Τετράδιο εργασιών Κοινωνιολογίας Γ΄Λυκείου

ISBN 960-06-1956-5

ÔåôñaäéïÅñãáóéáò êáéÅñåõíáò ôïõÌáèçôç

ÊïéíùíéïëïãéáÃ ëõêåéïõ

ÕÐÏÕÑÃÅÉÏ ÅÈÍÉÊÇÓ ÐÁÉÄÅÉÁÓ ÊÁÉ ÈÑÇÓÊÅÕÌÁÔÙÍ ÐÁÉÄÁÃÙÃÉÊÏ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÏÕÔÏ

ÏÑÃÁÍÉÓÌÏÓ ÅÊÄÏÓÅÙÓ ÄÉÄÁÊÔÉÊÙÍ ÂÉÂËÉÙÍ-ÁÈÇÍÁ

ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÏ

ËÏÃÉÁ Ã� ËÕ

ÊÅÉÏÕÔÅÅÌ

ÏÑÃÁÍÉÓÌÏÓ ÅÊÄÏÓÅÙÓ ÄÉÄÁÊÔÉÊÙÍ ÂÉÂËÉÙÍ-ÁÈÇÍÁ

ÕÐÏÕÑÃÅÉÏ ÅÈÍÉÊÇÓ ÐÁÉÄÅÉÁÓ ÊÁÉ ÈÑÇÓÊÅÕÌÁÔÙÍ ÐÁÉÄÁÃÙÃÉÊÏ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÏÕÔÏ

ÊïéíùíéïëïãéáÃ ãåíéêïõ ëõêåéïõÔåôñaäéïÅñãáóéáò êáéÅñåõíáò ôïõÌáèçôç

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ÓÕÃÃÑÁÖÅÉÓÌáñßá ÐáðáúùÜííïõÄñ. ÊïéíùíéïëüãïòÅêðáéäåõôéêüò Â´/èìéáò ÅêðáßäåõóçòÑåããßíá ÊáóéìÜôçÊïéíùíéïëüãïòÅêðáéäåõôéêüò Â´/èìéáò ÅêðáßäåõóçòÓôñÜôïò ÃåùñãïýëáòÅðßêïõñïò ÊáèçãçôÞò ÊïéíùíéïëïãßáòÐáíåðéóôÞìéï ÁéãáßïõÉùÜííçò ÐñÜíôáëïòÊïéíùíéïëüãïòÄéäÜêôïñáò ÖéëïóïößáòÌÅËÇ ÅÐÉÔÑÏÐÇÓ ÊÑÉÓÇÓÓùêñÜôçò Êïíéüñäïò, Åðßêïõñïò ÊáèçãçôÞò Êïéíùíéïëïãßáò, ÐáíåðéóôÞìéï ÊñÞôçò×ñÞóôïò Ðáôóüò, ÄéäÜêôïñáò Êïéíùíéïëïãßáò, Åêðáéäåõôéêüò Â´/èìéáò ÅêðáßäåõóçòÓïößá ÓôáìÜôç, Êïéíùíéïëüãïò, Åêðáéäåõôéêüò Â´/èìéáò ÅêðáßäåõóçòÅÐÏÐÔÅÉÁ ÓÔÏ ÐËÁÉÓÉÏ ÔÏÕ ÐÁÉÄÁÃÙÃÉÊÏÕ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÏÕÔÏÕÍéêüëáïò ÐåôñüðïõëïòÓýìâïõëïò ôïõ Ðáéäáãùãéêïý Éíóôéôïýôïõ ÃËÙÓÓÉÊÇ ÅÐÉÌÅËÅÉÁÁéêáôåñßíç Ðáðïý, ÖéëüëïãïòÓôáõñïýëá ÓêëÞñç, ÖéëüëïãïòÖÙÔÏÃÑÁÖÉÊÇ ÅÐÉÌÅËÅÉÁÅõãåíßá ÊïõìÜíôáñç, Êïéíùíéïëüãïò, Åêðáéäåõôéêüò Â´/èìéáò Åêðáßäåõóçò

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ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï Ô.Å.Å.Ì. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Á. ÅöáñìïãÞ åíüò ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò (project) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5B. ÂÞìáôá êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Ã. Ôå÷íéêÝò ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò ìå óõíïðôéêÞ ðåñéãñáöÞ ìéáò ôå÷íéêÞòáíÜ êåöÜëáéï êáé õðüäåéãìÜ ôçò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Ä. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò-ÄéáóõíäÝóåéò ìå ôï äéáäßêôõï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Å. Ðáñáäåßãìáôá åöáñìïãÞò/åñìçíåßáò êïéíùíéïëïãéêþí êåéìÝíùí, óôáôéóôéêþí ðéíÜêùí êáé äéáãñáììÜôùí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ÊåöÜëáéï 1. ÅéóáãùãÞ óôçí êïéíùíéïëïãßá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Íá èåìåëéþóïõìå ìéá íÝá êïéíùíßá . . . . . . . . . .121.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò Ýñåõíáò-áíÜëõóç ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16ÊåöÜëáéï 2. ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò - ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá . . . . . . . . . . . . .182.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Ç åîÝëéîç ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò . . . . . . . .182.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò Ýñåõíáò-áíÜëõóç ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23ÊåöÜëáéï 3. Êïéíùíéêïðïßçóç êáé êïéíùíéêüò Ýëåã÷ïò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Äåîéüôçôåò, ëÞøç áðïöÜóåùí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-óõãêñéôéêÞ ìÝèïäïò . . . . . . . . . . . . .293.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33ÊåöÜëáéï 4. Óýã÷ñïíç åëëçíéêÞ ïéêïãÝíåéá: ìïñöÝò, ðñïâëÞìáôá êáé ðñïïðôéêÝò 364.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Ï áíäñéêüò êáé ï ãõíáéêåßïò ñüëïò ìÝóá áðü ôéò ôçëåïðôéêÝò äéáöçìßóåéò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï . . . . . . . . . . . . .374.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Ðåñéå÷üìåíá

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Ðåñéå÷üìåíá4ÊåöÜëáéï 5. Åêðáßäåõóç: ðáñÜãïíôáò áíáðáñáãùãÞò êáé áëëáãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò . .465.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Ôé ðñïóöÝñåé ôï ó÷ïëåßï óÞìåñá óôïõò ìáèçôÝò;Ôé íïìßæåôå üôé ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóöÝñåé Ýíá éäáíéêü ó÷ïëåßï; . . . . . . . . .465.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-êïéíùíéïìåôñßá-êïéíùíéüãñáììá . . . . . .465.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48ÊåöÜëáéï 6. Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Åñãáóßá ãéá üëïõò; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò åñãáóßáò- Ýñåõíá ôåêìçñßùí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58ÊåöÜëáéï 7. ÌïñöÝò êáé êïéíùíéêÝò âÜóåéò ôçò åîïõóßáò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Ç ðïëéôéêÞ ðñÝðåé íá åíäéáöÝñåé üëïõò ôïõò íÝïõò; 627.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-êïéíùíéêü ðåßñáìá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66ÊåöÜëáéï 8. Ôï Üôïìï, ç êïéíùíßá êáé ôá ìÝóá ìáæéêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò . . . . . . . . . . . .708.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Ç óõ÷íüôçôá ÷ñÞóçò ðïëéôéóôéêþí áãáèþí áðü ôïõò ìáèçôÝò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .708.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-åñùôçìáôïëüãéï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 ÊåöÜëáéï 9. Áðïêëßíïõóá óõìðåñéöïñÜ: ðáñáâáôéêüôçôá êáé åãêëçìáôéêüôçôá . . . .809.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: ÈÝìáôá óõìðåñéöïñÜò óôï ó÷ïëåßï . . . . . . . . . . . .809.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-áíÜëõóç ðåñéå÷üìåíïõ... . . . . . . . . . . .809.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .839.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85ÊåöÜëáéï 10. Åôåñüôçôá, äéáðïëéôéóìéêÝò êáé äéáêïéíùíéáêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò . . . . . . . . . . .8810.1. Ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò: Ôá äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïý . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8810.2. Ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-ìåëÝôç ðåñßðôùóçò . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8910.3. ÁóêÞóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9010.4. ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Âéâëéïãñáößá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97Åéêïíïãñáöéêü õëéêü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

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Ôï ôåôñÜäéï ôïõ ìáèçôÞ Ý÷åé ùò óôü÷ï ôçí áíÜðôõîç êñéôéêÞò êïéíùíéêÞò óêÝøçò,ôçí áðüêôçóç êïéíùíéêþí äåîéïôÞôùí, ôçí åîïéêåßùóç ìå ôçí êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞ ðñïóÝããé-óç, ôçí áîéïëüãçóç êáé êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞ åñìçíåßá ôùí äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ áíôëïýíôáéáðü äéáöïñåôéêÝò ðçãÝò ðëçñïöüñçóçò.Ç äéÜñèñùóç ôïõ ôåôñáäßïõ ó÷åäéÜóôçêå ðáñÜëëçëá ìå áõôÞí ôïõ âéâëßïõ ãéá ôçíêáëýôåñç áîéïðïßçóÞ ôïõ. Áðïôåëåßôáé, åêôüò ôçò åéóáãùãÞò, áðü 10 êåöÜëáéá, óôáïðïßá ðáñáôßèåíôáé äéáöüñùí ôýðùí äñáóôçñéüôçôåò êáé ôå÷íéêÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïý-íôáé áðü ôçí êïéíùíéïëïãßá, üðùò êåßìåíá êïéíùíéïëüãùí, Üñèñá áðü åöçìåñßäåò, óôá-ôéóôéêïß ðßíáêåò, åñùôçìáôïëüãéá, ó÷Ýäéá åñãáóßáò, ìéêñï-Ýñåõíåò êáé ãåíéêüôåñááóêÞóåéò åìðÝäùóçò ôçò ýëçò.ÊÜèå êåöÜëáéï ÷ùñßæåôáé óå 4 õðïåíüôçôåò êáé ðåñéëáìâÜíåé:

1. ÅöáñìïãÞ åíüò ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò (project).2. Ôå÷íéêÝò ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò ìå óõíïðôéêÞ ðåñéãñáöÞ ìéáò ôå÷íéêÞò áíÜ êåöÜ-ëáéï êáé õðüäåéãìÜ ôçò.3. ÁóêÞóåéò, äñáóôçñéüôçôåò êáé äéáóõíäÝóåéò ìå ôï äéáäßêôõï.4. Ðáñáäåßãìáôá åöáñìïãÞò/åñìçíåßáò êïéíùíéïëïãéêþí êåéìÝíùí, óôáôéóôéêþí ðéíÜ-êùí êáé äéáãñáììÜôùí.Á. ÅÖÁÑÌÏÃÇ ÅÍÏÓ Ó×ÅÄÉÏÕ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ (project)

Ãéá ôçí åöáñìïãÞ åíüò ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò áðáéôåßôáé áñêåôüò ÷ñüíïò, ðñïãñáììáôé-óìüò, äéåðéóôçìïíéêÞ ðñïóÝããéóç, êáôáìåñéóìüò åñãáóßáò, áíÜëõóç óå âÜèïò êáé áîé-ïðïßçóç äéáöïñåôéêþí ìåèüäùí êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò.Óå êÜèå êåöÜëáéï ðñïôåßíåôáé åíäåéêôéêÜ Ýíá èÝìá ãéá ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò, ôï ïðïßïìðïñïýí íá åðéëÝîïõí ïé ìáèçôÝò, åöüóïí åìðßðôåé óôá åíäéáöÝñïíôÜ ôïõò.ÊáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò ó÷ïëéêÞò ÷ñïíéÜò åßíáé äõíáôü íá õëïðïéçèåß Ýíá ó÷Ýäéï åñ-ãáóßáò Þ ôï ðïëý äýï, áðü ôï óýíïëï ôùí ðñïôåéíüìåíùí.Ìðïñïýí, áêüìç, ïé ìáèçôÝò íá ðñáãìáôïðïéÞóïõí Ýíá äéêü ôïõò ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò,íá ôï ðáñïõóéÜóïõí óôçí ôÜîç, ôï ó÷ïëåßï Þ ôçí ôïðéêÞ êïéíùíßá.Ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü èá áíáöåñèïýìå óôç äéáäéêáóßá ôçò ìåèüäïõ ôïõ ó÷åäßïõ åñãá-óßáò.

ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï Ô.Å.Å.Ì.

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ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï ÔÅÅÌ6Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ìéá ìÝèïäï ðïõ åðéäéþêåé ôçí åíåñãü óõììåôï÷Þ ôïõ ìáèçôÞ, þóôå íááíáêáëýðôåé ôç ãíþóç, äçëáäÞ íá ìáèáßíåé ðþò íá ìáèáßíåé.Ïé ìáèçôÝò äéáôõðþíïõí ôï åíäéáöÝñïí ôïõò ãéá Ýíá èÝìá êïéíùíéêïý åíäéáöÝñïíôïòêáé ìå âÜóç ôçí ðñïóùðéêÞ ôïõò åìðåéñßá ðñïóðáèïýí íá ôï åîåôÜóïõí ùò íá ðñüêåéôáéãéá ðñïóùðéêü ôïõò æÞôçìá.Óôçí ðñïóðÜèåéá óõãêÝíôñùóçò óôïé÷åßùí êáé ðëçñïöïñéþí ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé ç óýí-äåóç ó÷ïëåßïõ êáé åõñýôåñçò êïéíùíßáò, óôïé÷åßï ìå ðïëëáðëÜ ïöÝëç ãéá üëïõò. ÓõíäÝ-åôáé äçëáäÞ ç èåùñßá ìå ôçí ðñÜîç.Ôï ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò ðïõ èá åðéëåãåß áðü ôïõò ìáèçôÝò ìðïñåß íá åîåëé÷èåß óå 4-6 äé-äáêôéêÝò åíüôçôåò Þ íá áðïôåëÝóåé áíôéêåßìåíï äéåñåýíçóçò ãéá ïëüêëçñï ôï äéäáêôéêüÝôïò.Ôï ó÷Ýäéï åñãáóßáò áðïôåëåß ìéá åîåëéêôéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôéò åîÞò öÜ-óåéò: n Óêïðüò êáé óôü÷ïén Ó÷åäéáóìüòn ÅêôÝëåóçn Áîéïëüãçóç n Ðáñïõóßáóç

Óêïðüò êáé óôü÷ïéÁñ÷éêÜ îåêéíÜìå ìå ôïí ðñïâëçìáôéóìü ôùí ìáèçôþí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå Ýíá èÝìá ðïõ åìðßðôåéóôá åíäéáöÝñïíôÜ ôïõò. Áõôü áðïôåëåß ôï Ýíáõóìá ãéá ôçí åðéëïãÞ ôïõ èÝìáôïò. Ìå ôçóõììåôï÷Þ üëùí äéáôõðþíåôáé ï óêïðüò êáé ïé åðéäéùêüìåíïé óôü÷ïé. Ó÷åäéáóìüòÊáèïñßæåôáé ðïéá äéáäéêáóßá èá áêïëïõèçèåß, ðïéá èá åßíáé ç ðïñåßá ôïõ ó÷åäßïõ åñ-ãáóßáò. Áêïëïõèåß ïñãÜíùóç ôçò ôÜîçò, ÷ùñéóìüò óå ïìÜäåò, åðéìåñéóìüò ôïõ Ýñãïõ,áíÜèåóç êáèçêüíôùí óå êÜèå ìÝëïò ôçò ïìÜäáò.ÅêôÝëåóç (õëïðïßçóç)Óå ôáêôÜ ÷ñïíéêÜ äéáóôÞìáôá ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé áëëçëïåíçìÝñùóç ôùí ïìÜäùí ãéá ôçíðïñåßá ôïõ ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò, ôéò äõóêïëßåò ðïõ ðñïêýðôïõí, ôéò ðéèáíÝò åëëåßøåéò óåõëéêÜ êáé ìÝóá ìå áíôéêåéìåíéêü óêïðü ôçí åðéâåâáßùóç Þ ôçí áíÜãêç ôñïðïðïßçóçò ôïõáñ÷éêïý ó÷åäéáóìïý ôïõ ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò.ÁîéïëüãçóçÇ áîéïëüãçóç ìðïñåß íá åßíáé åíäéÜìåóç êáé ôåëéêÞ.Ç åíäéÜìåóç áîéïëüãçóç ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé ìå ôç ìïñöÞ ôçò åîÝëéîçò ôçò åñãáóßáòêáé ôçò äéáôýðùóçò ôùí ôñüðùí åðßëõóçò ôùí äõóêïëéþí ðïõ ðñïêýðôïõí óôçí ðïñåßá.Ç åíäéÜìåóç áîéïëüãçóç áðïêáëåßôáé êáé äéáìïñöùôéêÞ ãéáôß ìðïñåß íá åðçñåÜóåé ôçíðåñáéôÝñù ðïñåßá ôçò åñãáóßáò.Ç ôåëéêÞ áîéïëüãçóç ãßíåôáé áðü ôïõò ßäéïõò ôïõò ìáèçôÝò ìå óêïðü íá äéáðéóôùèåßðïéá åßíáé ôá åðéôåýãìáôá ôçò êÜèå ïìÜäáò ìå âÜóç ôá êñéôÞñéá ðïõ ç ßäéá ç ïìÜäá Ý÷åéèÝóåé.

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ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï ÔÅÅÌ 7Ç ôåëéêÞ áîéïëüãçóç ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ç áðÜíôçóç ó� Ýíá åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ðïõ ïé ßäéïéïé ìáèçôÝò ó÷åäéÜæïõí ìå åñùôÞóåéò ôçò ìïñöÞò:�Ôé áðïêüìéóá áðü ôç óõììåôï÷Þ ìïõ óôçí åñãáóßá;�Ðïéá ôá åðéôåýãìáôá óå åðßðåäï ãíùóôéêü, óõíáéóèçìáôéêü, êïéíùíéêü;�Ðïéá ôá íÝá åñùôÞìáôá ðïõ ìïõ äçìéïõñãÞèçêáí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï õðï-åîÝôáóç èÝìá;ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ ïé ìáèçôÝò ìðïñïýí íá ãñÜøïõí ìéá ìéêñÞ Ýêèåóç áîéïëüãçóçò ðåñßðïõ15 ãñáììþí, ðåñéãñÜöïíôáò ôçí åìðåéñßá ôïõò êáé ôá èÝìáôá ðïõ ôõ÷üí ôïõò ðñïâëç-ìÜôéóáí.

ÐáñïõóßáóçÌåôÜ ôçí ðåñÜôùóÞ ôçò, ç åñãáóßá ìðïñåß íá ðáñïõóéáóôåß áðü ôïõò óõíôåëåóôÝòóôçí ôÜîç, óôï ó÷ïëåßï ìå ôç ìïñöÞ Ýêèåóçò Þ áíïéêôÞò åêäÞëùóçò, óôç ó÷ïëéêÞ åöç-ìåñßäá, óôïí ôïðéêü Þ ôïí åèíéêü ôýðï. Ç ðáñïõóßáóç äßíåé ôçí åõêáéñßá óôïõò óõíôåëåóôÝò íá áóêÞóïõí ôéò åðéêïéíùíéáêÝòôïõò äåîéüôçôåò, íá áðïäåßîïõí ôéò ðñáêôéêÝò åöáñìïãÝò ôçò ðñïóðÜèåéÜò ôïõò. Åðé-ðëÝïí, ç ðáñïõóßáóç áðïôåëåß êáé ìéá ìïñöÞ ðñáêôéêÞò áîéïëüãçóçò ôçò äñáóôçñéüôç-ôÜò ôïõò.Â. ÂÇÌÁÔÁ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓÃéá ôç ìåëÝôç ôùí ðïëýðëïêùí êïéíùíéêþí öáéíïìÝíùí êáé ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò ðñáãìáôé-êüôçôáò, ïé êïéíùíéêïß åðéóôÞìïíåò Ý÷ïõí áíáðôýîåé ìéá óõóôçìáôéêÞ ìåèïäïëïãßá ðïõôïõò âïçèÜ íá åëÝãîïõí ôéò ðñïóùðéêÝò ôïõò ðñïêáôáëÞøåéò êáé íá êáôáëÞîïõí üóï ãß-íåôáé óå ðéï áíôéêåéìåíéêÜ êáé áóöáëÞ óõìðåñÜóìáôá. Ç ìåèïäïëïãßá áõôÞ áðïôåëåßôáéáðü åðôÜ âáóéêÜ âÞìáôá:1. Ðñïóäéïñéóìüò ôïõ èÝìáôïò/ ðñïâëÞìáôïò Ôï èÝìá ìðïñåß íá ðñïêýøåé áðü ôá åíäéáöÝñïíôá ôïõ åñåõíçôÞ, áðü ôçí áíÜãêçíá áðáíôçèåß êÜðïéï èåùñçôéêü åñþôçìá Þ áðü ôçí áíÜãêç íá áíôéìåôùðéóèåß êÜðïéïêïéíùíéêü èÝìá. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, äéáðéóôþíïõìå üôé ôá ôñï÷áßá áôõ÷Þìáôá áðïôåëïýí Ý-íá óïâáñü ðñüâëçìá ãéá ôç ÷þñá ìáò êáé üôé èá ðñÝðåé íá äéåñåõíÞóïõìå ôá áßôéá êáéôéò óõíÝðåéåò ôïõò.2. Åðéóêüðçóç ôçò âéâëéïãñáößáò Ï åñåõíçôÞò áîéïðïéþíôáò äéÜöïñá óõìâáôéêÜ (ð.÷. âéâëéïèÞêç) êáé çëåêôñïíéêÜ ìÝ-óá (ð.÷. äéáäßêôõï) áíáæçôÜ ðëçñïöïñßåò êáé õëéêü ãéá ó÷åôéêÝò ìå ôï èÝìá Ýñåõíåò ðïõÝ÷ïõí ãßíåé áðü Üëëïõò åñåõíçôÝò. Óôçí áíáæÞôçóç áõôÞ ìðïñåß íá êáôáãñÜøåé äéÜöï-ñïõò ôñüðïõò åðåîÞãçóçò ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ ôùí ôñï÷áßùí (ð.÷. åõèýíïíôáé ôï ïäéêü äß-êôõï, ïé êáéñéêÝò óõíèÞêåò, ôï ü÷çìá, ï ïäçãüò êáé ï êïéíùíéêüò ôïõ ðåñßãõñïò, üëïé ïéðáñÜãïíôåò ìáæß êôë.), êáèþò êáé äéÜöïñåò ôÜóåéò ãéá ôç óõ÷íüôçôá ôùí ôñï÷áßùí óôéòäéÜöïñåò êáôçãïñßåò ïäçãþí (ð.÷. Üíäñåò/ãõíáßêåò, íÝïõò/ìåóÞëéêåò, ìïñöùìÝ-íïõò/ëéãüôåñï ìïñöùìÝíïõò êôë.).

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ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï ÔÅÅÌ83. Äéáôýðùóç õðïèÝóåùí åñãáóßáòÇ åðéóêüðçóç ôçò âéâëéïãñáößáò âïçèÜ ôïí åñåõíçôÞ íá äéáôõðþóåé õðïèÝóåéò åñãá-óßáò. Óôçí ðéï áðëÞ ìïñöÞ ôçò, ç õðüèåóç åñãáóßáò åßíáé ç äéáôýðùóç ìéáò ðñïóäïêïý-ìåíçò ó÷Ýóçò ìåôáîý äýï óõãêåêñéìÝíùí ìåôáâëçôþí. Ç ó÷Ýóç áõôÞ ìðïñåß íá åîåôá-óôåß êáé íá åðáëçèåõôåß Þ íá áðïññéöèåß ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôùí êáôÜëëçëùí ìåèüäùí êáé ôå÷-íéêþí Ýñåõíáò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áêïëïõèþíôáò ìéá êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞ ðñïóÝããéóç ìðïñïý-ìå íá äéáôõðþóïõìå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù õðüèåóç åñãáóßáò: ÍÝïé ðïõ êáôáíáëþíïõí áëêïüëåìðëÝêïíôáé óå ôñï÷áßá áôõ÷Þìáôá. 4. ÊáôÜñôéóç ó÷åäßïõ Ýñåõíáò Ï åñåõíçôÞò áðïöáóßæåé ðïéá ìÝèïäï êáé ôå÷íéêÞ Ýñåõíáò èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé(ð.÷. åðéóêüðçóç ìå åñùôçìáôïëüãéá, ìåëÝôç ðåñßðôùóçò, êïéíùíéêü ðåßñáìá êôë.), ðþòèá óõãêåíôñþóåé ôá óôïé÷åßá ãéá íá åðáëçèåýóåé Þ íá áðïññßøåé ôçí õðüèåóç åñãáóßáò(ð.÷. ìå åñùôçìáôïëüãéá, óõíÝíôåõîç, ðáñáôÞñçóç êôë.), ðïéá èá åßíáé ç Ýêôáóç êáé ôïìÝãåèïò ôïõ äåßãìáôïò (ð.÷. ðáíåëëáäéêü, ôïðéêü êôë.) êáé ðþò èá ãßíåé ç áíÜëõóç ôùíóôïé÷åßùí (ð.÷. áðëÜ ðïóïóôÜ áôõ÷çìÜôùí Þ óôáôéóôéêÞ áíÜëõóç êôë.).5. ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí óôïé÷åßùí/ äåäïìÝíùíÓôçí êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞ Ýñåõíá, õðÜñ÷ïõí ðïëëïß ôñüðïé íá óõãêåíôñþóåé Ýíáò åñåõíç-ôÞò óôïé÷åßá, üðùò ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï, ç óõíÝíôåõîç, ç ðáñáôÞñçóç êáé ç ÷ñÞóç áñ÷åß-ùí. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç åíüò åñùôçìáôïëïãßïõ, ìå áíïéêôÝò êáé êëåéóôÝò åñùôÞ-óåéò ðïõ èá áðåõèýíïíôáé óå íÝïõò, ï åñåõíçôÞò ìðïñåß íá êáôáãñÜøåé ôéò óõíÞèåéåò ôùííÝùí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí êáôáíÜëùóç áëêïüë êáèþò êáé ôï éóôïñéêü ôùí ôñï÷áßùí áôõ÷çìÜ-ôùí (ôïõò ôýðïõò, ôç óïâáñüôçôÜ ôïõò êôë.). ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé êáéðéï Ýììåóïõò ôñüðïõò óõëëïãÞò óôïé÷åßùí, üðùò ôá áñ÷åßá ôùí äéêáóôçñßùí/õðçñåóé-þí Þ ôçò ôñï÷áßáò (ð.÷. óôáôéóôéêÜ óôïé÷åßá áôõ÷çìÜôùí). Ôï ðïéá ôå÷íéêÞ èá ÷ñçóéìïðïé-Þóåé êáíåßò åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôï ðñüâëçìá ðïõ åñåõíÜ, ôïõò ðüñïõò ðïõ äéáèÝôåé, êáèþòêáé áðü ôçí áíÜãêç ðñïóôáóßáò ôùí ðñïóùðéêþí äåäïìÝíùí.6. ÁíÜëõóç ôùí äåäïìÝíùí óôïé÷åßùí ÌåôÜ ôç óõëëïãÞ êáé ôçí ôáîéíüìçóç ôùí óôïé÷åßùí, ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé ç áíÜëõóç ôùíóôïé÷åßùí ìå óôü÷ï ôçí áðïäï÷Þ Þ ôçí áðüññéøç ôçò õðüèåóçò åñãáóßáò. Óôçí ðåñßðôù-óÞ ìáò Þ óõó÷åôßæïíôáé ç êáôáíÜëùóç ôïõ áëêïüë êáé ç íåáñÞ çëéêßá ìå ôçí áýîçóç á-ôõ÷çìÜôùí Þ äåí õðÜñ÷åé êáìßá ó÷Ýóç ìåôáîý ôùí óõãêåêñéìÝíùí ìåôáâëçôþí. Ãéá íáìçí åðçñåáóôåß áðü ôéò ðñïóùðéêÝò ôïõ ðñïóäïêßåò êáé ðñïêáôáëÞøåéò ï åñåõíçôÞò÷ñçóéìïðïéåß äéÜöïñåò óôáôéóôéêÝò ìåèüäïõò, ðïõ ôïí âïçèïýí íá áðïöáóßóåé áí ïéðáñáðÜíù ó÷Ýóåéò åßíáé óôáôéóôéêÜ óçìáíôéêÝò, þóôå íá ãßíåé áðïäåêôÞ ç õðüèåóç åñãá-óßáò. 7. ÓõìðåñÜóìáôá êáé ðñïôÜóåéòÄéáôõðþíïíôáé ôá óõìðåñÜóìáôá ãéá ôçí áðïäï÷Þ, ôçí áðüññéøç Þ ôçí áíáèåþñçóçôùí õðïèÝóåùí åñãáóßáò, óõæçôïýíôáé äéáöïñåôéêÝò åñìçíåßåò ôùí áðïôåëåóìÜôùí êáéáí áõôÝò ïé åñìçíåßåò áðïêëåßóôçêáí áðü ôïí åñåõíçôÞ, óõæçôåßôáé ðþò ç Ýñåõíá åðéäñÜ

