[i]

[ii]

: :

ISBN: 978-960-603-500-5

Copyright , 2015

Creative Commons -

- 3.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/gr/

9, 15780

www.kallipos.gr

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/gr/http://www.kallipos.gr/

[iii]

&

[iv]

, . , , , , , , .

, , , , , .

, 3 : - , RtI.

, , , , , , , , .

1

1. : 8 ...................................................................................................................................... 8 ............................................................................................ 8 .................................................................................................. 8

1.1. ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.1.1. ..................................................................... 11

1.3. ............................................................................ 15 1.4. ................................................... 17 1.5. ..................... 19 1.5.1. ............. 26

1.6. ............................................................... 26 ........................................................................................................ 27 ........................................................................................................ 27 ............................................................................................. 27 / ............................................................. 27 / ............................................................ 28 ................................................................................. 28 ................................................................................. 28 ........................................................................................................ 28 ...................................................................................................... 28 / ............................................................ 28 ...................................................................................................... 28

1.7. ................................................................... 29 1.7.1. ........................................................................................................................ 29 1.7.2. ............................................................................................... 30 1.7.3 / / ............................... 30 1.7.4. ................................................................................................................ 31 1.7.5. ..................................................................... 32 1.7.6. / ......................................................... 32 1.7.7. ........................... 33 1.7.7.1. .............................. 33 1.7.7.2. ....................................................................................................... 34 1.7.7.3. ...................................................................................................... 34 1.7.7.4. - ........................................................................... 34 1.7.7.5. - ...................................................................... 34 1.7.8. - (non verbal LD) ................................................................................ 34 1.7.8. ........................................................................................... 35 1.7.9. Irlen ............................................................................................................... 35

1.8. ......................................................................................................... 36 1.8.1. ...................................................................................... 36

............................................................................................................. 38 ................................................................................... 38 () ...................................................................................................... 39

2. 40

2

.................................................................................................................................... 40 .......................................................................................... 40 ................................................................................................ 40

2.1. .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.2. ................................................................... 41 2.2.1. ............................................................................. 41 2.2.1.1. ................................................................................................... 41 2.2.1.2. .............................. 42 2.2.1.3. ................................................................................................................ 43

2.2.2. .................................................. 43 2.2.3. ....................................................... 46 2.2.3.1. ........................................................................ 46 2.2.3.2. () ............................................................ 48 2.2.3.3. ..................................................................................... 51 2.2.3.4. ........................................................................... 52 2.2.3.4.1. ....................................................................... 53 2.2.3.4.1.1. ............................................................................................. 53 2.2.3.4.1.2. ................................................................................................ 53 2.2.3.4.1.3. ..................................................................................... 53 2.2.3.4.1.4. & ................................... 53 2.2.3.4.1.5. ..................................................................................... 53 2.2.3.4.1.6. ............................................................................................ 54 2.2.3.4.1.7. .................................................................................... 54 2.2.3.4.2. ................................................................... 54 2.2.3.4.1.1. ............................................................................................................... 54 2.2.3.4.1.2. .......................................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.4.1.3. ......................................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.4.1.4. ......................................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.4.1.5. .................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.4.1.6. ....................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.4.1.7. ............................................................................. 55 2.2.3.4.1.8. ......................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.5. ...................................................... 55 2.2.3.5.1. ...................................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.5.2. ............................................................. 55 2.2.3.5.2. ........................................................................ 56 2.2.3.5.3. ...................................................... 56 2.2.3.5.4. ........................................................... 56 2.2.3.5.5. .............................. 56 2.2.3.5.6. ......................................................................... 56 2.2.3.5.7. - ........................................................................ 56 2.2.3.5.8. .................................................................. 57

2.2.3.6. ............................................................................................. 58 2.3. .......................................................................................... 59 2.3.1. - / (RtI) ....................... 59 2.3.1.1. ........................................................................................................... 59 2.3.1.2. .................................................................................................. 60 2.3.2. .................................................................................... 61 2.3.2.1. ................................................................................... 61 2.3.2.2. .................................................................................. 61

3

2.3.3. ................................................................................ 61 2.3.3.1. .................................................................................................... 61 2.3.3.2. ..................................................................... 61 2.3.3.3. / / / ............................................ 63

2.3.4. ................................................. 64 2.3.5. .................................................................................................. 65 2.3.5.1. ........................................................................... 65 2.3.5.2. .................................................................................................................... 65

2.3.6. & ................................................................. 65 2.3.6.1. ......................................................................................... 65 2.3.6.1.1. ................................................................... 66 2.3.6.1.1.1. / ........................................................................................... 66 2.3.6.1.1.2. - ................................................................................... 66 2.3.6.1.1.3. ................................................................................................................ 66 2.3.6.1.1.4. ............................................................................... 66 2.3.6.2. ....................................................................... 67 2.3.6.2.1. .................................................... 67 2.3.6.2.2. ...................................................................... 67 2.3.6.2.2.1. / Portfolios .............................................................. 68 2.3.6.2.2.2. (Projects) .............................................................................................. 68 2.3.6.2.2.3. ......................................................................................................... 68 2.3.6.2.2.4. (Checklists) ............................................................................................... 68 2.3.6.2.2.5. (Rubrics) ........................................................................................... 69 2.3.6.2.2.6. ................................................................... 69 2.3.6.2.2.7. .................................................................................... 69 2.3.6.2.2.8. & ........................................................................ 69 2.3.6.2.3. ...................................... 70

70 70 71 3. -RTI 72 .................................................................................................................................... 72 .......................................................................................... 72 ................................................................................................ 72

