Υλικό για αξιολόγηση των μαθητών στη Φυσική από το ΚΕΕ

523
ΥΛΙΚΟΑΠΟΤΟΚΕΝΤΡΟΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΣΗΤΩΝΜΑΘΗΤΩΝΣΤΗΦΥΣΙΚΗ

Transcript of Υλικό για αξιολόγηση των μαθητών στη Φυσική από το ΚΕΕ

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  • : - .

    1. ; . . . - . . () , - . . .

    2. , . . . . . . . .

    3. . . . .. . . .

    4. ; . . . . . . . -.

    5. Coulomb . . . . . . . m1 m2.

  • 12

    6. 5 V 20 V. V . 15 V . 15 V . 25 V . 25 V

    7. . . . . . . . - .

    8. , Q - , q

    A

    Q

    r. Q. . r. . Q r. . Q q.

    9. , , - . . . . . . . . .

    10. . . . . . . .

    11. . , . . . . . . . .

  • 13

    12. . . . . . . . .

    13. . . . . . , . . .

    14. , - . . . . . . . .

    15. C0 Q. , - = 4,

    - Q+Q. 4Q . Q/4 . C0/4 . 4C0

    16. . V V = 0 . V V 0 . V V 0 . V V .

    17. q,

    , . q. . . . q . . .

  • 14

    18. . - . . . . . . . .

    19. -

    S

    . . . . . . . .

    20. Q. . - . . . . . . , Q.

    21. r - F. , . 2F . 4F . F/4 . F/2

    22. . . . . . . . .

    23. Q0 . - , , , . . . . . . . .

  • 15

    24. . . . . . . . .

    25. Coulomb . . . . . . . .

    26. . . . . . . .

    27. . . . . . . . .

    28. . . . . . . . .

    29. . . . . . . . .

    30. ( ) . . . . . . . .

  • 16

    /

    : - .

    1. . . . . . . . .

    2. q1 q2, r Coulomb. r

    q1 q2F1 F2

    . F1 q1. . F2 q2. . F1 F2 . . q1 q2 .

    3. . . . . . . .

    4. - V = W/q. . q. . q . . 1 .

    5. - J.J. Thomson : . . . . . . . q/m .

    6. .

  • 17

    7. q. . q. . q. . q q.

    8. , - -.

    ++ ++ ++ ++ +

    -- -- -- -- -

    . . . . . . . .

    9. - .

    10. .

    11. .

    12. .

    13. ..

    14. .

    15. () .

    16. .

    17. 90,4e.

    18. .

    19. .

  • 18

    : - - -.

    1. .

    . .

    E . .

    B . . g

    .

    F

    2. .

    . m .

    F . B

    . q . g .

    E . G

    3. .

    / - . K . Edison . T

    . Crooks

    .

    . J.J. Thomson

    .

    4. .

    . . C . . /C . . V . . J . W

  • 19

    : - , - , .

    1. r. , ()................. , () ..........................

    2. ......................... .

    3. - . :

    ().........

    ()..............

    ().............

    ().............. ()...... = F/m ()................

    4. , ............................ -

    .

    5. ()............................ ().............................

    6. : , () ......................... , , ()............................

    7. . ()............................ , () .............................

    8. ().. , , ()...

    9. . , ...

  • 20

    () Coulomb kC = 9109 N m

    C

    2

    2 ,

    () 0 = 8 85 10 12, C

    N m

    2

    2

    () ( ) e C 16 10 19, .

    1. , . .

    2. ; .

    3. Coulomb -;

    4. ;

    5. . ; .

    6. , - . .

    7. - ; ;

    8. ; .

    9. , q. , . . . .

  • 21

    10. . . . . . . ; - .

    11. q1 q2, -. -.

    q1q2+

    . , . . : . . : - .

    12. Q . . ( Q Q ), . . , Q r .

    13. 8 kV/mm.

    14. . , . .

    15. , , , , . -, : i) , , , ii) , . . ; - . . , ;

  • 22

    16. - , . . - .

    17. - . . . ; . ;

    18. . ;

    19. -

    . . ; . ;

    20. : . - . . .

    21. , .

    22. , -, , .

    23. , 100 100 70 - 70 . , 20 - . . ; . ;

    24. , - . - ;

  • 23

    25. : -, , - . - .

    26. q q q. q . . . . . - q q. .

    27. -. ; .

    28. . , . . . . .

    29. , . . - ; . . . . . . . . .

    30. -

    E , - . , , .

    ()

    () ()

    ()F

    F

    F

    F

    . . . . . . . . - ; .

  • 24

    *31. , ,

    . 2q . , , .

    . . . . . , - ;

    [. () 22

    C 2qk , , () 4/1 () ]

    32. 60 cm. , 4 C , F , 1 C . . .

    F. , - . . 25 g , .

    [. () 0,1 , () 105 /C, () 4 m/s2]

    33. -

    . . ; . , . - ; . , - . 0,01 s, ;

    1,5 V

    2 F

    [. () 0, () 2,25106 J, () 2,25104 W]

    34. Q1 = 4 C Q2 = 2 C L = 0,9 m. q = 1 C - , x = 0,3 m Q1.

    Q1

    A ()

    Q2q

    L

    x

    . Q1 Q2 q. . q.

  • 25

    [. () 0,4 , 0,05 , () 0,35

    F1]

  • 26

    35.

    m = 0,1 g q = 1,2108 C, - , . - = 80 kV/m L = 10 mm.

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

    . . . . . - . (g = 10 m/s2)

    [. () 9,6104 N, () 0,4 m/s2, () 4107 J]

    36. , C = 10 F, q = 30 C . , . . . . . . . . . .

    [. () 30 C, () 5 F, () 6 V, () 4,5105 J, () 9105 J]

    *37. QA = 4Q0 QB = Q0 (Q0 >0) (). L = 30 cm.

    Q

    A

    QA

    () L

    . (), , ; . , 10 cm , Q0. QA QB.

    [. () x = 30 cm , () FA/FB = 16]

    38. Q1 = 1 C, Q2 = 3 C Q3 = 4 C . r = 3 m,

    y

    x

    Q2

    r

    Q1

    Q3

    r

    . - Q2 Q3 Q1. . Q1.

    [. () 3103 , 4103 , () 5103 , = 4/3]

  • 27

    39.

    , , = 1 m. QA = +0,01 C.

    B

    . - ; . Q = 0,01 C. QA Q ; . QB = +0,01 C Q = 0,01 C. QA, QB, Q Q .