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ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï ÔÅÅÌ 9óôç ãåíéêüôåñç èåþñçóç ãéá ôá ôñï÷áßá áôõ÷Þìáôá, åíþ ðáñÜëëçëá ãßíïíôáé ðñïôÜóåéòãéá íÝåò êáé âåëôéùìÝíåò Ýñåõíåò. Ï åñåõíçôÞò ðïõ åíäéáöÝñåôáé ãéá ôá êïéíÜ ìðïñåßåðßóçò íá ðñïâåß óå ðñïôÜóåéò (ð.÷. ðáñåìâÜóåéò ãéá ôçí áëëáãÞ ôùí óõíèçêþí æùÞòðïõ ïäçãïýí ôïõò íÝïõò óôçí êáôáíÜëùóç áëêïüë), ôéò ïðïßåò êáé èá ôéò õðïâÜëåéóôïõò áñìüäéïõò öïñåßò ãéá ôç ìåßùóç ôùí áôõ÷çìÜôùí.Ã. ÔÅ×ÍÉÊÅÓ ÔÇÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ ÌÅ ÓÕÍÏÐÔÉÊÇ ÐÅÑÉÃÑÁÖÇ ÌÉÁÓÔÅ×ÍÉÊÇÓ ÁÍÁ ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ ÊÁÉ ÕÐÏÄÅÉÃÌÁ ÔÇÓ Ïé ôå÷íéêÝò êïéíùíéêÞò Ýñåõíáò, üðùò ìåëÝôç ðåñßðôùóçò, óõììåôï÷éêÞ ðáñáôÞñçóç,óõãêñéôéêÞ ìÝèïäïò, êïéíùíéêü ðåßñáìá, åðéôüðéá åðéóêüðçóç ìå åñùôçìáôïëüãéï, áíÜ-ëõóç ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ, Ýñåõíá ôåêìçñßùí êáé êïéíùíéïìåôñßá, ðáñïõóéÜæïíôáé óõíïðôéêÜ,ìßá óå êÜèå êåöÜëáéï. Óôç óõíÝ÷åéá äßíåôáé Ýíá äéáöïñåôéêü ðáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò ãéáêÜèå êåöÜëáéï, ôï ïðïßï ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá äñáóôçñéüôçôá Þ åñãáóßá ôüóïóôï ðëáßóéï ôçò ôÜîçò üóï êáé óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò êïéíüôçôáò.Ä. ÁÓÊÇÓÅÉÓ ÊÁÉ ÄÑÁÓÔÇÑÉÏÔÇÔÅÓ-ÄÉÁÓÕÍÄÅÓÅÉÓ ÌÅ ÔÏ ÄÉÁÄÉÊÔÕÏÏé áóêÞóåéò êáé ïé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò áíÜ êåöÜëáéï Ý÷ïõí ùò óôü÷ï ôçí åìðÝäùóç ôçòýëçò ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôï âéâëßï. Ïé áóêÞóåéò åßíáé åñùôÞóåéò áíôéóôïß÷éóçò, óõ-ìðëÞñùóçò êåíþí, åðéëïãÞò êáé óùóôïý - ëÜèïõò.Óôéò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé êåßìåíá (áðïóðÜóìáôá áðü åöçìåñßäåò, óôïé-÷åßá áðü Ýñåõíåò, ëïãïôå÷íéêÜ êåßìåíá), ôá ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá äéáâáóôïýí óôçí ôÜîç êáéíá ôñïöïäïôÞóïõí ôç óõæÞôçóç.Ç óýíäåóç ìå ôï Äéáäßêôõï åßíáé äõíáôü íá åìðëïõôßóåé ôï õëéêü ðïõ ìðïñåß ï ìáèç-ôÞò íá åðåîåñãáóôåß ãéá èÝìáôá ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôá êåöÜëáéá ôïõ âéâëßïõ. Å. ÐÁÑÁÄÅÉÃÌÁÔÁ ÅÖÁÑÌÏÃÇÓ/ÅÑÌÇÍÅÉÁÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÏËÏÃÉÊÙÍ ÊÅÉÌÅÍÙÍ,ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉÊÙÍ ÐÉÍÁÊÙÍ ÊÁÉ ÄÉÁÃÑÁÌÌÁÔÙÍÓôçí åíüôçôá áõôÞ ôá êïéíùíéïëïãéêÜ êåßìåíá, ïé óôáôéóôéêïß ðßíáêåò êáé ôá äéáãñÜì-ìáôá ìå èÝìáôá êïéíùíéïëïãéêïý åíäéáöÝñïíôïò èá áíáëõèïýí áðü ôïõò ìáèçôÝò ìåóêïðü íá ãíùñßóïõí ðþò èá äéáâÜóïõí Ýíáí ðßíáêá ìå óôáôéóôéêÜ óôïé÷åßá áðü ôçí åöç-ìåñßäá, ðþò èá áíáëýóïõí Ýíá äéÜãñáììá Þ ðþò èá áíôëÞóïõí ôá óçìáíôéêÜ óôïé÷åßáåíüò êåéìÝíïõ ãéá íá ôá åðåîåñãáóôïýí.Áðïôåëåß åðéëïãÞ ôçò ôÜîçò êáé ôïõ/çò êáèçãçôÞ/ôñéáò íá ðñáãìáôïðïéÞóïõí ôï óý-íïëï Þ ìÝñïò ôùí äñáóôçñéïôÞôùí ôïõ ôåôñáäßïõ.Ï óêïðüò ôïõ ôåôñáäßïõ èá Ý÷åé åðéôåõ÷èåß áí üëïé ïé ìáèçôÝò âñïõí åíäéáöÝñïõóåòêáé äçìéïõñãéêÝò êÜðïéåò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò êáé ìÝóù áõôþí åõáéóèçôïðïéçèïýí ãéá ôáêïéíùíéêÜ óõìâÜíôá ôçò åðï÷Þò ôïõò. ÊáëÞ äïõëåéÜ!

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ÈÝìá: Íá èåìåëéþóïõìå ìéá íÝá êïéíùíßá�«Åóåßò ïé ëßãïé Üíèñùðïé áðü ôç ãç Ý÷åôå åðéëåãåß ìå åéäéêÜ êñéôÞñéá ãéá ìéá ðïëý óï-âáñÞ áðïóôïëÞ. Èá ìåôáöåñèåßôå óå Ýíáí Üëëï ðëáíÞôç ìå ôéò ßäéåò óõíèÞêåò ãéá ôïíáíèñþðéíï ïñãáíéóìü êáé åêåß èá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôç äéêÞ óáò êïéíùíßá». (Í.ÔÜôóçò,1986:107).Ó÷åäéáóìüò×ùñéóìüò ôçò ôÜîçò óå ïìÜäåò ôùí 6-7 ìáèçôþí. Äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí ðåñéïñéóìïß· êÜèåïìÜäá êáé Üôïìï äéáôõðþíåé åëåýèåñá ôéò áðüøåéò ôïõ. Áîéïðïßçóç ôùí êåéìÝíùí ôùí ïìÜäùí, åíôïðéóìüò ôùí äõóêïëéþí, êáôáíüçóç ôçò äõ-óêïëßáò åýñåóçò ëýóçò ðïõ íá éêáíïðïéåß üëïõò.Óõëëïãéêüôçôá-áôïìéêüôçôá, Ýííïéåò ðïõ èá áðáó÷ïëÞóïõí óå åðßðåäï ó÷åäéáóìïýôçò êïéíùíßáò, êáèþò åðßóçò ðïéï ôï éäáíéêü êáé ðïéï ôï åöéêôü ôçò êïéíùíßáò ðïõ èáó÷åäéáóôåß. ÅêôÝëåóç ÓõæÞôçóç áíÜ ïìÜäåò. ÊáôáãñáöÞ ôùí áðüøåùí êÜèå ïìÜäáò. Ðáñïõóßáóç êáé óõ-æÞôçóç-êñéôéêÞ üëùí ôùí áðüøåùí ôùí ïìÜäùí óôçí ôÜîç. Áîéïëüãçóç - óõìðåñÜóìáôáÓõó÷Ýôéóç ôùí äõóêïëéþí ôçò åñãáóßáò ìå ôéò äõóêïëßåò ôçò ðñáãìáôéêüôçôáò ôùíêïéíùíéþí óÞìåñá. ÂáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò ôçò åñãáóßáò áõôÞò åßíáé äõíáôü íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéç-èïýí êáé ãéá ôá õðüëïéðá êåöÜëáéá (ð.÷. åñãáóßá, åêðáßäåõóç, ïéêïãÝíåéá ê.Ü.).

1.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

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Óôçí êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞ Ýñåõíá ôá óôïé÷åßá ðïõ óõãêåíôñþíïíôáé áðåõèåßáò áðü ôïíåñåõíïýìåíï åßôå ìå åñùôçìáôïëüãéï åßôå ìå óõíÝíôåõîç áðïôåëïýí ðñùôïãåíÞóôïé÷åßá. Ïé êïéíùíéïëüãïé üìùò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí êáé ôå÷íéêÝò ðïõ áîéïðïéïýí äåõôåñïãå-íåßò ðçãÝò. Ìéá áðü áõôÝò ôéò ôå÷íéêÝò åßíáé êáé ç áíÜëõóç ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ, ç ïðïßá éóôï-ñéêÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå ãéá ôçí áíÜëõóç ôïõ ãñáðôïý êáé ðñïöïñéêïý ëüãïõ óôá ìÝóáìáæéêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò (Í. ÊõñéáæÞ, 1999: ó. 283-301). Ç ôå÷íéêÞ ôçò Á.Ð. Ý÷åé áíáðôõ÷èåß êáé ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá ïðïéïäÞðïôå åß-äïò ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ áðü ôçí éóôïñßá Þ ôçí åðéêáéñüôçôá, üðùò ð.÷. ôá áðïìíçìïíåýìáôá,ôá ðáñáìýèéá, ïé ðáñïéìßåò, ôá ëïãïôå÷íéêÜ êåßìåíá, ôá ðïéÞìáôá, ôá âéâëßá, ôá áíÝêäï-ôá, ïé äéáöçìßóåéò óôá Ì.Ì.Å., ïé ôçëåïðôéêÝò óåéñÝò, ôá çìåñïëüãéá, ôá üíåéñá, ïé ðñï-åêëïãéêÝò ïìéëßåò õðïøÞöéùí âïõëåõôþí, ôá ðñáêôéêÜ óõëëïãéêþí ïñãÜíùí, áêüìç êáéïé áðáíôÞóåéò óå áíïéêôÝò åñùôÞóåéò ðïõ áðåõèýíïõí ïé åñåõíçôÝò óå åñåõíïýìåíïõò. Âáóéêüò óôü÷ïò óôçí Á.Ð. åßíáé ç äéáìüñöùóç íïçìáôéêþí êáôçãïñéþí ãýñù áðü ôáêåßìåíá ìåëÝôçò. Ïé êáôçãïñßåò áõôÝò ìðïñïýí íá äéáìïñöùèïýí ãýñù áðü äéÜöïñåòìïíÜäåò áíÜëõóçò üðùò ëÝîåéò êëåéäéÜ, ðñïôÜóåéò, ðáñáãñÜöïõò Þ áêüìç êáé ïëüêëç-ñï ôï êåßìåíï. Óôçí ôåëåõôáßá ðåñßðôùóç, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ìáò åíäéáöÝñåé íá äéáìïñöþ-óïõìå ôéò êáôçãïñßåò ãýñù áðü ôï êåíôñéêü ìÞíõìá ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ, ð.÷. ôï êïéíùíéêü äß-äáãìá åíüò ðáñáìõèéïý, ôçí ðëïêÞ åíüò ìõèéóôïñÞìáôïò, ôï ìÞíõìá ìéáò åìðïñé-êÞò äéáöÞìéóçò êôë.Ïäçãüò ìáò óôç äéáìüñöùóç ôùí êáôçãïñéþí åßíáé ç èåùñßá êáé ïé õðïèÝóåéò åñ-ãáóßáò ðïõ åðéäéþêïõìå íá åîåôÜóïõìå óôçí ÝñåõíÜ ìáò. Áò ðïýìå üôé îåêéíÜìå ìå ôçíðáñáêÜôù õðüèåóç åñãáóßáò: ôá åðéèåôéêÜ áíÝêäïôá åßíáé ðéï áñåóôÜ óôá áãüñéá áð�ü,ôé óôá êïñßôóéá ëüãù ôçò äéáöïñåôéêÞò ôïõò áíáôñïöÞò (âë. êåö. 3, êïéíùíéêïðïßç-óç). Óõíåðþò, ôá áíÝêäïôá èá ðñÝðåé íá åîåôáóôïýí ãéá ôçí ðáñïõóßá Þ áðïõóßá åðé-èåôéêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò êáé óôç óõíÝ÷åéá íá ôáîéíïìçèïýí óå áíÝêäïôá ìå åðéèåôéêü Þ÷ùñßò åðéèåôéêü ðåñéå÷üìåíï. Êáé ãéá íá ãßíåé ç ó÷åôéêÞ ôáîéíüìçóç èá ðñÝðåé ïé ôáîé-íïìçôÝò (Þ ïé êñéôÝò) íá Ý÷ïõí ìðñïóôÜ ôïõò óáöåßò ïñéóìïýò ôçò åðéèåôéêÞò óõìðå-ñéöïñÜò (ð.÷. âñéóéÝò, ðñÜîåéò âßáò êôë.). ¼óï ðéï óáöåßò åßíáé ïé ðñïäéáãñáöÝò ôüóïåõêïëüôåñç êáé áîéüðéóôç èá åßíáé ç ôáîéíüìçóç ôùí ßäéùí áíÝêäïôùí áðü áíåîÜñôç-ôïõò êñéôÝò.Ç áíÜëõóç ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ êáôáôÜóóåôáé óôéò ðïéïôéêÝò ôå÷íéêÝò ôùí êïéíùíéêþí åðé-óôçìþí. ¼ìùò óôçí êïéíùíéïëïãßá åíäéáöÝñïõí åîßóïõ ôá ðïóïôéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá ôçòáíÜëõóçò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí èÝëïõìå íá ìåëåôÞóïõìå ôá ìçíýìáôá ôùí äéáöçìßóåùíáõôïêéíÞôùí óôï ñáäéüöùíï, ôçí ôçëåüñáóç êáé ôéò åöçìåñßäåò, äå èá ðåñéïñéóôïýìå óåìéá ìüíï äéáöÞìéóç áðü êÜèå Ì.Ì.Å., áëëÜ èá ðÜñïõìå Ýíá äåßãìá äéáöçìßóåùí (ôïõ-ëÜ÷éóôïí 30) áðü êÜèå Ì.Ì.Å. ¸ôóé, üôáí èá Ý÷ïõìå ïëïêëçñþóåé ôçí áíÜëõóç, èá ìðï-ñÝóïõìå íá óõìðåñÜíïõìå ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá üôé ôï 80% ôùí äéáöçìßóåùí óôçí ôçëåüñá-óç, ôï 50% óôéò åöçìåñßäåò êáé ôï 30% óôï ñáäéüöùíï óõíÝäåóáí ôçí áðüêôçóç áõôï-êéíÞôïõ ìå ôç óåîïõáëéêÞ êáôÜêôçóç. Ìå áõôüí ôïí ðïóïôéêü ôñüðï ìðïñïýìå íá áðï-äå÷ôïýìå Þ íá áðïññßøïõìå ôéò õðïèÝóåéò åñãáóßáò.

1.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÁÍÁËÕÓÇ ÐÅÑÉÅ×ÏÌÅÍÏÕ

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ÐÐÁÑÁÄÅÉÃÌÁ ÁÍÁËÕÓÇÓÐÅÑÉÅ×ÏÌÅÍÏÕ1.3.1 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï êáé íá áíáæçôÞóåôå Üëëá öáéíüìåíá ôá ïðïßá Ý÷ïõí êïé-íùíéêÝò áéôßåò. Íá áíáëýóåôå ðïéåò åßíáé áõôÝò.«Ï Åìßë ÍôõñêÝì,� ðïõ èåùñåßôáé áðü ðïëëïýò ï èåìåëéùôÞò ôçò óýã÷ñïíçò êïéíù-íéïëïãßáò, õðïóôÞñéæå� üôé ç åîÞãçóç ôùí êïéíùíéêþí ãåãïíüôùí (üðùò ôá ðïóïóôÜ áõ-ôïêôïíßáò óå ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç êïéíùíßá) ðñÝðåé íá áíáöÝñåôáé óå êïéíùíéêÝò áéôßåò. ÏÍôõñêÝì äåí áñíåßôáé üôé ôá Üôïìá áõôïêôïíïýí ãéá óõãêåêñéìÝíïõò êáé ðïëý ðñïóùðé-êïýò ëüãïõò, áëëÜ êñßíåé üôé áõôïß ïé ëüãïé äåí ðñïóöÝñïõí ìßá åðáñêÞ åîÞãçóç. Óýì-öùíá ìå ôá áñ÷åßá áõôïêôïíéþí ðïõ ìåëÝôçóå ï ÍôõñêÝì, ïé ðñïóùðéêïß ëüãïé ðïõ áíá-öÝñïíôáí Þôáí üìïéïé óôéò ñùìáéïêáèïëéêÝò êáé ôéò äéáìáñôõñüìåíåò ÷þñåò. Ùóôüóï,

1.3. ÁÓÊÇÓÅÉÓ ÊÁÉ ÄÑÁÓÔÇÑÉÏÔÇÔÅÓ

1. Óå êáñôÝëåò ðïõ èá óáò ðñïìçèåýóåé ï/ç êáèçãçôÞò/ôñéá èá ãñÜøåôåìéá ðáñÜãñáöï-áðÜíôçóç óôï åîÞò áíïéêôü åñþôçìá: «ôé åßíáé áõôü ðïõ,êáôÜ ôç ãíþìç óáò, åõèýíåôáé ãéá ôç âßá óôá åëëçíéêÜ ãÞðåäá;». ÄçëáäÞ,åäþ æçôåßôáé ç ðñïóùðéêÞ óáò Üðïøç ãéá ôç âßá óôá ãÞðåäá. Óôçí êáñôÝ-ëá äå èá ãñÜøåôå ôï üíïìÜ óáò áëëÜ ôï öýëï óáò (áãüñé, êïñßôóé). Áí äåíõðÜñ÷ïõí êáé ôá äýï öýëá óôï ôìÞìá óáò ìðïñåßôå íá óõãêåíôñþóåôåóôïé÷åßá êáé áðü ìáèçôÝò Üëëùí ôìçìÜôùí ôïõ ó÷ïëåßïõ óáò. 2. Èá áñéèìÞóåôå ôéò êáñôÝëåò ìå ôéò áðáíôÞóåéò êáé óå óõíåñãáóßá ìåôïí/ôçí êáèçãçôÞ/ôñéÜ óáò èá äéáìïñöþóåôå ôéò êáôçãïñßåò ôáîéíüìçóçò.Ïäçãüò ãéá ôç äéáìüñöùóç ôùí êáôçãïñéþí ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ïé èåùñçôé-êÝò ó÷ïëÝò óôçí åíüôçôá 1.2.3 ôïõ âéâëßïõ óáò. Ìçí îå÷íÜôå üôé ïé ðñïäé-áãñáöÝò êáé ïé ïñéóìïß èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé óáöåßò.3. Ç ôáîéíüìçóç ôùí áðáíôÞóåùí ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé óõëëïãéêÜ áðü üëïõò ôïõòìáèçôÝò ôïõ ôìÞìáôïò Þ ìåìïíùìÝíá áðü ôñåéò áíåîÜñôçôïõò ìáèç-ôÝò/êñéôÝò ðïõ êáôÝ÷ïõí ôï áíôéêåßìåíï. Åßíáé áõôïíüçôï üôé üóï óáöåßòêÜíåôå ôïõò ïñéóìïýò ôùí êáôçãïñéþí ôüóï ìåãáëýôåñç óõìöùíßá èá ðå-ôý÷åôå ìåôáîý ôùí áíåîÜñôçôùí êñéôþí ùò ðñïò ôçí êáôÜôáîç ôùí ðñï-óùðéêþí óáò áðüøåùí.4. Óôç óõíÝ÷åéá, èá õðïëïãßóåôå ôá ðïóïóôÜ ôùí ðñïóùðéêþí áðüøåùí ãéáôç âßá óôá ãÞðåäá ðïõ êáôáôÜóóïíôáé óôéò äéÜöïñåò êáôçãïñßåò ãéá ôïóýíïëï ôïõ äåßãìáôïò, èá åîåôÜóåôå áí õðÜñ÷ïõí äéáöïñÝò ìåôáîý áãï-ñéþí Þ êïñéôóéþí óôçí åîÞãçóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ êáé, ôÝëïò, èá äéáôõðþóå-ôå ôá ó÷åôéêÜ óõìðåñÜóìáôá.

ÐÁÑÁÄÅÉÃÌÁ ÁÍÁËÕÓÇÓ ÐÅÑÉÅ×ÏÌÅÍÏÕÐÁÑÁÄÅÉÃÌÁ ÁÍÁËÕÓÇÓ ÐÅÑÉÅ×ÏÌÅÍÏÕ

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ÊåöÜëáéï 1 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôçí Êïéíùíéïëïãßá 15óôéò äéáìáñôõñüìåíåò ÷þñåò ï áñéèìüò áôüìùí ðïõ åß÷áí áõôïêôïíÞóåé ãéá áõôïýò ôïõòëüãïõò Þôáí áíáëïãéêÜ ìåãáëýôåñïò. Ï ÍôõñêÝì èåþñçóå óõíåðþò üôé ç äéáöïñÜ óôáðïóïóôÜ áõôïêôïíéþí äåí åîçãåßôáé ðëÞñùò áðü ôïõò ðñïóùðéêïýò ëüãïõò...áëëÜ üôé çáéôßá ôçò ðáñáôçñïýìåíçò äéáöïñÜò ìåôáîý ôùí ðïóïóôþí áõôïêôïíéþí åßíáé ïñéóìÝíáêïéíùíéêÜ ãåãïíüôá. Éó÷õñßæåôáé üôé ôï ìéêñüôåñï ðïóïóôü áõôïêôïíéþí óôïõò ñùìáéï-êáèïëéêïýò ìðïñåß ßóùò íá åîçãçèåß áðü ôïí ìåãáëýôåñï âáèìü êïéíùíéêÞò åíóùìÜôù-óÞò ôïõò» (Ì. Ç. Salmon ê.Ü., 2001:585).

1.3.2 Íá óõìðëçñþóåôå ôïí ðßíáêá:Ðïéïé ïé êõñéüôåñïé åêðñüóùðïé êÜèå ó÷ïëÞò;

1.3.3 Íá óõìðëçñþóåôå ôá êåíÜ óôï ðáñáêÜôù êåßìåíï:Ç ÷ñçóéìüôçôá ôçò ........................................ Ýãêåéôáé óôïí êñéôéêü .....................................ðïõ äéáôõðþíåé. Áêüìç, ç êïéíùíéïëïãßá ìåëåôÜ ôçí áíáðáñáãùãÞ ôçò êïéíùíßáò êáé ôï......................................... ôçò.Ç ÷ñçóéìüôçôá ôùí ................................... ðïñéóìÜôùí ôçò êïéíùíéïëïãßáò åßíáé äõíáôüíá åðéöÝñåé .................................. áëëáãÝò óôç æùÞ ôùí áíèñþðùí. Ç åðßäñáóç ôçò êïéíùíéïëïãßáò ó´ üëåò ôéò ............................................... åðéóôÞìåò åßíáééäéáßôåñá óçìáíôéêÞ.

´Áëëá êïéíùíéêÜ öáéíüìåíá ÊïéíùíéêÝò áéôßåò

Ó×ÏËÇ ÔÏÕ ËÅÉÔÏÕÑÃÉÓÌÏÕ Ó×ÏËÇ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÙÍÓÕÃÊÑÏÕÓÅÙÍ Ó×ÏËÇ ÓÕÌÂÏËÉÊÇÓÁËËÇËÅÐÉÄÑÁÓÇÓ

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ÊåöÜëáéï 1 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôçí Êïéíùíéïëïãßá161.3.4. Íá áíôéóôïé÷ßóåôå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Á ìå áõôÜ ôçò óôÞëçò Â.

1. Êïíô Á. ôáîéêÞ ðÜëç2. Ìáñî Â. ïñèïëïãéóìüò3. ÍôõñêÝì Ã. êïéíùíéïëïãßá4. ÂÝìðåñ Ä. ïñãáíéêÞ áëëçëåããýç

Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï ðïõ áêïëïõèåß íá áðáíôÞóåôå óôéò åñùôÞóåéò:«Ï ÌÝñôïí äéáêñßíåé ìåôáîý ôùí Ýêäçëùí êáé ëáíèáíïõóþí ëåéôïõñãéþí. Ïé Ýêäçëåòëåéôïõñãßåò åßíáé åêåßíåò ðïõ ôéò ãíùñßæïõí êáé ôéò åðéäéþêïõí ïé óõììåôÝ÷ïíôåò óå ìéáóõãêåêñéìÝíç êïéíùíéêÞ äñáóôçñéüôçôá. Åíþ ïé ëáíèÜíïõóåò ëåéôïõñãßåò åßíáé ôá ìçðñïâëåðüìåíá áðü ôïõò óõììåôÝ÷ïíôåò áðïôåëÝóìáôá ôçò äñáóôçñéüôçôáò áõôÞò. Ãéáíá åîçãÞóåé ôç äéáöïñÜ áõôÞ, ï ÌÝñôïí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ôïõ ÷ïñïý ôçòâñï÷Þò ôùí ÉíäéÜíùí ×üðé óôï ÍÝï Ìåîéêü. Ïé ×üðé ðéóôåýïõí üôé ôï ôåëåôïõñãéêü áõôüèá ðñïêáëÝóåé ôç âñï÷Þ ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ãéá ôá óðáñôÜ ôïõò (Ýêäçëç ëåéôïõñãßá). Áõôüòåßíáé ï ëüãïò ðïõ ïñãáíþíïõí ôçí ôåëåôÞ êáé ìåôÝ÷ïõí óå áõôÞí. Ï ÷ïñüò üìùò ôçòâñï÷Þò, ðáñáôçñåß ï ÌÝñôïí, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôç èåùñßá ôïõ ÍôõñêÝì ãéá ôç èñç-óêåßá, Ý÷åé åðßóçò ùò áðïôÝëåóìá íá åíéó÷ýåé ôç óõíï÷Þ ôçò êïéíùíßáò (ëáíèÜíïõóá ëåé-ôïõñãßá). ¸íá óçìáíôéêü ìÝñïò ôçò êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞò åîÞãçóçò óõíßóôáôáé, óýìöùíá ìåôïí ÌÝñôïí, óôçí áðïêÜëõøç ôùí ëáíèáíïõóþí ëåéôïõñãéþí ôùí äñáóôçñéïôÞôùí ôùíèåóìþí» (Á. Giddens, 2002:716).

8Óå ðïéá èåùñçôéêÞ ó÷ïëÞ áíÞêåé ï ÌÝñôïí;........................................................................................................................................................................................

8Ðïéá ç óõíåéóöïñÜ ôïõ óôçí åîÞãçóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ ôïõ ÷ïñïý ôçò âñï÷Þò;............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8Ìðïñåßôå íá áíáäåßîåôå ìå áöïñìÞ Ýíá äéêü óáò ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôçí Ýêäçëç êáé ôçëáíèÜíïõóá ëåéôïõñãßá ìéáò äñáóôçñéüôçôáò;....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1.4. ÐÁÑÁÄÅÉÃÌÁ ÅÖÁÑÌÏÃÇÓ

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ÊåöÜëáéï 2

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ÈÝìá: Ç åîÝëéîç ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò8Íá äåßôå ôï Ýñãï «ÌïíôÝñíïé êáéñïß» - ÔóÜñëõ ÔóÜðëéíÌå áöïñìÞ ôï êëáóéêü áõôü êéíçìáôïãñáöéêü Ýñãï ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé áíÜëõóç ôùíóôïé÷åßùí ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôçí åîÝëéîç ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò êáé ôéò åðéäñÜóåéòðïõ áõôÞ åðÝöåñå óå üëïõò ôïõò ôïìåßò ôçò æùÞò. (ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ ç ôáéíßá áõôÞ ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß êáé óôï êåöÜëáéï 6 ôïõ âéâëßïõ:Åñãáóßá, Áíåñãßá êáé ÊïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò). 8ÁíÜëõóç êéíçìáôïãñáöéêïý ÝñãïõÃéá íá áíáëýóïõìå Ýíá êéíçìáôïãñáöéêü Ýñãï èá ðñÝðåé íá áíáôñÝîïõìå óôá åñãáëåßáôùí êïéíùíéêþí åðéóôçìþí. Ïé åñùôÞóåéò ðïõ áêïëïõèïýí äßíïõí õðïäåßîåéò ãéá ôçìåëÝôç.8Ôï Ýñãï4¼íïìá êáé åèíéêüôçôá óêçíïèÝôç.................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................4Óå ðïéá ðåñßïäï áíáöÝñåôáé ôï Ýñãï, óå ðïéá ÷þñá Þ ðåñéï÷Þ;........................................................................................................................................................................................4Ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï ôïõ Ýñãïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óå: ðåñßïäï êñßóçò, ïéêïíïìéêþí áëëáãþí,êïéíùíéêþí áíáôñïðþí, ðïëéôéêþí áëëáãþí Þ Üëëï;................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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2.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ ÊÁÉ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ

ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò-ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá2TEEM 1-2.qxd 26/9/2007 2:34 ìì Page 18

4Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýñãï ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óå áëçèéíÞ éóôïñßá;..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4Ðïéá èÝìáôá ðñïóåããßæåé; ÏéêïíïìéêÜ, êïéíùíéêÜ, øõ÷ïëïãéêÜ, Üëëá;..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4Óå ðïéï åßäïò êáôáôÜóóåôáé; ÍôïêéìáíôÝñ, åðéóôçìïíéêü, äñÜìá, êùìùäßá, Üëëï;..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4Íá ðáñïõóéÜóåôå ôçí éóôïñßá ôçò ôáéíßáò êáé ôçí åîÝëéîÞ ôçò óå 10 ãñáììÝò...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4Ðïéá åßíáé ôá êåíôñéêÜ ðñüóùðá ôïõ Ýñãïõ;...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4Ãéá êÜèå ðñüóùðï íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíáí ðßíáêá ðïõ íá ðåñéëáìâÜíåé: ôçí çëéêßá, ôçíïéêïãåíåéáêÞ êáôÜóôáóç, ôçí êïéíùíéêÞ êáôçãïñßá óôçí ïðïßá áíÞêåé ê.Ü............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

19ÊåöÜëáéï 2 ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò-ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá

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4Íá óõíäÝóåôå ôá èÝìáôá ôïõ Ýñãïõ ìå áõôÜ ôçò åíüôçôáò.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4Ðïéåò Ýííïéåò ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôï Ýñãï êáé ðïéïò åßíáé ï ïñéóìüò ôïõò;............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí áíÜëõóç ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ óôçí åíüôçôá 1.2. ôïõðñïçãïýìåíïõ êåöáëáßïõ. Óôç óõíÝ÷åéá íá åöáñìüóåôå ôç ó÷åôéêÞ ôå÷íéêÞ Ýñåõíáò óåáíÝêäïôá ðïõ êõêëïöïñïýí ôïí ôåëåõôáßï êáéñü óôçí ôïðéêÞ óáò êïéíùíßá. ÌçíêáôáóêåõÜóåôå äéêÜ óáò áíÝêäïôá. ÐñïóðáèÞóôå íá óõãêåíôñþóåôå 30 Ýùò 50áíÝêäïôá áðü ôïí êïéíùíéêü óáò ðåñßãõñï. Åðßóçò, ìç ëïãïêñßíåôå ôá áíÝêäïôá ùòðñïò ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíü ôïõò.