3.1. .......................................................................................................................... 72 3.2. ........................................................ 73 3.2.1. RtI ................................................................................................ 74 3.2.1.1. .................................................................. 74 3.2.1.1.1. 1 (tier I) ................................................................................................... 74 3.2.1.1.2. 2 (tier II) ................................................................................................... 75 3.2.1.1.3. 3 (tier III) ................................................................................................. 76 3.2.1.2. (Universal Screening) ............................................................... 76 3.2.1.3. (Progress Monitoring) ............................................................. 77

3.2.2. RtI ............................................................................................................ 80 3.2.2.1. () (RtI-SP) ................................................................. 81 3.2.2.2. (RtI-PS) ................................................................. 81

3.2.3. RtI .......................................................................................... 83 3.2.4. RtI ....................................................................................................... 84 3.2.5. ................................................................ 85

4

87 88 () 89

4. ................................................................................................................................. 90 .................................................................................................................................... 90 .......................................................................................................... 90

4.1. .......................................................................................................................... 91 4.1.1 ....................................................................................................................... 91 4.1.1.1. ........................................................................................... 91 4.1.1.2. -Universal Design for Learning - UDL ........... 92 4.1.1.3. /Easy-to-Read ............................. 94 4.1.1.4. .................................................................................... 95 4.1.1.5. ......................................................................................... 96

4.2. . 96 4.2.1. ............................................. 97 4.2.1.1. ............................................................................................................ 97 4.2.1.2. ........ 99 4.2.1.3. : & ................................................... 100 4.2.1.4. - ............................................................................................. 101 4.2.2. ................................ 103 4.2.2.1. ............................................................ 103 4.2.2.2. ............................................................... 103 4.2.2.3. / ............................................................... 104 4.2.2.4. ........................................................................................ 104 4.2.2.5. ........................................................ 104 4.2.3. Ebeling et al. (1994) ............................. 105 4.2.4. Kameenui: Big Accommodation Model .......................................... 105 4.2.5. ............................................................................................................................................... 106 4.2.6. ........................................................................................................................ 107 4.2.7. .................................................................................................................................. 108 4.2.8. : ; ................................................................. 108 4.2.9. ................................................................................................................................. 109 4.2.10. ................. 113 4.2.10.1. (e-book) ................................................................................. 114

........................................................................................................... 114 ................................................................................. 115

116

5. - ............................................ 120

5

.................................................................................................................................. 120 ........................................................................................ 120 .............................................................................................. 120

5.1. ........................................................................................................................ 120 5.2. ....................................................................................................................... 121 5.2.1. ......................................................... 122 5.2.2. .................................................................................................... 122 5.2.3. ........................................ 124 5.2.3.1. ...................................... 124 5.2.4. ............................................................................... 125 5.2.5. ........................................................................................... 126 5.2.5.1. ................................................................................................. 126 5.2.5.1.1. ........................ 128 5.2.5.2. .............................................................................................. 128 5.2.5.3. ............................................................................................. 130 5.2.5.3.1. ........................ 131 5.2.5.4. .................................................................................................................. 131 5.2.5.4.1. ................... 132 5.2.5.5. ............................................................................................................... 133 5.2.5.5.1. .......................................... 135 5.3. ............................................................................................................................. 137 5.3.1. ................................................................................. 137 5.3.2. .................................................. 138 5.3.3. ................................................................................................................. 138 5.3.3.1. .................................................................. 138 5.3.4. ..................................... 139 5.3.5. ............. 139 5.3.5.1. ................................................................................ 140 5.3.5.2. , .......................................................... 141 . - .................................... 141 . ................................................................................................. 147

........................................................................................................... 152 ................................................................................. 152

() 152

6. ................................................... 154 .................................................................................................................................. 154 ........................................................................................................ 154 ........................................................................... 154

6.1. ........................................................................................................................ 154 6.2. ........................................................................................... 156 6.3. ................................................................................................. 158 6.4. ............................................. 159 6.5. ............................................. 162 6.6. .............................................................................................. 162 6.6.1. ......................................................... 162 6.6.2. ................................................................................ 164 6.7. ................................................................................................. 165 6.7. ................................................ 167

6

6.8. ................................... 170 6.9. , ......................................................... 174 : - - ( ) ................................................................... 174

6.10. & - ................................................................ 177 . ( ) ................................................... 177 . .............................................. 178

........................................................................................................... 178 ................................................................................. 178 ......................................................................................................................... 179

7. 181 ................................................................................................................ 181 ........................................................................................ 181 .............................................................................................. 181

7.1. ........................................................................................................................ 181 7.2. () ............................................................ 182 7.3. ................................................ 183 7.3.1. 1: & .......................................................................... 183 7.3.2. 2: - . ............................................................................................................................ 186 7.3.3. 3: , , . ................................................................................. 187 7.3.4. 4: . ................................................................................................................. 189 7.3.5. 5: ................................... 191 7.3.6. 6: ............................................................................................................. 194 7.3.7. 7: 8-15 ............................................................................................................................................... 197 7.3.8 8: 8-15 ..................... 198 7.3.9. 9: .................................................................................................................................. 200 7.3.10. 10: ............................ 201 7.3.11. 11: ( ) - .................................................................................... 203 7.3.12. 12: ( ) , - ............................................ 205

7.4. () ........................................................... 207 7.4.1. - ............................................. 207 7.4.1.1. ......................................... 207 7.4.1.2. --- ........................................... 208 7.4.1.3. ............................... 211

7

7.4.1.4. ( 7.06-15.05) . 213 7.4.1.5. ............................................................ 214 7.4.1.6. Detroit Test (DTLA)................................................................................................. 215 7.4.1.7. .......................................................................... 218

........................................................................................................... 219 ................................................................................. 219

() 219

8

1. :

() ,

, , ,

.