    [. () 1 = 180 /C, () 2 = 360 N/C, () 360 2 N/C, = 45 ]

    40. F = 18104 N. - , r. r/2. . r/2.

    [. () 72104 , () 8104 ]

    41. Q1 = 10 C Q2 = 40 C L = 3 m. ()

    Q2Q1

    A L. . . () q = 2 C, .

    [. () 0,4 , () 1 m ]

    42. F = 12 N. , . . . .

    [. () 48 , () 6 ]

    43. L = 1,6 m . F = 3,6 N. . . . .

    [. () Q1 = 32 C, Q2 = 32 C, () 21014 ]

  • 28

    44. , , . , , , - .

    45. q = 4 C, - , F = 6,4104 N. - xx, . . . .

    [. () 160 /C, () xx]

    *46. Q = 1 C - xOy. . x, x1 = 1 m. . y, y1 = 3 m. . x2 = 4 m y2 = 3 m.

    [. () 9103 N/C x, () 103 N/C y, () 360 N/C, = 3/4]

    47. Q q - L = 20 cm - . - (), , - ,

    ()

    qQ

    A L

    . Q = 9 C q = 4 C. . Q = 9 C q = 4 C

    [. () 12 cm , () 40 cm ]

    *48. , , - = 1 m.

    K

    O

    . Q1 = 0,01 C . ; . Q2 = 0,01 C. - Q1 Q2 ; . Q1 Q2; . Q1 Q2 ;

    [. () 180 N/C, = 45, () 0, () 4,5107 , () 90 2 N/C, = 45]

  • 29

    49. - E = 2104 N/C ( ), . m = 0,04 kg q = 2 C.

    A

    y

    E

    g

    . . . -, . . .

    [. () 0,04 , () 0,36 , () 9 m/s2]

    50. Q -. VA = +20 V VB = 80 V. - . Q = + 2 C. . Q = 1 C.

    [. () 2104 J, () 104 J]

    51. C = 2 F V = 20 V. . ; . ; . , 10 V;

    [. () 40 C, () 4104 J, () 20 C]

    52. C0 = 2 F V0 = 20 V. = 4. . C. . Q. . V . . U.

    [. () 8 F, () 40 C, () 5 V, () 104 J]

    53. S = 10 cm2 L = 8,85 mm. V = 100 V. . ; . , = 10. ;

    [. () 1010 C, () 91010 C]

  • 30

    54.

    C0 = 2 F V0 = 40 V. = 10. , - -+

    V0

    -+V0

    . V . . C. . Q. . U.

    . () 40 V, () 20 F, () 800 C, () 16103 J] [

    *55. C0 = 1 F V0 = 20 V. - . . . . . . . . .

    [. () 0, () 0,5 F, () 20 V, () 2104 J]

    56. C0 = 1 F V0 = 20 V. . . . . . . . . .

    [. () 0, () 0,5 F, () 10 C, () 104 J]

    F kq qr 21 2

    ..

  • 31

  • -

    -

    km/s. mm/s.

    Kirchhoff-

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 32

    Oersted

    -

    Ohm

    R = V/I.

    V/1000 WV.W.W, V.,

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

  • 33

    L L = 2LA.RA B

    RA = 2RB

    RB = 2RA

    RB = 8RA

    =

    WJC.

    V/1100

    hm,

    R

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

  • 34

    123

    1 >2 >312313 >23 >2 >1

    -Ohm

    (4)(3)(2)(1)

    V

    IIII

    V VV

    Joule

    Ohm.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    3

    2

    1

  • 35

    =

    =

    =

    =

    VV

    24.

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    Z

    B

    B

  • 36

    :

    V = I/R P = I2Rt W = V2Rt

    =

    --

    12 (R1 R2)

    1 + R2

    V

    30.

    31.

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

    V

    IB

    A

    O

  • 37

    -

    12 (R1 R2)

    = +

    C.

    -

    -

    1 , r1 ) 2 , r2 )

    12r = r1 r2 12r = r1 + r2 1 2r = r1 r2 12r = r1 / r2

    r) (E, r)

    r = 2r r = 2r r = r r = r/2

    36.

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    41.

    V

    IB

    A

    O

  • 38

    P.V.V r.r.

    R1 2 -

    1 + 2 r = r/2.

    2R I2r

    EI2R V2R + I2r

    2R + I2r

    42.

    43.

    44.

    R1 R2

    E2, rE1, r

    A

    E, r

    I

    R

  • 39

    -

    1

    V

    1

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

  • 40

    -

    W = VAB I

    -

    W = IR2t.

    Joule

    Joule

    -

    -

    -

    -

    R = R1 + R2 + R3 ++ R

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    26.

    27.

  • 41

    -

    -

    r) R

    -

    28.

    29.

    30.

    31.

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    A

    A

  • 42

    - -

    -

    I

    V

    V

    I

    I

    V

    Zener A

    V W m J

    R/3 R 3R 2R/3 3R/2

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • 43

    -

    - ....

    .......... , ....

    SI..

    Volt.

    O ,

    ................

    ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

  • 44

    ) =

    1

    2,

    12

    12

    12.

    -

    >>

  • 45

    R-

    -

    -

    -

    +

    -

    -

    -

    --

    -

    R -- R

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    E, rA

    R

    1

    2

    I

    V

  • 46

    -

    --

    ---

    2-

    -

    R = V/I)Ohm.

    Ohm

    2

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

  • 47

    -

    -

    =

    --

    -

    P = I2

    =

    -

    -

    -

    -

    1017

    1015

    104

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    26.

    V

    B

    I

    V

  • 48

    1 = 2,7108 -1 = 1

    -

    104108m]

    1021

    R1 = 10 R2 = 20 R3 = 30 VR2 V2 = 20 V. V.

    V, 30 VVW]

    V

    V,,,W]

    R1,R2 R3 R4.-

    VAB R2I2 = 1 A.

    V]

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

    31.

    4

    12

    6

    R5 = 11

    +-

    R4 = 18

    R1 = 4

    R2 = 8

    R3 = 6

  • 49

    R1 = 10 R2 = 20 -V = 60 V

    - min.

    V, 40 V, (J]

    VAB = 5 V.

    R1 R2, R

    V

    = 1 = 102 = 2]

    -

    V, -(1)(2).

    - (2) mm2, (1);

    mm2]

    R -V = 30 V, P = 30 W.R , V.

    W]

    120 V.

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    A

    -

    +

    R1

    R2

    V = 6 V

    6

    2

    0 V (Volt)

    (1)

    (2)I (mA)

    12

  • 50

    -R3 -

    R3.R1. -

    W, W]

    -

    m, 2 m]

    12-3-121.12

    3-121.

    R

    -

    i) ii) iii) .iv) V.

