog EXE0

?Prog EXE0

173.20508081 EXE0

7 EXE. 5

117.8511302EXE

49.71844555EXE


GB

692.820323

?Prog EXE0

2 EXE0

942.8090416EXE

4.3 PROGRAM DEBUGGING (Correcting Errors)

After a program has been created and input, it will sometimes generate error messages when it is executed, orit will produce unexpected results. This indicates that there is an error somewhere within the program that needs tobe corrected. Such programming errors are referred to as “bugs”, while correcting them is called “debugging”.

4.3.1 Debugging when an error message is generatedAn error message is displayed as follows:

The error message informs the operator of the program area (P0 to P9) in which the error was generated. It also statesthe type of error, which gives an idea of the proper countermeasure to be taken.

4.3.2 Error messages There are a total of seven error messages.1) Syn ERROR (Syntax error): Indicates a mistake in the formula or a misuse of program commands.2) Ma ERROR (Mathematical error): Indicates the calculation result of a numeric expression exceeds

10100, an illogical operation (e.g. division by zero), or the input of an argument that exceeds the inputrange of the function.

3) Go ERROR (Jump error): Indicate a missing Lbl for the Goto command, or that the program area forthe Prog command does not contain a program.

4) Ne ERROR (Nesting error): Indicates a subroutine nesting overflow by the Prog command.5) Stk ERROR (Stack error): Indicates the calculation performed exceeds the capacity of the stack for

numeric values or for commands.6) Mem ERROR (Memory error): Indicates the attempt to use a memory name such as Z[5] without

having expanded memories.

Program check

Correction

Deletion

Insertion

Operation

� WRT mode specification

� Program area specification (Omitted if P0)

� Start verification

� Verification of contents

� Move the cursor to the position to be corrected

� Press correct keys.

� Move the cursor to the position to be corrected

� Delete

� Move the cursor to the position to be inserted into

� Specify the insert mode.

� Press desired keys.

Keys used

EXE

2MODE

EXE

DEL

SHIFT Ins

PO Syn ERROR

Type of error.

Program area where error wasgenerated.


GB

7) Arg ERROR (Argument error): Indicates the argument of a command or specification in a programexceeds the input range (e.g. Sci 10, Goto 11)

Further operation will become impossible when an error message is displayed. Press , or to cancel the error.Press cancels the error and new key input becomes possible.With this operation, the RUN mode is maintained.Pressing or cancels the error and changes the system mode to the WRT mode. The cursor ispositioned at the location where the error was generated to allow modification of the program to eliminate theerror.

4.3.3 Checkpoints for each type of errorThe following are checkpoints for each type of error:1) Syn error: Verify again that there are no errors in the program.2) Ma ERROR: For calculations that require use of the memories. Check to see that the numeric values

in the memories do not exceed the range of the arguments. This type of error often occurs withdivision by 0 or the calculation of negative square roots.

3) Go ERROR: Check to see that there is a corresponding Lbl n when Goto n is used. Also chick to seethat the program in P n has been correctly input when Prog n is used.

4) Ne ERROR: Check to ensure that the Prog command is not used in the branched program area toreturn execution to the original program area.

5) Stk ERROR: Check to see that the formula is not too long thus causing a stack overflow. If this is thecase, the formula should be divided into two or more parts.

6) Mem ERROR: Check to see that memories were properly expanded using “ n ”(Defm). When using array-type memories, check to see that the subscripts are correct.

7) Arg ERROR: Check whether values specified by (Sci) or (Fix) arewithin the range of 0~9. Also check whether values specified by Goto, Lbl, or Prog commands arewithin 0—9. Also ensure that memory expansion using (Defm) is performed withinthe remaining number of steps and that the value used for expansion is not negative.

4.4 COUNTING THE NUMBER OF STEPS

The program capacity of this unit consists of a total of 400 steps.The number of steps indicates the amount of storage space available for program., and it will decrease as programsare input. The number of remaining steps will also be decreased when steps are converted to memories. There are twomethods to determine the current number of remaining steps:

1) when are pressed in the RUN mode, the number of remaining steps will be displayedtogether with the number of memories.Example:

2) Specify the WRT mode ( ), and the number of remaining steps will appear. At this time thestatus of the program areas can also be determined.

Basically, one function requires a single step, but there are some commands where one function requires two steps.� One function / one step: sin,cos,tan,log,(,)1,2,3 etc.� One function / two steps: Lbl 1 ,Prog 8 etc.

Each step can be verified by the movement of the cursorExample:

AC

AC

7MODE

2MODE

2MODE

8MODE

.MODE

.MODE

.MODE EXE

EXE

.MODE EXE

.MODE EXE

M-26 S-381

WRT

381

P_123456789

WRT

000

?→A:√3xA2 √2

Number of remainingsteps

Present cursor position

�

4.5 PROGRAM AREAS AND CALCULATION MODES

This unit contains a total of 10 program areas are all utilized in the same manner, and 10 independent programs canbe input. One main program (main routine) and a number of secondary programs (subroutines) can also be stored. Thetotal number of steps available for storage in program areas P0 through P9 is 400 maximum. Specification of a pro-gram area is performed as follows:RUN mode: Press any key from 0 through 9 after pressing the Prog key. Then press .Example: P0

P8*** In this mode, program execution begins when is pressed.WRT mode: Use or to move the cursor under the program area to be specified and press .Only the numbers of the program areas that do not yet contain programs will be displayed. “_” symbols indicateprogram areas which already contain program.

Example:

4.5.1 Program area and calculation mode specification in the WRT modeBesides normal function calculations, to perform binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal calculations andconversions, standard deviation calculations, and regression calculations in a program, a calculation modemust be specified. Program mode specification and program area specification are performed at the sametime. First the WRT mode is specified ( ), and then a calculation mode is specified. Next,the program area is specified, and, when is pressed, the calculation mode is memorized in theprogram area.Henceforth, stored programs will be accompanied with the calculation mode.Example: Memorizing the BASE-N mode in P2

As shown above, the calculation mode will be memorized into a program area.

4.5.2 Cautions concerning the calculation modesAll key operations available in each calculation mode can be stored as programs, but, depending on thecalculation mode, certain commands of functions cannot be used.


