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Literature of Ancient Crete.

From the beginnings up to the Late Antiquity.

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to offer a concise history of literature in ancient Crete.

I

Let us declare it clearly in advance! The Literature of ancient Crete is extremely poor: The evidence and fragments saved are scanty. Nevertheless, how can someone explain the phenomenon that a large geographic entity with glorious Minoan past presents such a poverty in its literary output in the historical years? It is primarily due to economic reasons. Cretan society did not experience the financial revolution which took place in the rest of the Greek world in the Archaic age. Crete did not in essence participate in the cosmogony of the great colonization in 7th and 6th centuries. Manufacture and export trade were not promoted by Cretan cities. The economy was based on agriculture and that explains the conservatism of Cretan society. New social classes, financially rising, did not appear. Big social conflicts taking place in archaic Greece between the old class of the aristocrat proprietors of land and the new one of rich trade people, did not happen in Crete. Its cities kept the aristocracy up to the Hellenistic period. The lack of social mobility, the stagnation of the political system, the introversion and the military orientation of education did not promote the intellectual pursuits and, consequently, the literary achievements of the rest of the Greek world.

II

The present paper is divided into 4 chapters:

a) Pre-Dorian period

b) From the Dorian occupation to the Hellenistic age

c) Hellenistic period

d) Roman period

In each chapter a short introduction on the historical background is prefixed, and afterwards, all relevant evidence of the period is collected and evaluated. It is proposed to examine the brisk changes in the literary and, in general, intellectual profile of Crete from period to period: From the notable presence in early Archaic epoch to the big silence of the Classic period, and from the reactivation of Hellenistic age to absolute absence of Roman period. Special references are dedicated to major or minor known names (Epimenides, Thaletas, Hybrias, Rhianos, local historians, Mesomedes, Dictys) as well as to literary works of anonymous authors (the Palaikastro Hymn of the Kouretes, the Cretan funeral epigrams).

III

Literary output of ancient Crete is evaluated as a poor one in quantity and in quality as well. Most of the known poets lived outside Crete and were influenced by the general trends of their epoch. No Cretan theme or motif does appear in their work. The single native expression of Cretan Literature are the anonymous inscribed poems and the work of the Cretan historians in Hellenistic era.

Literature of ancient Crete presents the features of a regional literature: authors of high art act and ask to be recognized in the metropoleis abroad. In the interior of the island the naive expression of popular culture dominates.

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