    J/s

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    41.

    R2

    R1

    R3

  • 51

    ,

    180 V.

    1

    R2 = R3 4 R5

    .-

    V, A, 8 A, 8 A, 20 A, 10 A]

    (E, r) ,

    -

    -

    R1 = 4 1 R2 = 9 2r

    V]

    42.

    43.

    44.

    45.

    46.

    R3

    R1

    R2 R4

    I

    R5

    2R

    R

    R

    2R

    2R

    R

    r = 0

  • 52

    -

    A.

    6 V, ( 3 A 2V]

    1

    R2 = R3 -

    V]

    -12-

    -

    12.21.

    V, 3 V

    *47.

    48.

    49.

    50.

    R3

    R1

    R2V E

    RE, r

    A1

    A2

  • 53

    -

    : iR iii

    V/50 W.RR , V = 200 V. R1 , R;

    ]

    V r = 2 -R = 4

    t = 100 s.VWW, (J]

    V = 18 V I-R = 5

    t = 10 min.]

    R1 R2 R3VrR2 2

    R1 R3.

    V]

    51.

    52.

    53.

    54.

    55.

    , r

    R

  • 54

    R1 R2 r = 1 R2 2

    VWW, () 12 W, 6 W, W]

    R1 R2

    R3 Vr-R2 2

    VWW, 18 W, 27 W]

    = E = 2 V - r = 0,4

    R = 1,6 -

    -

    V, 0,1 V]

    r-

    RA = 8 1

    R1 = 2 2R2r

    V]

    56.

    57.

    *58.

    *59.

    E, r

  • 55

    , -V r RA. VB. -

    -V -,

    (A) 7,2 V, (V, 6,3 V, 7 V]

    r = 2 R I1 = 3 A-RR1 = 10 2

    R.

    V]

    V r = 0,2 = 8 - , R = 40 1

    V]

    R = - = 2 V-r = 0,5 V = 15 V

    R.V]

    60.

    61.

    62.

    63.

    , r

    R

    V

  • 56

    R1 = 40 R2 = 15 V-r = 5

    R3 = 40

    WW]

    V- r = 0,5 -

    R =-

    -

    V, 2 V]

    64.

    *65.

    = + +

    = =

    = =

    = +

  • -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 58

    .

    2.

    2..

    FL2 . FL = I L2 . FL = I L . FL = I L .

    -

    .

    .

    .

    -

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

  • 59

    -

    0 45 90 180

    .

    .

    -

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

  • 60

    -

    -

    -

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

  • 61

    Hall.

    Curie.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

  • 62

    -

    -

    -

    -

    S N

    --

    30.

    31.

    32.

    33.

  • 63

    -

    -

    -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

  • 64

    -

    Curie.

    -

    -

    -

    Weiss.

    -

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

  • 65

    - -

    n/L

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 66

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

  • 67

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

  • 68

    -

    -

    --

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

  • 69

    = 10 7

    2

    2

    -

    --

    --

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

  • 70

    -

    -

    -

    --

    -

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

  • 71

    ---

    -

    105-

    105

    -

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

    31.

  • 72

    -

    12 (-.

    -

    -

    Newton;-

    1 2

    12104

    -

    -

    --102-

    -

    32.

    33.

    34.

    *35.

    r

    1 2

    S

  • 73

    105

    -

    -

    2.

    2.

    -

    1 = 0,4 cm.

    -

    -

    2 -

    36.

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    K I

    I

    k k

  • 74

    -12--

    - 1

    5

    105 T

    ]

    r = 30 cm.-

    -

    -

    -12-

    106

    106

    106

    41.

    42.

    *43.

    r

    A

    r1

    r

    r

    I1 I2

  • 75

    106

    ,

    106

    ,

    106

    ,106

    -

    107107 T]

    2

    1

    106 N, 2106106 N]

    44.

    45.

    46.

    P

    A

    2

    K

    1

    I

    1

    2

    r

  • 76

    - 1

    2

    -1 =3 = 2 -

    105 105 105

    -1

    2 3

    -

    1066

    , - --

    - 1

    2-

    106106-106106

    47.

    48.

    *49.

    r

    I1 I3 I2 A

    r1 r2

    1 2 3

    r r

    2

    1

  • 77

    -

    ---

    -

    1

    -2

    -

    .

    -

    -

    1,5108 -

    -

    104 T]

    50.

    51.

    A

    R1

    H

    R2

    R

    E, r

  • 78

    --

    -

    103

    R2

    108m.

    123

    3.1, R2R3 --

    -1, R23.

    1, R23t = 100 s.

    103

    ---

    104

    52.

    *53.

    54.

  • 79

    A. 108

    B. ---

    1-

    104102

    -

    -

    -104

    -1-

    iii2

    -

    104 104

    *55.

    *56.

    57. R1

    E, r

  • 80

    --

    10 3 10 3

    . = 0,5 104B

    104

    = 0,5 104

    4

    58.

    59.

    60.

    =

    =

    =

  • -

    -- -

    -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    S

  • 82

    -

    -

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

  • 83

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

  • 84

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 85

    -

    -

    - -

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

  • 86

    -

    -

    =

    V1 = V2 I1 = I2 V1 I1 = V2 I2

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

  • 87

    - -

    Weber (Wb) Ampere (A) Henry (H)

    Tesla (T)

    -

    -

    -

    -

    .

    B.

    S

    1.

    2.

  • 88

    -

    --

    -

    ...........................................

    -

    -- -

    --

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

  • 89

    -

    -S/2;

    --

    -

    -2

    1

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    1

    2

  • 90

    -

    -

    -

    --

    -

    -

    =

    -

    -

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    m

    t (ms)200 10

    14

    t0

  • 91

    -

    ---

    -

    -

    -

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

    31.

    t0

  • 92

    -

    -

    2/n1-

    --

    4

    105

    2

    -

    105105 Wb]

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

  • 93

    -

    24 s. - - -

    104

    -

    106

    -

    -

    104 J/s]

    2 / n1-

    -

    41.

    42.

    43.

    44.

    45.

    46.

    mWb)

    24

    1

    3

    0 8t (s)

  • 94

    -

    -

    = -

    -

    -

    =

    =

    - k

    -

    47.

    48.

    49.

    50.

    51.

  • 95

    --

    kWh]

    -

    52.

    53.

    =

    =

    =

  • 96

  • -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 100

    -

    2x

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

  • 101

    -

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

  • 102

    ---

    19.

    20.

  • 103

    -

    .

    -

    -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

  • 104

    -

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

  • 105

    - -

    ,--

    5 J 1 J 8 J 12 J 19 J 15 J 15 J

    -

    .