2.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÁÍÁËÕÓÇ ÐÅÑÉÅ×ÏÌÅÍÏÕ

ÊåöÜëáéï 2 ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò - ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá

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Áöïý ôá óõãêåíôñþóåôå, ôá êáôá÷ùñÞóåôå óå êáñôÝëåò êáé ôá áñéèìÞóåôå åíéáßá,ðñïâåßôå óôçí ôáîéíüìçóÞ ôïõò áêïëïõèþíôáò ôá âÞìáôá ðïõ ðåñéãñÜøáìå ðñïçãïõìÝ-íùò (Åíüôçôá 1.2). Óôü÷ïò óáò èá åßíáé íá äéáðéóôþóåôå ðïéåò êïéíùíéêÝò áîßåò åêöñÜ-æïíôáé ìÝóá áðü ôá áíÝêäïôá. Ç åñãáóßá áõôÞ èá ãßíåé áöïý Ý÷åôå äéáâÜóåé ôç ó÷åôéêÞåíüôçôá 2.3.3 óôï åã÷åéñßäéü óáò.

2.3.1 Íá óçìåéþóåôå áí ïé ðáñáêÜôù ðñïôÜóåéò åßíáé óùóôÝò Þ ëáíèáóìÝíåò.

2.3.2 Íá áíôéóôïé÷ßóåôå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Á ìå áõôÜ ôçò óôÞëçò Â ðïõ áíá-öÝñïíôáé óôçí åëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá:

Á. áãñïôéêüò ôïìÝáò 1. áóôéêïðïßçóçÂ. âéïìç÷áíéêüò ôïìÝáò 2. ôïõñéóìüò Ã. ôïìÝáò õðçñåóéþí 3. éó÷íÞ ðáñïõóßá óõíåôáéñéóìþí ðáñáãùãÞò

21ÊåöÜëáéï 2 ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò - ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá

ÓÙÓÔÏ ËÁÈÏÓÏé äïõëïêôçôéêÝò êïéíùíßåò Þôáí áãñïôéêÝò êïéíùíßåò.Ôï âáóéêü ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôçò äõôéêÞòöåïõäáñ÷éêÞò êïéíùíßáò åßíáé ç ðáñïõóßá óõãêåíôñùôéêïý êñÜôïõò êáé äéïßêçóçò.ÊáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò âéïìç÷áíéêÞòåðáíÜóôáóçò, ç ìéóèùôÞ åñãáóßá áðåëåõèåñþíåé ôçí ðáñáãùãéêÞ äýíáìç êáé ïäçãåß óå óõíå÷Þ áýîçóç áãáèþí êáé õðçñåóéþí.Ïé áíáðôõóóüìåíåò êïéíùíßåò ÷áñáêôçñßæïíôáé áðü åêâéïìç÷áíéóìÝíçïéêïíïìßá, áðü ôçí ïñãÜíùóç êáé ëåéôïõñãßá êåíôñéêïý êñÜôïõò.


ÂÁ

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222.3.3 Ìå áöïñìÞ ôï ðáñáêÜôù áðüóðáóìá, íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå, åßôå áðü ðñïóùðéêÞ óáòåìðåéñßá åßôå áðü åìðåéñßåò ãïíÝùí Þ áöçãÞóåéò ìåãáëõôÝñùí, ôá èåôéêÜ êáé ôááñíçôéêÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôçò æùÞò óôçí ðüëç êáé ôçò æùÞò óôï ÷ùñéü.«Ç åðéóôçìïíéêÞ åíáó÷üëçóç ìå ôéò áãñïôéêÝò êïéíùíßåò êáé ôá öáéíüìåíá ôçòêïéíùíßáò ôïõ ÷ùñéïý ðñáãìáôïðïéÞèçêå ìå öüíôï ôçí åîÝëéîç ôçò óýã÷ñïíçò áóôéêÞòêïéíùíßáò ôçò ðüëçò êáé ôçò äéáäéêáóßáò ôçò âéïìç÷áíïðïßçóçò, ç ïðïßá ìåôÝâáëåèåìåëéùäþò ôçí åõñùðáúêÞ ïéêïíïìßá óôç äéÜñêåéá ôïõ 19ïõ êáé 20ïý áéþíá. Åðß ôïõðñïêåéìÝíïõ ìðïñïýí íá äéáêñéèïýí äýï áíôéôéèÝìåíåò ìåôáîý ôïõò óôÜóåéò: áðü ôç ìéáìåñéÜ ç óõíôçñçôéêÞ èåþñçóç ôçò áãñïôéÜò êé áðü ôçí Üëëç ìéá êñéôéêÞ êáôåýèõíóç çïðïßá õðïäåéêíýåé ôéò óêïôåéíÝò ðëåõñÝò ôçò æùÞò ôïõ ÷ùñéïý.Õðü ôçí åðéññïÞ öéëïóüöùí, éóôïñéêþí êáé êïéíùíéïëüãùí äçìéïõñãÞèçêå ìéáêáôåýèõíóç ç ïðïßá âëÝðåé ôç óýã÷ñïíç áóôéêÞ æùÞ ùò Ýêöñáóç ôçò ìáæïðïßçóçò, ôçòáíùíõìßáò, ôçò áëëïôñßùóçò êáé ôçò åìðïñåõìáôïðïßçóçò êáé õðïãñáììßæåé ôç ñÝìâçôïõ ðáëáéïý ÷ùñéïý, ôçí áìïéâáßá öñïíôßäá êáé ôçí åããýôçôá ôïõ áãñüôç ðñïò ôç öýóç.Ôï ðáñáäïóéáêü ÷ùñéü ãßíåôáé ìéá Ýííïéá ðïõ åìðåñéÝ÷åé ôçí �êïéíüôçôá*�, áðü ôçíïðïßá ïñéïèåôåßôáé áñíçôéêÜ ç óýã÷ñïíç æùÞ ôçò ìåãáëïýðïëçò ùò �êïéíùíßáò�. Óôç ãáëëéêÞ, áããëéêÞ êáé éôáëéêÞ ëïãïôå÷íßá ôïõ 19ïõ êáé 20ïý áéþíá óõíáíôïýìååðßóçò ðïëõÜñéèìåò ìáñôõñßåò, óôéò ïðïßåò ç æùÞ ôçò õðáßèñïõ åîùñáÀæåôáé êáéáíôéðáñáôßèåôáé íïóôáëãéêÜ óôçí áíÞóõ÷ç æùÞ ôùí âéïìç÷áíéêþí êÝíôñùí. Ï÷ëçìÝíïéáðü ôéò áðáéôÞóåéò êáé ôïõò êáôáíáãêáóìïýò ôçò æùÞò ôçò ðüëçò êÜðïéïé åßäáí ùòóùôçñßá ôçí åðéóôñïöÞ óôçí ýðáéèñï. Åí ìÝóù ôçò êïéíùíßáò ôùí ìåãáëïõðüëåùíðïõ âéùíüôáí ùò áðÜíèñùðç, ïé Üíèñùðïé ðïèïýóáí Ýíáí ðéï áðëü êáé ëéãüôåñï�êåêáíïíéóìÝíï� ôñüðï æùÞò ðïõ Þëðéæáí íá âñïõí óôç æùÞ ôçò õðáßèñïõ. ÁõôÞ çíïóôáëãßá âñÞêå ôçí ÝêöñáóÞ ôçò óôá Ýñãá ðïëõÜñéèìùí óõããñáöÝùí, ëáïãñÜöùí êáéêïéíùíéïëüãùí, óôá ïðïßá åêðñïóùðåßôáé ç Üðïøç üôé ï áñ÷áßïò áãñïôéêüò ðïëéôéóìüòôïõ ÷ùñéïý õðÞñîå ðéï áíèñþðéíïò êáé åîõðçñÝôçóå ðåñéóóüôåñï ôçí åõçìåñßá ôïõáôüìïõ áð' ü,ôé ç óýã÷ñïíç âéïìç÷áíéêÞ êïéíùíßá, ç ïðïßá åêôüðéóå ôéò ðáñáäïóéáêÝòìïñöÝò ôçò æùÞò ôïõ ÷ùñéïý» (W. Rosener, 1999)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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ÊåöÜëáéï 2 ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò - ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá

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2.4.1 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù êåßìåíï êáé íá áðáíôÞóåôå óôï åñþôçìá óå ôé ïìïéÜ-æïõí êáé óå ôé äéáöÝñïõí ïé ðñïóåããßóåéò ôùí äõï èåùñçôéêþí;«...Ï Dobb èåùñåß üôé âáóéêÜ ðñüêåéôáé ãéá âéïôå÷íéêÜ óôïé÷åßá ôùí êáôþôåñùíóõíôå÷íéþí ôùí ðüëåùí, ðïõ ìÝóá áðü ìéá äéáäéêáóßá åðÝêôáóçò ôçò ðáñáãùãÞò ôïõòìå ÷ñçóéìïðïßçóç ìéóèùìÝíçò åñãáóßáò îåðåñíïýí ôïõò óõíôå÷íéáêïýò öñáãìïýòáðëþíïíôáò ôç âéïôå÷íßá ôçò õðáßèñïõ. Ç Üëùóç áõôÞ Ý÷åé ôçí Ýííïéá üôé ïé åýðïñïé áõôïß âéïôÝ÷íåò ðåñíþíôáò ðïëý ãñÞãï-ñá áðü ôç öÜóç ôçò áðëÞò ÷ñçìáôïäüôçóçò ìå ôï óýóôçìá ôçò ìáíéöáêôïýñáò, ðïõ ôï-ðïèåôåß äéÜóðáñôåò âéïôå÷íßåò ôçò õðáßèñïõ êÜôù áðü åíéáßá åðé÷åéñçìáôéêÞ êáôåýèõí-óç, ðñï÷ùñïýí óå âáèìéáßá óõãêÝíôñùóç ìéêñþí âéïôå÷íþí óå êïéíÜ åñãáóôÞñéá, üðïõ÷Üíïõí êÜèå áíåîáñôçóßá êáé ìåôáâÜëëïíôáé óå ìéóèùôïýò áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ü÷é ìüíïç ðñþôç ýëç áëëÜ êáé ôá ìÝóá ðáñáãùãÞò ÷ïñçãïýíôáé áðü ôï ìåãáëïðáñáãùãü êåöá-ëáéïäüôç� Óå áõôÞ ôç äéáäéêáóßá õðïóôçñßæåé ï Dobb ãåííéÝôáé ðñùôáñ÷éêÜ ôï ãíÞóéï âé-ïìç÷áíéêü êåöÜëáéï. Ï Takashi áíôßèåôá õðïóôçñßæåé üôé ïé äõíÜìåéò ôçò ãíÞóéáò êáðéôáëéóôéêÞò áíÝëéîçòâéïìç÷áíéêïý ÷áñáêôÞñá îåêéíÜíå áðü ôçí ßäéá ôçí ýðáéèñï êáé óõãêåêñéìÝíá áðü ôïõòìåãáëï÷ùñéêïýò, ðïõ ôïí 15ï êáé ôïí 16ï áéþíá åîåëßóóïíôáé óå ìåãÜëç ïéêïíïìéêÞ


Á/Á ÆùÞ óôï ÷ùñéü ÆùÞ óôçí ðüëçÈåôéêÜ ÁñíçôêÜ ÈåôéêÜ ÁñíçôéêÜ1

234

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ÊåöÜëáéï 2 ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò - ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá24äýíáìç êáé åðåêôåßíïõí ôçí áñ÷éêÜ ðåñéïñéóìÝíç ïéêéáêÞ âéïôå÷íßá óå ìáæéêÞ ðáñáãùãÞãéá ôçí áãïñÜ, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ìéá óõíå÷þò äéåõñõíüìåíç ìéóèùôÞ äýíáìç ðïõóõãêñïôåßôáé áðü áêôÞìïíåò êáé ðñïëåôáñéïðïéçìÝíïõò áãñüôåò. Áõôïß ïñãáíþíïõíóôçí Áããëßá ôçí ðåñßöçìç õöáíôïõñãßá ôçò õðáßèñïõ êáé áõôïß êáôÜ êýñéï ëüãï âÜæïõíêÜôù áðü ôïí Ýëåã÷ü ôïõò ôïõò äéÜóðáñôïõò õöáíôïõñãïýò ôçò õðáßèñïõ êáôÜ ôÝôïéïôñüðï, þóôå áðü åêåß êáé áðü áíÜëïãåò ðáñáãùãéêÝò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò (óáðùíïðïéßá,ïéíïðïéßá, âéïìç÷áíßá êåñéïý ê.Ü) îåêéíÜåé ç ãíÞóéá êáðéôáëéóôéêÞ áíÝëéîç...» (Â. Ößëéáò,1978 :118).

Ïìïéüôçôåò...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ÄéáöïñÝò....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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ÊåöÜëáéï 2 ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò - ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá 252.4.2 Áðü ôçí ðõñáìßäá ôïõ ðëçèõóìïý ãéá ôï 2001 íá õðïëïãßóåôå ôïõò áðüëõôïõòáñéèìïýò êÜèå çëéêéáêÞò ïìÜäáò. Ôé ðáñáôçñåßôå;

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0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-6970-7475-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99> =100 ¢íäñåòÃõíáßêåò

500.000 400.000 300.000 200.000 100.000 0 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 500.000ÐëçèõóìüòÐçãÞ: ÅÓÕÅ, ÁðïãñáöÞ 2001

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26 ÊåöÜëáéï 2 ÌïñöÝò êïéíùíéêÞò ïñãÜíùóçò - ÅëëçíéêÞ êïéíùíßá

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ÊåöÜëáéï 3

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ÈÝìá: Äåîéüôçôåò, ëÞøç áðïöÜóåùíÓêïðüò ¼ëïé ïé Üíèñùðïé, üôáí èÝëïõí êÜôé, ìðïñïýí íá ôï áðïêôÞóïõí ðéï åýêïëá áí ÷ñç-óéìïðïéÞóïõí ôïí êáôÜëëçëï ôñüðï. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñïé ôñüðïé óõìðåñéöïñÜò, üðùò çðáèçôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ, üôáí äåí ìðïñïýìå íá æçôÞóïõìå áõôü ðïõ èÝëïõìå êáé åëðß-æïõìå üôé ï Üëëïò èá ìáíôÝøåé ôé ÷ñåéáæüìáóôå. Ç åðéèåôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ, üôáí áðåéëïý-ìå, öùíÜæïõìå, åîáíáãêÜæïõìå ôïõò Üëëïõò, ãéá íá ðåôý÷ïõìå ôï óêïðü ìáò.ÁðïöáóéóôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ, üôáí Ý÷ïõìå áõôïðåðïßèçóç êáé æçôÜìå áõôü ðïõ èÝëïõ-ìå êáèáñÜ êáé ìå Þñåìï ôñüðï. Óôü÷ïò Íá äéáêñßíïõí ïé ìáèçôÝò ôçí ðáèçôéêÞ, ôçí áðïöáóéóôéêÞ êáé ôçí åðéèåôéêÞ óõìðåñé-öïñÜ.ÅêôÝëåóç ×ñçóéìïðïéïýìå ôï ðáñáêÜôù öýëëï åñãáóßáò, ôï ïðïßï ðñÝðåé íá óõìðëçñþóïõíüëïé ïé ìáèçôÝò. Óôç óõíÝ÷åéá êáèüìáóôå üëïé óå êýêëï, äéáâÜæïõìå ôéò áðáíôÞóåéò êáéåîçãïýìå ôïõò ëüãïõò åðéëïãÞò áõôþí ôùí áðáíôÞóåùí.Öýëëï ÅñãáóßáòÃñÜøå óôï ôÝëïò êÜèå ðñüôáóçò: 4ôï ãñÜììá Ð (ðáèçôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ), 4ôï ãñÜììá Á (áðïöáóéóôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ), 4êáé ôï ãñÜììá Å (åðéèåôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ).

Êïéíùíéêïðïßçóçêáé êïéíùíéêüò Ýëåã÷ïò33.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ ÊÁÉ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ

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1. ËõðÜìáé, äåí ìðïñþ. .........................................................................................................................2. Áðïêëåßåôáé, äå ìå åíäéáöÝñåé. ....................................................................................................3. Åßðá ü÷é, äå èÝëù, ðáñÜôá ìå. .....................................................................................................4. Áí ìïõ ôï îáíáæçôÞóåéò èá óïõ óðÜóù ôç ìïýñç. ÓõíåííïçèÞêáìå; ....................5. ¼,ôé ðåéò åóý. ........................................................................................................................................6. Ôï Þèåëá êé åãþ, áëëÜ íôñåðüìïõí íá ôï æçôÞóù. ...........................................................7. Âåâáßùò êáé èÝëù. ..............................................................................................................................8. Åõ÷áñéóôþ, ïìïëïãþ ðùò ìå îÜöíéáóåò, áëëÜ èá ôï óêåöôþ. ..................................9. Ôï óêåöôüìïõí óõíÝ÷åéá êáé ðåñßìåíá íá ìïõ ôï æçôÞóåéò åóý. ...............................10. Áöïý ôï èÝëåéò äå èá óïõ ÷áëÜóù ÷áôÞñé. ..........................................................................Áîéïëüãçóç ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò4ÓõæçôÜìå ãéá ôï ðüóï óçìáíôéêü åßíáé íá åßìáóôå áðïöáóéóôéêïß óôç æùÞ ìáò.4Ìå áöïñìÞ äéêÝò óáò åìðåéñßåò íá óêåöôåßôå êáé íá áîéïëïãÞóåôå ôç óõìðåñéöïñÜóáò êáé ìå ðïéï ôñüðï èá åß÷áí åðÝëèåé ðéï èåôéêÜ Þ èá åß÷áí áðïöåõ÷èåß ôá ðéï áñ-íçôéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá. ÐçãÞ:ÕÐÅÐÈ - ÅèíéêÞ Ó÷ïëÞ Äçìüóéáò Õãåßáò (2000:110)

Ç óõãêñéôéêÞ ìÝèïäïò óõíßóôáôáé óôç ìåëÝôç ßäéùí öáéíïìÝíùí Þ äéáäéêáóéþí ðïõõðÜñ÷ïõí óå äéáöïñåôéêÝò óõíèÞêåò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ðþò äéáóêåäÜæïõí ïé íÝïé óôéò äé-áöïñåôéêÝò ÷þñåò ôçò Å.Å. óÞìåñá. Ìå ôç óýãêñéóç ôùí ßäéùí êïéíùíéêþí öáéíïìÝíùíìåôáîý äéáöïñåôéêþí ÷ùñþí Þ êïéíùíéþí åßíáé äõíáôü íá êáôáíïÞóïõìå ôéò ïìïéüôçôåò,íá áíáäåßîïõìå ôéò äéáöïñÝò êáé íá åñìçíåýóïõìå ôá äéáöïñåôéêÜ Þ üìïéá ðñüôõðá óõ-ìðåñéöïñÜò ôùí íÝùí óôïí åëåýèåñï ÷ñüíï ôïõò. Ç óõãêñéôéêÞ ìÝèïäïò ìðïñåß íáåöáñìïóôåß êáé óôï ðëáßóéï ìéáò êïéíùíßáò äéá÷ñïíéêÜ, ð.÷. ôá ðáéäéêÜ ðáé÷íßäéá (áôïìé-êÜ Þ ïìáäéêÜ) óôçí ÅëëÜäá ðñïðïëåìéêÜ, ìåôáðïëåìéêÜ êáé óÞìåñá.ÅíäåéêôéêÞ äñáóôçñéüôçôá óôç óõãêñéôéêÞ ìÝèïäï.

ÈÝìá: Ç ðáñÝá - Ôé óõíäÝåé ôçí ðáñÝá;×ñüíïò: 15´ ôçò þñáò ãéá 3 äéäáêôéêÝò åíüôçôåò ÏìáäéêÞ åñãáóßáÏé ìáèçôÝò ÷ùñßæïíôáé óå ïìÜäåò (ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí 3) êáé áíáëáìâÜíïõí ôï ßäéï èÝìá.

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3.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÓÕÃÊÑÉÔÉÊÇ ÌÅÈÏÄÏÓ

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ÕëéêÜÌßá öùôïãñáößá ðïõ íá áðåéêïíßæåé ôçí ðáñÝá óáò, êáé ìßá öùôïãñáößá ðïõ íá áðåéêï-íßæåé ôçí ðáñÝá ôùí ãïíÝùí åíüò óõììáèçôÞ/ôñéáò óáò üôáí Þôáí ðåñßðïõ óôçí çëéêßáóáò.Óôü÷ïé4Ðïéá åßíáé ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôùí óõãêåêñéìÝíùí ïìÜäùí áíáöïñÜò;4Ðïéá åßíáé ôá óýìâïëá åðéêïéíùíßáò Üëëïôå êáé óÞìåñá;4Ðïéá åßíáé ôá ðñüôõðá êáé ç äéáìüñöùóç ôçò ôáõôüôçôáò ôùí íÝùí óÞìåñá;

ÓôÜäéï 1 Ðïéá èåùñåßôå ôá ðéï óçìáíôéêÜ óôïé÷åßá óôïõò ößëïõò óáò; Íá ãñÜøåôå ìéá ëßóôá.ÓôÜäéï 2 Ðïéá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ãéá íá åßóôå áðïäåêôïß áðü ôïõòóõììáèçôÝò óáò;ÓôÜäéï 3 Ðïéá åßíáé ôá ðéï óçìáíôéêÜ óôïé÷åßá ðïõ äéáöïñïðïéïýí ôïõò íÝ-ïõò áðü ôïõò ìåãÜëïõò; Íá ãñÜøåôå ìéá ëßóôá.ÓôÜäéï 4 ×ñçóéìïðïéïýìå ôéò ðáñáðÜíù ëßóôåò êáé áðáñéèìïýìå ðïéá óôïé-÷åßá èåùñïýíôáé óçìáíôéêÜ ãéá ôçí ôáõôüôçôá ôïõ åöÞâïõ óÞ-ìåñá.ÓôÜäéï 5 ×ñçóéìïðïéïýìå ôç öùôïãñáößá Þ ôéò öùôïãñáößåò ôùí ãïíÝùíêáé êáôáãñÜöïõìå ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôçò åìöÜíéóÞò ôïõò (ð.÷.êïýñåìá, íôýóéìï ê.Ü.).ÓôÜäéï 6 ÓõæçôÜìå ôá äéáöïñåôéêÜ óôïé÷åßá ôçò ßäéáò çëéêéáêÞò ïìÜäáò ôùííÝùí óÞìåñá êáé Üëëïôå.ÓôÜäéï 7 Óå ôé äéáöÝñïõí ïé óõìâïëéóìïß ôçò êÜèå ïìÜäáò; Óå ôé ïìïéÜæïõí;Áðü ðïý åðçñåÜæïíôáé; ÊÜèå ïìÜäá ðáñïõóéÜæåé ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ôçò óõãêñéôéêÞò äéåñåýíçóçò óôçí ôÜîç.(Ç ðáñáðÜíù äñáóôçñéüôçôá åßíáé ðñïóáñìïãÞ ôçò éäÝáò áðü ôçí åñãáóßá ôçò Ä. Óéñ,2004:22-23).

3.3.1 Íá óõìðëçñùèïýí ôá êåíÜ óôï ðáñáêÜôù êåßìåíï:Ç êïéíùíéêïðïßçóç åßíáé ìéá ............................... ìÝóù ôçò ïðïßáò Ýíá Üôïìï ìáèáßíåé êáé..................................ôá äéáöïñåôéêÜ óôïé÷åßá ôïõ ................................... ôçò êïéíùíßáò ìÝóá óôçíïðïßá æåé. Ï êïéíùíéêüò Ýëåã÷ïò åßíáé ôï óýíïëï ôùí ................................ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ìéá êïé-íùíßá ãéá íá ãßíïõí áðïäåêôÝò ïé ................... êáé íá åöáñìïóôïýí ïé ......................... ôçò áðüôá Üôïìá.

ÊåöÜëáéï 3 Êïéíùíéêïðïßçóç êáé êïéíùíéêüò Ýëåã÷ïò30

3.3 ÁÓÊÇÓÅÉÓ ÊÁÉ ÄÑÁÓÔÇÑÉÏÔÇÔÅÓ

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3.3.2 Íá ÷ùñéóôåßôå óå ïìÜäåò. Íá ìïéñáóôåß ôï êåßìåíï êáé ôá åñùôÞìáôá óå êÜèåïìÜäá. Íá áíáëçöèïýí ïé ñüëïé ôïõ ìáèçôÞ (ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ) êáé ôùí äéäáóêüíôùí ôïõó÷ïëåßïõ.«ÌáèçôÞò Ãõìíáóßïõ êáôáããÝëëåôáé óôï óýëëïãï áðü êáèçãÞôñéá üôé ôçò óõìðåñé-öÝñèçêå êáôÜ ôñüðï óêáéü ëÝãïíôÜò ôçò: �¢åé óôï äéÜïëï!� ¢ëëç êáèçãÞôñéá åðéâåâáéþ-íåé üôé êáé áõôÞ óôï ðáñåëèüí Ýãéíå áðïäÝêôçò áíÜëïãçò óõìðåñéöïñÜò áðü ôïí ßäéï ìá-èçôÞ ìå ôçí Ýêöñáóç �ðáñÜôá ìáò�.Ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò ðïõ êõêëïöïñïýí ëÝíå üôé ï ìáèçôÞò ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ïéêïãÝíåéáðïõ ôç äéáêñßíïõí áíÜëïãåò ìïñöÝò óõìðåñéöïñÜò.Ï ìáèçôÞò êáëåßôáé óå áðïëïãßá. Óôçí ðñïóðÜèåéÜ ôïõ íá äéêáéïëïãçèåß ðáñáðïíåß-ôáé üôé �ôï ó÷ïëåßï äåí ôïõ Ýäåéîå ðïôÝ ðïý öôÜíïõí ôá üñéá ôçò åõðñåðïýò óõìðåñéöï-ñÜò��. Ï óýëëïãïò äéäáóêüíôùí áðïöáóßæåé ôçí ôñéÞìåñç áðïâïëÞ ôïõ» (Ð. ×çíÜò êáéÊ. ×ñõóáößäçò, 2000:37).

Íá óêåöôåßôå ôï èÝìá êáé íá áðáíôÞóåôå óôá áêüëïõèá åñùôÞìáôá:4Ðïéï åßíáé ôï ðñüâëçìá;4Ðïéá åßíáé ôá èÝìáôá áíôéðáñÜèåóçò óôéò ó÷Ýóåéò ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöïíôáé óôï ðáñáðÜíùêåßìåíï; 4Ðïéåò åßíáé ïé äéáöïñåôéêÝò áðüøåéò ôïõ êáèåíüò áðü ôïõò åìðëåêïìÝíïõò;4Ðïéá åßíáé ôá êßíçôñá êáé ïé áíÜãêåò ðïõ ïäÞãçóáí óôç óýãêñïõóç;4Ðïéåò åßíáé ïé åíáëëáêôéêÝò åðéëïãÝò, þóôå ïé ëýóåéò íá éêáíïðïéïýí üëïõò ôïõòåìðëåêïìÝíïõò;3.3.3 Íá óõìðëçñþóåôå ôïí ðáñáêÜôù ðßíáêá


ÖÏÑÅÉÓ ÌÇ×ÁÍÉÓÌÏÉÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÏÐÏÉÇÓÇÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÏÐÏÉÇÓÇÓ ÐÅÑÉÏÄÏÉ ÔÇÓ ÆÙÇÓ

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3.3.4 Íá áíôéóôïé÷ßóåôå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Á ìå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Â.1. ôõðéêüò êïéíùíéêüò Ýëåã÷ïò Á. ôï Áñéóôåßï ãéá ôçí åðßäïóç óôáìáèÞìáôá.2. Üôõðïò êïéíùíéêüò Ýëåã÷ïò Â. ïé óõóôÜóåéò ôïõ êáèçãçôÞðñïò ôï ìáèçôÞ ãéá ôçí áãåíÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ ôïõ.3. áõôïÝëåã÷ïò Ã. ôï íá êñáôÜò ôï ëüãï óïõ êáé íá ãõñßæåéò áðü ôç äéáóêÝäá-óÞ óïõ ôçí þñá ðïõ Ý÷åéò ðåé óôïõò ãïíåßò óïõ.4. åðéâñÜâåõóç Ä. ôá ó÷üëéá ôùí óõããåíþí ãéá ôï íôýóéìï ôùí ößëùí óïõ. 5. êýñùóç Å. ç ðïéíÞ ðïõ åðéâÜëëåé ç äéêáéïóý-íç ãéá ìéá ðáñÜíïìç ðñÜîç.