.

,

, .

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

, .

, ,

,

.

.

1.1.

, , , . , , , . , , , , ,

9

1.1.: (2008).

, . , . Fletcher (2007), , ( 1.2.), , ,

10

, (Fletcher, et al., 2007).

1.2.:

(Fletcher et al. 2007, . 3).

, (World Health Organization)

( & , ..). ) , , , , . ) , , , , , . ) , , , , ) , , , . ) , , , , .

11

1.1.:

1.1.1.

. . , , .

learning disability ( ), learning disorder ( ) learning difficulty ( ) , . (disorder) , . , (learning disability), , . , , ( ). learning disorder, . (learning disorders) , .

. , . , . . , , , . , .

https://www.youtube.com/v/AWfDaQ9T5to&feature=youtu.be&t=30

12

, (.. Kirk, 1963; World Federation of Neurology, 1968; cited in Pumfrey and Reason, 1991; National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities -NJCLD-, 1985; 1994; British Dys-lexia Association, 1998). , , . , , , , , , , , (Hammill, 1990; Mercer, 1991, Kavale, & Forness, 2000).

, , , . , , (, 2010). , . , , , (NJCLD, 1994).

National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD) 1980, 'learning disability' . , learning disability : , , ,

, .

.

(..

, , )

(.. , / ,

)

. (Hammil, 1990).

, IDEA No Child Left Behind, (OSEP) , . NCLD 2002 (www.ldonline.org/article/5720/).

, : :

(specific learning disabilities, SLD).

() .

.

.

, ,

http://www.ldonline.org/article/5720/

13

, , ,

. (Learning Disabilities Roundtable, 2002). ,

, DSM-V. To DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Men-tal Disorders) . , , , , , , .

, DSM-V, (DSM-V, 2013) ( 1.1.: DSM-V), "specific learning disability", dyslexia, dyscalculia, disorder of written expression . (IDA), , , ( 1.3.).

1.1.: Oi DSM-V

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzYWV2dUZRU1JhQ1E

14

1.3.: ,

dyslexia DSM-V.

DSM-V, , , ,

.

,

,

.

,

.

, ,

, ,

. (Specific Learning Disor-der fact sheet, American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

1.2.: , DSM V.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzUHM5WWVwczI3a00

15

1.3. , . (..) , , .

Bannatyne Myklebust. Ban-natyne (1971) , Myklebust (1968) , , . Kirk , Bateman , , .

Kirk (1962),

.

, , , ,

, .

, , , ,

.

, ,

. .

, . Hallahan Kanfman (1976, 2008),

, , ,

.

,

,

.

, Linda Siegel Orly Lipka (2008), 111 Journal of Learning Disabilities , 1968 2007. , , . 4 , () , () , () () .

. , , , () . .. , , , , , , , , ,

16

. 1.4. 1.4.:

NJCLD , (NJCLD, 2011), 1990 ( 1.3.).

1.3.: NJCLD

1990.

, :

1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6.

7. , ,

, ,

http://www.ldonline.org/pdfs/njcld/NJCLDDefinitionofLD.pdf

17

8. 9.

10. ,

,

11. ,

12. , ,

1.4.

, . 19 , 2 20 . , ( 1960 1970), .

1.5.: Samuel Kirk, ( ).

Samuel Kirk (1904-1996) ( 1.5.)

, 1962, , , . Kirk (1962), , Association for Children with learning Disabilities . 1968, (the National (USA) Conference on Dyslexia), Rabinovitch (1968), "significant discrepancy" .

, Rabinovitch, . , , 10 , 2 10 .

http://special.edschool.virginia.edu/professionals/pix/Kirk.html

18

. , . (, 2002).

1970 . , . . 2 (Sleeter, 1986). , . .

) (.. ) , , , , ) (.. , , , ). , Mercer (1991), , .

1980 1990, Nicolson, (1996) , 1980, . , , , , , , , , . , . Samuel Orton , Denckla Rudel, (1976) (soft neurological signs) . , / .

, 1980 , . , . , ( ), . , Vellutino (1979), , dual route - (.. Coltheart, 1978) (, 2002).

1980, . , , , ,

19

. ( , ). , . US National Institute for Health and Human Development (NICHHD).

1990, , , , . , - . , - (Brenna, 1995).

Orton Society, North American Dyslexia, , : (, 2002), . - ,

,

.

.

.

, , ,

(Research Committee, the Orton Society, 1995, pp.2).

1.5.

, , 2 , Hallahan Mercer (2001). : (European Foundation Period) (1800-1920), (U.S. Foundation Period) (1920-1960), (Emergent Period) (1960-1975), (Solidification Period) (1975-1985), , (Turbulent Period) (1985-2000) ( 1.4.). Lerner, (2000), Mercer, (1997) Wiederholt, (1974). (2011) , 2000 .

20

1.4.: Hallahan Mercer (2001).

(1800-1920),

. , . , , .

, , brain localization . Gall (1802) . Gall Brocas aphasia. Bouillaud ( 1820), Gall, , . Broca ( 1860), , Broca ( 1.6.).

1.6.: Broca Wernicke (https://en.wikipedia.org)

Wernicke (1874)

. Broca, Wernicke . Wernickes apha-sia. , Wernickes area, ( 1.6.).

https://en.wikipedia.org/https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzRWRHRXpRUHF3ZU0

21

1.2.: : Broca Wer-

nicke.

, , Sir William

Broadbent (1872) Adolph Kussmaul (1877) -, . , Kussmaul , - - (word-deafness, word-blindness) (Kussmaul, 1877, p. 770). - - . , Hinshelwood (1985) - Morgan (1896), -.