    0,4 5 J 10 W

    8 N

    AT

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • 106

    -

    -

    SI,

    ---

    -

    - ............. .

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

  • 107

    -

    -

    .

    -

    .................................

    -

    -

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

  • 108

    2

    -

    - 1, F2, F3, F4 5.

    -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    s3045

  • 109

    --

    1 2, -

    1 > k2.

    -

    -

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

  • 110

    --

    -

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

  • 111

    -

    -

    ,

    --

    -

    -

    2-

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

    31.

    x

    F

  • 112

    - -

    4 N/m,,

    -

    - -

    --

    ,,

    -

    s-

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    1 765432

    1

    6

    45

    32

    F (N)

    s (m)

    2 1210864

    10

    60

    4050

    3020

    F (N)

    x (cm)

  • 113

    - -

    -

    -

    ,

    --

    4 N/m.

    ,

    --

    -

    ,,

    -

    -

    ,,

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    0

    30

    30k m

    s

    30k

    1 765432

    1

    6

    45

    32

    F (N)

    s (m)

  • 114

    -0 + 0

    , m/s]

    -

    ,,

    . -

    -

    ,,, J]

    -

    = -

    --

    -

    .

    [() 2m/s, ( 1m]

    41.

    42.

    43.

    44.

  • 115

    --

    -

    [() 8 m/s]

    - -

    [ ( m/s,J, m]

    -

    F -

    .

    [() 192 J, () 6m/s, () 144 J/s]

    -

    F,,-

    ,,

    45.

    46.

    47.

    48.

    0 2 1210864

    24

    F (N)

    x (m)

  • 116

    --0 = 1 m/s.

    -

    =

    0 -

    [( m, () 9 m/s]

    --

    - = 2 m/s.

    - -

    ,

    =

    ii) ,

    *49.

    50.

    51.

    Z

  • 117

    - + -m -,

    ,,

    0 = 4 m/s,

    -

    =

    0 0. 0.-

    m,,, m/s ]

    -

    ,,

    - kg.

    ,

    52.

    *53.

    54.

    55.

    Fm

  • 118

    -2 = 5 cm; 2 = 7 c2 = 3 cm

    ,,,

    1-

    12 = 3kg.

    2; 12;

    ,,

    ----2 = 0,2 m;

    ,

    -

    .

    E

    ,,

    *56.

    57.

    58.

    *59.

    x1m1

  • 119

    -

    0-

    =

    -1 = 2,6 m.

    ,,

    2 kW, () P = 20500 t (SI)]

    60.

    *61.

    =

    =

    =

    =

  • 120

  • -

    -

    xx -

    4000 +20000 20000+40000

    4000 +20000 20000+40000

    yy-kg

    20 10 +20 +10

    200 100 +200 +100

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • 122

    -

    .

    20 Ns 3 Ns 20/3 Ns 60 Ns

    40 Ns 20 Ns 10 Ns 100 Ns

    -m/s.

    (SI): 75 64 12 76

    -

    4.

    510152025

    2 4 61 3 5

    F (N)

    t (s)

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

  • 123

    SI kgms kgm/s kgm/s2

    kg/s

    . .

    -

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

  • 124

    -

    P

    P

    B

    15.

    16.

    17.

  • 125

    -

    kgs

    m/s-

    -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

  • 126

    m/s.m/s.

    Chadwick

    - -

    -

    = -

    =

    -

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

  • 127

    -

    -

    -

    -

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

  • 128

    - - -

    Ns N J

    kgm/s

    1.

    2.

  • 129

    -

    , -

    - t -

    ,

    ,

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

  • 130

    10.

    11.

    12.

  • 131

    g = 10 m/s2

    -

    =

    = .

    km/h.

    [kgm/s 100000 N]

    - -

    [2 kgm/s2 2 N]

    p/

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    2

    6

    10

    4

    8

    p (kgm/s)

    2 4 6t (s)

  • 132

    1 2 3 4

    6420

    - 2- 4- 6

    F (N)

    t (s)

    1210

    8642

    F (N)

    1 2 4 63 5t (s)

    [s 35 Ns]

    -

    -

    -

    -

    1

    2

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

  • 133

    kgkgSI) 1,5 3 0,6 2

    kg, - m

    [960 N]

    kg-

    100 kgm/skgm/skgm/s

    SI) 16 4 4

    -

    -

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

  • 134

    -;

    Newton

    --

    - - -

    - -

    24.

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

    31.

    32.p (kgm/s)

    4

    B

    40

    30

    20

    10

    6 1082t (s)

  • 135

    -

    1 2-

    -

    11

    2..

    i) m2 >> m1ii) m2

  • 136

    [

    = 0,2 SI) = -

    [m/s]

    --1 = 40 2 = 30

    [

    m1 m2--

    [2 /m1 = 3]

    A m1 m2-

    1/m2

    [1 /m2

    [Ns]

    40.

    41.

    42.

    43.

    44.

    45.

    2

    1

    64

    5

    m/s)

    t (s)

  • 137

    0 = 100 -

    -

    [m/s, 150 m/s]

    F = 2t + 4 (SI).

    [s,m/s]

    [,m]

    = 4,8 k = 30 = 0,2kg, 0 = 200m/s,-

    =

    [,

    0 = 4000 -2

    1 = 2000 m/s1 = 8000 m/s1 = 10000 m/s

    [ 6000 m/s,,m/s]

    46.

    47.

    48.

    49.

    50.

    s

    m

  • 138

    = ,-,1 2

    .

    kgm/s, () 720 N]

    = 1,8 ,0 = 8-2 = 6 m/s.s

    [() 10 kgm/s, ()]

    = 1 ,,1 = 4 s

    .[ (kgm/s,3/4,J]

    = 2 0 s.

    = 60, s.

    [ (20 Ns, m/s, , J]

    1

    0

    2

    2 = 2 m/s.

    [ () 3 m/s, 2 m/s, ii) 0,2 m/s, 3,2 m/s, s, ii) 4,8 Ns]

    51.

    52.

    53.

    54.

    55.

  • 139

    = 2 , = 2 s,F1 = 8 2 = 6 = 2

    ...

    [ (s, = 4/3, = 4/3,m, (m/s, (W1 = 64 J, W2 = 36 J]

    0 = 5 0 -

    -

    [ (Ns, , 75 J]

    = 10 ,-,-

    i)ii)

    x = 2 m/s.0 = 0 = 5 s.

    [ (120 Ns, 12 m/s, 10 m/s, = 24 N]

    = 8 -0 = 4 0 = F

    = 45 F = 20 t (SI).