GB

WRT

006

?→A:√3xA2 √2

6th step

WRT

292

P_123_ _67_ 9

Programs already stored in these program area

Assuming that nothing is stored

Specify P2

Specify the BASE-N mode

At this time, each press of a cursor key ( or ) will cause the cursor to move to the next sequential step. Example:

EXE

EXE

Prog EXE0

Prog EXE8

EXE

2MODE

EXE

EXE

WRT

400

P0123456789

2MODE -MODE

2MODE -MODE

WRT

400

P0123456789

BASE-N WRT

000

_


GB

BASE-N mode� Function calculations cannot be performed.� Units of angular measurement cannot be specified.� All program commands can be used.� Be sure to include a “ ” at the final result output to return to the previous calculation mode when a

program execution is terminated. Failure to do so may result in a decimal display or an error.

SD1, SD2 mode� Among the functions, Abs and e3√ cannot be used.� Among the program commands, Dsz, > and < cannot be used.

Mode LR1, LR2� Among the functions, Abs and 3√ cannot be used.� Among the program commands, →, =, ≠, Isz, > , < , Dsz, < and > cannot be used.

4.6 ERASING PROGRAMS

Erasing of programs is performed in the PCL mode. Press to specify the PCL mode. There are twomethods used to erase programs: erasing a program located in a single program area and erasing all programs.

4.6.1 Erasing a single programTo erase a program in a single program area, specify the PCL mode and press the key afterspecifying the program area.Example: erase the program in P3 only.

4.6.2 Erasing all programsTo erase all programs stored in program areas 0 through 9, specify the PCL mode and press andthe .Example: erase the programs stored in P0, P4, P8 and P9.

P0,P3 and P9 already containprograms

Align cursor with P3

Number 3 appears after deletion

Return to RUN mode

PCL

302

P_12_45678_

3MODE

PCL

302

P_12_45678_

1MODE

BASE-N

345

P_12_45678_

3

AC

AC

MODE

_

PCL

273

P_123_567_ _

MclMODE

1MODE

3MODE

PCL

400

P0123456789

_

SHIFT

Mcl


GB

4.7 CONVENIENT PROGRAM COMMANDS

The programs for this unit are made based upon manual calculations. Special program commands, however, are avai-lable to allow the selection of the formula, and repetitive execution of the same formula.Here, some of these commands will be used to produce more convenient programs.

4.7.1 Jump commandsJump commands are used to change the flow of program execution.Programs are executed in the order that they are input (from the lowest step number first) until the end of the program is reached. This system is not very convenient when there are repeat calculations to be performed or when it is desirable to transfer execution to another formula. It is in these cases, however, thatthe jump commands are very effective. There are three types of jump commands: a simple unconditionaljump to a branch destination, conditional jumps that decide the branch destination by whether a certaincondition is true or not, and count jumps the increase or decrease a specific memory by one and then decide the branch destination after checking whether the value stored equals zero or not.

4.7.2 Unconditional jumpThe unconditional jump is composed of “Goto” and “Lbl”. When program execution reaches the statement“Goto n” (where n is number from 0 through 9), execution then jumps to “Lbl n” (n is the same value asGoto n). The unconditional jump is often used in simple programs to return execution to the beginning forrepetitive calculations, or to repeat calculations from a point within a program. Unconditional jumps arealso used in combination with conditional and count jumps.Example: The previously presented program to find the surface area and volume of a regular tetra-hedron will be rewritten using “Goto 1” and “Lbl 1” to allow repeat calculations.

?, →, A, :, √, 3, x, A, x2, ,√, 2, ÷, 1, 2, x, A, xy, 3 19 steps

*** Hereinafter, commas (,) will be used to separate steps for the sake of clarity.Add “Goto 1” to the end of the program, and add “Lbl 1” to the beginning of the program as the branchdestination.If this is simply left the way it is, however, the volume will not be displayed and execution will moveimmediately to the input of one side at the beginning. To prevent this situation, insert a display command( ) in front of the “Goto1”.The complete program with the unconditional jump added should look like this:

Lbl, 1, :, ?, →, A,: , √, 3, x, A, x2, ,√, 2, ÷, 1, 2, x, A, xy, 3, , Goto, 1 25 steps

Now let’s try executing this program.*** Henceforth, the displays will only show calculation result output.

10

7.5

Since the program is in an endless loop, it will continue execution. To terminate execution, press .

173.2050808

?Prog EXE0

EXE

117.8511302

97.42785793

?

?

_

49.71844555

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

EXE

1MODE

1MODE

Stored in P0. The length ofthe side =10

The length of the side =7.5


GB

Besides the beginning of the program, branch destinations can be designated at any point within theprogram.Example: calculate y=ax+b when the value for x changes each time, while a and b can also changedepending upon the calculation.

?, →, A, : , ?, °˙, B, :, Lbl, 1, :, ?, →, X, :,A, x, X, +, B, , Goto, 1 23 steps

When this program is executed, the values for a and b are stored in memories A and B respectively. Afterthat, only the value for x can be changed.In this way an unconditional jump is made in accordance with “Goto” and “Lbl”, and the flow of programexecution is changed.. when there is no “Lbl n” to correspond to a “Goto n”, an error (Go ERROR) isgenerated.

4.7.3 Conditional jumpsThe conditional jumps compare a numeric value in memory with a constant or a numeric value in anothermemory. If the condition is true, the statement following the “⇒” is executed, and if the condition is nottrue, execution skips the statement and continues following the next “ : ” or “ ”.Conditional jumps take on the following form:

Left side Right side ⇒ Statement { : }* Statement

* Anyone can be used.One memory name (alphabetic character from A through Z), constant numeric values or calculation for-mulas (Ax2, D—E, etc.) are used for “left side” and “right side”.The relational operator is a comparison symbol, there are 6 types of relational operators: A, h, k, j, B, ‘

Left side ≤ right side (left side equals right side)Left side ≤ right side (left side doesn’t equal right side)Left side ≤ right side (left side is greater than or equal right side)Left side ≤ right side (left side is less than or equal right side)Left side ≤ right side (left side is greater than right side)Left side ≤ right side (left side is less than right side)

The “→” is displayed when are pressed. If the condition is true, execution advances tothe statement following ⇒. If the condition is not true, the statement following ⇒ is skipped and execu-tion jumps to the statement following the next “≤” or “ ”.