3.3.5 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù êåßìåíï êáé íá âñåßôå åêöñÜóåéò óõìâáôÝò ìå ôïíêïéíùíéêü êáíüíá êáé åêöñÜóåéò ðïõ ðáñåêêëßíïõí áðü ôïí êáíüíá. Ïé ãëùóóéêÝò ðáñáâéÜóåéò ôùí êáíüíùí ðïõ ñõèìßæïõí ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá äåí áöïñïýíôïõò êáíüíåò ôçò ãëþóóáò áëëÜ êïéíùíéêïýò êáíüíåò.«Äåí ìðïñåß ï ðñüåäñïò ôçò Äçìïêñáôßáò íá åìöáíéóôåß óôçí ôçëåüñáóç êáé íá ðñï-óöùíÞóåé ôïõò ðïëßôåò ôçò ÷þñáò �ößëïé ìïõ áãáðçìÝíïé�. Äåí ìðïñåß ï äÜóêáëïò íáðåé ìÝóá óôçí ôÜîç �áíïßîôå ôá âéâëßá óáò áäÝëöéá�. Ï ðáðÜò äåí ìðïñåß íá áñ÷ßóåé ôïêÞñõãìá ìå ôçí åðßêëçóç �óýíôñïöïé êáé óõíôñüöéóóåò�. Ç ìçôÝñá äåí èá ðåé óôï ðáé-äß ôçò �áãáðçôÝ ìïõ Êþóôá� êáé ï ìáèçôÞò äåí åðéôñÝðåôáé íá ìéëÞóåé óôï äÜóêáëïóôïí åíéêü. Ç ðáñáôõðßá äåí åßíáé ãëùóóéêÞ, ïýôå íïçìáôéêÞ. Ç ðáñáôõðßá åßíáé êïéíùíé-êÞ. Ç êïéíùíéêÞ éåñáñ÷ßá áðïôõðþíåôáé êáé åêöñÜæåôáé óôéò åðßóçìåò ðáñáëëáãÝò ôçòãëþóóáò ìå ôïí ðëçèõíôéêü, ôç ìíåßá ôùí êïéíùíéêþí ôßôëùí (�êýñéå Ðñüåäñå�, �ÌÜëéóôáÓôñáôçãÝ ìïõ�), óå åêöñÜóåéò äéáêñéôéêÝò áðïäï÷Þò ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò áíùôåñüôçôáò ôïõóõíïìéëçôÞ (�Áîéüôéìå êýñéå�, �Ôá óÝâç ìïõ�) êôë. Óôçí êáèçìåñéíÞ ãëþóóá Þ ôéò ëáúêÝòðáñáëëáãÝò, üðïõ ãåíéêÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ï åíéêüò, ôá ðáñùíýìéá ïéêåéüôçôáò, ôá õðï-êïñéóôéêÜ, áêüìá êáé ç ðñïóôáêôéêÞ ðñïò éåñáñ÷éêÜ áíþôåñïõò, õðÜñ÷åé åðßóçò, ìüíïðïõ åßíáé äéáöïñåôéêÞ, ç ãëùóóéêÞ Ýêöñáóç ôçò éåñáñ÷ßáò êáé ôïõ óåâáóìïý ôçò. ¸ôóéð.÷. ôï ðáéäß ìðïñåß íá ëÝåé �ôé èÝëåéò ðÜëé êáëÝ ìáìÜ;� Þ �Ýëá ìðáìðÜ äþóå ìïõ ôï� Þ�êáëÞ ìïõ ãéáãéÜêá�, áëëÜ äåí ìðïñåß íá áðïêáëÝóåé ôïí ðáôÝñá ôïõ �÷ñõóü ìïõ� ïýôåíá ðñïóöùíÞóåé ôç ãéáãéÜ ôïõ �Åëåíßôóá��» (Á. ÖñáãêïõäÜêç, 1987:148).


Á Â

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Íá óõìðëçñþóåôå ôïí ðßíáêá ìå åêöñÜóåéò ðïõ áíôéóôïé÷ïýí óå ðñüóùðá.×ñÞóç ðëçèõíôéêïýÊïéíùíéêïß ôßôëïéÊïéíùíéêÞ áíùôåñüôçôá×ñÞóç åíéêïýÐáñùíýìéá ïéêåéüôçôáòÕðïêïñéóôéêÜÐñïóôáêôéêÞ

Íá åíôïðßóåôå ôïõò öïñåßò êïéíùíéêïðïßçóçò óôïõò ïðïßïõò áíáöÝñåôáé ôï ðáñáêÜ-ôù êåßìåíï.«Ôï Üôïìï åóùôåñéêåýåé ôéò íüñìåò êáé ôéò áîßåò üôáí êõñßùò Ýñ÷åôáé óå åðáöÞ ìåôïõò Üëëïõò. Ôï ðáéäß Ýñ÷åôáé óå åðáöÞ ìå ôç ãëþóóá êáé áíáðáñÜãåé, Üëëïôå ðåñéóóü-ôåñï åðéäÝîéá êáé Üëëïôå ëéãüôåñï, ôéò ëÝîåéò ðïõ áêïýåé áðü ôïõò åíçëßêïõò. Áíôéóôïß-÷ùò ìå ôá ðáé÷íßäéá ôïõ ðñïóðáèåß íá ìéìçèåß ôïõò ãïíåßò ôïõ Þ ôá ìåãáëýôåñá áäÝëöéáôïõ. Êáô� áõôüí ôïí ôñüðï ìáèáßíåé ôçí ôáõôüôçôá ôïõ öýëïõ ôïõ. Óôï ó÷ïëåßï êáé áñ-ãüôåñá óôçí åðáããåëìáôéêÞ ôïõ æùÞ ôï Üôïìï ðñïóðáèåß íá åíáñìïíßóåé ôç óõìðåñéöï-ñÜ ôïõ ìå áõôÞ ôùí óõììáèçôþí ôïõ. Ç áëëçëïåðßäñáóç áõôÞ êïéíùíéêïðïéåß ôï Üôïìïóå åðßðåäï óõìðåñéöïñþí, óå åðßðåäï ãëþóóáò áëëÜ êáé óå åðßðåäï áíôéëÞøåùí. Ôïöáéíüìåíï ôçò åíáñìüíéóçò ÷áñáêôçñßæåé áêüìá êáé ôç óõæõãéêÞ æùÞ. Ç óõìâßùóç áðáé-ôåß ìéá ðñáãìáôéêÞ åðáíáêïéíùíéêïðïßçóç. Ç åíáñìüíéóç ôùí ðñïóùðéêïôÞôùí ãßíåôáéðñïïäåõôéêÜ ëáìâÜíïíôáò õðüøç ôéò óõìðåñéöïñÝò áëëÜ êáé ôéò ðáñáôçñÞóåéò ôïõ Üë-ëïõ. Ç åðéôõ÷ßá ôçò êïéíùíéêïðïßçóçò åßíáé ç âÜóç ãéá ìéá áñìïíéêÞ óõæõãéêÞ æùÞ» (G.Rocher, 1968).



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ÊåöÜëáéï 4

Ô¯¯Ì 3-4.qxd 26/9/2007 2:39 ìì Page 35

ÈÝìá: Ï áíäñéêüò êáé ï ãõíáéêåßïò ñüëïò ìÝóá áðü ôéò ôçëåïðôéêÝò äéáöçìßóåéòÓêïðüòÍá áíáäåé÷èïýí ïé áíäñéêïß êáé ïé ãõíáéêåßïé ñüëïé ìÝóá áðü ôçí åðéëïãÞ äýï Þ ôñéþíäéáöçìßóåùí. ÅíäåéêôéêÜ ìðïñåßôå íá åðéëÝîåôå ôéò äéáöçìßóåéò áõôïêéíÞôùí Þ ðáãùôþíêáé ðïéïé ôá äéáöçìßæïõí. Åßíáé Üíôñåò Þ ãõíáßêåò; Ìå ðïéü ôñüðï ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ïéäéáöçìßóåéò ôïí áíôñéêü êáé ãõíáéêåßï ñüëï; Íá ìåëåôçèïýí ïé äéáöçìßóåéò ùò ðñïò ôï ôé ðñïâÜëëïõí, ìå ðïéï ôñüðï êáé ðïéáðñüôõðá áíáäåéêíýïõí, ôé õðïíïïýí êáé ðïéïé ìç÷áíéóìïß êéíçôïðïéïýíôáé üôáí ôéò âëÝ-ðïõìå (Öñüõíô). Óôü÷ïé Ïé ìáèçôÝò íá ðåñéãñÜøïõí ôïí ôñüðï ìå ôïí ïðïßï ðñïâÜëëïíôáé ïé ñüëïé áðü ôáÌ.Ì.Å. êáé íá ôïõò óõãêñßíïõí ìå ôïõò ñüëïõò Ýôóé üðùò ôïõò âéþíïõí óôï ïéêïãåíåéá-êü ôïõò ðåñéâÜëëïí. Íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí óôïé÷åßá ôùí äéáöçìßóåùí êáé íá óõó÷åôßóïõíôá ðñïâáëëüìåíá ðñüôõðá ìå óõãêåêñéìÝíåò óôÜóåéò æùÞò.Ó÷åäéáóìüò×ùñéóìüò ôçò ôÜîçò óå ïìÜäåò. ÊÜèå ïìÜäá åðéëÝãåé ìéá äéáöÞìéóç. Ãéá êÜèå äéáöÞ-ìéóç óõìðëçñþíåôáé Ýíôõðï ìå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò üðùò:n Ôï ðñïúüí ôçò äéáöÞìéóçò.n Ôï èÝìá (óýíôïìç ðåñéãñáöÞ).n Ï ÷þñïò óôïí ïðïßï åêôõëßóóåôáé ç äéáöÞìéóç.n Ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôïõ áíäñéêïý ñüëïõ.n Ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôïõ ãõíáéêåßïõ ñüëïõ.n Ðéèáíïß ãõíáéêåßïé êáé áíäñéêïß åðáããåëìáôéêïß ñüëïé.n Ïé ó÷Ýóåéò ðïõ ðéèáíüí íá õðÜñ÷ïõí áíÜìåóá óôá ðñüóùðá ôçò äéáöÞìéóçò.n Ôá ìçíýìáôá (öáíåñÜ-êñõöÜ).n Ôá ðñüôõðá óõìðåñéöïñÜò.

4.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

Óýã÷ñïíç åëëçíéêÞ ïéêïãÝíåéá:ìïñöÝò, ðñïâëÞìáôáêáé ðñïïðôéêÝò4Ô¯¯Ì 3-4.qxd 26/9/2007 2:39 ìì Page 36

37ÅêôÝëåóçÍá ìïéñáóôïýí öùôïáíôßãñáöá ìå ôá äéáöçìéæüìåíá ðñïúüíôá óôéò ïìÜäåò êáé íá óõ-ìðëçñùèïýí áðü êÜèå ìÝëïò ôçò ïìÜäáò ÷ùñéóôÜ. Íá óõãêåíôñþóåé êÜèå ïìÜäá ôéòáðáíôÞóåéò êáé íá óõæçôÞóåé ôõ÷üí óõìöùíßá Þ äéáöùíßá ìå ôïí ôñüðï êñßóçò ôçò äéá-öÞìéóçò. Íá áðïöáóßóåé êÜèå ïìÜäá óå óõãêåêñéìÝíá êïéíÜ óçìåßá.ÁîéïëüãçóçÓõæÞôçóç óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò ôÜîçò êáé äéáôýðùóç ôùí ôåëéêþí êñßóåùí óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôáðñïâáëëüìåíá ðñüôõðá (ÁãùãÞ õãåßáò, 2000:41).

Ôï êýñéï åñãáëåßï (ôå÷íéêÞ) ôçò ðïóïôéêÞò Ýñåõíáò óôéò êïéíùíéêÝò åðéóôÞìåò åßíáé ôïåñùôçìáôïëüãéï. Ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ìÜò äßíåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá óõëëÝîïõìå óôïé÷åßááðü Ýíáí ìåãÜëï áñéèìü áôüìùí, íá ôá óõãêñßíïõìå, íá ôá ðïóïôéêïðïéÞóïõìå (óå ðï-óïóôÜ Þ óå áðüëõôïõò áñéèìïýò) êáé íá ôá áíáëýóïõìå óôáôéóôéêÜ. Ïé áðáíôÞóåéò ôùíåñùôþìåíùí åßíáé áõôÝò ðïõ ìåôáôñÝðïíôáé óå äåßêôåò ôùí õðü Ýñåõíá êïéíùíéêþí öáé-íïìÝíùí.Ïé ìÝèïäïé óõìðëÞñùóçò ôïõ åñùôçìáôïëïãßïõ åßíáé ðïëëÝò:n Ôï áõôïóõìðëçñïýìåíï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ðïõ ìðïñåß íá áðïóôáëåß ôá÷õäñïìéêþò êáéóõíÞèùò óõíïäåýåôáé áðü ìéá åðéóôïëÞ óôçí ïðïßá ðåñéãñÜöåôáé ôï áíôéêåßìåíï ôçòÝñåõíáò, ç óçìáóßá ôçò áðÜíôçóçò, ç äéáäéêáóßá åðéëïãÞò ôùí åñùôþìåíùí ê.Ü.n Ç ðñïóùðéêÞ óõíÝíôåõîç ðïõ óõíïäåýåôáé áðü åñùôçìáôïëüãéï. Ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéïóôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ áíÜëïãá ìå ôï èÝìá êáé ôï óêïðü ôçò Ýñåõíáò ìðïñåß íá åßíáéôõðïðïéçìÝíï ðïõ äåí äéáöÝñåé ôüóï óôç äïìÞ áðü ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ðïõ óõìðëç-ñþíåé ï ßäéïò ï åñùôþìåíïò. ÄçëáäÞ ðñüêåéôáé ãéá åñùôÞóåéò ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíåò ðïõáêïëïõèïýí ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç óåéñÜ êáé Ý÷ïõí ó÷åäüí üëåò êëåéóôÞ ìïñöÞ. Áíôßèåôá,üôáí ç Ýñåõíá Ý÷åé ðïéïôéêü ðñïóáíáôïëéóìü ï åñåõíçôÞò åðéäéþêåé Ýíá áíïéêôü ó÷Þ-ìá óõíÝíôåõîçò ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé åëåýèåñç Þ ìç ôõðïðïéçìÝíç óõíÝíôåõîç ç ïðïßáðáßñíåé ôç ìïñöÞ óõæÞôçóçò ðïõ êáôåõèýíåôáé áðü ôïí åñåõíçôÞ êáé ïé åñùôÞóåéòìðïñïýí íá ìåôáâëçèïýí Þ íá ðñïóôåèïýí êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò óõíÝíôåõîçò.Ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï áðïôåëåß êáô� åîï÷Þí åñãáëåßï ôçò êïéíùíéïëïãßáò. Ïé óôÜóåéò êáéðåðïéèÞóåéò ìðïñåß íá ìåëåôçèïýí ìÝóù ôïõ åñùôçìáôïëïãßïõ Þ ôçò óõíÝíôåõîçò.¸íá åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ìðïñåß íá åßíáé áíþíõìï Þ åðþíõìï. (Íá åðéóçìÜíïõìå üôé üôáíÝíáò óõììáèçôÞò óáò äå èÝëåé íá ãñÜøåé ôï üíïìÜ ôïõ ó� Ýíá åñùôçìáôïëüãéï áëëÜ èÝ-ëåé íá áðáíôÞóåé áíþíõìá, äåí ôïí ðéÝæïõìå, åêôüò êé áí Ý÷åé óõìöùíÞóåé ç ïìÜäá Þ çôÜîç ðïõ äéåíåñãåß ôçí åñãáóßá áõôÞ äéáöïñåôéêÜ). Ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ðåñéëáìâÜíåé á-íïéêôÝò êáé êëåéóôÝò åñùôÞóåéò. Ïé áðáíôÞóåéò êùäéêïðïéïýíôáé êáé óôç óõíÝ÷åéá áíáëý-ïíôáé ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ìå ðïóïóôþóåéò åðß ôïéò åêáôü.

ÊåöÜëáéï 4 Óýã÷ñïíç åëëçíéêÞ ïéêïãÝíåéá: ìïñöÝò, ðñïâëÞìáôá êáé ðñïïðôéêÝò

4.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÔÏ ÅÑÙÔÇÌÁÔÏËÏÃÉÏ

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38Åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ìáèçôþíÔï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ìðïñåß íá óõìðëçñùèåß óôçí ôÜîç áðü üëïõò ôïõò ìáèçôÝò áíþ-íõìá. ÄéåñåõíÜ ôá äçìïãñáöéêÜ êáé ïéêïãåíåéáêÜ äåäïìÝíá ôùí ìáèçôþí êáé åßíáé äõíá-ôü íá áðïôåëÝóåé áíôéêåßìåíï óõæÞôçóçò óôçí ôÜîç áëëÜ êáé íá äïèåß óå ìåãáëýôåñï á-ñéèìü ìáèçôþí ôïõ ó÷ïëåßïõ (óå Üëëåò ôÜîåéò).Ç óõìðëÞñùóÞ ôïõ èá Þôáí ÷ñÞóéìï íá ìç ãßíåé ðÜíù óôï âéâëßï áëëÜ óå öùôï-ôõðßåò, ãéá íá åîáóöáëéóôåß ç áíùíõìßá êáé íá åßíáé åý÷ñçóôç ç åðåîåñãáóßá ôïõ (êùäé-êïðïßçóç, óôáôéóôéêÜ, óõìðåñÜóìáôá).Ìðïñåßôå íá êõêëþóåôå ôá óçìåßá ðïõ óáò ôáéñéÜæïõí Þ íá ãñÜøåôå óôéò ó÷åäéáóìÝ-íåò ãñáììÝò áõôü ðïõ åðéèõìåßôå.

ÅÑÙÔÇÌÁÔÏËÏÃÉÏÄçìïãñáöéêÜ óôïé÷åßá1. Öýëï: áãüñé ......... êïñßôóé .........2. ÔÜîç: .................................3. Çëéêßá: .................................4. Óôï óðßôé æåéò ìå: ôïí ðáôÝñáôç ìçôÝñáôá áäÝëöéá: áãüñéá ..................... êïñßôóéá .....................Üëëá ðñüóùðá ..................... 5. ÃåííÞèçêåò: óôçí ÅëëÜäá óå Üëëç ÷þñá áí óå Üëëç ÷þñá, ãñÜøå ðïéá....................................ÊïéíùíéêÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ6. Ïé ãïíåßò óïõ: æïõí ìáæßåßíáé óå äéÜóôáóçåßíáé ÷ùñéóìÝíïéÜëëï ..................................7. ÌÝíåéò ìáæß: ìå ôïõò äõï ãïíåßò ìå ôïí Ýíáí áðü ôïõò äõïìå Üëëï óõããåíÞ óïõ Üëëï .................................8. Ïé ó÷Ýóåéò óïõ ìå ôçí ïéêïãÝíåéá óïõ åßíáé:ðïëý êáëÝòáñêåôÜ êáëÝò êáëÝòðåñßðïõ êáëÝòêáèüëïõ êáëÝò

? ?? ? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ?? ? ???


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399. ¸íá ðñüâëçìÜ óïõ ôï åìðéóôåýåóáé åõêïëüôåñá:óôïí ðáôÝñá óïõ óôç ìçôÝñá óïõóôïí /çí áäåëöü/ Þ óïõóå Üëëï óõããåíéêü óïõ ðñüóùðïóå êáíÝíáí áðü ôçí ïéêïãÝíåéá10. Ïé ãïíåßò óïõ äïõëåýïõí; ðáôÝñáò : íáé ............ ü÷é ............ìçôÝñá : íáé ............ ü÷é ............11. Ðüóåò þñåò ôçí çìÝñá âëÝðåéò:ôïí ðáôÝñá óïõ ............ôç ìçôÝñá óïõ ............ôá áäÝëöéá óïõ ............Üëëïõò ............12. Ìå ôïõò ãïíåßò óïõ óõæçôÜò ü,ôé óå áðáó÷ïëåß:ðïëý óõ÷íÜóõ÷íÜðüôå-ðüôåóðÜíéáó÷åäüí ðïôÝ13. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí èÝìáôá ðïõ äåí ìðïñåßò íá ôá óõæçôÞóåéò ìå ôïõò ãïíåßò óïõ;íáé ü÷é14. ÅÜí íáé, ãñÜøå ìÝ÷ñé ôñßá èÝìáôá ðïõ äåí ìðïñåßò íá ôá óõæçôÞóåéò ìáæß ôïõò:....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15. Ðïéá èåùñåßò üôé åßíáé ôá óçìáíôéêüôåñá ðñïâëÞìáôá óôçí åëëçíéêÞ ïéêïãÝíåéáóÞìåñá; .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


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40

4.3.1 Íá áíáöÝñåôå ôïí êáôáìåñéóìü åñãáóéþí êáé ôç ìïñöÞ ôçò ïéêïãÝíåéáò ðïõáðáíôþíôáé óôï ðáñáêÜôù áðüóðáóìá. Íá áéôéïëïãÞóåôå.«ÏñãáíùìÝíïé óå ôóåëéãêÜôá, ïé êôçíïôñüöïé ôïõ ÓõññÜêïõ áóêïýí ìéá ìåôáêéíïýìå-íç Þ �çìéìüíéìç� êôçíïôñïößá ðïõ ïäçãåß áíèñþðïõò êáé êïðÜäéá êáôÜ ôá ôÝëç Ïêôùâñß-ïõ óôïõò ÷åéìåñéíïýò âïóêïôüðïõò ôùí Éùáííßíùí, ôçò ¢ñôáò êáé ôçò ÐñÝâåæáò, üðïõðáñáìÝíïõí ìÝ÷ñé ôçí Üíïéîç ãéá íá áíÝâïõí óôç óõíÝ÷åéá óôá èåñéíÜ ëéâÜäéá ôçò ðü-ëçò. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá óýóôçìá êôçíïôñïößáò ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óôçí åêìåôÜëëåõóç äõï óõ-ìðëçñùìáôéêþí æùíþí äñáóôçñéüôçôáò: ôçò ïñåéíÞò ðïõ öéëïîåíåß ôá êïðÜäéá ôï êáëï-êáßñé êáé ìéáò Þ ðåñéóóüôåñùí ðåäéíþí ðåñéï÷þí üðïõ äéá÷åéìÜæïõí ïé êôçíïôñïöéêÝò ïé-êïãÝíåéåò êáé ôá æþá ôïõò.Ç êôçíïôñïößá üìùò äåí áðáó÷ïëåß ðáñÜ Ýíá ìÝñïò ôùí ìåëþí ôïõ íïéêïêõñéïý. Óõ-íÜìá ç áíåðÜñêåéá ôçò ïéêïãåíåéáêÞò áãñïôéêÞò åêìåôÜëëåõóçò êáé ç äçìïãñáöéêÞ áíÜ-ðôõîç ôùí ïñåéíþí ðëçèõóìþí äçìéïõñãïýí Ýíá äõíáìéêü, åðï÷éêü Þ ìüíéìï, õðï-áðá-ó÷ïëïýìåíùí, óå áíáæÞôçóç óõìðëçñùìáôéêþí åéóïäçìÜôùí. Ç ðñüóâáóç óôçí ðñþôçýëç (ôï ìáëëß), ïé äéáèåóéìüôçôåò ôñå÷ïýìåíïõ íåñïý êáé îõëåßáò áðü ôá ãåéôïíéêÜ äÜóçãéá ôçí åðåîåñãáóßá ôùí õöáóìÜôùí (óå íåñïôñéâÝò êáé ìáíôÜíéá) ðñïóôßèåíôáé óôéòóõíèÞêåò ðïõ åõíïïýí ôçí áíÜðôõîç ìéáò âéïôå÷íéêÞò ðáñáãùãÞò õöáíôþí êáé ôç ìåôá-ðïßçóÞ ôïõò óå åßäç ðïõ ãíùñßæïõí óçìáíôéêÞ æÞôçóç (êïõâÝñôåò, êÜðåò, öïñåóéÝò). ÇðáñáãùãÞ ïñãáíþíåôáé óôï åóùôåñéêü ôïõ íïéêïêõñéïý áêïëïõèþíôáò ìéá êáôáíïìÞôçò åñãáóßáò êáôÜ öýëï êáé çëéêßá: ïé ãõíáßêåò êáé ôá ìéêñÜ ðáéäéÜ ãíÝèïõí êáé õöáß-íïõí, üóïé Üíäñåò äåí åßíáé áðáó÷ïëçìÝíïé óôá êïðÜäéá ñÜâïõí, ìåôáöÝñïõí êáé åìðï-ñåýïíôáé ôá ðñïúüíôÜ ôïõò» (Ñ. Êáõôáíôæüãëïõ, 1997: 25).

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4.3. ÁÓÊÇÓÅÉÓ ÊÁÉ ÄÑÁÓÔÇÑÉÏÔÇÔÅÓÊåöÜëáéï 4 Óýã÷ñïíç åëëçíéêÞ ïéêïãÝíåéá: ìïñöÝò, ðñïâëÞìáôá êáé ðñïïðôéêÝò

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414.3.2 Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï ðïõ áêïëïõèåß êáé íá âñåßôå óôïé÷åßá áðü ôï âéâëßïôçò Â´ Ëõêåßïõ «ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï Äßêáéï êáé ôïõò Ðïëéôéêïýò èåóìïýò» ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôá ðï-ëéôéêÜ äéêáéþìáôá ôçò Åëëçíßäáò.

«Ïé ãõíáßêåò ðïõ ôåëåßùíáí ôï ÐáíåðéóôÞìéï ùò ôï 1952-53 åß÷áí ó÷åäüí üëåò ôéòðüñôåò êëåéóôÝò. Ôé åííïþ; Áò ðÜñïõìå ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ôéò áðüöïéôåò ôçò ÍïìéêÞò. Ïéíüìïé åñìçíåýïíôáí Ýôóé ðïõ ïé ãõíáßêåò ðôõ÷éïý÷ïé ôçò ÍïìéêÞò äåí ìðïñïýóáí íá ëÜ-âïõí ìÝñïò óå äéáãùíéóìïýò ãéá íá ãßíïõí äéêáóôÝò Þ äéðëùìáôéêïß õðÜëëçëïé, íá ìðïõíóôï Óõìâïýëéï Åðéêñáôåßáò. Ïýôå óõìâïëáéïãñÜöïé äåí ìðïñïýóáí íá ãßíïõí, ïýôåìÜñôõñåò óå óõìâüëáéï.ÕðÜñ÷åé ðåñßðôùóç ðñáãìáôéêÞ, üðïõ ìéá äéáêåêñéìÝíç Åëëçíßäá, ðñùôïðüñá óôïíáãþíá ôçò éóüôçôáò ôùí öýëùí, ç ÁãíÞ Ñïõóóïðïýëïõ, ðïëý ãíùóôÞ äéêçãüñïò, ðïõðÝèáíå åäþ êáé ëßãá ÷ñüíéá, åß÷å ðÜåé ìå êÜðïéïí ðåëÜôç ôçò ó� Ýíá óõìâïëáéïãñÜöï ãéáíá õðïãñÜøåé áõôüò Ýíá óõìâüëáéï. Óå üëåò ôéò óõìâïëáéïãñáöéêÝò ðñÜîåéò óõíõðï-ãñÜöïõí êáé êÜðïéïé ìÜñôõñåò. Ëïéðüí, ç ÁãíÞ Ñïõóóïðïýëïõ, åðåéäÞ Þôáí ãõíáßêá, äåíìðïñïýóå íá õðïãñÜøåé. Öþíáîáí ôï ðáéäß ôïõ êáöåíåßïõ êáé õðÝãñáøå» (Á. Ãéùôïðïý-ëïõ-Ìáñáãêïðïýëïõ, 1995 :19)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


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424.3.3 Íá êáôáãñÜøåôå ôá åðáããÝëìáôá ðïõ åíäéáöÝñïõí üëïõò ôïõò ìáèçôÝò ôçò ôÜ-îçò. Íá äéáìïñöþóåôå Ýíáí ðßíáêá åðáããåëìÜôùí êáôÜ öýëï. Íá áíáëýóåôå ôçí åðé-ëïãÞ ôùí áãïñéþí êáé ôçí åðéëïãÞ ôùí êïñéôóéþí ôçò ôÜîçò. Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôá áðïôå-ëÝóìáôá.

ÅðáããÝëìáôá Áãüñéá Êïñßôóéá

4.3.4 Íá åðéëÝîåôå ðïéá áðü ôéò ôñåéò áðáíôÞóåéò åßíáé ç óùóôÞ.1. Ç ïéêïãÝíåéá åßíáé ðáñïýóá:á) óå ìåñéêÝò êïéíùíßåòâ) óå üëåò ôéò êïéíùíßåòã) ó' Ýíá ìüíï ôýðï êïéíùíßáò.2. Ç ïéêïãÝíåéá åßíáé:á) ßäéá óå üëåò ôéò êïéíùíßåòâ) ïëïêëçñùôéêÜ äéáöïñåôéêÞ áðü ôç ìéá êïéíùíßá óôçí Üëëçã) äéáöïñåôéêÞ áðü ôç ìéá êïéíùíßá óôçí Üëëç, áëëÜ ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé êïéíÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ.3. Ç ïéêïãÝíåéá åîáóöáëßæåé ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôçò êïéíùíéêïðïßçóçò:á) ìÝóù ôçò ãÝííçóçò åíüò ðáéäéïýâ) ìåôáäßäïíôáò ðñüôõðá êáé áîßåò óôï ðáéäßã) äåß÷íïíôáò åìðéóôïóýíç ãéá ôçí áíáôñïöÞ ôïõ ðáéäéïý óå öïñåßò åêôüò ïéêïãÝíåéáò.


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43

4.4.1 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï áðüóðáóìá áðü «Ôï ìüíïí ôçò æùÞò ôïõ ôáîåßäéïí» ôïõ Ã.Ì.Âéæõçíïý êáé íá áðáíôÞóåôå óôéò åîÞò åñùôÞóåéò:Ðþò ï Ãéþñãçò Ýãéíå Ãåùñãßá; Ìå üñïõò äáíåéóìÝíïõò áðü ôï áíôßóôïé÷ï êåöÜëáéï ôçòÊïéíùíéïëïãßáò ðþò èá ïíïìÜæáìå ôç ìåôáìößåóç ôïõ Ãéþñãç; Ôï üíïìá áðïôåëåß ôáõ-ôüôçôá; Ðïéï ôï êïéíùíéêü êáé éóôïñéêü ðëáßóéï ôïõ áðïóðÜóìáôïò; Ìðïñåßôå íá ðåñé-ãñÜøåôå ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ðïõ ðñïóéäéÜæïõí óôï ãõíáéêåßï öýëï;

4.4. ÐÁÑÁÄÅÉÃÌÁ ÅÖÁÑÌÏÃÇÓÊåöÜëáéï 4 Óýã÷ñïíç åëëçíéêÞ ïéêïãÝíåéá: ìïñöÝò, ðñïâëÞìáôá êáé ðñïïðôéêÝò

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44 ÊåöÜëáéï 4 Óýã÷ñïíç åëëçíéêÞ ïéêïãÝíåéá: ìïñöÝò, ðñïâëÞìáôá êáé ðñïïðôéêÝò

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ÊåöÜëáéï 5

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ÈÝìá: Té ðñïóöÝñåé ôï ó÷ïëåßï óÞìåñá óôïõò ìáèçôÝò; Ôé íïìßæåôå üôé ðñÝðåé íáðñïóöÝñåé Ýíá éäáíéêü ó÷ïëåßï;Íá óõìâïõëåõôåßôå áðü ôçí åéóáãùãÞ ôïõ Ô.Å.Å.Ì. ôá óôÜäéá ôçò äéáäéêáóßáò ôïõó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò êáé íá áðïöáóßóåôå åÜí èá ðñï÷ùñÞóåôå óå åðßðåäï óõæçôÞóåùí (ìåðéèáíÞ ìáãíçôïöþíçóç ôùí óõíïìéëéþí) Þ óå ãñáðôü êåßìåíï áîéïðïéþíôáò êáé ôáäåäïìÝíá ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ ôïõ âéâëßïõ.

Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ìÝèïäï-ôå÷íéêÞ ðïõ åðéíïÞèçêå áðü ôïí Moreno (1953) êáé ìðïñåß íá÷ñçóéìåýóåé ùò äåßêôçò ôùí äéáðñïóùðéêþí ó÷Ýóåùí óôï ðëáßóéï ìéêñþí ïìÜäùí. Æçôåß-ôáé áðü ôçí ôÜîç íá åðéëÝîåé ÷ùñßò åíäïéáóìïýò ôá Üôïìá ôá ïðïßá èá Þèåëå ãéá ößëïõò,óõíåñãÜôåò Þ óõíôáîéäéþôåò. Óôç óõíÝ÷åéá êáôáãñÜöïíôáé ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá êáé ó÷åäéÜæåôáé ôï êïéíùíéüãñáììá.ÊÜèå ìáèçôÞò ëáìâÜíåé Ýíáí áñéèìü. Óôïí ðßíáêá ôïðïèåôïýíôáé ïé ðñïôéìÞóåéò óåáñéèìïýò êáé ãñÜììáôá (ôï áñ÷éêü ãñÜììá ôïõ ïíüìáôïò ìüíï). Ïé ó÷ïëéáóìïß ôùíìáèçôþí ãéá ôï êïéíùíéüãñáììá âïçèïýí ôçí êáôáíüçóç ôçò äõíáìéêÞò ôùí ìéêñþíïìÜäùí. ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, éäßùò üôáí ç ïìÜäá åßíáé ìéêñüôåñç áðü 10 ìÝëç, ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ìðï-ñåß íá áðåéêïíéóôïýí êáé äéáãñáììáôéêÜ, ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç âåëþí ðïõ óõíäÝïõí ôá ìÝëç ìåôïõò êùäéêïýò Þ ôá øåõäþíõìá ôïõò. Äéåõêïëýíåôáé ç êáôáóêåõÞ ôïõ êïéíùíéïãñÜììá-ôïò áí ðåñéïñéóôåßôå óôçí áðåéêüíéóç ôçò ðñþôçò ðñïôßìçóçò.

Åêðáßäåõóç: ðáñÜãïíôáòáíáðáñáãùãÞò êáé áëëáãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò55.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

5.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÏÌÅÔÑÉÁ- ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÏÃÑÁÌÌÁ

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ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò Åñþôçìá:Ðïéüí/Ü óõììáèçôÞ/ôñéá óïõ èá åðÝëåãåò ãéá íá óõíåñãáóôåßò ìáæß ôïõ/çò óôçíäéïñãÜíùóç ìéáò ó÷ïëéêÞò Ýêèåóçò ãéá ôçí ðñïóôáóßá ôïõ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò; Ìðïñåßò íáäéáëÝîåéò ìÝ÷ñé ôñßá Üôïìá.1 .........................................................................................................................................................................................2 .........................................................................................................................................................................................3 .........................................................................................................................................................................................

5.3.1 Íá óçìåéþóåôå ðïéåò åêäçëþóåéò êáé äñáóôçñéüôçôåò óôï ó÷ïëåßï áíáðáñÜãïõíôïí ðïëéôéóìü (ð.÷. èåóìïýò, áîßåò) ôçò åëëçíéêÞò êïéíùíßáò.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5.3.2 Íá åðéóêåöôåßôå ôçí éóôïóåëßäá ôçò Unicef (www.unicef.gr) êáé íá ðáñïõóéÜóåôåóôçí ôÜîç ôçí ôåëåõôáßá Ýêèåóç ãéá ôçí åêðáßäåõóç óôïí êüóìï. Íá ðñïâëçìáôéóôåßôåãéá ôéò êáèçìåñéíÝò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò ôùí ðáéäéþí ðïõ äåí ðçãáßíïõí ó÷ïëåßï..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

47ÊåöÜëáéï 5 Åêðáßäåõóç: ðáñÜãïíôáò áíáðáñáãùãÞò êáé áëëáãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò


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5.3.3 Íá áíôéóôïé÷ßóåôå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Á ìå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Â.

Äñáóôçñéüôçôá ìå óôáôéóôéêü ðßíáêá.Íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí ðßíáêá ôùí ìÝóùí ìçíéáßùí äáðáíþí ìéáò åëëçíéêÞòïéêïãÝíåéáò ãéá ôçí åêðáßäåõóç êáé íá ðáñáóôÞóåôå ìå äéÜãñáììá ôçí åîÝëéîç ôùíäáðáíþí ìå âÜóç ôá Ýôç êáé ôéò âáèìßäåò ôçò åêðáßäåõóçò. Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôé ðá-ñáôçñåßôå áðü ôï äéÜãñáììá.ÌÝóç ìçíéáßá äáðÜíç åíüò åëëçíéêïý íïéêïêõñéïý ãéá åêðáßäåõóç(óå Åõñþ áíÜ ìáèçôÞ)

ÊåöÜëáéï 5 Åêðáßäåõóç: ðáñÜãïíôáò áíáðáñáãùãÞò êáé áëëáãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò48

Á. Åíéó÷ýåé ôéò êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò1. Ç åêðáßäåõóç ùò ðáñÜãïíôáò Â. ÓðÜåé ôïí êýêëï ôçò áëëáãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò. öôþ÷åéáòÃ. Ç ðñïâïëÞ ôùí ðñïóäïêéþíôùí ãïíÝùí óôá ðáéäéÜ. Ä. Ç êïéíùíéêÞ êéíçôéêüôçôá.2. Ç åêðáßäåõóç ùò ðáñÜãïíôáò Å. ÓõíÜöåéá åðßäïóçò êáé áíáðáñáãùãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò. êïéíùíéêï-åðáããåëìáôéêÞòðñïÝëåõóçò ãïíÝùí.ÓÔ. Ç áëëáãÞ óôÜóåùí,áíôéëÞøåùí, ôñüðïõ æùÞò.

Á Â


Âáèìßäá åêðáßäåõóçò 1974 1982 1994 1999Äçìïôéêü 25,9 37,9 74,2 98,2ÃõìíÜóéï 49,4 61,0 133,8 151,4Ëýêåéï 70,8 92,6 142,8 214,6ÔñéôïâÜèìéá 63,0 65,4 108,6 149,9ÌÝóç äáðÜíç 30,8 40,9 67,8 83,4Ðïóïóôü åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôùí äáðáíþí 4,52% 4,45% 7,97% 7,94%ÐçãÞ: ÊÝíôñï Ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý êáé Ïéêïíïìéêþí Ìåëåôþí (2004)

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1974 1982 1994 1999 Ýôç1.á. Ôé íïìßæåôå üôé ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ç äáðÜíç ôïõ íïéêïêõñéïý ãéá ôçí åêðáßäåõóç óôçíêÜèå âáèìßäá (Äçìïôéêü, ÃõìíÜóéï, Ëýêåéï, ÐáíåðéóôÞìéï);.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1.â. Óôçí êÜèå óôÞëç íá êáôáãñÜøåôå ôéò åîùó÷ïëéêÝò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò ãéá ôéò ïðïßåòáðáéôåßôáé áìïéâÞ.

Äçìïôéêü ÃõìíÜóéï Ëýêåéï ÐáíåðéóôÞìéï....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1.ã. Íá êáôáãñÜøåôå ôé ðëçñþíïõí ïé ãïíåßò ãéá óáò êáé ôá áäÝëöéá óáò óå ìçíéáßá ÞåôÞóéá âÜóç êáé ôï åßäïò ôçò äñáóôçñéüôçôáò..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

49ÊåöÜëáéï 5 Åêðáßäåõóç: ðáñÜãïíôáò áíáðáñáãùãÞò êáé áëëáãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò

240�200�160�120�80�40�Êüóôïò áíÜ âáèìßäáåêðáßäåõóçò

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1.ä. Íá ðñïôåßíåôå ôé åßíáé áíáãêáßï íá ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôï ó÷ïëåßï, þóôå íá åëá÷éóôïðïéç-èïýí ïé äáðÜíåò ôùí ïéêïãåíåéþí. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ÊåöÜëáéï 5 Åêðáßäåõóç: ðáñÜãïíôáò áíáðáñáãùãÞò êáé áëëáãÞò ôçò êïéíùíßáò50

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ÊåöÜëáéï 6TEEM 6.qxd 26/9/2007 2:36 ìì Page 51

ÈÝìá: Åñãáóßá ãéá üëïõò; ¸íá áðü ôá óçìáíôéêüôåñá èÝìáôá ðïõ áðáó÷ïëïýí ôïõò íÝïõò åßíáé ç åîåýñåóç åñ-ãáóßáò. ¸óôù üôé åóåßò áðïöáóßæáôå ãéá ôç äçìéïõñãßá èÝóåùí åñãáóßáò óôç ÷þñá êáé ôçìåßùóç ôçò áíåñãßáò. ÅÜí õðïèÝóïõìå üôé Ý÷åôå ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá åðéëÝîåôå ìéá äÝóìç ìÝôñùí, ðïéåò áðüôéò ðáñáêÜôù áðïöÜóåéò èá ëáìâÜíáôå êáé ðïéåò óå êÜèå ðåñßðôùóç èá Þôáí ïé êïéíùíé-êÝò óõíÝðåéåò ôçò åðéëïãÞò óáò ãéá ôïõò åñãáæüìåíïõò; Åßíáé äõíáôü íá åîáóöáëß-óåôåôç óõíáßíåóç üëùí; Ïé åñãïäüôåò êáé ïé åñãáæüìåíïé ìðïñïýí íá Ý÷ïõí ôéò ßäéåò áðüøåéò; Õðüèåóç Á. Ìåßùóç ôïõ êüóôïõò åñãáóßáò Õðüèåóç Â. Ìåßùóç ôùí ùñþí åñãáóßáò Õðüèåóç Ã. Ìåßùóç ôùí êåñäþí (Óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôçí åéóáãùãÞ ôïõ Ô.Å.Å.Ì. ãéá ôç äéáäéêáóßá åöáñìïãÞò ôïõ ó÷åäß-ïõ åñãáóßáò).

Ìå ôçí Ýñåõíá ôåêìçñßùí ìðïñïýìå íá åîåôÜóïõìå äåéãìáôïëçðôéêÜ Þ áíáëõôéêÜ óõ-ãêåêñéìÝíá èÝìáôá ðïõ ìáò åíäéáöÝñïõí. Ùò ôåêìÞñéá ìðïñïýí íá åîåôáóôïýí áñ÷åßá,óôáôéóôéêÜ óôïé÷åßá, ðñïóùðéêÜ çìåñïëüãéá, íïìïèåóßåò, áðïöÜóåéò êáé ðñáêôéêÜ äéáöü-ñùí öïñÝùí, öùôïãñáöéêü õëéêü. Áêüìç, óôïé÷åßá åßíáé äõíáôüí íá áíôëçèïýí áðü äÞ-ìïõò, äéåèíåßò ïñãáíéóìïýò, ôç ÂïõëÞ ôùí ÅëëÞíùí Þ ôï Åõñùêïéíïâïýëéï, ôçí Å.Ó.Õ.Å.,ôç ÃÓÅÅ ê.Ü.Íá óõëëÝîåôå Üñèñá áðü åöçìåñßäåò ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôï èÝìá ôçò áóöÜëåéáò ôùíåñãáæïìÝíùí óôïõò ÷þñïõò åñãáóßáò. Ìðïñåßôå íá åñãáóôåßôå ùò åîÞò: óõãêåíôñþíåôåó÷åôéêü õëéêü ãéá 2 åâäïìÜäåò áðü äéáöïñåôéêÝò åöçìåñßäåò êáé óôç óõíÝ÷åéá êáôáãñÜ-öåôå ôá óõìâÜíôá, ôéò çëéêßåò, ôá ðñïâëÞìáôá êáé ôéò åëëåßøåéò ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé. ÌåôÜôçí êáôáãñáöÞ íá ðñïâåßôå óå åñìçíåßåò êáé íá åîÜãåôå óõìðåñÜóìáôá. ÅíäåéêôéêÜ ðá-ñáèÝôïõìå ôï ðñùôïóÝëéäï Üñèñï åöçìåñßäáò.

Åñãáóßá,áíåñãßá êáéêïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò66.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

6.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÅÑÅÕÍÁ ÔÅÊÌÇÑÉÙÍ

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53ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò

Á Â1. Âéïìç÷áíéêÞ ÅðáíÜóôáóç Á. Ìç êõâåñíçôéêÝò ïñãáíþóåéò2. Öéëáíèñùðßá-Áëëçëåããýç Â. ÅéóáãùãÞ ôçò ìç÷áíÞò óôï ÷þñï äïõëåéÜò3. ÓåéñÜ óõíáñìïëüãçóçò Ã. Öïñíôéóìüò4. Ï êáôáìåñéóìüò åñãáóßáò Ä. Áäõíáìßá áíôéìåôþðéóçò ïäçãåß óå óýãêñïõóç óôïé÷åéùäþí áíáãêþí ãéá åðéâßùóç5. Öôþ÷åéá Å. ÁôïìéêÞ éäéïêôçóßá óôá ìÝóá ðáñáãùãÞò6. Êáðéôáëéóìüò ÓÔ. Ê. Ìáñî7. ÊïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò Æ. Å. ÍôõñêÝì8. Ï êáôáìåñéóìüò åñãáóßáò Ç. ÊïéíùíéêÞ äéáóôñùìÜôùóç ïäçãåß óå óõíï÷Þ

ÍÝï Ýãêëçìá óå ÷þñï äïõëåéÜòÍÅÊÑÏÓ 15×ÑÏÍÏÓÅñãÜôçò-ìáèçôÞò

6.3.1 Íá áíôéóôïé÷ßóåôå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Á ìå ôá óôïé÷åßá ôçò óôÞëçò Â.6.3. ÁÓÊÇÓÅÉÓ ÊÁÉ ÄÑÁÓÔÇÑÉÏÔÇÔÅÓ

«¸íáò 15÷ñïíïò ìáèçôÞò íõ÷ôåñé-íïý Ëõêåßïõ, ðïõ áíáãêáæüôáí íáäïõëåýåé áíáóöÜëéóôïò óáí ÷åéñé-óôÞò êëÜñê, óå ìÜíôñá öïñôçãþí�,åßíáé ôï 119ï èýìá �ãéá ôï 2004. Ãéáôïí Ä. Ê. ç éäéüôçôá ôïõ �åñãÜôç�õðåñßó÷õóå áõôÞò ôïõ �ìáèçôÞ�,ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá áíáêïõößóåé ïéêï-íïìéêÜ ôçí ðïëýôåêíç ïéêïãÝíåéÜôïõ. Ãéá ôïõò åñãïäüôåò ôïõ, ðïõãéá ôçí áóôõíïìßá ðáñáìÝíïõí

Üöáíôïé ôÝóóåñéò ìÝñåò ìåôÜ ôïÝãêëçìá, äåí Þôáí ðáñÜ ìéá áêüìáöôçíÞ ðçãÞ êÝñäïõò, óôï ðáé÷íßäéôïõ áäõóþðçôïõ áíôáãùíéóìïý, êá-èþò äïýëåõå áíáóöÜëéóôïò êáé êá-ôÜ ðáñÜâáóç áêüìç êáé ôïõ õðÜñ-÷ïíôïò íïìéêïý ðëáéóßïõ, ðïõ áðá-ãïñåýåé ôçí åñãáóßá óôç óõãêåêñé-ìÝíç åéäéêüôçôá ÷ùñßò ôï áðáñáßôç-ôï äßðëùìá�.»(ÑéæïóðÜóôçò 28/12/2004).

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ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò546.3.2 Íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíáí ðßíáêá ìå ôá åðáããÝëìáôá ôïõ ðáððïý, ôçò ãéáãéÜò, ôïõ ðáôÝ-ñá êáé ôçò ìçôÝñáò ãéá üëïõò ôïõò ìáèçôÝò ôçò ôÜîçò êáé íá ãñÜøåôå ôá åðáããÝëìáôáðïõ áóêïýóáí óôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç ãåíéÜ êáé ôá åðáããÝëìáôá ðïõ áóêïýí óÞìåñá ïé ãï-íåßò (áíþíõìá). Íá åîåôÜóåôå ôéò áëëáãÝò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ðñáãìáôïðïéçèåß óôç äéÜñêåéáôùí äýï ãåíåþí. Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå éäéáéôÝñùò ôéò ìåôáâïëÝò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ðñáãìáôïðïéçèåßóôá åðáããÝëìáôá ôùí ãõíáéêþí (ãéáãéÜ-ìçôÝñá).

Á/Á ÅðáããÝëìáôá ôùí ãïíÝùí ÅðáããÝëìáôá ðáððïýäùí êáé ãéáãéÜäùíÌáèçôþí Óüé ôïõ ðáôÝñá Óüé ôçò ìçôÝñáòÐáððïý ÃéáãéÜò Ðáððïý ÃéáãéÜò12345678910

ÐáôÝñá ÌçôÝñáò

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55ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò6.3.3 Ðïéá ç êïéíùíéêÞ óçìáóßá ôïõ ôñáãïõäéïý «Ç öÜìðñéêá». Íá áíáöÝñåôå (ïíïìá-óôéêÜ) ôá êïéíùíéêÜ öáéíüìåíá óôá ïðïßá ðáñáðÝìðïõí ïé äéÜöïñïé óôß÷ïé ôïõ ôñáãïõ-äéïý. H öÜìðñéêá

Óôß÷ïéÇ öÜìðñéêá äå óôáìáôÜ (1)äïõëåýåé íý÷ôá-ìÝñá (2)êáé ðùò ôïí ëåí ôï äéðëáíü (3)êáé ôïí ôñåëü ôïí Éôáëü (4)íá ôïõò ñùôÞóù äå ìðïñþ (5)êé ïýôå íá ðÜñù áÝñá (6)Äïõëåýù ìðñïò ôç ìç÷áíÞ (7)óôç âÜñäéá äýï-äÝêá (8)êáé áðü ôçí ðñþôç ôç óôéãìÞ (9)ìïõ óôåßëáíå ôïí åëåãêôÞ (10)íá ìïõ ðåôÜîåé óôï áõôß (11)äõï ëüãéá íÝôá óêÝôá (12)¢êïõóå ößëå åìéãêñÝ* (13)ï ÷ñüíïò åßíáé ÷ñÞìá (14)ìå ôïõò åñãÜôåò ìç ìéëÜò (15)ôçí þñá óïõ íá ôçí êñáôÜò (16)ôï ãéï óïõ ìçí ôïí ëçóìïíÜò (17)ðåéíÜåé êé åßíáé êñßìá (18)Êáé åêåß óôï ðüóôï ìïõ óêõöôüò (19)îå÷íÜù ôç ãåíéÜ ìïõ (20)åßìáé ôï íïýìåñï 8 (21)ìå îÝñïõí üëïé ìå áõôü (22)êé åãþ êñáôÜù ìõóôéêü (23)ðïéï åßíáé ôï üíïìá ìïõ. (24)*åìéãêñÝ=ìåôáíÜóôçòÓôß÷ïé: Ã. Óêïýñôçò, ÌïõóéêÞ: Ã. Ìáñêüðïõëïò, Ôñáãïýäé: Ë.×áëêéÜò

ÊïéíùíéêÜ öáéíüìåíá1. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ê.ï.ê.

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ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò566.3.4 Ìå âÜóç ôïí ðßíáêá íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôçí áðáó÷üëçóç óôçí ÅëëÜäá êáôÜ êëÜäï ðá-ñáãùãÞò. Íá åðéóçìÜíåôå óå ðïéïõò êëÜäïõò ðáñáôçñåßôáé áýîçóç ôùí áðáó÷ïëïõìÝ-íùí êáé óå ðïéïõò êëÜäïõò ìåßùóç êáé ðþò õðïëïãßæåôáé ç áíåñãßá áðü ôá óôïé÷åßáôïõ ðßíáêá.

Áðáó÷üëçóç, Áíåñãßá, Åñãáôéêü Äõíáìéêü (Óå ÷éëéÜäåò)1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Åñãáôéêü 4.445,7 4.463,2 4.437,4 4.362,2 4.369,0äõíáìéêüÁðáó÷ïëïýìåíïé 3.967,2 3.939,8 3.946,3 3.917,5 3.948,9% ôïõ óõíüëïõ 89,2 88,3 88,9 89,8 90,4ôïõ åñãáôéêïýäõíáìéêïýÊáôÜ êëÜäïÃåùñãßá, 704,2 669,1 670,7 627,0 623,8êôçíïôñïößá,áëéåßáÏñõ÷åßá 18,3 18,6 16,5 17,8 18,9Ìåôáðïßçóç 578,0 568,8 557,0 557,4 540,8Çëåêôñéóìüò, 35,3 40,9 38,1 34,3 33,7öùôáÝñéïÏéêïäïìÞóåéò, 282,3 273,3 276,6 284,8 293,9äçìüóéá ÝñãáÅìðüñéï, 916,9 926,6 930,6 928,2 947,3åóôéáôüñéá,îåíïäï÷åßáÌåôáöïñÝò, 244,8 248,2 251,4 250,0 243,5áðïèçêåýóåéò,åðéêïéíùíßåòÔñÜðåæåò áóöÜëåéåò 290,5 292,7 303,2 320,9 324,3êáé äéá÷åßñéóç áêßíçôçò ðåñéïõóßáòËïéðÝò õðçñåóßåò 896,7 901,6 902,3 897,1 922,7¢íåñãïé 478,5 523,4 491,1 444,7 420,1% ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôïõ 10,8 11,7 11,1 10,2 9,6åñãáôéêïý äõíáìéêïýÐçãÞ: Ç ÅëëÜäá óå áñéèìïýò, Å.Ó.Õ.Å., 2002

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57ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò6.3.5 Íá óçìåéþóåôå ðïéåò áðü ôéò ðáñáêÜôù öñÜóåéò åßíáé ÓùóôÝò Þ ËÜèïò.

ÓÙÓÔÏ ËÁÈÏÓ1. Ç óåéñÜ óõíáñìïëüãçóçò ðñùôïåìöáíßóôçêå óôéò Ç.Ð.Á. ¸íáò áðü ôïõò ëüãïõò Þôáí ç ýðáñîç ðïëëþí Åõñùðáßùí ìåôáíáóôþí ðïõ äåí ïìéëïýóáí ôçí áããëéêÞ.2. Ôá êïéíùíéêÜ óôñþìáôá åßíáé éåñáñ÷çìÝíá.3. Ïé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò áöïñïýí ìüíï ôï åéóüäçìá.4. Ç ðáéäéêÞ åñãáóßá åßíáé öáéíüìåíï ôùí õðü áíÜðôõîç ÷ùñþí.5. Ï Mayo åéóÞãáãå ôç óåéñÜ óõíáñìïëüãçóçò.

6.3.6 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï ðïõ áêïëïõèåß êáé íá åîçãÞóåôå ðþò áðïäßäåôáé ç Ýí-íïéá ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò äéáóôñùìÜôùóçò ãéá ôéò ëåãüìåíåò öôù÷Ýò êáé ðëïýóéåò ÷þñåò.«�ç áíôßèåóç áíÜìåóá óå �öôù÷Ýò êáé ðëïýóéåò ÷þñåò� åßíáé áðüëõôá ó÷åôéêÞ. Ç åîÜ-ðëùóç ôùí ãñÞãïñùí ìÝóùí ìåôáöïñÜò êáé ôùí ôå÷íïëïãéþí ðïõ äéåõêïëýíïõí ôçí ðëá-íçôéêÞ åðéêïéíùíßá åðéôñÝðåé óå ìéêñÝò ïìÜäåò ðñïíïìéïý÷ùí êáôïßêùí ôùí �öôù÷þí ÷ù-ñþí� íá åíôá÷èïýí óôçí ðáãêüóìéá åëßô êáé íá êÜíïõí óõ÷íÜ ôçí åìöÜíéóÞ ôïõò ôüóïóôïõò ôüðïõò, üðïõ ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé ç ïéêïíïìéêÞ äñáóôçñéüôçôá, üóï êáé óå êåßíïõòüðïõ ãßíåôáé ç åðéäåéêôéêÞ êáôáíÜëùóç. Áðü ôçí Üëëç ðëåõñÜ, óôéò �ðëïýóéåò ÷þñåò� ðá-ñáôçñïýíôáé äéáóôñùìáôþóåéò ìå ìåãÜëåò áíôéèÝóåéò. ÐáñÜ ôï ãåãïíüò üôé ôï êõñéüôåñï÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü áõôþí ôùí ÷ùñþí åßíáé ç ýðáñîç ìéáò ðïëõÜñéèìçò ìåóáßáò ôÜîçò, ç ï-ðïßá áðÝêôçóå ðñüóâáóç óå ìéá åõñýôáôç ðïéêéëßá áãáèþí ðïõ èåùñïýíôáé ðëÝïí ó÷å-äüí áõôïíüçôá (ð.÷. êýñéá êáé åîï÷éêÞ êáôïéêßá, åéäéêåõìÝíç åñãáóßá, õðïëïãéóôÞò êáé ôç-ëÝöùíï, áõôïêßíçôï êáé óõ÷íÞ ÷ñÞóç ôùí äéåèíþí ìÝóùí ìåôáöïñÜò), ðáñáôçñïýìå üôéóôï ðåñéèþñéï áõôÞò ôçò ôÜîçò áíáðôýóóïíôáé íçóßäåò áðüëõôçò åîáèëßùóçò, ïé ïðïßåòôñïöïäïôïýíôáé ôáêôéêÜ áðü ôï ìåôáíáóôåõôéêü ñåýìá ðïõ ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ôéò öôù÷Ýò÷þñåò» («Ðïéïò ôåëéêÜ èá êáñðùèåß ôçí ðñüïäï óôéò åðéêïéíùíßåò;» Le monde diploma-tique ôåý÷ïò 1, 2004:6-7)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò58.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6.3.7 Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù öñÜóç: «Äåí åßíáé áîéïðåñßåñãï ï ÄéåõèõíôÞò åíüòåñãïóôáóßïõ íá êåñäßæåé ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü Ýíáí õðÜëëçëï super market. Åßíáé üìùò á-îéïðåñßåñãï ôá ðáéäéÜ ôïõò íá ìçí Ý÷ïõí ßóåò åõêáéñßåò».....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ìå âÜóç ôá óôïé÷åßá ðïõ äßíïíôáé, íá êáôáóêåõÜóåôå ðßíáêá ãéá ôéò áíáðôõóóüìåíåòêáé ôéò áíáðôõãìÝíåò ÷þñåò. Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá. ÁÍÁÐÔÕÓÓÏÌÅÍÅÓ ×ÙÑÅÓw Óõíïëéêüò ðëçèõóìüò (2003): 5.083.370.000w Ðëçèõóìüò êÜôù ôùí 18 (2003): 1.924.210.000w Ðëçèõóìüò êÜôù ôùí ðÝíôå åôþí (2003): 552.742.000w Ðñïóäüêéìï æùÞò êáôÜ ôç ãÝííçóç (2003): 62 Ýôçw ÂñåöéêÞ èíçóéìüôçôá áíÜ 1.000 ãåííÞóåéò (2003): 60w ÊÜôù ôùí ðÝíôå åôþí èíçóéìüôçôá áíÜ 1.000 ãåííÞóåéò (2003): 87w ÌçôñéêÞ èíçóéìüôçôá áíÜ 100.000 ãåííÞóåéò (2000): 440w Êáèáñü ðïóïóôü åããñáöÞò öïßôçóçò óôï ó÷ïëåßï (1996-2003): 78%w Ðïóïóôü áëöáâçôéóìïý åíçëßêùí (2000): 74%w Ðïóïóôü ðëçèõóìïý ìå âåëôéùìÝíç ðáñï÷Þ ðüóéìïõ íåñïý (2002): 79%w Ðïóïóôü ðëçèõóìïý ìå åðáñêåßò åãêáôáóôÜóåéò õãéåéíÞò (2002): 49%w Ðïóïóôü ðáéäéþí åíüò Ýôïõò ðïõ åìâïëéÜóôçêáí (2003) åíÜíôéá óå:öõìáôßùóç 85% äéöèåñßôéäá/ êïêßôç/ ôÝôáíï 76% ðïëéïìõåëßôéäá 77% éëáñÜ 75% çðáôßôéäá 40%


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59ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåòw Åêôßìçóç áñéèìïý åíçëßêùí êáé ðáéäéþí (0-49 åôþí) ìå HIV/AIDS: 34.900.000w Åêôßìçóç áñéèìïý ðáéäéþí (0-14 åôþí) ìå HIV /AIDS: 2.100.000w Åêôßìçóç áñéèìïý ïñöáíþí ðáéäéþí (0-17åôþí) åîáéôßáò ôïõ HIV/AIDS: 15.000.000 w ÁêáèÜñéóôï Åèíéêü Åéóüäçìá êáôÜ êåöáëÞ (óå $ ÁìåñéêÞò, 2003): 1.255w Ðïóïóôü ðëçèõóìïý ðïõ æåé ìå ëéãüôåñï áðü 1 äïëÜñéï ôçí çìÝñá (1990-2002): 22%

ÁÍÁÐÔÕÃÌÅÍÅÓ ×ÙÑÅÓw Óõíïëéêüò ðëçèõóìüò (2003): 949.593.000w Ðëçèõóìüò êÜôù ôùí 18 (2003): 206.750.000w Ðëçèõóìüò êÜôù ôùí ðÝíôå åôþí (2003): 54.425.000w Ðñïóäüêéìï æùÞò êáôÜ ôç ãÝííçóç (2003): 78 Ýôçw ÂñåöéêÞ èíçóéìüôçôá áíÜ 1.000 ãåííÞóåéò (2003): 5w ÊÜôù ôùí ðÝíôå åôþí èíçóéìüôçôá áíÜ 1.000 ãåííÞóåéò (2003): 6w ÌçôñéêÞ èíçóéìüôçôá áíÜ 100.000 ãåííÞóåéò (2000): 13w Êáèáñü ðïóïóôü åããñáöÞò öïßôçóçò óôï ó÷ïëåßï (1996-2003): 96%w Ðïóïóôü áëöáâçôéóìïý åíçëßêùí (2000): ìç äéáèÝóéìïw Ðïóïóôü ðëçèõóìïý ìå âåëôéùìÝíç ðáñï÷Þ ðüóéìïõ íåñïý (2002): 100%w Ðïóïóôü ðëçèõóìïý ìå åðáñêåßò åãêáôáóôÜóåéò õãéåéíÞò (2002): 100%w Ðïóïóôü ðáéäéþí åíüò Ýôïõò ðïõ åìâïëéÜóôçêáí (2003) åíÜíôéá óå: öõìáôßùóç ìç äéáèÝóéìï äéöèåñßôéäá/ êïêßôç/ ôÝôáíï 95% ðïëéïìõåëßôéäá 93%éëáñÜ 92% çðáôßôéäá 62%w Åêôßìçóç áñéèìïý åíçëßêùí êáé ðáéäéþí (0-49 åôþí) ìå HIV/AIDS: 1.600.000w Åêôßìçóç áñéèìïý ðáéäéþí (0-14 åôþí) ìå HIV /AIDS: 17.000w Åêôßìçóç áñéèìïý ïñöáíþí ðáéäéþí (0-17 åôþí) åî áéôßáò ôïõ HIV/AIDS: ìç äéáèÝóéìïw ÁêáèÜñéóôï Åèíéêü Åéóüäçìá êáôÜ êåöáëÞ (óå $ ÁìåñéêÞò, 2003): 28.337w Ðïóïóôü ðëçèõóìïý ðïõ æåé ìå ëéãüôåñï áðü 1 äïëÜñéï ôçí çìÝñá (1990-2002): ìç äéáèÝóéìï (www. unicef.gr/reports - Ç êáôÜóôáóç ôùí ðáéäéþí óôïí êüóìï, 2005).