    [ ( s, m/s,40 kgm/s2]

    56.

    57.

    58.

    *59.

    5040302010

    F (N)

    0 1 2 4 63 5t (s)

  • 140

    0 = 12 0 = 0 F

    =

    (SI).

    s. = 8 s. s; t1 = 6 s;

    [ (s, m/s, 64 J, (kgm/s2]

    = 40 0= -- -(SI).

    1 = 10 s.

    [ m/s, 20 m/s]

    1 -

    2

    =

    .

    [ ( =

    , =

    ,

    =

    ,

    kg, 0 = 100 m/s,

    [ m/s,,

    60.

    *61.

    62.

    63.

    s t 10 s

    t 5 s

    10 s < t0

    - 200 + 20t

    400 - 100t

    F =

  • 141

    = 6 -,0 = 10 -1 = 4 kg,1 = 12 m/s.

    -

    [m/s,,s]

    12

    -

    - 3 --

    m = M [ ( = = = ,]

    m > M [ = , =+

    ,

    += , ]

    m < M [

    += , = ,

    += ,

    1 = 2

    -

    -2 = 1

    [,,

    64.

    65.

    66.

    123

    mm

    m1

    m2

  • 142

    --2 = 4,5

    -1 = 0,5 -0 = 6 -

    2

    -

    m12.

    [ m/s, m/s, 1 m/s,m]

    1 = 0,6 kg m2 = 0,4

    1 = 5 2 = 10 ---

    [ m/s,, 7 m/s, 8m/s, Ns]

    = 0,2 0 = 200

    = 20

    [,,s]

    67.

    68.

    69.

    0

    30m1

    m2s

    m2m1

  • 143

    1 = 1 -

    -

    -

    2 = 2 kg,-

    k = 600 N/ 1

    2

    [m/s,,

    1-0 = 100 -2 = 12,25 -

    = 100 N/ -

    -

    [m/s, s,

    1 = 2 2 = 3

    1= 10 -2 = 5

    t =0,1 s.

    [m/s,,

    70.

    71.

    72.

    Z

    m1

    m2=0

    km2 m1

  • 144

    -

    -

    --0 = 80 -

    [m/s,,

    = 0,9 m, -

    0- -

    0

    -

    [m/s,m/s,

    F F0 1 2 -

    2 = 10 s.

    m/s,kgm/s2,,m/s]

    73.

    74.

    *75.

    A

    0

    h

    0

  • 145

    -1 = 1

    ,-2 = 4

    k = 1000 N/

    =

    1

    1

    -

    ,

    = 1 xx, 0 = 15 m/s0 =

    -

    -

    1 = 10 s.

    1 = 10 s.m/s.

    [ (m/s, , 20 J/s,

    -0 = 20 -

    =

    1 = 12

    [ (m/s, ,, s]

    76.

    77.

    *78.

    s

    30k hm2

    m1

  • 146

    = 4 -0 = 0 F--Ox

    (SI), t 8 s. t 8 s,

    i

    ii)

    1 = 2 s.[ (

    = 32 4t, T = 8 1,5 t, 4 m/s, 13 kgm/s2]

    1 = 2 -

    1 = 10 -m2 = 8 -2 = 5 m/s. = 1

    ,1 m/s,2 m/s]

    1 = 3 , , 2 = 2 kg,-0 = 3 m/s. 2

    1

    x2 m2 m1.

    m/s,,m]

    *79.

    80.

    81.

    y

    x

    F

    21

    m2m1

    30

    m1

    k

    B

    m2

    A

  • 147

    1 -k = 1000, - -

    h2 -

    -

    , 1,5 m/s,,

    --

    -

    -

    ,

    ,m,

    1 = 1 kg = 5 m2 = 4 kg -

    k = 104 N/m

    1 1 -

    x1

    h1m1

    m/s,0,08 m, 1,8 m]

    *82.

    *83.

    84.

    h1h

    h

    h

    x1

    h

  • 148

  • -

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 150

    -

    -

    -

    -

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

  • 151

    -

    .

    m -

    -

    -

    Q Q (Q > 0) d .

    .

    .

    . Q-.. -.

    1 m2 (m1 > m2)-d

    -

    1- m2.

    ==

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • 152

    h = RR -m

    -

    =

    C Coulomb

    - -

    ,-

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

  • 153

    -

    -

    -

    -

    kCCoulombG

    mq -A V , , -

    =

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

  • 154

    - - -

    A. B.

    . J T N/kg J/C N/C

    kgm/s

    .

    =

    =

    =

    = =

    1.

    2.

    3.

  • 155

    Q Q. Q Q. Q Q.

    ((

    ((

    4.

  • 156

    -

    -

    m.

    -

    ................

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

  • 157

    -Q q;

    -

    -

    m.

    -

    -,

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

  • 158

    VA V, Q

    VA -h

    -

    -

    --

    --

    -

    mr-

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

  • 159

    Q r -

    -

    -

    Millikan

    m -

    =

    -

    m h = R

    hmgW 0 =

    2Rmg

    W 0 =

    ( ) = >

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    26.

  • 160

    m h = RR

    m mxx--

    m

    4m

    HZ

    xx

    L

    L

    4m -

    =

    .

    m

    =

    .

    VR3/3).

    - r = 60 RR

    -

    R = 6400 km.

    R]

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

  • 161

    ]

    Q (Q > 0) q, -

    , 45

    Q1 = C Q2 = C -d = 1 m.Q1-

    (kC = 9109 Nm2/C2).

    -

    d = 1 m.

    3 kg, ( =

    )

    kg, 2 kg]

    d. m

    d/3]

    R = 1 m = 10 m/s.

    -

    =

    )

    1012 kg,

    31.

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    x0

    y

    (0, Q

    - Q

    (,0)

  • 162

    -

    =

    ,

    g0Rr

    ).

    g0; (R = 6400 km).5.120 km]

    Q1 = 4 Q2 = C -L = 30 cm. Q1-

    cm]

    g0H R = 6400 km.

    km]

    Q (Q > 0) --

    ]

    m md.m -

    ]

    mQ --r r. -

    m = 10 g, Q = 2C, r = 15 cm, kC = 9109 Nm2 /C26 m/s]

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    41.

    42.

  • 163

    m = 90 kg.

    g0 = 10 m/s2

    m q (q > 0) t = 0xx,

    q, m

    x x

    0

    x'x.; ;

    ,

    ,

    ]

    0,He)

    .

    qp = e , q = 2e, kC, mp

    , mp0]

    =

    ]

    m =100 kg h = R, Rg0 = 10 m/s2 R = 6400 km

    108 J]

    43.

    44.

    45.