If true

Left side Right side → Statement { : } Statement

If not true

A statement is a calculation formula (sin Ax5, etc.) or a program command (Goto, Prog, etc.), andeverything up to next “ :” or “ ” is regarded as one statement.Example: if an input numeric value is greater than or equal to zero, calculate the square root of that value.If the input value is less than zero, reinput another value.Program: Lbl, 1, :, ?, →, A, :, A, >, 0, ⇒, √, A, , Goto, 1 16 stepsIn this program, the input numeric value is stored in memory A, and then it is tested to determine whetherit is greater than, equal to or less than zero. If the contents of memory A are greater than or equal to 0 (notless than zero), the statement (calculation formula) located between “⇒” and “ ” will be executed, andthen Goto 1 returns execution to Lbl 1. If the contents of memory A are less than zero, execution will skipthe following statement to the next “ ” and return to Lbl 1 by Goto 1.Example: calculate the sum of input numeric values. If a 0 is input, the total should be displayed.Program 0, →, B, :,

Lbl, 1, :, ?, →, A, :, A, =, 0, ⇒, Goto, 2, :,A, +, B, →, B, :, Goto, 1, :,Lbl, 2, :, B 31 steps

SHIFT →

Relationaloperator

Relationaloperator


GB

In this program, a 0 is first stored in memory B to clear it for calculation of the sum. Next, the value inputby “? I A” is stored in memory A by “A=0⇒” and it is determined whether or not the value stored inmemory A equals zero. If A=0, goto 2 causes execution to jump to Lbl 2. If memory A does not equal 0,Goto then Goto 1 returns execution to Lbl 1.Execution from Lbl 2 will display the sum that has been stored in memory B. Actually, the displaycommand “4” is inserted following B, but here it can be omitted.The following illustration shows the flow of the program:

4.7.4 Count jumpsThe count jumps cause the value in a specified memory to be increased or decreased by 1. If the value doesequal 0, the following statement is skipped, and the statement following the next “:” or “ ” is executed.The “Isz” command is used to increase the value in memory by 1 and decide the subsequent execution,while the “Dsz” command is used to decrease the value by 1 and decide.

Example: Increase memory A by one ................... Isz ADecrease memory B by one …............... Dsz B

Program 1, 0, →, A, :, 0, →, C, :, Lbl, 1, :, ?, →,B, :, B, +, C, →, C, :,Dsz, A, :, Goto, 1, :, C, ÷, 1, 0 32 steps

In this program, first 10 is stored in memory A, and 0 is stored in memory C. Memory A is used as the“counter” and countdown is performed the specified number of times by the Dsz command. Memory C isused to store the sum of the inputs, and so first must be cleared by inputting 10. The numeric value inputin response to “?” is stored in memory B, and then the sum of the input values is stored in memory C by“B+C → C”.The statement Dsz A then decreases the value stored in memory A by 1. If the result does not equal 0, thefollowing statement, Goto 1 is executed. If the result equals 0, the following Goto 1 is skipped and “C÷10”is executed.

(A≠O)

(A=O)

A = O ⇒ Gogo 2 : A+B →Β : Goto 1

Lbl 1 : ? →A(A=O)

(A≠O)Lbl 2 :B

Isz Memory name: Statement Statement

Memory contents h0

Memory contents = 0

{ : }

Dsz Memory name: Statement Statement

Memory contents ≠ 0

Memory contents = 0

{ : }


GB

command

Unconditional jump

Conditional jumps

Count jumps

Formula

Lbl nGoto n (n = natural number from 0 through 9)

Left Relational RightSide Operator Side

Statement: Statement

(Relational operators: =, ≠ , <,>, >, <)

Isz Memory name:


Dsz Memory name:


(Memory name consists of single characterfrom A through Z, such as A[ ], etc.)

Operation

Performs unconditional jump toLbl n corresponding to Goto n

Left and right sides arecompared. If the conditionalexpression is true, thestatement after ⇒ is executed.If not true, execution jumps tothe statement following thenext: or Statementsinclude numeric expressions,Goto commands, etc

Numeric value stored inmemory is increased (Isz) ordecreased (Dsz) by one. Ifresult equals 0, a jump isperformed to the statementfollowing the next < or >. statements include numericexpressions, Goto commands,etc.

⇒

4.7.5 SubroutinesA program contained in a single program area is called a “main routine”. Often used program segmentsstored in other program areas are called “subroutines”. Subroutines can be used in a variety of ways to helpmake calculations easier. They can be used to store formulas for repeat calculations as one block to be jumped to each time, or to store often used formulas or operations for call up as required.

Example: Determine the altitude at one-second intervals of a ball thrown into the air at an initialvelocity of V(m/sec) and an angle of S°. The formula is expressed as: h = Vsinθt - 1/2gt2, with g=9.8,with the effects of air resistance being disregarded.Program: Deg, :, 0, →, T, :, ?, →, V, :, ?, →, S, :,

Lbl, 1, :, lsz, :, V, x, sin, S, x, T, -,9, ., 8, x, T, x2, ÷, 2, , Goto, 1 38 steps

In this program the unit of angular measurement is set and memory T is first initialized (cleared). Then theinitial velocity and angle are input into memories V and S respectively.Lbl 1 is used at the beginning of the repeat calculations. The numeric value stored in memory T is countedup (increased by 1) by Isz T. In this case, the Isz command is used only for the purpose of increasing thevalue stored in memory T, and the subsequent jump does not depend upon any comparison or decision. TheIsz command can also be used in the same manner as seen with the Dsz command for jumps that requiredecisions, but, as can be seen here, it can also be used to simply increase values. If, in place of the Isz com-mand, another method such as “T+1→T” is used, five steps are required instead of the two for the (Isz T)method shown here. Such commands are convenient ways of conserving memory space. Each timememory T is increased, calculation is performed according to the formula, and the altitude is displayed.It should be noted that this program is endless, so when the required value is obtained. arepressed to terminate the program.