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ÊåöÜëáéï 6 Åñãáóßá, áíåñãßá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò áíéóüôçôåò60

Áíáðôõóóüìåíåò ÷þñåò ÁíáðôõãìÝíåò ÷þñåòÄçìïãñáöéêÜ óôïé÷åßá

ÅêðáßäåõóçÕãåßá

ÁêáèÜñéóôï åèíéêü êáôÜ êåöáëÞ åéóüäçìá Öôþ÷åéá

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ÈÝìá: Ç ðïëéôéêÞ ðñÝðåé íá åíäéáöÝñåé üëïõò ôïõò íÝïõò;Íá åîçãÞóåôå ôïõò ëüãïõò ôçò èåôéêÞò Þ áñíçôéêÞò áðÜíôçóçò óáò.Óå ðïéá åðßðåäá ôçò êáèçìåñéíüôçôÜò óáò ðáñåìâáßíåé ç ðïëéôéêÞ êáé ìå ðïéïõò ôñü-ðïõò;(Íá áíáôñÝîåôå óôçí åéóáãùãÞ ôïõ Ô.Å.Å.Ì. ãéá ôç äéáäéêáóßá åöáñìïãÞò åíüò ó÷åäßïõ åñ-ãáóßáò).

Ôï êïéíùíéêü ðåßñáìá ìðïñåß íá ðñáãìáôïðïéçèåß ìÝóá óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò ôÜîçò. ÌÝóùôçò åöáñìïãÞò åíüò êïéíùíéêïý ðåéñÜìáôïò ðñïóðáèïýìå íá âñïýìå ôéò ó÷Ýóåéò ìåôá-îý äéáöïñåôéêþí ðáñáãüíôùí-ìåôáâëçôþí êáé óôç óõíÝ÷åéá íá áíáëýóïõìå áí ç ó÷Ýóçìåôáîý ôïõò åßíáé Þ ü÷é áéôéþäçò. Ãéá íá êáôáíïÞóïõìå áêñéâþò ôç óçìáóßá êáé ôçí åîÝ-ëéîç åíüò êïéíùíéêïý ðåéñÜìáôïò èá äþóïõìå Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá. Ôï èÝìá ìáò åßíáé ç ó÷Ý-óç ìåôáîý ùñþí äéáâÜóìáôïò ôùí ìáèçôþí (óôï óðßôé) êáé åðßäïóçò óôá ìáèÞìáôá. ÌåâÜóç ôç ó÷Ýóç áíÜìåóá óôéò þñåò êáé ôéò åðéäüóåéò åßíáé äõíáôü íá äéáôõðùèïýí ãåíé-êÝò áñ÷Ýò ðïõ íá åñìçíåýïõí ôçí åðßäïóç ôùí ìáèçôþí.Èá ðñÝðåé íá ôïíßóïõìå üôé ç ó÷Ýóç áíÜìåóá óôéò äõï áõôÝò ìåôáâëçôÝò óå ðñáãìá-ôéêÝò êáôáóôÜóåéò åîáñôÜôáé êáé áðü Üëëïõò ðáñÜãïíôåò, ïé ïðïßïé åðçñåÜæïõí ôçí åðß-äïóç ôïõ ìáèçôÞ. Ç ðáñåìâïëÞ ôùí Üëëùí ðáñáãüíôùí äçìéïõñãåß Ýíá ðåäßï áëëçëåðé-äñÜóåùí ìå ôéò äõï ìåôáâëçôÝò ôïõ ðáñáäåßãìáôüò ìáò, ìå áðïôÝëåóìá íá õðÜñ÷åé êßí-äõíïò óõãêÜëõøçò ôçò ðñáãìáôéêÞò ó÷Ýóçò.Ç åöáñìïãÞ ôïõ êïéíùíéêïý ðåéñÜìáôïò ìðïñåß íá ðñáãìáôïðïéçèåß óôçí ôÜîç ìåôç ëýóç åíüò óôáõñüëåîïõ.×ùñßæåôáé ç ôÜîç óå ïìÜäåò ïìïéïãåíåßò êáé áíïìïéïãåíåßò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ÷ùñßæï-íôáé óå ïìÜäåò ôùí äõï áôüìùí, ïìïéïãåíåßò ùò ðñïò ôï öýëï (Á-Á)-(Ê-Ê) êáé áíïìïéï-ãåíåßò (Á-Ê), êáé äßíåôáé óå üëåò ôéò ïìÜäåò ôï óôáõñüëåîï, ôï ïðïßï êáëïýíôáé íá ëý-óïõí óå óõãêåêñéìÝíï ÷ñüíï.

ÌïñöÝò êáé êïéíùíéêÝò âÜóåéòôçò åîïõóßáò77.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

7.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÏ ÐÅÉÑÁÌÁ

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ÊáôáãñÜöïíôáé ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ùò ðñïò ôï âáèìü åðßëõóçò ôïõ óôáõñïëÝîïõ, óõãêñß-íïíôáé ïé ïìÜäåò êáé åîÜãïíôáé áðïôåëÝóìáôá. ÐáñÜëëçëá ãßíåôáé êñéôéêÞ ãéá ôç ìåèïäï-ëïãßá ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå (ð.÷. áí ôçñÞèçêáí ïé ðñïäéáãñáöÝò ãéá ôçí åîßóùóç ôùíïìÜäùí ùò ðñïò ôéò éêáíüôçôÝò ôïõò êáé Üëëïõò ðáñÜãïíôåò ðïõ åðçñåÜæïõí ôéò åðéäü-óåéò ôïõò).

63ÊåöÜëáéï 7 ÌïñöÝò êáé êïéíùíéêÝò âÜóåéò ôçò åîïõóßáò

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Ïñéæüíôéá:1. ÐïëéôéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá ìÝóù ôçò ïðïßáò åðéëÝãïíôáé ïé âïõëåõôÝò.2. Åßäïò åôáéñåßáò - ¢öùíç íïèåßá.3. ËÝãåôáé üôé ç ãåùñãßá, ç âéïìç÷áíßá êáé ïé õðçñåóßåò áðïôåëïýí � ðáñáãùãÞò ìéáò÷þñáò (ãåíéêÞ ðëçèõíôéêïý).4. Ç÷çôéêÞ�ôÜóç - ¸ôóé ôñþãåôáé ç óáëÜôá (áíôéóôñüöùò).5. Áñ÷éêÜ ðïäïóöáéñéêÞò ïìÜäáò - Åßíáé ç Áã. Áéêáôåñßíç óôï ÓéíÜ (áíôéóôñüöùò).6. �ÃêåâÜñá - Õðïèåôéêüò óýíäåóìïò (áíôéóôñüöùò).7. ÎåíéêÞ Üñíçóç - ÅêðáéäåõôéêÜ áñ÷éêÜ (áíôéóôñüöùò).8. Óõãêñïôåßôáé ìåôÜ ôéò åêëïãÝò êáé áóêåß íïìïèåôéêü Ýñãï.ÊÜèåôá:1. Åíéáßïò óõãêåíôñùôéêüò ìç÷áíéóìüò åîïõóßáò (ðëçèõíôéêüò).2. ×ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôùí åêëïãþí êáé õðïäÝ÷ïíôáé ôéò øÞöïõò.3. ÐÁÅ ËÜñéóáò (áíôéóôñ.) - Äå ìåôáäßäåôáé Þ÷ïò åêåß.4. Ç áñ÷Þ ôïõ�äÞìïõ - Áñíçôéêü ôçò áñ÷áßáò.5. Ïé äçìïóêïðÞóåéò åñåõíïýí ôçí êïéíÞ � (ãåíéêÞ åíéêïý).6. Ïëüôçôá áôüìùí, óõ÷íÜ ìå êïéíÞ êáôáãùãÞ, ãëþóóá, ðïëéôéóìü (ãåíéêÞ ðëçèõíôéêïý)- Ïìüç÷á öùíÞåíôá.7. �. ÍïìéóìáôéêÞ ¸íùóç.8. ËÝãåôáé üôé õðÜñ÷åé ìåôáîý ôùí ãåíåþí (ðëçèõíôéêüò).

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7.3.1 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï áðüóðáóìá áðü ôï Üñèñï óôçí åöçìåñßäá. Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ðþòáðïäßäïíôáé ïé Ýííïéåò ëáüò, Ýèíïò, Ýèíïò-êñÜôïò.«Ç óêïôåéíÞ ðëåõñÜ ôçò äçìïêñáôßáò»«�Ï êáèçãçôÞò ÉóôïñéêÞò Êïéíùíéïëïãßáò ôïõ Ðáíåðéóôçìßïõ ôïõ Ëïò ¢íôæåëåò, ÌÜéêëÌáí, õðïóôçñßæåé óôï Ýñãï ôïõ �The Dark Side of Democracy� üôé ïé åèíéêÝò åêêáèáñß-óåéò áðïôåëïýí ôç �óêïôåéíÞ ðëåõñÜ ôçò äçìïêñáôßáò� �Óôç óýã÷ñïíç åðï÷Þ, ç ëÝîç�ëáüò� áðÝêôçóå ìéá äéáöïñåôéêÞ óçìáóßá, ôçí Ýííïéá ôïõ Ýèíïõò, ôçò åèíéêÞò ïìÜäáòäçëáäÞ ï �ëáüò� åßíáé êÜôé ìå êïéíÞ êïõëôïýñá êáé áßóèçóç êïéíÞò êëçñïíïìéÜò äéáöï-ñåôéêÞò áð� áõôÞò Üëëùí ëáþí. ÁëëÜ áí ï �ëáüò� ðñüêåéôáé íá áóêÞóåé ôçí åîïõóßá óôï�åèíéêü êñÜôïò� ôïõ êáé ï ëáüò ðñïóäéïñßæåôáé ìå åèíïôéêïýò üñïõò, ôé èá óõìâåß ìå áõ-ôïýò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí äéáöïñåôéêÞ åèíüôçôá; �öõóéêÜ ç ýðáñîç äéáöïñåôéêþí åèíïôéêþí ïìÜäùí óôï ðëáßóéï ôïõ ßäéïõ êñÜôïõòäå óçìáßíåé êáô� áíÜãêç âßá, åèíéêÝò åêêáèáñßóåéò êáé ãåíïêôïíßá. Ïé åèíïôéêÝò äéáöïñÝòèá êáôáëÞîïõí óôç âßá, óýìöùíá ìå ôïí Ìáí, üôáí ìßá áðü ôéò ïìÜäåò Ý÷åé ôçí áßóèçóçüôé åßíáé áíôéêåßìåíï ïéêïíïìéêÞò åêìåôÜëëåõóçò áðü ôçí Üëëç. Áí ôï áðáñô÷Üéíô óôç Íü-ôéá ÁöñéêÞ Þôáí ðéóôü óôçí éäåïëïãßá ôçò äéáöïñåôéêÞò áëëÜ éóüôéìçò áíÜðôõîçò ôùíäýï öõëþí, ïé Áöñéêáíïß äåí èá åß÷áí ðïôÝ åðáíáóôáôÞóåé. �ãéá ôïí Ìáí, ïé åèíéêÝò åê-êáèáñßóåéò åßíáé Ýíá óýã÷ñïíï öáéíüìåíï ôï ïðïßï óõìâáäßæåé ìå ôçí åìöÜíéóç ôïõ Ý-èíïõò-êñÜôïõò êáé ôç äçìïêñáôéêÞ ïñãÜíùóç ôçò êïéíùíßáò. ÖõóéêÜ, ç åèíéêÞ âßáðñïûðÞñ÷å ôïõ Ýèíïõò-êñÜôïõò. ¼ìùò Þôáí ðåñéïñéóìÝíç êáé åß÷å ùöåëéìéóôéêïýò óôü-÷ïõò. Ïé öüíïé Þôáí Ýíáò ôñüðïò ìå ôïí ïðïßï ç ïìÜäá êõñéáñ÷ïýóå åðÜíù óå ìßá Üëëçìå óôü÷ï åßôå íá ôç óêëáâþóåé (êáé íá ôçí åêìåôáëëåõôåß ïéêïíïìéêÜ) åßôå íá ôçí êÜíåé íááëëáîïðéóôÞóåé. ¼ìùò ç âßá ðïõ Ý÷åé óôü÷ï åßôå íá åêäéþîåé ìßá ïìÜäá áðü ìßá óõãêå-êñéìÝíç ðåñéï÷Þ åßôå íá ôçí åîïíôþóåé åßíáé Ýíá óýã÷ñïíï öáéíüìåíï. Ï áñéèìüò ôùí íå-êñþí ôïí 20ü áéþíá ëüãù åèíïôéêþí ñÞîåùí õðåñâáßíåé ôá 70 åêáôïììýñéá�»(Åëåõèåñïôõðßá 20/09/2004, ÄéáóêåõÞ óôï Üñèñï ôïõ ÔÜêç Ìß÷á «Ç óêïôåéíÞ ðëåõñÜ ôçòäçìïêñáôßáò»)...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ÊåöÜëáéï 7 ÌïñöÝò êáé êïéíùíéêÝò âÜóåéò ôçò åîïõóßáò647.3. ÁÓÊÇÓÅÉÓ ÊÁÉ ÄÑÁÓÔÇÑÉÏÔÇÔÅÓ

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.............................................................................................................................................................................................7.3.2 Íá ðáñáôçñÞóåôå ôïí ðßíáêá, íá êáôáóêåõÜóåôå óôç óõíÝ÷åéá Ýíá äéêü óáò ìåèÝìá ó÷åôéêü ìå ôçí ðïëéôéêÞ (ð.÷. åêëïãÝò) øÜ÷íïíôáò íá âñåßôå ôéò ó÷åôéêÝò Ýííïéåò.

ÐçãÞ: Í. ÔÜôóçò 1986:112-115


Èåóìüò ÊïéíùíéêÞ Éäåïëïãéêü Ó÷åôéêÞ Êïéíùíéêüò ÑõèìéóôéêüòáíÜãêç ðëáßóéï áîßá ðñïóäéïñéóìüò êáíüíáòðïëéôéêÞ äéáêõâÝñíçóç äçìïêñáôßá éóüôçôá åêëïãÝò äéêáßùìá øÞöïõ

ÁíÜëïãåò Êýñéåò Ñüëïé ÐïëéôéóôéêÜ ÊïéíùíéêÞ ¸êôñïðçïìÜäåò ïñãáíþóåéò èÝóåéò óýìâïëá åðéäïêéìáóßá óõìðåñéöïñÜöéëåëåýèåñïé ðïëéôéêÜ âïõëåõôÞò óçìáßá ðáñÜóçìï áíôéäñáóôéêüòêüììáôá

Èåóìüò ÊïéíùíéêÞ Éäåïëïãéêü Ó÷åôéêÞ Êïéíùíéêüò ÑõèìéóôéêüòáíÜãêç ðëáßóéï áîßá ðñïóäéïñéóìüò êáíüíáò

ÁíÜëïãåò Êýñéåò Ñüëïé ÐïëéôéóôéêÜ ÊïéíùíéêÞ ¸êôñïðçïìÜäåò ïñãáíþóåéò èÝóåéò óýìâïëá åðéäïêéìáóßá óõìðåñéöïñÜ

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7.3.3 Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôç öñÜóç ôïõ Ëïõäïâßêïõ ôïõ 14ïõ ï ïðïßïò åßðå «ôï ÊñÜôïòåßìáé åãþ». Ìðïñåß Ýíáò ìïíÜñ÷çò íá åßíáé ôï ÊñÜôïò;..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7.4.1 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù áðüóðáóìá êáé íá ðåñéãñÜøåôå ôéò áíïìéêÝò êáôá-óôÜóåéò ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ðñïêýøïõí óôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ äçìïêñáôéêïý ðïëéôåýìáôïò. «�ïé èåóìïß ðïõ óôÜèçêáí ðéï óçìáíôéêïß � óôéò ÇíùìÝíåò Ðïëéôåßåò åßíáé ïéêïíïìéêïß,ìÜëëïí, ðáñÜ ðïëéôéêïß. ÌÜëéóôá ç ðïëéôéêÞ èåùñÞèçêå ùò ìÝóï åðßôåõîçò êáé ðñïóôá-óßáò ïéêïíïìéêþí óôü÷ùí êáé óõíçèåéþí� Ìå ëßãá ëüãéá: ç ðïëéôéêÞ óôéò ÇÐÁ óðÜíéáÞôáí áõôüíïìç äýíáìç. ¸÷åé ôéò ñßæåò ôçò óôçí ðïëéôéêÞ óöáßñá êáé ïé Üíèñùðïß ôçò÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ðïëéôéêÜ ìÝóá ãéá íá åîáóöáëßæïõí ïéêïíïìéêÜ ïöÝëç. ¸ôóé ôï åíäéáöÝ-ñïí ãé� áõôÞí óðÜíéá Þôáí åíäéáöÝñïí ãéá ðïëéôéêÜ æçôÞìáôá �Ç áíÜãêç ðïõ Ý÷åé ï êïì-ìáôÜñ÷çò êé ï ìç÷áíéóìüò ôïõ ãéá ÷ñÞìáôá óçìáßíåé ðùò áîéþìáôá ðùëïýíôáé êé áãïñÜ-æïíôáé óõ÷íÜ�Ç áìåñéêáíéêÞ ðïëéôéêÞ ãÝííçóå ôïí êáéñïóêüðï ðïëéôéêü ìÝóá óôï óõìâé-âáóôéêü óýóôçìá ôïõ äéêïììáôéêïý êñÜôïõò�» (C.W. Mills, 1970:510). ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ÊåöÜëáéï 7 ÌïñöÝò êáé êïéíùíéêÝò âÜóåéò ôçò åîïõóßáò66


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.............................................................................................................................................................................................7.4.2 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôá ðïóïóôÜ óôïí ðßíáêá êáé íá ãñÜøåôå ôéò áðüøåéò óáò ó÷åôéêÜìå ôçí áðï÷Þ Þ ôá ëåõêÜ. Íïìßæåôå üôé åßíáé åíäåßîåéò ðïëéôéêÞò áëëïôñßùóçò Þ åêäÞ-ëùóç êñéôéêÞò óôÜóçò óôéò ðïëéôéêÝò äéáäéêáóßåò; Íá áéôéïëïãÞóåôå ôéò áðüøåéò óáòóýìöùíá ìå ôéò èåùñßåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí äéáôõðùèåß óôï âéâëßï ôïõ ìáèçôÞ.

ÐñïóáñìïãÞ áðü óôïé÷åßá ôïõ Õðïõñãåßïõ Åóùôåñéêþí, Äéåýèõíóç Åêëïãþí, 6.07.2005 (ÄéáóêåõÞÍ. Ðåôñüðïõëïõ).....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


Ðïóïóôü Áðï÷Þò êáé Ëåõêþí-¢êõñùí óôéò ÅèíéêÝò ÅêëïãÝò ôçò ÅëëÜäáò, 1974-2004Çìåñïìçíßá Áðï÷Þ (%) ËåõêÜ/ Çìåñïìçíßá Áðï÷Þ (%) ËåõêÜ/Åêëïãþí ¢êõñá (%) Åêëïãþí ¢êõñá (%)17.11.1974 20,47 1,10 8.04.1990 20,76 1,6820.11.1977 18,89 1,24 10.10.1993 20,78 1,7018.10.1981 22,71 1,43 22.09.1996 23,66 2,852.06.1985 19,81 0,90 9.04.2000 24,26 2,2618.06.1989 19,67 2,22 7.03.2004 23,38 2,205.11.1989 19,30 1,50 ÌÝóïò üñïò 21,24 1,73(�74-�04)

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ÊåöÜëáéï 7 ÌïñöÝò êáé êïéíùíéêÝò âÜóåéò ôçò åîïõóßáò68

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ÈÝìá: Ç óõ÷íüôçôá ÷ñÞóçò ðïëéôéóôéêþí áãáèþí áðü ôïõò ìáèçôÝòÇ ðáíåëëÞíéá Ýñåõíá ôïõ Åèíéêïý ÊÝíôñïõ Âéâëßïõ ãéá ôïí áíáëöáâçôéóìü (1998)ðñáãìáôïðïéÞèçêå óå ðáíåëëáäéêü äåßãìá ðëçèõóìïý 5.147 ÅëëÞíùí çëéêßáò 15 åôþíêáé Üíù. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ðïóïôéêÞ Ýñåõíá ìå ÷ñÞóç äïìçìÝíïõ åñùôçìáôïëïãßïõ, ôï ïðïßïÞôáí äéáöïñïðïéçìÝíï ãéá áõôïýò ðïõ äåí åß÷áí ïëïêëçñþóåé ôçí 9÷ñïíç õðï÷ñåùôéêÞåêðáßäåõóç êáé áõôïýò ðïõ ôçí åß÷áí ïëïêëçñþóåé. Ç ìÝèïäïò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò ÞôáíóôñùìáôïðïéçìÝíç äåéãìáôïëçøßá* üóïí áöïñÜ óôï öýëï, ôçí çëéêßá, ôçí áóôéêüôçôáêáôïéêßáò êáé ôï ìïñöùôéêü åðßðåäï ôùí åñùôþìåíùí (ìå âÜóç óôïé÷åßá ôïõ ðëçèõóìïýáðü ôçí áðïãñáöÞ ôïõ 1991).«Ç óõíôñéðôéêÞ ðëåéïøçößá êáé ôùí äõï ïìÜäùí ðáñáêïëïõèåß ôçëåüñáóç ôïõëÜ÷é-óôïí ìßá öïñÜ ôçí åâäïìÜäá, üìùò êáèçìåñéíÜ ðáñáêïëïõèåß ôï 92,6% ôùí õðïåêðáé-äåõìÝíùí Ýíáíôé 84,4% ôùí õðïëïßðùí. ÓçìáíôéêÝò äéáöïñïðïéÞóåéò åìöáíßæïíôáé üóïíáöïñÜ ôçí áêñüáóç ñáäéïöþíïõ êáé ôçí áíÜãíùóç åöçìåñßäùí (ìå ðñïôßìçóç óôá êïé-íùíéêÜ êáé ðïëéôéêÜ Üñèñá êáé óôá äéåèíÞ èÝìáôá), ðåñéïäéêþí êáé âéâëßùí, ôïí êéíçìáôï-ãñÜöï êáé ôçí ðáñáêïëïýèçóç ðïëéôéóôéêþí åêäçëþóåùí. ¼óïé Ý÷ïõí ïëïêëçñþóåé 9å-ôÞ åêðáßäåõóç óõììåôÝ÷ïõí óå ðïëý ìåãáëýôåñï âáèìü óôéò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò áõôÝò áðüüóïõò äåí Ý÷ïõí. Åéäéêüôåñá ùò ðñïò ôçí áíÜãíùóç âéâëßùí, åßíáé ðïëý óáöÞò ç äéáöï-ñïðïßçóç. Áîßæåé íá óçìåéùèåß ôï éäéáßôåñá õøçëü ðïóïóôü (66,7% Þ äýï óôïõò ôñåéò)ôùí õðïåêðáéäåõìÝíùí (áõôþí ìå ÷áìçëüôåñï ìïñöùôéêü åðßðåäï) ðïõ äÞëùóå üôé äåäéáâÜæåé âéâëßá ðïôÝ, åíþ ãéá üóïõò Ý÷ïõí ïëïêëçñþóåé 9åôÞ åêðáßäåõóç ôï áíôßóôïé÷ïðïóïóôü áíÝñ÷åôáé óå 23,2%» (Ã.Ôóéþêïò, Ä. Âåñãßäçò, Ç. Íéêïëáêüðïõëïò, 1998:22-23). n Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò óôïé÷åßá áðü ôï áíôßóôïé÷ï êåöÜëáéï ôïõâéâëßïõ êáé íá óõó÷åôßóåôå ôï åðßðåäï åêðáßäåõóçò ìå ôç óõ÷íüôçôá ÷ñÞóçò ôùí ðï-ëéôéóôéêþí áãáèþí. Ç ßäéá ç ôÜîç ìðïñåß íá áðïôåëÝóåé ôï õðïêåßìåíï ôçò Ýñåõíáò Þìéá ìéêñüôåñç ôÜîç.n Íá äéáìïñöþóåôå åñùôçìáôïëüãéï ìå ôá êïéíùíéêï-äçìïãñáöéêÜ óôïé÷åßá ôùí ìáèç-ôþí êáé íá õðïëïãßóåôå ôá ðïóïóôÜ ðïõ äåß÷íïõí ôçí åðáöÞ ôùí ìáèçôþí ìå ðïëéôé-óôéêÜ áãáèÜ.

Ôï Üôïìï, ç êïéíùíßá êáé ôáìÝóá ìáæéêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò88.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

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ÅíäåéêôéêÜ ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß êáé ï ðáñáêÜôù ðßíáêáò.ÊáèçìåñéíÜ Åâäïìáäéáßá Ìçíéáßá ÓðÜíéá ìÝóá þñåò óôï ÝôïòÔçëåüñáóçÑáäéüöùíïÅöçìåñßäåòÐåñéïäéêÜÂéâëßáÊéíçìáôïãñÜöïòÈÝáôñïÄéáäßêôõï¢ëëåò ðïëéôéóôéêÝò åêäçëþóåéò

(Íá äåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñá ãéá ôçí åöáñìïãÞ ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò óôçí åéóáãùãÞ ôïõ Ô.Å.Å.Ì.).............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

71ÊåöÜëáéï 8 Ôï Üôïìï, ç êïéíùíßá êáé ôá ìÝóá ìáæéêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò

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Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôéò ó÷åôéêÝò ïäçãßåò ãéá ôï åñùôçìáôïëüãéï óôçí åíüôçôá 4.2. ôïõ ÔÅÅÌ. ÈÝìá: Áíß÷íåõóç åíäéáöåñüíôùí ìáèçôþí ìÝóá áðü ôï Äéáäßêôõï1. Öýëï : áãüñé .........êïñßôóé .........2. Ìïñöùôéêü åðßðåäï ãïíÝùí:ðáôÝñáò .............................................................ìçôÝñá .............................................................3. Åéóüäçìá ïéêïãÝíåéáò: .............................................................4. ¸÷åéò óýíäåóç ìå ôï Äéáäßêôõï óôï óðßôé óïõ; íáé .........ü÷é .........4á. ÅÜí íáé, ðïéåò éóôïóåëßäåò åðéóêÝðôåóáé óõ÷íüôåñá;..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ïé áðáíôÞóåéò áíáëýïíôáé ìå ðïóïóôÜ åðß ôïéò åêáôü. Ôá åíäéáöÝñïíôá êùäéêïðïéïý-íôáé áíÜ èåìáôïëïãßá. Íá êÜíåôå êÜðïéåò õðïèÝóåéò åñãáóßáò ãéá ôá ðéèáíÜ áðïôåëÝ-óìáôá. Ôé åðçñåÜæåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ äéáäéêôýïõ; (ð.÷. ó÷Ýóç ìïñöùôéêïýåðéðÝäïõ êáé ÷ñÞóç äéáäéêôýïõ). Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá.

8.3.1 Íá ðáñáêïëïõèÞóåôå ôéò äéáöçìßóåéò ðïõ ðñïâÜëëïíôáé óôçí ôçëåüñáóç ðñéíôá âñáäéíÜ äåëôßá åéäÞóåùí ãéá ìéá ìÝñá. Íá åðéëÝîåôå ìÝóá óôçí ôÜîç ðïéïò ìáèç-ôÞò Þ ìáèÞôñéá èá ðáñáêïëïõèÞóåé ðïéï êáíÜëé (äçìüóéï Þ éäéùôéêü Þ ôïðéêü). 4Íá êáôáãñÜøåôå ôá äéáöçìéæüìåíá ðñïúüíôá, ôçí ïìÜäá óôü÷ï êÜèå äéáöÞìéóçò, ôçíçëéêéáêÞ ïìÜäá êáé ôçí êïéíùíéêÞ ôÜîç óôçí ïðïßá áðåõèýíåôáé ç äéáöÞìéóç.4Íá óõæçôÞóåôå ôá óõìðåñÜóìáôá ðïõ ðñïêýðôïõí áðü ôéò ðáñáôçñÞóåéò óáò.