    46.

    47.

  • 164

    h = R -

    (g0 = 10 m/s2 R = 6400 km).

    103 m/s]

    Q = 8 q = 9 C, -

    xxd1 = 18 cm.m = 18 g, d2 = 24cm.

    kC = 9109 Nm2 /C2

    m/s, 0,36 Ns]

    Q = 108 C. -d = 16 cm.

    x

    Q Q

    x = 6 cm-

    m = 9 106 kg q = 108 C kC = 9109 Nm2/C2.

    0V 1 m/s]

    48.

    *49.

    *50.

  • -

    ,122 = 2m1, - 0-

    -

    0

    -,

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

  • 166

    -1 = 2 k-2 = 1 -

    -

    < < = < = = = >

    -- 0 0 0 t, tt

    t > t > t t > t = t t = t > t t = t = t

    -,

    -q (q > 0)

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

  • 167

    (q > 0) -

    -

    = =

    1

    R2,

    mmm = 2m-

    =

    =

    =

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

  • 168

    -

    -

    -

    =

    =

    =

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

  • 169

    pp = n = 0 p = n > 0 p >n < 0 p 0

    -

    2 4 8

    mmm > m-d d

    d = d

    d > d

    d < d

    =

    20

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

  • 170

    -

    - qB = 2qA -

    =

    =

    -

    -V

    V.

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

  • 171

    -

    --

    =

    -

    .

    m 2m t = 0

    -

    -

    t = 0 -

    t =

    1.

    2.

    3.

    0 0

    0

    0

    0

  • 172

    h

    -

    0.

    m q

    -

    -

    -

    h = R

    -h = RW = mg0R - =

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    0

  • 173

    m2m,

    0

    .-

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    x

    y

    x

    y

  • 180

    -

    xx

    t = 0-m q

    .

    Laplace --

    -

    -

    -

    -

    me,

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    q, m

    xx

  • 181

    -

    -

    ===

    [km]

    0 = 40

    2.

    [ 4 s, 8 s, 40 m/s]

    1-

    2.

    [ 35 m, 40 m/s, 30 m/s]

    0 = 40

    2.

    [ 50 m/s]

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

  • 182

    2.

    [500 m, 80 m/s]

    0 = 10

    2.

    [ s, 20 m/s, 40 m/s]

    -0 = 30

    2.

    [ 4 s, 120 m, 50 m/s]

    0 = 15

    2.

    [ 4 s, 100 m]

    1 =80 2 = 5 -

    2.

    [ 1360 m]

    31.

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

  • 183

    -12- L -

    1- 0

    =

    +

    ]

    0---

    0

    2. 80 m/s]

    -0,x = 30 -0,y = 40 m/s.

    2.

    m, (m, 50 m/s]

    0

    ,

    ]

    36.

    37.

    38.

    39.

    0

    y

    O

    B

    A

    x

    21

    h

    L

  • 184

    -

    , 2

    ,

    ]

    -0 = 40

    2.

    m, m, m, ( m/s, 40 m/s]

    -Hmax

    2.

    m/s, 45]

    -

    0 ]

    0

    m

    40.

    41.

    42.

    43.

    44.

  • 185

    1

    2

    -

    -

    h = R0 = 10 m/s2 = 6400 km.

    108 J]

    1

    2R2-

    =

    =

    =

    0.,,

    3C,

    -

    = , =

    1010 m/s2, 104 m/s, 1,25 s]

    45.

    46.

    47.

    48.

    49.

  • 186

    -

    -

    -

    0

    , L.

    :i) ii) 0 /2

    iii). -i (ii).m, q, 0L.

    ,

    ,

    ,

    , ,

    ]

    -L

    -

    = =

    . m/s, s]

    --

    -

    pq = qp, q =2qp, m = 2mp, m = 4mp

    = = ]

    50.

    51.

    52.

    53.

    m

    -q

    L

    A x

  • 187

    26 18-

    0 = 105 N/C-

    m/s, , s]

    -q - -0--

    -

    ,

    ,

    , ( ]

    1

    -1. 2

    -2 = 2R1.

    1 /m2 = 1/8]

    12-

    = 16.

    1 / R2 = 4]

    54.

    *55.

    56.

    57.

    d

    y

    xA

  • 188

    q-

    ,

    ]

    *58.

    =

  • I

    II

  • 2,15,1 6

  • 3

    2

    3

    2

  • 3

    3

    3

    2

    2

  • 1. 7. 13. 19. 2. 8. 14. 20. 3. 9. 15. 21. 4. 10. 16. 5. 11. 17. 6. 12. 18.

    1. 18. 35. 52. 2. 19. 36. 53. 3. 20. 37. 54. 4. 21. 38. 55. 5. 22. 39. 56. 6. 23. 40. 57. 7. 24. 41. 58. 8. 25. 42. 59. 9. 26. 43. 60. 10. 27. 44. 61. 11. 28. 45. 62. 12. 29. 46. 63. 13. 30. 47. 64. 14. 31. 48. 65. 15. 32. 49. 66. 16. 33. 50. 17. 34. 51.

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

    6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

  • 88

    98.

    6370 km = 40103 km.

    =

    .

    c = 2Lf NN = Lf2c

    =

    =

    99.

    == = 51014 ==

    21015 s.

    100.

    14,1

    nm450nm630

    ff

    hfhf

    1

    2

    2

    1

    2

    1 ====

    =

    ===

    101.

    ===

    ==

  • 89

    102.

    ====

    =

    =

    103.

    ===

    12-

    =

    =

    104.

    =

    ==

    === 108

    105.

    ====

  • 90

    106.

    .

    4560

    = 2/2

    2/3 = .

    ===

    107.

    -

    (60 + 90) = 30

    3060

    = 3

    = 3

    108.

    =

    ===

    2 cm

    =

    60 60

    .

    30

  • 91

    109.

    -

    2

    45=

    21 .

    110.

    n

    n =

    = 3 n = n 3 = 1,73.

    111.

    =

    = 2

    =

    22 .

    ===

    112.

    -

    =

    90,

    30

    45 45

    105

    60 60

    .

    30

  • 92

    113.

    n = 3 ,

    114.

    -

    . -

    (60 + 90) = 30.

    3 .

    115.

    n =

    3060

    = 2/12/3

    = 1,73.

    === m = 433 nm.

    ====

    116.

    n =

    =

    2/12/2

    = =1,41.

    == = 41014 Hz.

    ===

  • 93

    117.

    -

    ,

    =

    -

    n

    =

    =

    = .

    ==

    45 45

  • 94

  • ,

  • e

  • 0

    -2

    -12

    /eV

  • 1. 4. 7. 10. 2. 5. 8. 11. 3. 6. 9. 12.