Hinshelwood , Morgan , - (Congenital Word-Blindness, 1917). : ) - ) . Hinshelwood -, . , , . , , .

1920 ( , 1920-1960), . / , - .

, , Hin-shelwood . Samuel Orton, / . , Grace Fernald, , Marion Monroe, , , Samuel Kirk, .

, , , . Kurt Goldstein, - , Heinz Werner Alfred Strauss,

https://www.youtube.com/v/fFGmCRc0njk&feature=youtu.be

22

Goldstein . , . , , Laura Lehtinen, Strauss , William Cruickshank, , . , Newell Kephart, Strauss .

1960 1975 ( / , Emer-gent Period), . ) , ) , ) , ) , (perceptual training).

learning disabilities Samuel Kirk (Educating Exceptional Children, 1962). 1965 Barbara Bateman, , Monroe . 1960, .

1960 (U.S. Office of Education, USOE) , (USOE, 1968, p. 34). Children with Specific Learning Disabilities Act 1969 projects (model projects). 1970, (Public Law) 91-230 . 1971 1973, 43 CSDPs.

1950, . 1968 (Division for Children with Learn-ing Disabilities - DCLD, Council for Exceptional Children - CEC).

. - . - .

, Kirk, ITPA, . Kirk Osgood (1957) ITPA (Kirk et al., 1961), 1968 (Kirk, McCarthy, & Kirk, 1968). ITPA 1960, 1970 . ITPA 1960, . Helmer Myklebust, Doris Johnson

23

, (Johnson & Myklebust, 1967). : , .

1960 / - , Newell Kephart, Marianne Frostig, Gerald Getman, Raymond Barsch, Glen Doman Carl Delacato. , Newell Kephart - , Marianne Frostig Mari-anne Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (Frostig, Lefever, & Whittlesey, 1964), , Gerald Getman - (Getman, Kane, Halgren, & McKee, 1964), Raymond Barsch Movigenic Curriculum (Barsch, 1967), Glen Doman Carl Delacato , (neurological organization), Doman-Delacato (Delacato, 1959, 1963, 1966). , , 1980 .

1975 1985, ( - Solidification Period) . , USOE, . , .

1975, Public Law 94-142, (Education for All Handicapped Children Act). , status .

. 1970 . USOE 1977 1982, , (. Keogh, 1983).

: Columbia University, (Connor, 1983), Illinois , (Bryan, Pearl, Donahue, Bryan, & Pflaum, 1983), Kansas, (Schumaker, Deshler, Alley, & Warner, 1983), Minnesota, ) , ) (curriculum-based assessment- CBA, Ysseldyke, Thurlow, et al., 1983), Virginia,

24

(Hallahan et al., 1983), . , , , . (. , Abt Associates, 1976, 1977)

1970 1980, DCLD , CEC. , CEC DCLD CEC. DCLD, 1982, Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD) CEC. 1983, Division for Learning Disabilities (DLD) CEC. , , .

( / , 1985-2000), , . . 19761977 19981999, . 2,8 , (USOE, 2000). (Hallahan, 1992) , . , , , . , , .

, (ACLD, 1986, ICLD, 1987, NJCLD, 1988), , . Keogh (1983) . McKinney (1983) , . , .

Columbia . Chicago . Kansas . Minnesota , .

25

Virginia , .

Adams (1990) 20 . , . . .

1960 . , 1980 1990 . : . , .

20 . , - (over-representation) .

Regular Education Initiative (REI) 1980 , , . , . , , , 20 30% IEPs , , .

Kauff-man . , , . . , . , .

, (2011), , 2000 , ,

26

. . , .

1.5.1.

, 90, , , (. 2817/2000, & .3699/2008). , , , , , - . , , . , , .

1.6.

, . , . , , . . , , , , .

, . , . . :

/

27

,

: ( )

. . .

, ( .. -)

,

50% /

28

/

- ()

& &

(.. , )

: o o o o (on-no) o (was-saw) o ()

/ (, , )

/

/ (, , )

.

29

. .

1.7.

1.7.1. . , 70%-80% . , , . , , , , , ( ) . , . , .

1.3.:

- -, - ( -). , , , , , . , , , ,

https://www.youtube.com/v/WKaZsqalG4I

30

, , , , , , , (.. ) .

, . , , , , . , , . ( IDA).

Eden, Moats, (2002), , , , . . . , . .

Lyon, Shaywitz & Shaywitz, (2003), , , . , . . , , . , , , , .

1.7.2. , , . , , , .

1.7.3 / / DSM-IV-TR ( ) ,

31

( ). ( ), , ( ).

, , , . . , . .

, , , . . , , , , , .

1.7.4. (.. , , ), . , ( 1.5.). , , , , . , , , . :

(

) ,

32

.

1.5.:

6 ,

.

1.7.5. , , , . . . . , . . .

1.7.6. / : , , - . . . .

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzR1JJWGpTd09xZzA

33

. . Lansdown (Richman 1988) . (, , , ..) ( ). - ( , ,

). ,

: , . ,

, . .

, . /

, , , .

. -,

-.

1.7.7. , 5 , , , , ( 1.6.).

1.6.: ,

6

, .

1.7.7.1.

, . . . . ( 1.7. , ).

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzbGpRUksxSmpNLW8

34

1.7.7.2.

. . . . 1.7.7.3.

. . , . . . 1.7.7.4. -

, , , , , . 1.7.7.5. -

, , , , , , , , , , , .

1.7.: 50 (Hallowell,

&. Ratey, 1995).