ÊåöÜëáéï 8 Ôï Üôïìï, ç êïéíùíßá êáé ôá ìÝóá ìáæéêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò72


8.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÅÑÙÔÇÌÁÔÏËÏÃÉÏ

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Ðñïúüí ÏìÜäá-óôü÷ïò ÇëéêéáêÞ ïìÜäá ÊïéíùíéêÞ ôÜîç

8.3.2 Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôéò êïéíùíéêÝò åðéäñÜóåéò áðü ôç äéÜäïóç ôùí óýã÷ñïíùí Ì.Ì.Å.Íá åðéóçìÜíåôå ôüóï ôéò èåôéêÝò üóï êáé ôéò áñíçôéêÝò åðéäñÜóåéò ôùí Ì.Ì.Å.

8.3.3 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï êáé íá äéáôõðþóåôå ôéò áðüøåéò óáò óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôçíôáõôüôçôá ôùí ÷ñçóôþí ôùí óýã÷ñïíùí ìÝóùí åðéêïéíùíßáò.« �óðñþîå ôçí ðüñôá åíüò ÷áìüóðéôïõ óôï âÜèïò ìéáò ðáñáãêïýðïëçò: ïýôå ðüóé-ìï íåñü ïýôå çëåêôñéêü, áëëÜ Ýíá êéíçôü ôçëÝöùíï ðïõ öïñôßæåôáé ìå ôç âïÞèåéá ìéáòçëéáêÞò ãåííÞôñéáò�üôáí äåí éêáíïðïéïýíôáé âáóéêÝò áíÜãêåò ãéáôß íá äþóåé êáíåßò ôü-óç óçìáóßá ó� áõôü ôï åñãáëåßï; ºóùò ãéáôß, ôçí åðï÷Þ ôçò ìáæéêÞò áóôéêïðïßçóçò êáéôçò áõîáíüìåíçò öôþ÷åéáò ãéá ôï ìåãáëýôåñï êïììÜôé ôçò áíèñùðüôçôáò, ç åðéêïéíùíßá


ÊïéíùíéêÝò åðéäñÜóåéò Ì.Ì.Å. ÈåôéêÝò ÁñíçôéêÝòÅê÷þñçóç ëåéôïõñãéþí óôá Ì.Ì.Å. áðü ðñùôïãåíåßò öïñåßò êïéíùíéêïðïßçóçòÁíÜðôõîç ôçò âéïìç÷áíßáò ôçò ìáæéêÞò êïõëôïýñáò¾ðáñîç êõâåñíï÷þñïõÁóáöÞ ôá üñéá äçìüóéáòêáé éäéùôéêÞò æùÞò

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åßíáé åðßóçò Ýíá åñãáëåßï ôüóï ïéêïíïìéêÞò üóï êáé øõ÷ïëïãéêÞò åðéâßùóçò. Ç öýóç ôùíäéêôýùí åðéêïéíùíßáò -ôçëÝöùíï, äéáäßêôõï ê.ëð.- åßíáé ôÝôïéá ðïõ êÜèå íÝïò óõíäñïìç-ôÞò áõîÜíåé ôçí áîßá ôçò õðçñåóßáò ãéá üëïõò ôïõò õðüëïéðïõò. Ðåñéóóüôåñïé óõíïìé-ëçôÝò, ðåñéóóüôåñïé ðåëÜôåò, ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, ðåñéóóüôåñåò õðçñåóßåò. Ôïäéáäßêôõï äéáèÝôåé äõüìéóé äéóåêáôïììýñéá éóôïóåëßäåò êáé óå áõôÝò ðñïóôßèåíôáé êÜèåìÝñá åðôÜ åêáôïììýñéá êåßìåíá, ÷ùñßò íá õðïëïãßóïõìå ôá åêáôïíôÜäåò åêáôïììýñéá ìç-íýìáôá ðïõ äéáêéíïýíôáé ìå ôï çëåêôñïíéêü ôá÷õäñïìåßï.Óôï äéÜóôçìá ïé óôñáôéùôéêïß äïñõöüñïé ðáñáôÞñçóçò âñßóêïíôáé äßðëá óôá ðïëéôéêÜóõóôÞìáôá ãåùãñáöéêïý ðñïóäéïñéóìïý ôïõ ôýðïõ GPS (Global Positioning System),ôïõò ôçëåïðôéêïýò áíáìåôáäüôåò êáé óýíôïìá, óôï ìÝëëïí, óôïõò áíáìåôáäüôåò ôïõ øç-öéáêïý êéíçìáôïãñÜöïõ. Ìéá ôáéíßá èá Ýñ÷åôáé áðü ôï ×üëéãïõíô óôçí ÁèÞíá ÷ùñßò ïý-ôå ìéá ìðïìðßíá íá äéáó÷ßóåé ôïí Áôëáíôéêü. ¼ìùò ç ôå÷íïëïãßá äåí åîáóöáëßæåé êáéôçí éóüôçôá. Ôï êüóôïò óýíäåóçò ìå ôï äéáäßêôõï äåêáðëáóéÜæåôáé üóï áðïìáêñõíüìá-óôå áðü ôçí êáñäéÜ ôçò õðåñ-äéêôõùìÝíçò êïéíùíßáò. Ï ÷Üñôçò ôùí ðéï ãñÞãïñùí óõí-äÝóåùí, ôùí ðïëõÜñéèìùí ôçëåïðôéêþí êáíáëéþí, ôùí ðéï êáéíïôüìùí âéïìç÷áíéþí óõ-ìðßðôåé ìå ôï ÷Üñôç ôïõ åéóïäçìáôéêïý ÷Üóìáôïò óôçí ðñüóâáóç óôçí åêðáßäåõóçêáé óôçí õãåßá�» («Ôï íÝï ðñüóùðï ôïõ êüóìïõ», Le monde diplomatique, ôåý÷ïò 1,2004:48-49). ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


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8.3.4 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï êáé íá óõãêåíôñþóåôå óôïé÷åßá ãéá ôá ðñïãñÜììáôáðïõ ðáñáêïëïõèåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñï óôçí ôçëåüñáóç. Íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôá åõñÞìáôá.«Ôá ôåëåõôáßá ÷ñüíéá ðáñáôçñåßôáé ìéá Ýíôïíç ðñïôßìçóç ôùí ìÝóùí ìáæéêÞò åíçìÝ-ñùóçò (êõñßùò ôùí éäéùôéêþí ôçëåïðôéêþí êáé ñáäéïöùíéêþí óôáèìþí) óôçí ðñïâïëÞôçò áíèñþðéíçò äõóôõ÷ßáò, ãåãïíüôùí âßáò, åãêëçìÜôùí êáé êáôáóôñïöþí, ç ïðïßá äé-åõêïëýíåôáé êáé áðü ôçí ôå÷íïëïãéêÞ åîÝëéîç. Êáèïñéóôéêïß ðáñÜãïíôåò Ýîáñóçò ôçò ëå-ãüìåíçò �Reality-TV� Þôáí ôá ìåãÜëá êÝñäç áðü ôçí áýîçóç ôçò ôçëåèÝáóçò êáé ôáõôü-÷ñïíá ôï ìéêñü êüóôïò ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí. Ç ðñþôç äõíáìéêÞ åìöÜíéóç ôçò Reality-TVÞôáí ï ðüëåìïò óôïí Ðåñóéêü êüëðï. Ï ðñïóäéïñéóìüò ôïõ ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ ôçò Reality-TV åßíáé äýóêïëïò äéüôé ðåñéëáìâÜíåéôçí ðñïâïëÞ åíüò åõñÝùò öÜóìáôïò ãåãïíüôùí, äçëáäÞ, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôç äïëïöïíßáåíüò ðïëéôéêïý Þ åíüò áðëïý áíèñþðïõ, ôçí áíôáðüêñéóç áðü Ýíá ìÝôùðï ðïëÝìïõ, Ýíáôñï÷áßï áôý÷çìá, ôç óýëëçøç êÜðïéïõ äñÜóôç, ôçí åêôÝëåóç åíüò áíèñþðïõ êáôáäéêá-óìÝíïõ óå èÜíáôï, ôï öéëì åíüò åñáóéôÝ÷íç ãéá ìéá ðåñéâáëëïíôéêÞ êáôáóôñïöÞ ê.ëð�Ç ðëçñïöïñéáêÞ áîßá åíüò ãåãïíüôïò êáé ïé åìðåñéóôáôùìÝíåò áíáëýóåéò ðáñáêÜìðôï-íôáé ðñïò ÷Üñç ìéáò èåáìáôéêÞò ðáñïõóßáóçò êáé ìéáò äñáìáôïõñãéêÞò, äáíåéóìÝíçòáðü ôç öáíôáóßá êáé ôá ìõèéóôïñÞìáôá» (¸. Ëáìðñïðïýëïõ, 1997:117).

8.3.5 Íá åîçãÞóåôå ôéò Ýííïéåò:1. åéêïíéêÞ ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


Ôßôëïò ÐñïãñÜììáôïò Øõ÷áãùãéêÜ ÓåéñÝò ÅéäÞóåéò

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2. ðáãêüóìéï ÷ùñéü.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. êõâåñíï÷þñïò.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4. øçöéáêü ÷Üóìá.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8.3.6 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù êåßìåíï. Áðü áãáðçìÝíåò óáò ôáéíßåò íá ðåñéãñÜøå-ôå óýíôïìá Ýíá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôýðï ìéáò åðï÷Þò êáé ôá óôïé÷åßá ìå ôá ïðïßá áðïäß-äïíôáé êïéíùíéêÝò óõìðåñéöïñÝò ðïõ ÷áñáêôçñßæïõí áõôÞ ôçí åðï÷Þ. Ôï Ýñãï ðïõåðéëÝîáôå èåùñåßôå üôé åßíáé áíôéðñïóùðåõôéêü ôçò åðï÷Þò ðïõ ðáñïõóéÜæåé;

«Ìéá ïëüêëçñç óåéñÜ êéíçìáôïãñáöéêþí ôáéíéþí ìåãÜëçò èåáìáôéêüôçôáò Ý÷ïõí ùòÞñùá ôïí åðáñ÷éþôç, ðïõ ìå óôõëéæáñéóìÝíá ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôçò åëëçíéêÞò õðáßèñïõ(íôýóéìï, ãëùóóéêü éäßùìá ê.Ü.), èá õðïóôåß ìéá áôåëåßùôç óåéñÜ áðü êùìéêÝò ðåñéðÝôåéåòóôçí ðñïóðÜèåéá ôïõ íá ðñïóáñìïóôåß óôï ðåñéâÜëëïí ôçò ðüëçò. Ï Êþóôáò ×áôæç÷ñÞ-óôïò áëëÜ êáé Üëëïé çèïðïéïß èá åíóáñêþóïõí ôïí ðåñßöçìï Èýìéï, ðïõ ìå üðëá ôçí êá-ôÜ âÜèïò êáëÞ ôïõ êáñäéÜ áëëÜ êáé ïëßãç áðü �èåìéôÞ ÷ùñéÜôéêç êïõôïðïíçñéÜ� èá êá-


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ôáöÝñåé íá îåðåñÜóåé ôéò ðáãßäåò ôçò ìåãáëïýðïëçò êáé íá âñåé ôá äõï âáóéêÜ æçôïý-ìåíá: äïõëåéÜ êáé íýöç» (Â. Íüôôáò, 1998:456).................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ìå áöïñìÞ ôï ðáñáêÜôù êåßìåíï, íá óõæçôÞóåôå ôá ðëåïíåêôÞìáôá êáé ôá ìåéïíåêôÞ-ìáôá ðïõ ðáñïõóéÜæïíôáé óôéò ìÝñåò ìáò áðü ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá ôùí áíèñþðùí ìÝóùôïõ äéáäéêôýïõ. Ç ðçãÞ ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü: «Ôï âéâëßï ôùí íÝùí ôçò Åõñþ-ðçò -Ç åðéëïãÞ åßíáé äéêÞ óïõ» (´Åêäïóç Åõñùðáúêþí ÊïéíïôÞôùí, 2005/2006:62).Áóöáëåßò öéëßåò ìÝóù äéáäéêôýïõÊÜðïéïé ðéóôåýïõí üôé ïé ÷þñïé Üìåóùí óõíïìéëéþí óôï äéáäßêôõï (chat) Ý÷ïõí äçìé-ïõñãÞóåé ìéá íÝïõ ôýðïõ ó÷Ýóç ìåôáîý ôùí áíèñþðùí. Ïé ößëïé ìÝóù ôïõ äéáäéêôýïõìðïñåß íá èåùñçèïýí «ïé êáëýôåñïé óáò ößëïé», ãéáôß åßíáé åõ÷Üñéóôïé, Ý÷ïõí åíäéáöÝ-ñïí, åßíáé äéáöïñåôéêïß áðü ïðïéïíäÞðïôå Üëëïí ãýñù óáò, ìðïñåßôå íá ôïõò ðåßôå ôáðÜíôá êáé óáò êáôáëáâáßíïõí.ÁëëÜ ôï èÝìá åßíáé üôé ðïëý ðéèáíüí íá ìç ëÝãáôå ôüóá ðïëëÜ ãéá ôïí åáõôü óáò åÜíôïõò åß÷áôå ãíùñßóåé óôï äñüìï. ÌÝ÷ñé íá ôïõò ãíùñßóåôå áõôïðñïóþðùò äå èá ìðï-ñåßôå ðïôÝ íá åßóôå óßãïõñïé ãéá ôï ðïéïé áêñéâþò åßíáé êáé åêåßíïé äå ãíùñßæïõí ðïéïé åß-óôå åóåßò.¸îé âáóéêÜ óçìåßá ãéá ôçí áóöÜëåéÜ óáòn Íá åëÝãîåôå ôï äéêôõáêü ôüðï Üìåóùí óõíïìéëéþí áíáöïñéêÜ ìå ôçí ðïëéôéêÞ éäéùôé-êüôçôáò êáé ôïí êþäéêá åðéêïéíùíßáò. ÐñÝðåé íá ãíùñßæåôå ôá âáóéêÜ èÝìáôá áóöá-ëåßáò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï ôé åðéôñÝðåôáé êáé ôé ü÷é.n Íá åßóôå ðñïóåêôéêïß· ìðïñåß íá ìçí åßíáé áõôïß ðïõ ëÝíå üôé åßíáé. Êáé ðñÜãìáôé,õðÜñ÷ïõí êÜðïéïé áñêåôÜ ðåñßåñãïé Üíèñùðïé ðïõ åðéóêÝðôïíôáé ôïõò äéáäéêôõáêïýò÷þñïõò Üìåóùí óõíïìéëéþí.



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n Ìç äßíåôå êáìßá ðëçñïöïñßá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôá ðñïóùðéêÜ óáò äåäïìÝíá (ð.÷. ðïý ìÝíå-ôå, ôï üíïìá ôïõ ó÷ïëåßïõ óáò, ôïí áñéèìü ôïõ ôçëåöþíïõ óáò êôë.), ãéáôß ìðïñåß íáåðéêïéíùíÞóïõí ìáæß óáò Üôïìá ðïõ äåí èá èÝëáôå íá ãíùñßóåôå. n ¼ôáí âÜæåôå øåõäþíõìï, íá åðéëÝîåôå Ýíá ðïõ íá ìçí áðïêáëýðôåé êáíÝíá ðñïóùðé-êü óáò äåäïìÝíï.n Íá åßóôå êá÷ýðïðôïé ìå áõôïýò ðïõ óáò æçôïýí íá óõíáíôçèåßôå óå éäéùôéêïýò ÷þ-ñïõò Üìåóùí óõíïìéëéþí.n ÅÜí áðïöáóßóåôå íá óõíáíôÞóåôå áõôïðñïóþðùò ôïõò ößëïõò óáò áðü ôï äéáäéêôõ-áêü ÷þñï Üìåóùí óõíïìéëéþí:�ÐñïóðáèÞóôå íá åëÝãîåôå áðü ðñéí åÜí åßíáé üíôùò áõôïß ðïõ éó÷õñßæïíôáé üôé åßíáé.�ÐïôÝ íá ìçí êáíïíßóåôå íá ôïõò óõíáíôÞóåôå ìüíïé óáò.�ÅÜí åßóôå êÜôù áðü 18 åôþí, íá óõíïäåýåóôå áðü êÜðïéïí ãïíÝá Þ êçäåìüíá óáò.�ÅÜí äåí áéóèÜíåóôå Üíåôá íá óõíïäåýåóôå óôç óõíÜíôçóç áðü ôï ãïíÝá Þ êçäåìü-íá óáò, ôüôå óå êáìéÜ ðåñßðôùóç äåí ðñÝðåé íá ðÜôå ìüíïé óáò!�Íá óõíáíôçèåßôå óå Ýíá äçìüóéï ÷þñï êáé íá ìåßíåôå ìáêñéÜ áðü áðïìïíùìÝíåòðåñéï÷Ýò (ðÜñêá, ÷þñïõò óôÜèìåõóçò, åîüäïõò êéíäýíïõ�)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


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ÊåöÜëáéï 9

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ÈÝìá: ÈÝìáôá óõìðåñéöïñÜò óôï ó÷ïëåßï«Ìéá ïìÜäá êïñéôóéþí ðåéñÜæïõí ìéá óõììáèÞôñéÜ ôïõò. �Ôçò Ýóôåéëáí ðñüóêëçóçãéá Ýíá ðÜñôé, ðïõ óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá äå èá ãéíüôáí. Åêåßíç áíôáðïêñßèçêå óôçí ðñü-óêëçóç, èýìùóå üìùò ìáæß ôïõò üôáí êáôÜëáâå üôé ôçí êïñüéäåøáí. ÐáñáðïíÝèçêå óôéòÜëëåò ãíùóôÝò ôçò êëáßãïíôáò. Åêåßíåò ðéóôåýïõí üôé åßíáé áíþñéìç êáé áñ÷ßæïõí íá ìçíêÜíïõí ðáñÝá ìáæß ôçò» (Ð. ×çíÜò êáé Ê. ×ñõóáößäçò, 2000:32-36). Ìå áöïñìÞ ôï ðáñáðÜíù êåßìåíï Þ Ýíá ðñáãìáôéêü óõìâÜí óôï ÷þñï ôïõ ó÷ïëåßïõóáò, íá ìåëåôÞóåôå ðåñéðôþóåéò áõôáñ÷éóìïý, êáôáããåëßáò, êïñïéäßáò, ôáðåßíùóçò ê.Ü.ìåôáîý óõììáèçôþí. ×ùñéóìüò ôçò ôÜîçò óå ïìÜäåò. Óå êÜèå ïìÜäá ìïéñÜæïíôáé ñüëïé (ð.÷. ñüëïò ôïõèýìáôïò, ñüëïò ôïõ åêðáéäåõôéêïý, ñüëïò ôïõ ãïíÝá, ñüëïò ôïõ äéåõèõíôÞ ê.Ü.). ÁöïýáêïëïõèÞóåé óõæÞôçóç óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò ïìÜäáò ðåñßðïõ ãéá Ýíá ôÝôáñôï áíáêïéíþíïíôáéóôçí ôÜîç ôá óõìðåñÜóìáôá óôá ïðïßá êáôÝëçîå êÜèå ïìÜäá. ÐñïôÜóåéò ðñïò óõæÞôçóç:n Óõìâéâáóìüò ðïõ óôçñßæåôáé óôçí åíóõíáßóèçóç ôùí áíáãêþí ôïõ Üëëïõ.n ÁíïéêôÞ óõæÞôçóç êáé áðïêÜëõøç ôùí áíáãêþí ôùí åìðëåêïìÝíùí, áêüìç êáé ÷ùñßòóõìâéâáóìü.n Ðáñáãíþñéóç (áí åßíáé ðñüâëçìá áóÞìáíôï) Þ äéáäéêáóßá óõìâéâáóìïý.(Óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôï êåßìåíï óôçí åéóáãùãÞ ôïõ ôåôñáäßïõ ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç äéáäéêáóßáôïõ ó÷åäßïõ åñãáóßáò).

EöáñìïãÞ áíÜëõóçò ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ êáé ìåëÝôçò ðåñßðôùóçò (âë. ðáñáêÜôù).Äåßôå ôï Ýñãï «Sacco êáé Vanzetti» ôïõ óêçíïèÝôç Giuliano Montaldo, ðáñáãùãÞò 1971.

Áðïêëßíïõóá óõìðåñéöïñÜ: ðáñáâáôéêüôçôá êáé åãêëçìáôéêüôçôá99.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

9.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ -ÁÍÁËÕÓÇ ÐÅÑÉÅ×ÏÌÅÍÏÕ...

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ÁíÜëõóç åíüò êéíçìáôïãñáöéêïý ÝñãïõÃéá íá áíáëýóïõìå Ýíá êéíçìáôïãñáöéêü Ýñãï èá ðñÝðåé íá áíáôñÝîïõìå óôá åñãá-ëåßá ôùí êïéíùíéêþí åðéóôçìþí. Ïé åñùôÞóåéò ðïõ áêïëïõèïýí áðïôåëïýí ìåñéêÝò õðï-äåßîåéò ãéá ôç ìåëÝôç.Ôï Ýñãï¼íïìá êáé åèíéêüôçôá óêçíïèÝôç ....................................................................................................................Óå ðïéá ðåñßïäï áíáöÝñåôáé ôï Ýñãï, óå ðïéá ÷þñá Þ ðåñéï÷Þ;..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï ôïõ Ýñãïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óå: ðåñßïäï êñßóçò, ïéêïíïìéêþí áëëáãþí, êïéíù-íéêþí áíáôñïðþí, ðïëéôéêþí áëëáãþí Þ Üëëï;.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýñãï ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óå áëçèéíÞ éóôïñßá;.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Ðïéá èÝìáôá ðñïóåããßæåé; ÏéêïíïìéêÜ, êïéíùíéêÜ, øõ÷ïëïãéêÜ, Üëëá;.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Óå ðïéï åßäïò êáôáôÜóóåôáé; ÍôïêéìáíôÝñ, åðéóôçìïíéêü, äñÜìá, êùìùäßá, Üëëï;.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

81ÊåöÜëáéï 9 Áðïêëßíïõóá óõìðåñéöïñÜ: ðáñáâáôéêüôçôá êáé åãëçìáôéêüôçôá

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Íá ðáñïõóéÜóåôå ôçí éóôïñßá êáé ôçí åîÝëéîÞ ôçò óå 10 ãñáììÝò...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Ðïéá åßíáé ôá êåíôñéêÜ ðñüóùðá ôïõ Ýñãïõ;....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Ãéá êÜèå ðñüóùðï íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíáí ðßíáêá ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ðåñéëáìâÜíåé: ôçí çëéêßá, ôçíïéêïãåíåéáêÞ êáôÜóôáóç, ôçí êïéíùíéêÞ êáôçãïñßá óôçí ïðïßá áíÞêåé ê.Ü............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ÊåöÜëáéï 9 Áðïêëßíïõóá óõìðåñéöïñÜ: ðáñáâáôéêüôçôá êáé åãëçìáôéêüôçôá82

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Íá óõíäÝóåôå ôá èÝìáôá ôïõ Ýñãïõ ìå áõôÜ ôïõ âéâëßïõ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Ðïéåò Ýííïéåò ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôï Ýñãï êáé ðïéïò ï ïñéóìüò ôïõò;...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9.3.1 Íá óõìðëçñùèïýí ôá êåíÜ:Ôï Ýãêëçìá åßíáé ìéá óõìðåñéöïñÜ ç ïðïßá áîéïëïãåßôáé .............................................. áðüôçí êõñßáñ÷ç çèéêÞ ôçò ................................ êáé ôéìùñåßôáé áðü ôïí .............................. êïéíùíéêüÝëåã÷ï. Ïé êïéíùíéïëïãéêÝò èåùñßåò ãéá ôçí åîÞãçóç ôçò ............................................... óõìðåñéöï-ñÜò Ý÷ïõí áíáðôõ÷èåß óå äéáöïñåôéêÜ åðßðåäá áíÜëõóçò. ¢ëëåò äßíïõí Ýìöáóç óôç................................. ôçò ïéêïãÝíåéáò, Üëëåò óôç óçìáóßá ôçò ................................................, ÜëëåòôÝëïò óôçí åñãáóéáêÞ ................................................9.3.2 Ìå âÜóç ôïí ðßíáêá ôïõ ÌÝñôïí íá ôïðïèåôÞóåôå ôïõò ðáñáêÜôù ôýðïõò áôü-ìùí óôïõò áíôßóôïé÷ïõò ôýðïõò óõìðåñéöïñÜò («ðáñáäåßãìáôá») êáé íá óõìðëçñþóå-ôå ôá ìÝóá êáé ôïõò óêïðïýò ìå ôá óçìåßá + Þ :



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ãñáöåéïêñÜôçò, öïñïöõãÜò, Üóôåãïò, ìïíá÷üò, åñãáæüìåíïò áðåñãüò, åðáíáóôÜôçò.

9.3.3 Íá óõìðëçñþóåôå ôç óçìáóßá ôùí åííïéþí: Ðñüëçøç: ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ÐñùôïãåíÞò ðñüëçøç ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


Ôýðïò óõìðåñéöïñÜò ÌÝóá Óêïðïß ÐáñáäåßãìáôáÓõììüñöùóç 1. 1. 1.2. 2. 2.3. 3. 3.Êáéíïôïìßá 1. 1. 1.2. 2. 2.3. 3. 3.Ôõðïëáôñßá 1. 1. 1.2. 2. 2.3. 3. 3.Áíá÷ùñçôéóìüò 1. 1. 1.2. 2. 2.3. 3. 3.ÅðáíÜóôáóç 1. 1. 1.2. 2. 2.3. 3. 3.