(summary)

1MODE


GB

The subroutine command is “Prog” followed by a number from 0 through 9 which indicates the programarea.Example : Prog 0 ......... Jump to program area 0

Prog 2. ........ Jump to program area 2

After the jump is performed using the Prog. command, execution continues from the beginning of theprogram stored in the specified program area. After execution reaches the end of the subroutine, theprogram returns to the statement following the Prog n command in the original program area. Jumps canbe performed from one subroutine to another, and this procedure is known as “nesting”. Nesting can beperformed to a maximum of 10 levels, and attempts to exceed this limit will cause an error (Ne ERROR)to be generated. Attempting to use Prog to jump to a program area in which there is no program stored willalso result in an error (Go ERROR).*** A Goto n contained in a subroutine will jump to the corresponding Lbl n contained in that programarea.Example: Simultaneously execute the two previously presented programs to calculate the surfaceareas and volumes of a regular octahedron and tetrahedron.Express the result in three decimal places.This example employs two previously explained programs, and the first step is to input the specifiednumber of decimal places ( 3)Now let’s review the two original program.Regular octahedron

P0 Fix, 3, :, ?, →, A, :, 2, x, √, 3, x, A, x2, ,√, 2, ÷, 3, x, A, xy, 3 23 steps

Regular tetrahedronP1 Fix, 3, :, ?, →, A, :, √, 3, x, A, x2, ,

√, 2, ÷, 1, 2, x, A, xy, 3 22 stepsTotal: 45 steps

If the two programs are compared, it is evident that the underlined portions are identical. If these portionsare incorporated into a common subroutine, the programs are simplified and the number of steps requiredis decreased.Furthermore, the portions indicated by the wavy line are not identical as they stand, but if P1 is modifiedto: √, 2, ÷, 3, x, A, xy, 3, ÷, 4, the two portions become identical.Now the portions underlined by the straight line will be stored as an independent routine in P9 and thoseunderlined with the wavy line will be stored in P8.

P9 Fix, 3, :, ?, →, A, :, √, 3, x, A, x2, 12 stepsP8 √, 2, ÷, 3, x, A, xy, 3 8 steps

After the common segments have been removed, the remainder of the regular octahedron formula is storedin P0, and that of the regular tetrahedron is stored in P1. Of course, the “Prog 9” and “Prog 8” must beadded to jump to subroutines P9 and P8.

P0 Prog, 9, :, Ans, x, 2, , Prog, 8 9 stepsP1 Prog, 9, , Prog, 8, :, Ans, ÷, 4 9 steps

Total: 38 stepsWith this configuration, execution jumps to program P9 at the beginning of programs P0 and P1, threedecimal places are specified, the value for one side is entered, and the surface area of the tetrahedron iscalculated. The expression “2x” of the original octahedron formula was omitted in P9, so when executionreturns to P0, “Ansx2” is used to obtain the surface of the octahedron.

7MODE

Main routine

P0

Prog 3

Prog 2

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4


GB

In the case of P1, the result of P9 needs no further modification and so is immediately displayed upon returnto P1.Calculation of the volumes is also performed in a similar manner. After a jump is made to P8 forcalculation, execution returns to the main routines. In P0, the program ends after the volume of theoctahedron is displayed. In P1, however, the result calculated in P8 is divided by four to obtain thevolume of the tetrahedron. By using subroutines in this manner, steps can be shortened and programsbecome neat and easy to read.The following illustration shows the flow of the program just presented.

By isolating the common portions of the two original programs and storing them in separate program areas,steps are shortened and programs take on a clear configuration.

4.8 ARRAY-TYPE MEMORIES

4.8.1 Using array-type memoriesUp to this point all of the memories used have been referred to by single alphabetic characters such as A,B, X, or Y. With the array-type memory introduced here, a memory here, a memory name (one alphabeticcharacter from A through Z) is appended with a subscript such as [1] or [2].*** Brackets are input by and .

Standard memory Array-type memoryA A[0] C[-2]B A[1] C[-1]C A[2] C[0]D A[3] C[1]E A[4] C[2]

Proper utilization of subscripts shortens programs and makes them easier to use. Negative values used assubscripts are counted in relation to memory zero as shown above.Example: Input the numbers 1 through 10 into memories A through J.

Using standard memories1, →, A, :, 2, →, B, :, 3, →, C, :, 4, →, D, :, 5, →, E, :, 6, →, F, :, 7, →, G, :, 8, →, H, :,9, →, l, :, 1, 0, →, J 40 steps

using array-type memories0, →, Z, :, Lbl, 1, :, Z, +, 1, →, A, [, Z, ], :,Isz, Z, :, Z, <, 1, 0, fi, Goto, 1 26 steps

In the case of using standard memories, inputting values into memories one by one is both inefficient andtime consuming. What happens if we want to see a value stored in a specific memory.

Using standard memoriesLbl, 1, :, ?, →, Z, :,Z, =, 1, fi, A, , Z, =, 2, fi, B, ,Z, =, 3, fi, C, ,Z, =, 4, fi, D, ,Z, =, 5, fi, E, , Z, =, 6, fi, F, ,Z, =, 7, fi, G, , Z, =, 8, fi, H, ,Z, =, 9, fi, I, , Z, =, 1, 0, fi, J, ,Goto, 1 70 steps

[ALPHA ]ALPHA

P0 P9 P1


GB

Using array-type memoriesLbl, 1, :, ?, →, Z, :, A, [, Z, -, 1, ], ,Goto, 1 16 steps

The difference is readily apparent. When using the standard memories, the input value is compared one byone with the value assigned to each memory ( e.g. A=1, B=2,ˇ)With the array-type memories, the input value is immediately stored in the proper memory determined by“[Z-1]”. Formulas (Z-1,A+10, etc.) can even be used for the subscript.