1.7.8. - (non verbal LD) , - , , . , , , , rote-memory , . , - . , . 1.8. , (2009), .

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzNjRIT3RkZzg5RjQ

35

1.8.: - , ,

(2009)

1.7.8. . , , , . , . , (ADHD) .

1.7.9. Irlen , , . .

1.4.: (http://www.mpoxatziar.gr/)

http://www.mpoxatziar.gr/https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=bcmv0WjICBchttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzVkNmY0FqLVdZenc

36

1.8. 2817/2000 3699/2008 ( 1.9.). . , , , , /, . , . 1.9.:

1.8.1. 2000 . . , () . , . , .

, 2008 . 2817/2000, , , (Salamanka, 1994).

1.10.: :

(2012-13),

, . .

2817/2000

3699/2008

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzS2lGcWhRV2R2YWchttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzVjZfQ2FsZ29rbW8https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzVjZfQ2FsZ29rbW8https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzVjZfQ2FsZ29rbW8https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzS2lGcWhRV2R2YWchttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzVjZfQ2FsZ29rbW8https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzVjZfQ2FsZ29rbW8https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_yYeEUeU3uzZ05TNFlJd0VJSkE/view?usp=sharing

37

, 3699/2008, ( , , ), ( , , ) 2817/2000, ( 1.11.).

1.11.: ,

6

, .

/ ,

. .

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzbk1VOHZraFNUcGchttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_yYeEUeU3uzMGk2cFV4MUN6dzA/view?usp=sharing

38

1.12.: .

1.12: ....

, . . 1. 2. ( ) 3. /

1. : o o o , o ( .. -) o o o o

2. . , 70%-80% . , , . , , , , , ( ) . , . , . 3. / , , , , .. , , (). , , , , .

....

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzRHlCb3ZGNTI3WW8https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzRHlCb3ZGNTI3WW8

39

() . (2010). : .

, , 2 : 15-18 2010.

Hallahan, D. P., & Mercer, C. D. (2001). Learning disabilities: Historical perspectives. Paper written for the Office of Special Education Programs, U.S. Department of Education, and presented at the OSEPs LD Summit conference. Washington, DC.

Lerner, J. W. (2000). Learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Mercer, C. D. (1997). Students with learning disabilities (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.

Wiederholt, J. L. (1974). Historical perspectives on the education of the learning disabled. In L. Mann & D. Sabatino (Eds.), The second review of special education (pp. 103152). Philadelphia: JSE Press.

40

2.

,

,

.

,

:

, ,

RtI (Response to Instruction/Intervention). ,

,

,

, ,

.

1 ,

,

,

, .

,

,

.

,

,

.

2.1. . , , , . , , , :

, (Allen, 2004).

, , , (Huba, & Freed, 2000).

. , , , ,

41

(Erwin, 1991).

, . (Palomba, & Banta, 1999).

, , . , . , . . . 2.2.

2.2.1. , . , , . , , . . , 3 : () , () () .

2.2.1.1. , , . ( ). , . , , .

42

2.1:

2.2.1.2. . , , , . , , .

43

.

2.2.1.3. , , ( ) , ( ).

2.2.2. , , , , , . , , . .

. , . . 12 7 . , : Predictive Assessment of Reading (PAR),

Frank Wood Lynn Flowers Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem. (15-20 ) , , . . : 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. .

http://www.redesetgrow.com/?products=predictive-assessment-of-reading-par

44

2.2: PAR

Texas Primary Reading Inventory (K-2),

, . ( ). , .

2.3: Texas Primary Reading Inventory

https://www.tpri.org/index.html

45

2.1: Texas Primary Reading Inventory

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), , (1. , 2. / , 3. , 4. , 5. ). ( ) . , . Demo 1970-80. . .

2.4: DIBELS test

https://dibels.uoregon.edu/assessment/index/materialdownload?agree=truehttp://reading.uoregon.edu/https://youtu.be/qGcdLNdBGIw

46

AIMS-web RtI . (Curriculum-Based Measures CBM) , . : 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. . , , , , (tier) , RtI .

2.2: AIMS-web screening test

2.2.3. , ,

. , . , , , , , .

, : () , () (), () , () , i. ii. . ( ) .

2.2.3.1. . , , ,

http://www.aimsweb.com/wp-content/uploads/aimsweb-Technical-Manual.pdfhttps://youtu.be/F0fukImoaWI

47

, . , ( ) . , , , . , , , ( ).

, , , . , , .

, , . 2.1. . , , .

48

2.1.:

.

2.2.3.2. () , , . . , . RtI, 3 , , 2.3.1. DSM-V (2013), 1.1.1.

, ( ). , ( ) . . ,

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzSEJidFZiUW04bUE

49

. , .

, , . , .

, , .

2.2.: WISC-III (

http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/intell/wisciv_hx.html)

WISC-III (Wechsler, 1967, 1974, 1991). WISC-III 6.00-16.11 , 6 7 . 60-80 . , , . : () , () , () ( ). , 2 .

http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/intell/wisciv_hx.htmlhttp://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/intell/wisciv_hx.html

50

2.5: WISC-III.

51

2.6.: 2 WISC-III (

http://www.dardanosnet.gr/PDF/sxoliki.pdf)

2.2.3.3.

, . ( ) ( -).

http://www.dardanosnet.gr/PDF/sxoliki.pdf

52

, -.

2.6.: --.

. ---, - (, 2008). . , , () , () , () () . 7 .

2.2.3.4.

, , . , , , , , , .

. , ( 7 ), , , , (). , , ( , ), , , , .

53

: .

2.2.3.4.1.

2.2.3.4.1.1.

(word recognition) . , . , (). .

2.2.3.4.1.2.