    1. 9. 17. 25. 2 . 10. 18. 26. 3 . 11. 19. 27. 4. 12. 20. 28. 5. 13. 21. 29. 6. 14. 22. 30. 7. 15. 23. 8. 16. 24.

    1. 2. Coulomb 3. 4. 5.

    6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

  • 96

    40.

    ==

    ====

    41.

    m1048,8r4rnr 1012

    12

    n===

    eV75,1216E15

    E4

    En

    1121

    121

    14 ====

    42.

    ====

    43.

    ====

    =

    ==

    44.

    =

    ====

  • 97

    45.

    =

    ===

    46.

    ====

    =

    =

    47.

    =

    ==

    48.

    eVhc

    hchfeV ===

    =

    ==

    ====

    49.

    ====

  • 98

    50.

    === ,

    =

    ==

    =====

    51.

    eV4,32E

    nE

    E21

    221

    n ===

    eV55,2163

    2

    4

    121

    21

    24 ====

    52.

    =

    ==

    =

    ======

  • 99

    53.

    ==

    ==

    ====

    54.

    ==

    ====

    55.

    -

    =

    ===

    56.

    ==

    ===

    =

    ===

  • 100

  • -

    1.

    104 105. 1010 1011. 1014 1015.

    2.

    ,

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 50

    6.

    7.

    .

    .

    mo .

    8.

    + . + .

    9. -

    10.

    .

    .

    .

    - .

    11.

  • 51

    12. = 7,57 MeV,

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

  • 52

    19. -

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    quarks.

  • 53

    26.

    27.

    quark.

    28.

    29.

    (0, 1e, 2e,

    30.

    +

    +

    +

    +

    31.

    32.

  • 54

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    37.

    .

    + .

    38.

    39. C146 -

  • 55

    40.

    41. -

    42.

    +++

    ++

    He Th U 42234

    9023892 +

    ++

    43.

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++ e

  • 56

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8. -

    9.

    10. -

    11.

    12. -

    13. -

  • 57

    14. -

    15. u .

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23. m +> mp mn

    24. + mp mn

    25. -

    26. -

    27.

  • 58

    28.

    29.

    30.

    31.

    32. -

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    41.

    42.

    43.

    44.

    =

  • 59

    45.

    46.

    47.

    48.

    49.

    50.

    51.

    52. ++

    53.

    54.

    55.

    56.

    57.

    58.

    59.

    60.

    61.

  • 60

    62.

    63.

    64.

    65. =

    66. -

    67.

    68. +++ -

    69. -

    70.

    71. -

    72.

    73.

  • 61

    -

    1.

    2. -

    3. -

    4. -

    5.

    -

    6.

    ...

    7.

    8. -

    9. --

  • 62

    10. -

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14. .

    15. -

    16. -

    17. -

    18.

  • 63

    m = Zmp + Nmn mm-

    m = Z(mp +me) + Nmn (m + Zme)m = Zm( ) + Nmn m

    m( )m

    + + -mA + mB m mmA, m, mm-

    ++ + m = mX (mY + me) -m = mX + e (mY + me + Zme) = mX + e [mY + (Z + 1)me] m

    +

    +

    m

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7. -

    8.

  • 64

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12. -

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    -

    17. - -

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

  • 65

    22. -

    23.

    24.

    25. -

    26. -

    27. -

    28. -

    29.

    30.

    31.

    32.

    33.

    34. -

  • 66

    35.

    36. -

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    41.

    42. - -

    43.

    44.

    45. -

    -

    46. 1/2

  • 67

    47. = -

    48. -

    49.

    50. ++

    51. -

    52. Otto Hahn (Fritz Strassman (- .

    53.

    54. -

    55.

    56.

    57. -

    58.

    59.

  • 68

    60.

    61.

    62.

    63.

    64.

    65. -

    66.

    67.

    68. -

    69. -

    70.

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

  • 69

    71.

    He Th U 42234

    9023892 +

    +

    ++ +

    ++

    +

    ++ +

    ++

    +

    ++

    +++

    +

    He Mg H Al 422412

    11

    2713 ++

    ++

    ++

    +

    Si H Al 281411

    2713 ++

    +

    +++

    +++

    +

    72.

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    n N He B 13742

    105 ++

    +++

    +

    +

    ++

    ++

    ++

    + ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    +

    ++

    ++ +

    ++

    ++

    ++

    + ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    73. -

  • 70

    74. -

    n

    1,008 u.

    75.

    mp = 1,0080 u mn = 1,0087 u m = 4,0026 u1 u = 931 MeV

    76. =

    =

    =

    -

    77. Pu23994 =

    = .

    =

    78. U23692 6 MeV U23692 = ,

    = u = 931 MeV.

    79.

    e = 9,11031 8 m/s1014 J]

  • 71

    80.

    +

    = =

    = =

    81. 30

    --.8 m/s , h = 6,61034 Js. e = 1,61019 C.

    21013 J 1019 Hz]

    82. -

    -

    83. - ).

    = =

    MeV]

    84. - .- ;

    85.

  • 72

    86. -

    i) ii) iii)

    +

    +

    87. -

    +

    4-

    1]

    88.

    15 Bq.

    23 mol1 = 0,693

    89.

    1013 J-

    2,41010 s1, .-

    AvogadroNA = 61023 mol1.

    61011 Bq (g]

    90. 9

    --

  • 73

    91. -

    ++

    92. -

    ++

    ++

    = = =

    = =

    =

    1 u = 931 MeV

    93. He. Th U 422349023892 + H. Pa U 11

    23791

    23892 +

    = =

    =

    = =

    1 u = 931 MeV

    94. -

    +++ .

    = =

    =

    =

    =

    =

    27 MeV]

    95. ++++ . -

  • 74

    = =

    =

    = 27 kg (c = 3108 m/s)

    1010 J]

    96.

    +++

    *97.

    ++

    .

    98. - -

    ++ -

    =

    =

    =

    =(c = 3108 m/s)

    1012 J]

    99. )

    .

    n = 1,00898 u.p = 1,00759 u. =

    =

  • 75

    100.

    ++

    = = 1 u = 1,66110

    27

    8 m/s10111015 kg]

    101. .

    i) ii) iii)

    -

    -

    MeV.

    102. -

    ++

    103.

    1017 kg/m3).-

    30-

    =

    km]

  • 76

  • 1. 9. 17. 25. 33. 41. 2. 10. 18. 26. 34. 42. 3. 11. 19. 27. 35. 43. 4. 12. 20. 28. 36. 5. 13. 21. 29. 37. 6. 14. 22. 30. 38. 7. 15. 23. 31. 39. 8. 16. 24. 32. 40.