4.8.2 Cautions when using array-type memoriesWhen using array-type memories, a subscript is appended to an alphabetic character that representsa standard memory from A through Z.Therefore, care must be taken to prevent overlap of memories.The relation is as follows:

A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6]

B[-1] B[0] B[1] B[2] B[3] B[4] B[5]

C[-2] C[-1] C[0] C[1] C[2] C[3] C[4]

G[-6] G[-5] G[-4] G[-3] G[-2] G[-1] G[-0]

A[23] A[24] A[25] A[26] A[27]

B[22] B[23] B[24] B[25] B[26]

C[21] C[22] C[23] C[24] C[25]

G[17] G[18] G[19] G[20] G[21]

X[0] X[1] X[2] X[3] X[4]

Y[-1] Y[0] Y[1] Y[2] Y[3]

Z[-2] Z[-1] Z[0] Z[1] Z[2]

The following shows a case in which array-type memories overlap with standard format memories. Thissituation should always be avoided.

Example: Store the numeric values from 1 through 5 in memories A[1] through A[5] respectively.5, →, C, :, Lbl, 1, :, C, →, A, [, C, ], :,Dsz, C, :, Goto, 1, :, A, [, 1, ], , A, [, 2, ], , A, [, 3, ], ,A, [, 4, ], , A, [, 5, ] 44 steps

In this program, the values 1 through 5 are stored in the array-type memories A[1] through A[5],and memory C is used as a counter memory.. when this program is executed, the following results areobtained:

0.

1.Prog EXE0

EXE

3.EXE

4.EXE

5.EXE


GB

As can be seen, the second displayed value (which should be 2) in A[2] is incorrect. This problem hasoccurred because memory A[2] is the same as memory C.

A B C D E FA[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5]

The content of memory C (A[2]) is decreased from 5 to 0 in steps of 1. Therefore, the content of memory A[2] is displayed as 0.

4.8.3 Application of the array-type memoriesIt is sometimes required to treat two different types of data as a single group. In this case, memories fordata processing and those for data storage should be kept separate.Example: store data x and y in memories. When an x value is input, the corresponding y value is dis-played. There will be a total of pieces of data.

Example program 1Memory A is used as the data control memory, and memory B is used for temporary storage of the x data.The x data are stored in memories C[1] (memory D) through C[15] (memory R), and the y data are storedin memories C[16] (memory S) through C[30] (memory Z(7)).

1, →, A, :, Defm, 7, :,Lbl, 1, :, ?, →, C, [, A, ], :,?, →, C, [, A, +, 1, 5, ], :,Isz, A, :, A, =, 1, 6, ⇒, Goto, 2, :, Goto, 1, :,Lbl, 2, :, 1, 5, →, A, :, ?, →, B, :,B, =, 0, ⇒, Goto, 5, :, Lbl, 3, :, B, =, C, [, A, ], ⇒, Goto, 4, :, Dsz, A, :, Goto, 3, :, Goto, 2, :,Lbl, 4, :, C, [, A, +, 1, 5, ],:, Goto, 2, :,Lb, 5 98 steps

In this program, memories are used as follows:x date: C[1] C[2] C[3] C[4] C[5] C[6] C[7] C[8]

D E F G H I J KC[9] C[10] C[11] C[12] C[13] C[14] C[15]

L M N O P Q Ry date: C[16] C[17] C[18] C[19] C[20] C[21] C[22] C[23]

S T U V W X Y ZZ: C[24] C[25] C[26] C[27] C[28] C[29] C[30]

Z(1) Z(2) Z(3) Z(4) Z(5) Z(6) Z(7)

Example program 2: The same memories are used as in Example 1, but two types of memory names areused and the x and y data kept separate

1, →, A, :, Defm, 7, :,Lbl, 1, :, ?, →, C, [, A, ], :,?, →, R, [, A, ], :,Isz, A, :, A, =, 1, 6, ⇒, Goto, 2, :, Goto, 1, :,Lbl, 2, :, 1, 5, →, A, :, ?, →, B, :,B, =, 0, fi, Goto, 5, :, Lbl, 3, :, B, =, C, [, A, ], ⇒, Goto, 4, :, Dsz, A, :, Goto, 3, :, Goto, 2, :,Lbl, 4, :, R, [, A, ], :, Goto, 2, :,Lb, 5 92 steps

Memories are used as follows:x date: C[1] C[2] C[3] C[4] C[5] C[6] C[7] C[8]

D E F G H I J KC[9] C[10] C[11] C[12] C[13] C[14] C[15]

L M N O P Q R


GB

y date: R[1] R[2] R[3] R[4] R[5] R[6] R[7] R[8]S T U V W X Y Z

Z: R[9] R[10] R[11] R[12] R[13] R[14] R[15]Z(1) Z(2) Z(3) Z(4) Z(5) Z(6) Z(7)

In this way, the memory names can be changed. However, since memory names are restricted to the lettersfrom A through Z, the expanded memories ( ) can only be used as array-type memories.

*** The memory expansion command (Defm) can be used in a program.

Example: Expand the number of memories by 14 to make a total of 40 available.Defm, 1, 4, :, ......

4.9 DISPLAYING ALPHA-NUMERIC CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS

Displaying Alpha-Numeric Characters and Symbols Alphabetic characters, numbers, calculation command symbols,etc. can be displayed as messages. They are enclosed in quotation marks ( ).Alpha-numeric characters and symbols� Characters and symbols displayed when pressed following :

[, ], k, m, µ, n, p, f, space, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

� Other numbers, symbols, calculation commands, program command0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, (, ), √, E, �, �, x, ÷, ...sin, cos, tan, log, ln, ...=, ≠, >, <, <, >, ...A, B, C, D, E, F, d, h, b, oNeg, Not, and, or, xorx, y, xsn, ssn-1, ...°( ), r ( ), g ( )

*** All of the above noted characters can be used in the same manner as the alphabetic characters.In the preceding example requiring an input of two types of data (x, y), the prompt “?” does not give any informationconcerning the type of input expected. A message can be inserted before the “?” to verify the type of data required forinput.

Lbl, 1, :, ?, →, X, :, ?, →, Y, :, ...The message “X=” and “Y=” will be inserted into this program.

Lbl, 1, :, ”, X, =, ”, ?, →, X, :,”, Y, =, ”, ?, →, Y, :, ˇ

If messages are included as shown here, the display is as follows (Assuming that the program is sorted in P1).