-, , . (, , ), .

2.2.3.4.1.3.

, . , , , , , . , , , . , , , .

2.2.3.4.1.4. &

, , ( ) . , , . (Rapid Automatic Naming), . .

2.2.3.4.1.5.

, , , . , , . , , , ,

54

, , , .

2.2.3.4.1.6.

, , . , , , . , , . , .

2.2.3.4.1.7.

- . , , . ) , ) , ) , ) / , ) .

, ( ) . . , , , , ,

2.2.3.4.2. . , , 4 , , , . , , , , . . . (8) (, 2008).

2.2.3.4.1.1.

, : , , , , ..

55

2.2.3.4.1.2.

. , , .

2.2.3.4.1.3.

-- . : ;

2.2.3.4.1.4.

. , , , .

2.2.3.4.1.5.

, , . .

2.2.3.4.1.6.

. , . , . , .. .

2.2.3.4.1.7.

. , . , .

2.2.3.4.1.8.

. . 2.2.3.5. . - .

2.2.3.5.1. , , , , . , , , . , , . 2.2.3.5.2. , . , .

56

, . 2.2.3.5.2. , , . , , .

2.2.3.5.3. , . , , , , .

, , . , , , .

2.2.3.5.4. . , .

2.2.3.5.5. , / , , , (.. ). 2.2.3.5.6. , , , . 2.2.3.5.7. - , . 2.3. 2.4. .

57

2.3.

2.4.:

2.2.3.5.8. , . , , ( 2.5.).

, , , . , , , .. . , , .

, , , , ( 17812/6/2014, 315/12.2.2014).

http://edu.klimaka.gr/arxeio/nomothesia-fek/fek-315-2014-organwsh-edeay-klimaka.pdfhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzZEI1a2EwRXlNZWshttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzT0dqMjJZemxqYnc

58

2.5.:

2.2.3.6. (Lerner et al., 1995).

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_yYeEUeU3uzMkVhbWllT3pHS1U

59

1. . , , , , , , , , .. . . .

2. , . .

3. . , , , .

2.3. 2.3.1. - /

(RtI)

2.3.1.1.

, , (Tzivinikou, 2002). , , , . , , , 1-2 . . 11/2-2 , .

, , , . , ( ), , .

, , , ( ) , , .

Siegel (1988) Stanovich (1991) , , , , , , , .

60

, Kavale Forness (1985), : . , . , .

, & - RtI. 70, , .

2.3.1.2.

2001 PCESE (President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education) (Department of Education, 2002), , . , / . , , , . -RtI (Department of Education, 2007).

: . .

.

. . , , . , . , , .

. . , . , , .

RtI

, , . , . , - , ( RtI 3 ).

61

2.3.2. , . .

2.3.2.1. 1. , . 2. . 3. ,

, . 4. , ,

, . 5. ,

. 6.

.

2.3.2.2.

7. ( )

8.

9. .

2.3.3.

2.3.3.1. , .. . , -, ( 2.11. ). 2.3.3.2. , , , . , . . . , , .

, , ( 2.7 & 2.8.) . , , , , (Clarke, 2005).

62

2.7.: . -

(, 2015).

2.8.: . -

(, 2015).

, , . ( 2.9.) , . ,

63

, , , , .

, , .. . .

(curriculum-based assessment), , . , (curriculum-based measurement).

(portfolio assess-ment). (.. ). , , .

2.9.: (http://www.cehd.umn.edu/DHH-

resources/Webinars/02/when_to_implementPM.html)

2.3.3.3. / / / . , . , .

http://www.cehd.umn.edu/DHH-resources/Webinars/02/when_to_implementPM.htmlhttp://www.cehd.umn.edu/DHH-resources/Webinars/02/when_to_implementPM.html

64

, , .

2.3.4. . , (items) -, . , . // - .

. , .

2.10.

, , . . , . , , .

65

2.3.5. 2.3.5.1. , , , . , , , . , . , . , , , . , , . , .

2.3.5.2. . . / .

( , 2.11.), , .

. 2.11.: .

2.3.6. &

2.3.6.1. (traditional assessment)

, , .. . , .

66

. .

, , . . , , .

2.3.6.1.1. -, , .

2.3.6.1.1.1. / /

. , . , (guessing) 50%. , . . , (Simonson et al., 2000).

2.3.6.1.1.2. - , :

, . .

/ .

/ .

/.

2.3.6.1.1.3. , , . , . , .

2.3.6.1.1.4. , (Simonson et al., 2000). , . , .

67

2.3.6.2. (alternative assessment) , . , , (, 2002).

Wiggins (1993), , , . . , . . . , , .

, . , . , , , , , (.. ) (, 2002).

, . , , . , , .

, / , . , , , , . 2.3.6.2.1.

. ,

.

/ . .

2.3.6.2.2.

http://www.greek-language.gr/certification/research/lexicon/show.html?id=8http://www.greek-language.gr/certification/research/lexicon/show.html?id=8http://www.greek-language.gr/certification/research/lexicon/show.html?id=166http://www.greek-language.gr/certification/research/lexicon/show.html?id=156http://www.greek-language.gr/certification/research/lexicon/show.html?id=200

68

2.3.6.2.2.1. / Portfolios - . Paulson, Paulson, Meyer (. . Bailey, 1998) , , . , , . Arter (1995). : ) , , ) , ) , ) .

, , , , CD. e- .

2.3.6.2.2.2. (Projects) . , , . , .. , , , , . , . , . . , , .

2.3.6.2.2.3. (checklists) . , , . , , . , , . , , .

2.3.6.2.2.4. (Checklists) , , , . , , . . .