    1. 14. 27. 40. 53. 66. 2. 15. 28. 41. 54. 67. 3. 16. 29. 42. 55. 68. 4. 17. 30. 43. 56. 69. 5. 18. 31. 44. 57. 70. 6. 19. 32. 45. 58. 71. 7. 20. 33. 46. 59. 72. 8. 21. 34. 47. 60. 73. 9. 22. 35. 48. 61. 10. 23. 36. 49. 62. 11. 24. 37. 50. 63. 12. 25. 38. 51. 64. 13. 26. 39. 52. 65.

    1. ,

    2. ,

    3. ,

    4. , m c2

    5. ,

    6. 7. 8. ,

    quarks 9. 10. 11. 12. ,

    W+, W Z0

    13.

    14. He),

    15. 16. 17. ,

    18. ,

  • 102

    70.

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    ++

    74.

    : 821,008 u + 1261,009 u 207,977 u = 1,813 u

    : 821,008 u + 1281,009 u 209,984 u = 1,824 u

    75.

    b = 0,0308931 MeV = 28,675 MeV

    =

    76.

    u + 1,00783 u 2,01410 u = 0,00239 u.

    0,00239931 MeV = 2,225 MeV.

  • 103

    77.

    Pu23994 239 94 = 145

    m = 941,00782 u + 1451,00866 u 239,05216 u = 1,93862 u.

    1,93862931 MeV = 1805 MeV,

    = .

    78.

    MeV6,1793EMeV6,7236E236E

    BBB ===

    == (1)

    +=+=

    =+=

    79.

    ==

    80.

  • 104

    81.

    E = mc2 = 8,81030 kg 9 1016 J = 7,921013 J.

    1013 J.

    =

    .

    21013 J 7,361013 J = 5,61014 J. -

    =

    ==

    82.

    +

    ++

    ++

    83.

    ++

    931 MeV = 1,68 MeV

  • 105

    84.

    +++

    85.

    -

    86.

    +

    ++

    87.

    x = 214, y = 82

    =

    =

  • 106

    88.

    ===

    =

    ==

    23

    17 x; (= 11 )

    89.

    =

    = g

    == .

    1013 -

    ==

    48 mW g

    90.

    -

    -

    .

  • 107

    91.

    =

    :

    = =

    92.

    1 = 14,00307 u + 1,00867 u (14,00324 u + 1,00783 u) = 0,00067 u

    Q1 = 0,00067931 MeV = 0,624 MeV

    2 = 14,00307 u + 1,00867 u (12,00000 u + 3,01605 u) = 0,00431 u

    Q2 = 0,00431931 MeV = 4,01 MeV

    93.

    +

    u (234,04359 u + 4,00260 u) = 0,00459 u

    0,00459 931 MeV = 4,27 MeV.

    +

    u (237,05114 u + 1,00782 u) = 0,00818 u

    0,00818 931 MeV = 7,62 MeV.

  • 108

    94.

    u (140,91 + 91,91 + 3 1,01)u = 0,2 u

    .

    3 kg

    23

    ,

    =

    2,561025186,2 MeV = 4,771027 MeV.

    95.

    27 kg) = 3,70181028 kg

    E = (3,70181028 kg)(3108 m/s)2 = 3,331621011 J.

    235,044 u = 235,044(1,661027 kg) = 3,901025 kg.

    25 kg 11 J

    3 kg x ; (= 8,541010 J)

    96.

    -

  • 109

    97.

    =

    =

    1227,86 MeV + 747,33 MeV = 1975,19 MeV.

    =

    1975,19 MeV 1791,24 MeV = 183,95 MeV.

    98.

    2

    27 kg + 5,0081027 kg (6,6471027 kg + 1,6751027 kg)] (3108 m/s )2

    = 2,791012 J

    99.

    1 = 21,00759 u + 21,00898 u 4,00277 u = 0,03037 u

    E1 = 0,03037931 MeV = 28,3 MeV

    2 = 22,01419 u 4,00277 u = 0,02561 u

    E2 = 0,02561931 MeV = 23,8 MeV

    100.

    2,0136 u 4,0015 u = 0,0257 u = 0,0257(1,6611027 kg)

    1029 kg

    2 = 3,84191012 J.

    =

  • 110

    22,0136 u = 4,0272 u = 4,0272(1,6611027 kg) = 6,6891027 kg.

    1027 kg)(2,61011) = 1,71015 kg.

    101.

    E = 0,042931 MeV = 39,1 MeV

    102.

    -

    103.

    =

    ===

    = .

    ==

  • 79

    1

    1.

    2. -

    3. -

    4.

    5.

  • 80

    1. -

    2. -

    3.

    0 --

  • 81

    2

    1.

    2.

    -

    3.

    -

    -

    4.

  • 82

    5. -

    1. -

    (12

    2. ninf. -

    -

    -

  • 83

    3

    1.

    2.

    3.

    +

    +

    +

    +

    4.

    5.

  • 84

    1. -

    2. -

    3. -

    -

    mn

    .

    i) ii) iii)

    ) -

    ).

    = =

  • -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    =

    4.

    5. -

  • 154

    6.

    7. = -

    8. =

    0 2

    2

    9. = -

    10. -

    =

    =

    = =

    11.

  • 155

    12.

    = .

    0xx 0 .

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16. - =

    =

    =

    =

    =

    17. =

  • 156

    18.

    =

    19. - = = -

    *0 .

    -

    -

    20.

    21.

    -

    -

    -

    *

  • 157

    -

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4. - =

    5.

    6. -

    7.

    8. -

    9. =

    10. -

    11.

  • 158

    12. =

    13. =

    14.

    15.

    -

    16. -

    =

    17.

    18.

    19. -

    20.

    21. >

    22.

    23.

    24. =

  • 159

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28. -

    29.

    30.

    =

    31.

    =

    32. -

    33.

    34. - =

    35. - = -

    36. - =

  • 160

    37. -

    38.

    39.

    = , F = b

    40. = -

    41. = -

    42.

    43.

    44.

    45.

    46.

    47.

    48.

    = .

  • 161

    49. -

    50. --

    51. -

    52.

    53. -

    54. b = 0,

  • 162

    -

    1. - =

    x 1. tT

    2. tT

    3. tT

    4. tT

  • 163

    2.-

    +=

    .

    x1. tT

    2. tT

    F3. tT

    4. tT

  • 164

    3.- =

    F1. tT

    x2. tT

    3. tT

    4. tT

  • 165

    4.- =

    1