10

Messages are also convenient when displayed result in program calculations.Example: Lbl, 0, :, ”, N, =, ”, ?, →, B, ~, C, :,

0, →, A, :, Lbl, 1, :, C, ÷, 2, →, C, :, Frac, C, ≠, 0, →, Goto, 3, :, Isz, A, �, C, =, 1, →, Goto, 2, :, Goto, 1, :,Lbl, 2, :, ”, X, =, ”, , A, , Goto, 0, �, Lbl, 3, :, ”, N, O, ”, , Goto, 0 70 steps

.MODE

ALPHA

ALPHA

’ ’

SHIFT 4MODE SHIFT 5MODE SHIFT 6MODE

Y = ?

X = ?Prog EXE1

EXE


GB

This program calculates the x power of 2. A prompt of “N=?” appears for data input. The result is displayedby pressing while “X=” is displayed. When an input data is not the x power of 2, the display“NO” appears and execution returns to the beginning for reinput.*** Always follow a message with a whenever a formula follows the message.Assuming that the program is stored in P2:

4096

3124

512

The display is capable of showing up to 12 alpha characters at one time. For messages that are longer than12 characters us (Disp) to divide the message.

4.10 USING THE GRAPH FUNCTION IN PROGRAMS

Using the graph function within programs makes it possible to graphically represent long, complexequations and to overwrite graphs repeatedly. All graph commands (except the Trace function) can beincluded in programs. Range values can also be written into the program.Generally, manual graph operations can be used in programs without modification.Example 1: Graphically determine the number of solutions (real roots) that satisfy both of thefollowing two equations.

y=x4-x3-24x2+4x+80y=10x-30

The range values are as follows.

Xmin : -10 Ymin : -120


Xscl : 2 Yscl : 50

First, program the range setting. Note that values are separated from each other by commas “,”.

Range, (-), 1, 0, ′, 1, 0, ′, 2, ′, (-), 1, 2, 0, ′, 1, 5, 0, ′, 5, 0

Next, program the equation for the first graph.

Graph, X, xy, 4, -, X, xy, 3, -, 2, 4, X, x2, +, 4, X, +, 8, 0

Finally program the equation for the second graph.

Graph, 1, 0, X, -, 3, 0 Total 47 steps

When inputting this program, press after input of the ranges and the first equation.

The following should appear on the display when the program is executed:

X =

N = ?Prog EXE0

EXE

EXE

12.EXE

X =

N = ?Prog EXE0

Prog EXE0

EXE

9.EXE

N = ?EXE

NOEXE

:


GB

A “ ” can be input after the first equation to suspend execution after the first graph is produced. Tocontinue execution to the next graph, press .The procedure outlined above can be used to produce a wide variety of graphs.The library of this manual includes a number of examples of graph programming

Function Reference

1. Manual Calculations

EXE

Mode specification

Functions

Binary, octal, decimal,hexadecimal calculations

COMP mode

BASE-N mode

SD1 mode

LR1 mode

SD2 mode

LR2 mode

Type A function

Type B function

Variable function

Immediately executedfunctions

Setting number system

Four arithmetic and function calculations.

Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversions and calculations,logical operations.

Standard deviation calculations (1-variable statistical).

Regression calculations (paired variable statistical).

For production of single variable statistical graphs. (Bar graphs, normal distribution curves)

For production of paired variable statistical graphs. (regression lines)

Function command input immediately after numeric value.(x2, x-1, x!, 0, r, g, °„’ ”)

Function command input immediately before numeric value.(sin, cos, tan, arcsin(sin-1), arccos(cos-1),arctan(tan-1), sh, ch, th, argsh,argch, argth, log ln, ex, 10x, √, 3√, Abs, lnt, Frac, etc.)

Function command input immediately before numeric value.A xy B (A to the Bth power),B x√ A (A to the 1/Bth power),Pol (A,B), Rec (A,B)*** A and B are numeric values.

Displayed value changed with each press of a key.

( ENG, ← ,°’ ”)

Decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . .Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Octal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SHIFT xMODE

SHIFT ÷MODE

+MODE

-MODE

÷MODE

xMODE

Dec EXE

Hex EXE

Bin EXE

Oct EXE

← ←


GB

Standard deviation calculations

Regression calculation

Number system specification

Logical operations

Data clear

Data input

Data deletion

Result display

Data clear

Data input

Data deletion

Result display

Number system for the numeric value entered immediately after canbe specified regardless of the currently Set number system.To specify:Decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . .Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Octal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Input numeric values are converted to binary and each bit is tested.Result is converted back to number system used for input, and thendisplay.not . . . . . . . . . Reverse of each bitand . . . . . . . . Logical product of each bitor . . . . . . . . . . Logical sum of each bitxor . . . . . . . . . Exclusive logical sum of each bitxnor . . . . . . . . Exclusive negative logical sum of each bit

Data [frequency] *** Frequency can be omitted.

Data [frequency] *** Frequency can be omitted.

Number of data (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n)Sum (Σx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Σx) Sum of squares (Σx2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Σx2)Mean (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (x)Population standard deviation (xσn) . . . .Sample standard deviation (xσn-1) . . . . .

x data, y data [frequency] *** Frequency can be omitted.

x data, y data [frequency] *** Frequency can be omitted.