69

2.3.6.2.2.5. (Rubrics) , , . . , , . 2.3.6.2.2.6. . , . 2.3.6.2.2.7. . . , , , . , (Ingenkamp, 2001).

, , . , , , .

, , , (Freeman & Lewis, 2004).

2.3.6.2.2.8. & . , . . , .

, , . . . Vygotsky, , . . , . , , , . , , , . , , .

70

2.3.6.2.3. , . , , .

, (checklists) . checklists , . , . , .

, , , . (checklists) , .

1. .

2. . 3. .

1.

2.

1. , ,

. , - . , , , , , . , : () , () (), () , () , i. ii. . ( ) .

2. ,

,

71

, . , , , . , . , . , , , . , , . , .

3.

. , (items) -, . , . // - . . , . , , . . , . , , .

72

3. -RtI

..

..

(Response to Instruction and

Intervention, RtI) Fuchs (1995).

,

.

RtI, ) 1 - , ) 2 -

, ) 3 - ,

,

RtI, ,

.

RtI, ) , )

.

. , RtI

.

,

1 2 ,

RtI.

RtI.

,

. 1 2

,

RtI , .

3.1. , 60 , .. . , , .

, , . , . ,

73

, , (Columbia, Illinois, Kansas, Virginia Minnesota), .. .. , .

1985 2000, ( . 1, . 1.5. ) .. - , - L. Swanson, (1999). , .. .. Fuchs 1995 (Response to Instruction and Intervention, RtI). RtI. 3.2. (...) (..) ( 1 ). .. ( ) .. : ) .. 50% , ) .. .

( , ). , .. . Kavale Forness (1985), 156% , . , .. .. .. .

RtI , (struggling students), . RtI .. . 2004, (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, IDEIA/IDEA, Public Law 108-446). , RtI

74

( ). , .., .

3.2.1. RtI RtI : . ,

, . .

/ .

.

. .

3.2.1.1. RtI . , , . , (. 3.1.) . . RtI . , .

3.1.: 3 RtI

3.2.1.1.1. 1 (tier I)

, . . .

, RtI , .

75

. , . , , : . / . ( , ).

, , , . , , . : . ,

. . . . . . . .

3.2.1.1.2. 2 (tier II)

2 . (cut-off) RtI . 15-20% . , ( , , ..). (.. 3-8 ) . . , . (.. , ) ( ).

, 1 , . . . , . , .

76

3.2.1.1.3. 3 (tier III)

2 . . ( , ..). RtI (4 ).

3.2.: RtI.

,

. , . , RtI .

3.2.1.2. (Universal Screening) RtI , , . (universal screening) RtI / (. 3.3.).

, , (1 RtI) . . (2 RtI). ,

77

.

3.3.: .

, . , , . . , (content validity) . (Predictive Validity), (Reliability) (Efficiency).

3.2.1.3. (Progress Monitoring) ( , ..) . .

78

3.4.:

.

,

, . , , ( ) . (curriculum-based measures -CBMs), (data-driven method), , (Deno, et al, 2001 Wright, n.d.). RtI, (1, 2 3), .

( ) . , , , , ( ) ( . 3.5).

79

3.5.: 4 , , , , .

,

. : (.. ) .

(NASDSE, 2005) RtI. 1.

(). 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6.

( 3.6. 3.7.). 7. . 8.

. 9.

.

80

3.6.: ,

.

3.7.: ,

.

3.2.2. RtI RtI . , . ( , ) , .

, , , .

81

. (Problem Solving Approach to RtI, RtI-PS) (Standard Protocol Approach to RtI, RtI-SP) RtI. 3.2.2.1. () (RtI-SP) RtI, . (tier II) . . , .

(.. , , , ..) (.. , , , , ..). , .

( ) 2 RtI. , : ) , ) . ( ) (..) .

3.2.2.2. (RtI-PS) . , ( , ..) . , . , .

, . (Iowa, Minneapolis, Minnesota ..) . , . .. .

.

82

. RtI-SP . .

2 RtI. , . :

) , () ,

) 2 ,

) , - -

) .

, , RtI-SP , , (, , ..). . RtI-SP .

( , , ). ( ).

, RtI-SP RtI-PS . () , ( ) .

. . . , RtI, ( ) (Hybridized or blended models).

, RtI-SP 2 , .. , RtI-PS 3 . , RtI-SP .

83

3.2.3. RtI 2009 (RtI) (ref). , , . ( 3.8).

3.8.: RtI .

: , , , , .. RtI, .

, . , . , .

1 , 2 . , .

2 , . , ,

84

. , .

3 4 . , , 20 40 . . , ( ) . ( ) .

5 3 RtI. RtI .

, 3 2 . , , , , , .

3.2.4. RtI RtI , . ( ) . 2009 (RtI). ( , ..) . . RtI ( 3.9.).

85

3.9.: RtI .

3.2.5. .. , . RtI . .. RtI .. , . , .

. , : ) . ) , ; ) ; , . .

86

, , . , (data-driven method), (curriculum-based measures -CBMs). , , .

( .. ) (one size fits all) . .. . () .

, RtI .. . .. . RtI ( ) ( ) . RtI .. .

RtI . . , .. . .. . RtI .

, , . RtI .. . .. . RtI . .. . , .

RtI ( 3.10) Kavale Forness (2000) .. .., .

87

3.10.: Kavale Forness (2000),

.

RtI 2010

RtI, 61.2% . (55%) . 24% (21%) . RtI (90%) (26%). (Response to Intervention Adoption Survey, 2010).

1. RtI ; 2. RtI; 3.

; 4. ; 5. RtI;

88

1. RtI , (struggling students) . RtI .. .

2. RtI :

. ,

, . . /

.