Number of data (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n)Sum of x (Σx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Σx)Sum of y (Σy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Σy)Sum of squares of x (Σx2) . . . . . . . . . . . (Σx2)Sum of squares of y (Σy2) . . . . . . . . . . (Σy2)Sum of squares of y (Σxy) . . . . . . . . . . . (Σxy)Mean of x (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean of y (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Population standard deviation of x (xσn) .Population standard deviation of y (yσn) Sample standard deviation of x (xσn-1) .Sample standard deviation of y (yσn-1) .Constant term of regression formula (A) .Regression coefficient (B) . . . . . . . . . . . .Correlation coefficient (r) . . . . . . . . . . . .Estimated value of x (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . .Estimated value of y (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xMODE

SHIFT d

SHIFT h

SHIFT b

SHIFT o

EXESHIFT Cls

DT

CL

EXESHIFT Cls

DT

CL

EXE1ALPHA

EXExSHIFT

EXExSHIFT

EXEASHIFT

EXErSHIFT

EXExSHIFT

EXEySHIFT

EXEBSHIFT

EXExσnSHIFT

EXExσnSHIFT

EXExσn-1SHIFT

EXExσn-1SHIFT

EXEySHIFT

EXExσnSHIFT

EXExσn-1SHIFT

EXE2ALPHA

EXE3ALPHA

EXE5ALPHA

EXE1ALPHA

EXE4ALPHA

EXE6ALPHA

EXE2ALPHA

EXE3ALPHA

÷MODE


GB

Special functions

Graph function

Ans

Replay

Multi-statement

Memory

Range

Trace

Plot

Line

Factor

Zoom

Scroll

The latest result obtained in manual or program calculations is storedin memory. It is recalled by pressing Ans.

*** Mantissa of numeric value is digits.

� After calculation results are obtained, the formula can be recalledby pressing either or .

� The replay function is not cleared even when is pressed orwhen power is turned off.

� If an error is generated, pressing either or will cancel theerror and the point where the error was generated will beindicated by a blinking cursor.

Colons are used to join a series of statements or calculationformulas. If joined using “ : ”, the calculation result to that point isdisplay.

The number of memories can be expanded from the standard Memories can be expanded in units of one up to (for a total of 76).Eight steps are required for one memory.

number of memories .

Graph range settingsXmin . . . . . . Minimum value of xXmax . . . . . . Maximum value of xXscl . . . . . . . Scale of X-axis (space between points)Ymin . . . . . . Minimum value of yYmax . . . . . Maximum value of yYscl . . . . . . . Scale of Y-axis (space between points)

Moves pointer on graph. Current coordinate location is displayed.

Marks pointer (blinking dot) at any coordinate on the graph display.

Connects with a straight line two points created with plot function.

Defines factor for zoom in / zoom out.

Zoomxf ..... Zooms in on the graph in accordance with the zoomfactorsZoomx1/f ... Zooms out on the graph in accordance with the inverseof the zoom factor.Zoom Org ... Returns zoomed graph to original dimensions

Scrolls screen to view parts of graphs that are off the display.

EXE

AC

.MODE


GB

Programinput

Program execution

Program delete

Program commands

Input mode

Calculation mode

Program area specification

Execution mode


Input mode


Editing

Clear mode

Deletes specificprogram

Clears all programs

Unconditional jump

Conditional jumps

WRT mode

Mode that conform with program specified by:, , , .

Cursor is moved to the desired program area name (P0 through P9)using and , and is pressed.

RUN mode

Execution starts with Prog program area name .Program area name: P0 through P9

WRT mode


Cursor is moved to position to be edited using or .� Press correct key for corrections.� Press for deletions.� Press to specify insert mode for insertion.

PCL mode


Press

Program execution jumps to the Lbl n which corresponds to Goto n.*** n= 0 through 9

If conditional expression is true, the statement after “➩” is executed.If not true, execution jumps to the statement following next “ ; ” or“ ”.

True

Not true

: Formula: Relational operator: Statement

*** The relational operator is: =, ≠ , <, >, >, <.

EXE

EXE

AC

EXE

INS

DEL

SHIFT

2. Program calculations

2MODE

1MODE

2MODE

3MODE

MclMODE

+MODE xMODE xMODE ÷MODE

F

FRS

R F S S{ : }


GB

Count jumps

Sub-program

The value in a memory is increased or decreased. If the value does notequal 0, the next statement is executed. If it is 0, a jump is performedto the statement following the next “ ; ” or “ ”.

Increase When ≠0

Isz

When =0

Decrease When ≠0

Dsz

When =0

: Statement: Value in memory

A display of Prog n (n=0 to 9) will appear when a sub-program isexecuted from a main program. The execution of program willbe located to the position after the fundamental Prog n when thesub-program finish.

V

V

S S{ : }Memoryname

V

V

S S{ : }Memoryname

SV


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Message

Syn ERROR

Ma ERROR

Go ERROR

Ne ERROR

Stk ERROR

Mem ERROR

Arg ERROR

Meaning

1. Calculation formulacontains an error.

2. Formula in a programcontains an error.

1. Calculation result exceedscalculation range.

2. Calculation is performedoutside the input range of afunction.

3. Illogical operation(division by zero, etc.)

1. No corresponding Lbl n forGoto n.

2. No program stored inprogram area P n whichcorresponds to Prog n.

� Nesting of subroutines byProg n exceeds 10 levels.

� Execution of calculationsthat exceed the capacity ofthe stack for numericvalues or stack forcalculations.

� M e m o r y e x p a n s i o nexceeds level remaining inprogram.

� Attempt to use a memorysuch as Z[5] when nom e m o r y h a s b e e nexpanded.

� Argument input incorrect-ly. Ex. Negative valueinput for Defm, value otherthat 1~9 input for n, etc.

Countermeasure

1. Use or to display the point where the error wasgenerated and correct it.

2. Use or to display the point where the error wasgenerated, press AC and then correct the program in theWRT mode.

1. Check the input numeric value and correct it.2. When using memories, check that the numeric values

stored in memories are correct.

1. Correctly input a Lbl n to correspond to the Goto n if notrequired.

2. Store a program in program area P n to correspond toProg n, or delete the Prog n if not required.

� Ensure that Prog n is not used to return from subroutinesto main routine. If used, delete any unnecessary Prog n.

� Trace the subroutine jump destinations and ensure that nojumps are made back to the original program area. Ensurethat returns are made correctly.

� Simplify the formulas to keep stacks within 10 levels forthe numeric values and 24 levels for the calculations.

� Divide the formula into two or more parts.

� Press (Defm) to expand memory tonecessary level.

� Use memories within the current number of memories.

� Re- enter argument correctly.

Error message table

.MODE


GB

Function

sinxcosxtanx

ArcsinxArccosxArctanx

shxchxthx

Argshx

Argchx

Arcthx

logxlnx

10x

ex

√x

x2

1/x

3√x

x!