. . .

3. 3 : ) ,

, , , ) , , ) , 2 .

4. (universal screening) RtI

/ . (2 RtI). , . , . , , . .

5. RtI

, , , (

89

; , ). . , , . .. . RtI ( ) ( ) . RtI .. . RtI . .

() Swanson, H.L. (1999). Reading Research for Students with LD: A Meta-Analysis of Interven-

tion Outcomes, Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32(6), 504-532. Kavale, K. A., & Forness, S. R. (1985). Learning disability and the history of science: Paradigm

or paradox? Remedial and Special Education, 6, 1223. Fletcher JM, Lyon GR, Fuchs LS, Barnes MA. (2007). Learning disabilities: From identifica-

tion to intervention. New York: Guilford. Fuchs, L. S. (1995). Incorporating curriculum-based measurement into the eligibility decision-

making process: A focus on treatment validity and student growth. Paper presented at the Workshop on IQ Testing and Educational Decision Making, National Research Council, National Academy of Science. Washington, DC.

Deno, S. L., Fuchs, L. S., Marston, D., & Shin, J. (2001). Using curriculum-based measurement to establish growth standards for students with learning disabilities. School Psychology Review, 30(4), 507-524.

Wright, J. (n.d.). Curriculum-based measurement: A manual for teachers. 15.11.2015 www.jimwrightonline.com/pdfdocs/cbaManual.pdf.

90

4.

.

.

, ,

. ,

.

, . ,

,

.

, , ,

, ,

8 .

,

,

.

, , ,

.

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

(.. )

,

. ,

,

.

http://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/Therapeftika-programmata.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/Strategy Instruction.pdf

91

4.1. , , . , , , , (Beech, 2010): ) ; ; ) ; , ; ) , ; ; , ;

, , , : () , () , () , () . 1 , .

4.1.:

,

4.1.1

4.1.1.1. 80, Ron Mace , (Bjork, 2009, Burgstahler, 2009, , .. 2011). , . , , (Rose & Meyer, 2002). , 90, , (Meo, 2008). (Connell et al., 1997), () , () , () , ()

92

, () , () () , ( 4.2.).

4.2.:

4.1.1.2. -Universal Design for Learning -

UDL

, , , , (Spooner, et al., 2007). (Universal Design for Learning-UDL) (Rose & Gravel, 2011), (Universal Design for Instruction) (Burgstahler, 2012) (Universal Instructional Design), (Goff Higbee 2008).

, , , , , (. ) , (Hitchcock, et al., 2002; Jackson & Harper, 2005). : 1 - , , 2 - , 3 - , , (Rose and Meyer 2002), (Rose & Gravel 2011), ( 4.3.).

https://www.youtube.com/v/bDvKnY0g6e4https://www.youtube.com/v/bDvKnY0g6e4http://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/sxima_7_2s.pdf

93

, (Dalton, et al., 2002). , (Tomlinson, 1999), , , , . , (ODonnell, 1998), , . , , , (Meyer & Rose, 2005).

94

4.3. :

(http://www.udlcenter.org/aboutudl/udlguidelines/downloads).

4.1.1.3. /Easy-to-Read , Easy-to-Read ( ), . , , ,

http://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/sxima_7_3.pdf

95

, , , . (Nomura et al., 2010 , 2009).

, , , . , , , -, . , (Nomura et al, 2010 Tronbacke, 1993), :

( ) (.. ) , , , , , , .. , .

4.1.1.4. , (Tomlison, 1999), , , ( 4.4). , , . 6 .

4.4:

http://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/sxima_7_4.pdf

96

4.1.1.5. , , . (low-tech), (middle tech) (high-tech). , , . (4.2.10. )

4.2.

, . , .

. . , , , , , , , .

, , (Koga, & Hall, 2004), . -, , , , , , , , . 4.5 .

4.5: .

, , , (.. ).

http://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/aps-metria-elafria-kathisterisi.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/aps-metria-elafria-kathisterisi.pdf

97

, () , () , () , .

4.2.1.

H King-Sears, (2001), () , () , () , () . , , , , . , , . , , .

4.6: King-Sears, (2001)

4.2.1.1.

, .

98

. .

4.7:

. (NCLD, 2005):

. , . , . , , . , , , track- ball joystick.

4.1: , -joystick

() ,

, , , .

99

4.2:

, .

, (. 3699/2008, . 4, . ).

4.2.1.2.

, ( : 1 , : , : ), , , , , . , , .

100

,

. : , , , ( ). ( 2014).

: ( ), . , , , .

7.3:

:

, , , .

4.2.1.3.

: & , , , , . , . , (.. , ).

, . , . ,

http://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/elasones-prosarmoges-a.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/elasones-prosarmoges-a.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/stratigiki1.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/stratigiki-diorthose-to-montelo.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91 %CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91 4%CE%BF%CF%85 %CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6 %CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/stratigiki-diavase-epomeni-lexi.pdf

101

, , . , (, 2014). , , , , (Switlick, 1997).

: ) , , . ) , , . , .

4.2.1.4.

- , , . , , , . ( ) (, 2014). . , .

: , , . , . , , , , , , .

, , , , , .

http://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/elasones-prosarmoges-b.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/elasones-prosarmoges-b.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/meizones-prosarmoges-c.pdfhttp://eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAC238/%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%98%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%9A%CE%91%20%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%204%CE%BF%CF%85%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A6%20%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%95%CE%A3-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%99%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A3/meizones-prosarmoges-c.pdf

102

4.4: .

4.12 , ,

, , , (Koga & Hall, 2004).

4.8: .

,

. , , , , ,