Pol(x,y)

Rec(r,θ)

°’ ”

←°’ ”

Input range

(Deg) |x| < 9x109°(Rad) |x| < 5x107πrad(Gra) |x| < 1x1010grad

|x| < 1

|x| < 1x10100

|x| < 230.2585092

|x| < 1x10100

|x| < 5x1099

1< x< 5x1099

|x| < 1

1x10-99 < x < 1x10100

-1x10100 < x <100

-1x10100 < x <230.2585092

0 < x < 1x10100

|x| < 1 x1050

|x| < 1x10100, x = 0

|x| < 1x10100

0 < x < 69 (x est entier)

√x2+y2<1x10100

0 < r < 1x10100

(Deg) |θ| < 9x109°(Rad) |θ| < 5x107πrad(Gra) |θ| < 1x1010grad

|a|, b, c <1x10100

0 < b, c

|x| <2.777777777x1096Hexadecimal display:|x| < 2777777.777

Internal digits

12 digits

,,

,,

,,

”

,,

,,

,,

,,

”

”

,,

,,

Accuracy

As a rule, accura-cy is + 1 at the10th digit.

,,

,,

,,

”

,,

,,

,,

,,

”

”

,,

,,

Notes

However, for tanx:|x| ≠ 90(2n+1):Deg|x| ≠ π/2 (2n+1):Rad|x| ≠ 100(2n+1):Gra

Note: For sinh and tanh, when x=0,errors are cumulative and accuracyis affected at a certain point.

However, for tan θ :|x| ≠ 90(2n+1):Deg|x| ≠ π/2(2n+1):Rad|x| ≠ 100(2n+1):Gra

Input Ranges of Functions


GB

Function

xy

x√y

Input range

x>0 :-1x10100<ylogx<100x=0 : y>0x<0 :y=n ,1/(2n+1) (n is a integer)However;-1x10100<1/y log |x| <100

y>0 : x ≠ 0-1x10100<1/x logy<100y=0 : x>0y<0 : x=2n+1, 1/n(n≠0, n is an integer)However;-1x10100<1/x log |x| <100

Internal digits

,,

,,

Accuracy

,,

,,

Notes

Function

a b/c

SD(LR)

Input range

Results Total of integer, numeratorand denominator must bewithin 10 digits(includesdivision marks).InputResult displayed as afraction for integer wheninteger, numerator anddenominator are less than1x1010.

|x| < 1x1050

|y| < 1x1050

|n| < 1x10100

xσn, yσn, x, y, A, B, r: n = 0xσn-1, yσn-1: n = 0, 1

Internal digits

12 digits

,,

Accuracy

As a rules, accuracy

is + 1 at the 10th digits.

,,

Notes

Function

BASE-N

Input range

Values after variable within following range:Dec: -2147483648 < x < 2147483647Bin: 1000000000 < x < 1111111111 (negative)

0 < x °‹ 011111111111 (0, positive)Oct: 2000000000 < x < 37777777777 (negative)

0 < x < 1777777777 (0, positive)Hex: 80000000 < x < FFFFFFFF (negative)

0 < x < 7FFFFFFF (0, positive)

Errors may be cumulative with internal continuous calculations such as xy ,x√y, x!, 3√x sometimes affecting accuracy.


GB

Specifications

Graph functions

Built-in function graphs: (20 types) sin, cos, tan, arcsin(sin-1), arccos(cos-1), arctan(tan-1), sh, ch, th, argsh,argch, argtan, log, ln10x, ex, x2, √, 3√, x-1

Types of graphs: user generated function graphsRectangular coordinatesSingle-variable statistics: bar graphs, normal distribution curvesPaired-variable statistics: regression lines

Graph functions: range specification, Overdraw, Trace, Zoom (xf, x1/f, factor, original (resume)),Plot, Line, Scroll

Calculations

Basic calculation functions: Negative numbers, exponents, parenthetical addition / subtraction/ multiplication/division (with priority sequence judgement function -- true algebraic logic)

Built-in scientific function: trigonometric/inverse trigonometric functions(units of angular measurement:degrees, radians, grads), hyperbolic/inverse hyperbolic functions, logarithmic/exponential functions, reciprocals, factorials, square roots, cube roots, powers,roots, squares, decimal-sexagesimal conversions, binary-octal-hexadecimalcalculations, coordinate transformations

Statistics: standard deviation – number of data, sum, sum of squares, mean, standarddeviation(two types)Linear regression – number of data, sum of x, sum of y, sum of squares of x, sumof squares of y, mean of x, mean of y, standard deviation of x (two types), standarddeviation of y (two types), constant term, regression coefficient, correlationcoefficient, estimated value of x, estimated value of y.

Special functions: insert, delete, replay functions, substitution(=), multi-statement ( : ).Memories: 26 standard (maximum 76), Ans memoryCalculation range: +1x10-99 ~ 9.999999999x1099 and 0. Internal operation uses 12 digits mantissaRounding: performed according to the specified number of significant digits or the number of

specified decimal places.Exponential display: Norm1 –10-2 > |x|, |x| >1010 Norm2 –10-9 > |x|, |x| > 1010

Program function

Number of steps: 400 maximumJump functions: unconditional jump (Goto), 10 maximum

Conditional jump (=, ≠, < , > , < , ≥)Count jumps (Isz, Dsz)

Subroutines: 9 levelsNumber of stored programs: 10 maximum (P0 to P9)Check functions: program checking , debugging, deletion, addition, insertion, etc.

General

Power supply: one lithium battery (CR2032)Battery life: approximately 350 hoursAuto power off : power is automatically switched off approximately 6 minutes after last operationAmbient temperature range : 0°C ~ 40°CDimensions: 144mmx74mmx10mm


GB

Warranty

This product is covered by our two-year warranty.

For warranty requirements or after sales service, please contact your local retailer with your proof of purchase. Our war-ranty covers all manufacturer defaults but does not cover deterioration due to non-respect of the Instruction Manual orbad handling of the product (like sun or water exposure or dismantling of the product).

Warranty does not cover batteries.

Freephone helpline: 0 808100 3015http://www.lexibook.com

GC500i/GC1000iIM0172

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