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.............................................................................................................................................................................................ÄåõôåñïãåíÞò ðñüëçøç ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ÔñéôïãåíÞò ðñüëçøç .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9.3.4 Íá áíôéóôïé÷ßóåôå ôéò Ýííïéåò ôçò óôÞëçò Á ìå áõôÝò ôçò óôÞëçò Â:

Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï êåßìåíï ðïõ áêïëïõèåß êáé íá ó÷ïëéÜóåôå ôçí åìðåéñßá óáò áðü óõì-âÜíôá ðïõ åßäáôå óôçí ôçëåüñáóç êáé óáò äçìéïýñãçóáí áñíçôéêÜ óõíáéóèÞìáôáÞ Üã÷ïò.«Ïé åêðïìðÝò êáé ïé ôçëåïðôéêÝò åéäÞóåéò, ìå ôá äõóÜñåóôá ãåãïíüôá, ôçí áíèñþðéíçäõóôõ÷ßá, ôçí ðïëéôéêÞ äéáöèïñÜ, ôï Ýãêëçìá, êáëëéåñãïýí ôçí áðáéóéïäïîßá óôá Üôïìá,ôá ïäçãïýí óôçí ðáèçôéêüôçôá êáé ôçí áäéáöïñßá, åíéó÷ýïíôáò Ýôóé ôï óõìâéâáóìü ôïõòìå ôçí éó÷ýïõóá ôÜîç ðñáãìÜôùí, üðïéá êé áí åßíáé áõôÞ. Ç ðïëéôéêÞ åðéêïéíùíßá áðïëé-ôéêïðïéåßôáé, áöïý ôá üñéá ôçò øõ÷áãùãßáò êáé ôçò ðëçñïöüñçóçò ìå ôç äéáöÞìéóç,


Á Â1. åôéêÝôá Á. äñÜóåéò ãéá ôçí áðïôñïðÞåðáíÜëçøçò åãêëçìáôéêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò2. óùöñïíéóìüò Â. ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé óõíÞèùò ìå ôçí Ýêôéóç ôçò ðïéíÞò3. õðïôñïðÞ Ã. áðïäï÷Þ ôïõ ÷áñáêôçñéóìïý êáé áíÜëïãç óõìðåñéöïñÜ 4. éäñõìáôïðïßçóç Ä. ïé áñíçôéêÝò åðéäñÜóåéò ôïõ åãêëåéóìïýóôç öõëáêÞ5. êïéíùíéêÞ åðáíÝíôáîç Å. ç åðáíÜëçøç ôçò åãêëçìáôéêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò


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óõã÷Ýïíôáé. Ç ðïëéôéêÞ êáé êïéíùíéêÞ ðëçñïöüñçóç ãßíïíôáé èÝáìá êáé ðáé÷íßäé, åðéêå-íôñþíïíôáé óå ðñüóùðá, ðñïóùðéêüôçôåò êáé óå áíèñþðéíåò éäéüôçôåò êáé ü÷é óôçí ïõ-óßá ôùí èåìÜôùí, ïýôå óå êáôáóôÜóåéò êáé êïéíùíéêÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá. Ïé áíáëýóåéò äåíåóôéÜæïõí óå åðé÷åéñÞìáôá, áëëÜ óõíÞèùò óôçí åîéóôüñçóç áíïýóéùí óôïé÷åßùí êáé áóÞ-ìáíôùí ãåãïíüôùí» (Å. Ëáìðñïðïýëïõ, 2000:423). .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


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ÊåöÜëáéï 10

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ÈÝìá: Ôá äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïýÍá äéåñåõíçèïýí ïé âáóéêÝò áéôßåò ôçò ìåôáíÜóôåõóçò ðñïò ôçí ÅëëÜäá êáé åéäéêüôå-ñá íá åîåôáóôïýí ôá ðéèáíÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá ðïõ áíôéìåôùðßæïõí ôá ðáéäéÜ óå äéÜöïñåò ÷þ-ñåò (åíäåéêôéêÜ ìðïñåß íá åðéëåãåß ç ÅëëÜäá êáé ìéá ÷þñá ôçò ÄõôéêÞò Åõñþðçò Þ ôçòÁöñéêÞò). Óôü÷ïé Ç óçìáóßá ôïõ óåâáóìïý ôùí äéêáéùìÜôùí ôïõ ðáéäéïý áíÜ ôïí êüóìï. Ï ðñïâëçìá-ôéóìüò óå ó÷Ýóç ìå äéåèíÞ æçôÞìáôá ðïõ ðñïîåíïýí ðñïâëÞìáôá óôá ðáéäéÜ êáé ïé äéáöï-ñåôéêïß ôñüðïé õðåñÜóðéóçò ôùí äéêáéùìÜôùí áíÜ åðéëåãüìåíç ÷þñá.ÓêïðüòÌå áöïñìÞ ôçí ðëçñïöüñçóç (áðü Ì.Ì.Å.) ðïõ ëáìâÜíïõìå êáé ôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò ðá-ñáâéÜóåùí ôùí âáóéêþí äéêáéùìÜôùí ôùí ðáéäéþí áíÜ ôïí êüóìï, èá ðñïóåããßóïõìå ôïèÝìá. Ç äéåñåýíçóç ìðïñåß íá ðñáãìáôïðïéçèåß ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç âéâëßùí êáé Üëëùí ìáèçìÜ-ôùí (ð.÷. éóôïñßá, äßêáéï, áñ÷Ýò ïéêïíïìßáò).Ó÷åäéáóìüò8 ÄéÜñêåéá: 6 äéäáêôéêÝò þñåò ðáñÜëëçëá ìå ôç äéäáóêáëßá ôïõ 10 êåöáëáßïõ.8 ×ùñéóìüò óå ïìÜäåò: êÜèå ïìÜäá ìå âÜóç ôá åíäéáöÝñïíôÜ ôçò áíáëáìâÜíåé ìéá èå-ìáôéêÞ åíüôçôá üðùò:1. Äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïý êáé ïéêïãÝíåéá2. Äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïý êáé ðáéäéêÞ åñãáóßá3. Äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïý êáé åêðáßäåõóç4. Äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïý êáé öôþ÷åéá

Åôåñüôçôá, äéáðïëéôéóìéêÝò êáé äéáêïéíùíéáêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò1010.1. Ó×ÅÄÉÏ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁÓ

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5. Äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïý êáé õãåßá6. Äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäéïý êáé ðáé÷íßäé8 ÕëéêÜ: åöçìåñßäåò, âéâëßá, ôáéíßåò, íôïêéìáíôÝñ, öùôïãñáöéêÞ ìç÷áíÞ, äéáöÜíåéåò,áíôßãñáöá ðéíÜêùí Ýñãùí ôÝ÷íçò.8 Äñáóôçñéüôçôåò:1. ¸ñåõíá ðçãþí: 4 Äçìéïõñãßá öáêÝëïõ ìå Üñèñá áðü åöçìåñßäåò, ðåñéïäéêÜ, âéâëßá, äéáäßêôõï.4 ÊáôáãñáöÞ ïñãáíéóìþí Þ öïñÝùí ðïõ áó÷ïëïýíôáé ìå ôï ðáéäß êáé ôçí õðåñÜóðé-óç ôùí äéêáéùìÜôùí ôïõ.4 Áîéïðïßçóç éóôïóåëßäùí äéáäéêôýïõ ó÷åôéêþí ìå ôï èÝìá üðùò: Unesco, Action Aid,ÂïõëÞ ôùí åöÞâùí, ÄéáêÞñõîç ôùí ÇíùìÝíùí Åèíþí ãéá ôá äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ðáéäé-ïý, ÓõíÞãïñï ôïõ ðáéäéïý. 2.¸ñåõíá ðåäßïõ: åíäåéêôéêÝò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò:4 Äéáìüñöùóç åñùôçìáôïëïãßïõ óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôéò õðï÷ñåþóåéò êáé ôá äéêáéþìáôáôùí ìáèçôþí ðïõ èá Þèåëáí íá éó÷ýïõí óôï ó÷ïëåßï.4 Åðßóêåøç óå êáôáõëéóìü ðñïóöýãùí êáé óõæÞôçóç ìå ôá ðáéäéÜ ðïõ Ý÷ïõí Ýñèåéáðü Üëëåò ÷þñåò ãéá ôá èÝìáôá ðïõ ôá áðáó÷ïëïýí.4 Áîéïëüãçóç: Óýíôïìåò åêèÝóåéò ìáèçôþí Þ ïìÜäùí ãéá ôéò åìðåéñßåò, ôá óõíáéóèÞ-ìáôá, ôéò óôÜóåéò, ôéò äåîéüôçôåò ðïõ áíÝðôõîáí áëëÜ êáé ôéò ðéèáíÝò äõóêïëßåòðïõ áíôéìåôþðéóáí (áõôïáîéïëüãçóç). 4 Ðáñïõóßáóç ôçò åñãáóßáò ôùí ïìÜäùí óôï ó÷ïëåßï Þ óôçí ôïðéêÞ êïéíùíßá.

Ç ìåëÝôç ðåñßðôùóçò áðïôåëåß Ýíá áðü ôá åßäç ôçò åìðåéñéêÞò Ýñåõíáò. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéáìéá óå âÜèïò áíÜëõóç ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêþí êáé óõëëïãÞ ðëçñïöïñéþí áðü ôïí êýêëï æùÞòìéáò ìïíÜäáò áðü ôï «ãåíéêü ðëçèõóìü». Ï ãåíéêüò ðëçèõóìüò ìðïñåß íá åßíáé Üôïìá,ïñãáíþóåéò, êïéíüôçôåò Þ áêüìç êáé êïéíùíßåò. Ç ìåëÝôç ôçò ìïíÜäáò ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáéìå ôç ÷ñÞóç äéÜöïñùí ìåèüäùí óõëëïãÞò óôïé÷åßùí (ð.÷. ðáñáôÞñçóç*, áíÜëõóç ðåñé-å÷ïìÝíïõ, óõíÝíôåõîç, áíÜëõóç áñ÷åßùí êôë.) ìå óêïðü ôçí åîáãùãÞ óõìðåñáóìÜôùíãéá ôïí åõñýôåñï ðëçèõóìü ôùí ìïíÜäùí. Ç ìåëÝôç ðåñßðôùóçò âñßóêåôáé óôïí áíôßðï-äá ôçò äçìïóêüðçóçò, ãéáôß ìÝóù áõôÞò ðñïóðáèïýìå íá âñïýìå ôéò ãåíéêüôåñåò ôÜ-óåéò ðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí ó� Ýíáí ðëçèõóìü, åíþ óôç ìåëÝôç ðåñßðôùóçò ðñïóðáèïýìå íá äé-åéóäýóïõìå óå ðôõ÷Ýò, åìöáíåßò Þ ëáíèÜíïõóåò ôçò áíôéðñïóùðåõôéêÞò ìïíÜäáò ðïõåîåôÜæïõìå. Ïé ìáèçôÝò ìðïñïýí íá åíôïðßóïõí Ýíá «áíôéðñïóùðåõôéêü» ìáèçôÞ, ðáéäß ìåôáíá-óôþí, (ßóùò ìéá ìáèÞôñéá êáé Ýíá ìáèçôÞ) êáé íá ìåëåôÞóïõí ôçí ðñïóáñìïãÞ ôïõ óôïåëëçíéêü ó÷ïëéêü êáé óôï êïéíùíéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí. Ç ó÷åôéêÞ ìåëÝôç èá ðñÝðåé íá êáôáðéá-óôåß ìå üëåò ôéò ðôõ÷Ýò ôçò æùÞò ôïõ, ìå ôçí ðñïÝëåõóç, ôçí ïéêïãåíåéáêÞ êáôÜóôáóç,ôï åðÜããåëìá êáé ôçí åñãáóßá ôùí ãïíÝùí, ôç ó÷Ýóç ôïõ ìå ôïõò ãïíåßò, ôçí áêáäçìáúêÞôïõ ðñüïäï, ôç óõììåôï÷Þ ôïõ óå ó÷ïëéêÝò äñáóôçñéüôçôåò, ôçí êïéíùíéêÞ ôïõ Ýíôáîç

89ÊåöÜëáéï 10 Åôåñüôçôá, äéáðïëéôéóìéêÝò êáé äéáêïéíùíéáêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò

10.2. TEXNIKEÓ ÊÏÉÍÙÍÉÊÇÓ ÅÑÅÕÍÁÓ-ÌÅËÅÔÇ ÐÅÑÉÐÔÙÓÇÓ

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óôï ó÷ïëéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí êáé óôçí åõñýôåñç êïéíùíßá, ôéò ðñïóäïêßåò ôïõ ãéá ôï ìÝëëïíêôë. Ç ìåëÝôç áõôÞ èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé áíþíõìç. Áðü ôç ó÷åôéêÞ ìåëÝôç ïé ìáèçôÝò ìðï-ñïýí íá åîÜãïõí óõìðåñÜóìáôá (õðïèÝóåéò åñãáóßáò) ãéá åðáëÞèåõóç óå ìåãáëýôåñáäåßãìáôá áëëïäáðþí ìáèçôþí óôï âáèìü ðïõ ç ðåñßðôùóç Þôáí áíôéðñïóùðåõôéêÞ.

10.3.1 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù áðüóðáóìá êáé íá áðáíôÞóåôå óôéò åñùôÞóåéò ðïõáêïëïõèïýí:«Óôç ìïíáñ÷éêÞ ÑïõÜíôá, ìéá êõñßáñ÷ç ìåéïøçößá, îÝíçò ðñïÝëåõóçò, ç ïìÜäá Ôïý-ôóé, åðéâëÞèçêå óå ìéá áõôü÷èïíç áãñïôéÜ ðïõ áðïôåëåß ôç ìåãÜëç ðëåéïøçößá (ðÜíùáðü ôï 82%), ôçí ïìÜäá ×ïýôïõ. Ç ìåéïøçößá áõôÞ ïéêïäüìçóå ðñïïäåõôéêÜ ôï êñÜôïò,äéåýñõíå ôï Ýäáöïò ôïõ, åãêáôÝóôçóå ôïõò ìç÷áíéóìïýò ðïõ äéáóöáëßæïõí ôçí ðïëéôéêÞêáé ïéêïíïìéêÞ ôçò éó÷ý: ôï äßêôõï ôùí ó÷Ýóåùí ðñïóùðéêÞò åîÜñôçóçò, ôçí ðïëéôéêï-äé-ïéêçôéêÞ éåñáñ÷ßá, ôïõò óôñáôïýò.... Ïéêïäüìçóå, ôÝëïò, Ýíá åíéáßï óýóôçìá ôïõ ïðïßïõï çãåìüíáò, áðüëõôïò êýñéïò ôùí áíèñþðùí êáé ôçò ÷þñáò, åßíáé ï öýëáêáò êáé áíÝðôõ-îå Ýíáí åèíéêü ðïëéôéóìü. Ðáñ´ üëá áõôÜ, ï ïñèïëïãéóìüò ðïõ ÷áñáêôçñßæåé ôï êñÜôïòôçò ÑïõÜíôá ðñïóêñïýåé óå ðïëõÜñéèìá åìðüäéá ðïõ áíôéôßèåíôáé óôçí ðïñåßá ôïõ.¼óï ðéï áðïìáêñõóìÝíåò áðü ôï êÝíôñï åßíáé ïé ðåñéï÷Ýò ôüóï ëéãüôåñï õðüêåéíôáéóôïí êñáôéêü Ýëåã÷ï. ¼óï ðåñéóóüôåñï ÷áëáñþíåé áõôüò ï Ýëåã÷ïò ôüóï ðåñéóóüôåñïéó÷õñïðïéïýíôáé ïé äïìÝò ôùí êëáí* êáé ôùí ãåíþí. Ç éóïññïðßá ìåôáîý ôùí äéáöüñùíåîïõóéþí ìåôáâÜëëåôáé êáôÜ óõíÝðåéá êÜôù áðü ôéò ßäéåò óõíèÞêåò. Ôï êñÜôïò äåí ìðüñåóå íá åðéâÜëåé éóïìåñþò ôçí éó÷ý ôïõ êáé ïé ôïðéêÝò ðáñáëëáãÝòöáíåñþíïõí ôá üñéá ðïõ ðáñåìðïäßæïõí ôç ãåíßêåõóç ôïõ äéïéêçôéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò. ÏéáíôéóôÜóåéò ðïõ åìöáíßóôçêáí äåí åîçãïýíôáé ìüíï áðü ôéò ôå÷íéêÝò áíåðÜñêåéåò (åêåß-íåò ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôá ìÝóá äéåõèÝôçóçò ôïõ ÷þñïõ êáé óôçí åîáóöÜëéóç ôùí åðéêïé-íùíéþí, åêåßíåò ðïõ åßíáé åããåíåßò óå ìéá õðïôõðþäç ãñáöåéïêñáôßá). ¸÷ïõí ôïí ÷áñá-êôÞñá ìéáò áíôßóôáóçò ðñïò ôçí êõñéáñ÷ßá ôçò áñéóôïêñáôßáò ôùí Ôïýôóé. Áõôü áðïäåé-êíýåé üôé ï ïñèïëïãéóìüò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ôçò ÑïõÜíôá öáßíåôáé íá åßíáé ëéãüôåñï ï ïñ-èïëïãéóìüò åíüò êñÜôïõò ðïõ ïñãáíþíåé ôçí êïéíùíßá óôï óýíïëü ôçò ðáñÜ ï ïñèïëï-ãéóìüò ìéáò ôÜîçò ðïõ ïñãáíþíåé ôçí åêìåôÜëëåõóç ìéáò áãñïôéêÞò ðëåéïøçößáò óôçíïðïßá Ý÷åé áíáôåèåß ç ðáñáãùãÞ êáé áðü ôçí ïðïßá áðáéôïýíôáé ðïëëáðëÝò ðáñï÷Ýò. ÇêïéíùíéêïðïëéôéêÞ ìç÷áíÞ ëåéôïõñãåß ãé� áõôüí ôïí óêïðü. ÅÜí ðñïóðáèÞóïõìå íá ðáñáóôÞóïõìå ãñáöéêÜ ôç äéÜñèñùóç ôùí âáóéêþí êïéíùíé-êþí ó÷Ýóåùí, ðïõ Ý÷ïõí üëåò ôïõò ïéêïíïìéêÝò åðéðôþóåéò, äéáðéóôþíïõìå üôé åßíáé ðñï-óáíáôïëéóìÝíåò ðñïò ôïí çãåìüíá (ìïõÜìé), ðñïò ôïõò öïñåßò ôçò ðïëéôéêï-äéïéêçôéêÞòéåñáñ÷ßáò êáé ðñïò ôçí áñéóôïêñáôßá» (G. Balandier, 1990:206). 41. Äéáêñßíåôå êÜðïéá áíôßöáóç óôçí Ýêöñáóç «êõñßáñ÷ç ìåéïøçößá»;42. Ðïéá ôá åìðüäéá óôá ïðïßá ðñïóÝêñïõóå ç ïñèïëïãéêÞ áíÜðôõîç ôïõ êñÜôïõò ôçòÑïõÜíôá;

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43. Ðþò èá ÷áñáêôçñßæáôå ôï ðïëßôåõìá ôçò ÑïõÜíôá;44. Ìðïñåßôå íá óõíÜãåôå ôéò áéôßåò ôçò åìöýëéáò óýãêñïõóçò ôùí ×ïýôïõ êáé ôùíÔïýôóé;45. Äéáöáßíåôáé ç êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞ Ýííïéá ôçò ìåéïíüôçôáò;46. Íá äåßôå ôçí ôáéíßá «Îåíïäï÷åßï ÑïõÜíôá» ôïõ óêçíïèÝôç ÔÝñé Ôæùñôæ. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10.3.2 Íá óõìðëçñþóåôå ôçí áêñïóôé÷ßäá:1. Ä .................................................2. É .................................................3. Á .................................................4. Ê .................................................5. Ñ .................................................6. É .................................................7. Ó .................................................8. Å .................................................9. É .................................................10. Ó .................................................

1. Ï ìç äå÷üìåíïò áíôßññçóç 2. Áõôüò ðïõ áðïâëÝðåé ìüíï óôï óõìöÝñïí ôïõ 3. Áðñï-èõìßá ãéá óõìâéâáóìü 4. Äõóðéóôßá 5. ÁðïóôñïöÞ êáé ìßóïò áðÝíáíôé óôïõò áëëüöõ-ëïõò êáé ôïõò áëëïäáðïýò, áêñáßá Ýêöáíóç ôçò îåíïöïâßáò 6. ¼ìïéïò 7. Ïé éäÝåò ðïõåßíáé âáóéóìÝíåò óå äéáóôñåâëþóåéò, õðåñâïëÝò êáé õðåñáðëïõóôåýóåéò. 8. ÕðÝñìåôñçáãÜðç ãéá ôïí åáõôü ìáò 9. Ôá éäéáßôåñá ãíùñßóìáôá ðñïóþðùí Þ ðñáãìÜôùí 10. Áñìï-íéêÞ óõìâßùóç10.3.3 Íá óõìðëçñþóåôå ôá êåíÜ ôùí ðñïôÜóåùí:ÐñïêáôÜëçøç: Ç áñíçôéêÞ ãíþìç Þ .............................. äéáìïñöùìÝíç åê ôùí ðñïôÝñùí, ÷ù-ñßò ìåëÝôç Þ ....................................... êáé åðçñåáóìÝíç áðü ôá êáôåóôçìÝíá óôåñåüôõðá.


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ÄéÜêñéóç: Äçëþíåé Üíéóï êáé .............................. ôñüðï ìåôá÷åßñéóçò åíüò áôüìïõ áðüêÜðïéï ............................... , åîáéôßáò êáé ìüíï ôçò ..........................................................ôïõ.Îåíïöïâßá: Ôï áßóèçìá ............................................. ãéá ôïí îÝíï Þ ôïí áëëïäáðü óõíÞèùòðñïåñ÷üìåíï áðü áíáðôõóóüìåíç ÷þñá. ÐçãÜæåé áðü ôçí Üãíïéá êáé ôéò ............................................................ .10.3.4 Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï áðüóðáóìá áðü ôçí åöçìåñßäá. Íá ÷ùñéóôåßôå óå äõï ïìÜ-äåò êáé íá óõæçôÞóåôå· êÜèå ïìÜäá èá ðáñïõóéÜóåé ôá åðé÷åéñÞìáôÜ ôçò óôï ðëáßóéïôçò ôÜîçò, ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç óõìâßùóç äéáöïñåôéêþí ðïëéôéóìéêþí ïìÜäùí.¸ãêëçìá ôéìÞò: ç ðáñÜäïóç ôçò öñßêçò«Ìå Ýîé óöáßñåò êáñöùìÝíåò óôï óþìá ôçò, ç 23÷ñïíç ×áôßí Óïõñïýê ðÝèáíå ìüíçóå Ýíá äñüìï ôïõ Âåñïëßíïõ, íý÷ôá ìå ÷éüíé, äïëïöïíçìÝíç áðü ôïõò ßäéïõò ôïõò áäåë-öïýò ôçò. ¢ëëï Ýíá �Ýãêëçìá ôéìÞò�, áðü áõôÜ ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ãßíåé ñïõôßíá ðéá óôç Ãåñìá-íßá. Ç ×áôßí Þôáí ìüëéò 23 ÷ñüíùí êáé ôïõñêéêÞò êáôáãùãÞò. Åß÷å ãåííçèåß êáé ìåãáëþóåé óôï Âåñïëßíï, üðùò ôá áäÝëöéá ôçò êáé ëßãá ðñÜãìáôáÞîåñå ãéá ôçí ðáôñßäá ôùí ãïíéþí ôçò. ¼ôáí Ýãéíå 16 ÷ñüíùí ôçí ðÜíôñåøáí ìå ôï æüñéìå Ýíáí îÜäåëöü ôçò óôçí Ðüëç êáé ôçí Ýóôåéëáí íá æÞóåé åêåß. Ç ×áôßí üìùò äåí åß÷å êá-ìéÜ ôÝôïéá äéÜèåóç, ïýôå Þèåëå íá ðåñÜóåé ôç æùÞ ôçò óå Ýíá áõóôçñÜ ìïõóïõëìáíéêüðåñéâÜëëïí. Åß÷å ìÜèåé äéáöïñåôéêÜ óôï Âåñïëßíï. ¼ôáí ãÝííçóå ôïí ðñþôï ôçò ãéï ÷þ-ñéóå áðü ôïí Üíäñá ôçò, ðñÜãìá éäéáßôåñá ðñïóâëçôéêü ãéá ôçí ïéêïãÝíåéÜ ôçò êáé ãýñé-óå óôç Ãåñìáíßá. Ìüíç, ÷ùñéóìÝíç êáé ìå Ýíá ðáéäß, Üñ÷éóáí ôá äýóêïëá. Ç ïéêïãÝíåéÜ ôçò íá ôçí êñá-ôÜ óå áðüóôáóç êáé ôá ôñßá áäÝëöéá ôçò íá ôçí áðåéëïýí. Åêåßíç äåí ôï Ýâáëå êÜôù,âñÞêå ìéá èÝóç ìáèçôåßáò, ìåôÜ áðü ëßãï êáéñü, ìéá äïõëåéÜ íá æåé ôïí åáõôü ôçò êáé ôïíãéï ôçò êáé Ýðéáóå Ýíá ìéêñü äéáìÝñéóìá. ¢ñ÷éóå íá âãáßíåé, íá Ý÷åé êïéíùíéêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò,íá ãíùñßæåé áíèñþðïõò êáé ôç æùÞ, êÜôé ðïõ äåí Üñåóå êáèüëïõ óôçí ïéêïãÝíåéÜ ôçò. ÏéáðåéëÝò Ýãéíáí ðéï óïâáñÝò, ìÝ÷ñé ðïõ ôï äñÜìá êïñõöþèçêå. Ôá ôñßá áäÝëöéá ôçò ôçíðåñßìåíáí óå ìéá óêïôåéíÞ ãùíéÜ êïíôÜ óôï óðßôé ôçò íá ãõñßóåé áðü ôç äïõëåéÜ. Ðéôóéñé-êÜäåò êáé áõôïß. Áðü 18 ìÝ÷ñé 25 ÷ñüíùí, äå óêÝöôçêáí êáèüëïõ ôç æùÞ ôçò áäåëöÞòôïõò, ïýôå ôéò äéêÝò ôïõò ðïõ êáôáóôñÝöïíôáé. Ãé� áõôïýò ðÜíù áðü üëá åßíáé ç �ôéìÞ ôçòïéêïãÝíåéáò�, ü,ôé ìðïñåß äçëáäÞ íá óçìáßíåé ôéìÞ óå ôÝôïéá ìõáëÜ. Ìüëéò åßäáí ôç ×áôßí,Üäåéáóáí ðÜíù ôçò Ýíá ãåìéóôÞñá. Ôçí Üöçóáí êáé Ýöõãáí. ÁõôÜ ôá èÝìáôá Ý÷ïõí ãßíåé ñïõôßíá ðéá êáé óôï êÝíôñï ôçò Åõñþðçò áðü ôéò ðáñÜë-ëçëåò êïéíùíßåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí äçìéïõñãçèåß� Ôï èÝìá åßíáé ðïëý ðïëýðëïêï êáé óßãïõñá èá áðáó÷ïëÞóåé ðïëëÝò åõñùðáúêÝò ÷þ-ñåò üëï êáé ðéï ðïëý óôï ìÝëëïí. Ãéáôß äåí ìéëÜìå ðéá ãéá ìåôáíÜóôåò áëëÜ ãéá ôç äåý-ôåñç êáé ôçí ôñßôç ãåíéÜ, ðïõ ãåííÞèçêå êáé ìåãÜëùóå åäþ. Êáé üìùò, åßíáé óáí íá ìçíÝëåéøáí ïýôå ìéá ìÝñá áðü ôá ïñåéíÜ ÷ùñéÜ ôçò Áíáôïëßáò. Êáé ôï ëÜèïò äåí åßíáé ìüíïäéêü ôïõò, áëëÜ êáé áõôþí ðïõ äåí êáôÜöåñáí íá ôïõò ðÜñïõí ìáæß ôïõò êáé íá ôïõò êÜ-íïõí íá êáôáëÜâïõí êáé ôéò áîßåò ôùí ÷ùñþí üðïõ ãåííÞèçêáí êáé ìåãÜëùóáí ðáñÜëëç-ëá ìå áõôÝò ôçò ÷þñáò êáôáãùãÞò ôïõò. Áíôßèåôá, ôïõò Ýêáíáí å÷èñïýò ôùí êïéíùíéþí


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ìáò êáé ôïõ åáõôïý ôïõò» (Ð. Âáëáóüðïõëïò, Åëåõèåñïôõðßá, 19/2/2005, «ÐëáíÞôçò Ãç -Ðñüóùðá-ÉäÝåò-Ãåãïíüôá»).....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10.4.1 ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò ôçò èåùñßáò ôçò ðñïêáôÜëçøçò. Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôïðïßçìá ôïõ Ê.Ã. ÊáñõùôÜêç, «Óôï Üãáëìá ôçò Åëåõèåñßáò ðïõ öùôßæåé ôïí êüóìï», ìá-æß ìå ôéò õðïóçìåéþóåéò, ôï ïðïßï ãñÜöôçêå óôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ 1920 êáé Ý÷åé äçìïóé-åõèåß óôá Êåßìåíá ÍåïåëëçíéêÞò Ëïãïôå÷íßáò, Â´ Ôåý÷ïò, Â´ ÔÜîç Åíéáßïõ Ëõêåßïõ, ÏÅÄ-Â, ¸êäïóç Ã´ 2003. ËåõôåñéÜ, ËåõôåñéÜ, ó÷ßæåé, äáãêÜíåéôïõò ïõñáíïýò ôï óôÝììá óïõ. Ôï öùò óïõ÷ùñßò íá êáßåé, ôõöëþíåé ôï ëáü óïõ.Ðåôáëïýäåò ÷ñõóÝò ïé ÁìåñéêÜíïé,ëïãáñéÜæïõí ðüóá äïëÜñéá êÜíåéóÞìåñá ôï õðåñïýóéï* ìÝôáëëü óïõ.ËåõôåñéÜ, ËåõôåñéÜ, èá ó� áãïñÜóïõíÝìðïñïé êáé êïíóüñôóéá* êé åâñáßïé.åßíáé ðïëëÜ ôïõ áéþíïò ìáò ôá ÷ñÝç,ðïëëÝò ïé áìáñôßåò, ðïõ èá äéáâÜóïõíïé ãåíåÝò, üôáí óå ðáñïìïéÜóïõíìå ôï ðïñôñÝôï ôïõ Dorian Gray*ËåõôåñéÜ, ËåõôåñéÜ, óå íïóôáëãïýíå,ìáêñéíÜ äÜóç, ñçìáãìÝíïé êÞðïéüóïé Üíèñùðïé ðñïóäÝ÷ïíôáé ôç ëýðçóáí Ýðáèëï ôïõ áãþíïò, êáé ìï÷èïýíå,êáé ôç æùÞ ôïõò åîáêïëïõèïýíå,Íåêñïß ðïõ ç êáèéÝñùóéò* ôïõò ëåßðåé.õðåñïýóéïò: èåúêüòêïíóüñôóéá: ðñïóùñéíïß óõíåôáéñéóìïß åðé÷åéñÞóåùí ãéá ôçí ðñáãìáôïðïßçóç óêïðþí áìïéâáßïõ óõìöÝñïíôïò.Ôï ðïñôñÝôï ôïõ Dorian Gray: óôï ïìþíõìï ìõèéóôüñçìá ôïõ ¢ããëïõ óõããñáöÝá ¼óêáñ ÏõÜéëíô (1891), ç äéá-öèïñÜ, ôá åãêëÞìáôá êáé ç çëéêßá ôïõ Þñùá äåí áöÞíïõí ôá ß÷íç ôïõò óôçí ôÝëåéá ìïñöÞ ôïõ áëëÜ áðïôõðþíï-íôáé óéãÜ-óéãÜ óôï ðïñôñÝôï ôïõ.êáèéÝñùóéò: åðßóçìç áíáãíþñéóç.



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Íá åîåôÜóåôå ôï ðïßçìá áðü ôçí Üðïøç ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò êñéôéêÞò. ÐáñÜëëçëá, íá åîå-ôÜóåôå áí óôï ó÷åôéêü êåßìåíï õðïêñýðôïíôáé êïéíùíéêÜ óôåñåüôõðá.�Áí íáé, ðïéá åßíáé áõôÜ ôá óôåñåüôõðá; �Ðïéá áðü ôéò êïéíùíéïëïãéêÝò èåùñßåò ôçò ðñïêáôÜëçøçò ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôï åã÷åé-ñßäéü óáò ôåêìçñéþíåôáé áðü ôï ó÷åôéêü êåßìåíï; .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10.4.2 ÐáñÜäåéãìá åöáñìïãÞò ôå÷íéêÞò Ýñåõíáò-åðéôüðéá åðéóêüðçóç ìå åñùôçìáôïëüãéï

Íá äéáâÜóåôå ôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí êáôáóêåõÞ åñùôçìáôïëüãéùí óôçí åíüôçôá 4.2 ôïõÔ.Å.Å.Ì. ÌåôÜ ôç óõìðëÞñùóç êáé ôçí áíÜëõóç ôùí äåäïìÝíùí íá äéåîá÷èåß óõæÞôç-óç ãéá ôéò åíáëëáêôéêÝò åñìçíåßåò ôùí áðáíôÞóåùí óáò.�ÄÅÍ ÅÉÌÁÉ ÑÁÔÓÉÓÔÇÓ, ÁËËÁ �.�Öýëï : áãüñé ................. êïñßôóé .................... ÔÜîç: ......................................................1. ¸íáò ößëïò / ìéá ößëç óïõ ðñÝðåé íá :


NAI ÉÓÙÓ Ï×É¸÷åé ôï ßäéï öýëïÅßíáé áðü ôçí ßäéá ÷þñá ¸÷åé ôá ßäéá ÷üìðé¸÷åé ôçí ßäéá èñçóêåßáÍôýíåôáé óôï ßäéï óôõëÌéëÜåé ôçí ßäéá ãëþóóáÅßíáé áðïäåêôüò áðü ÜëëïõòÕðïóôçñßæåé ôçí ßäéá ïìÜäáÌÝíåé óôç ãåéôïíéÜ óïõ¢ëëï

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2. Óå ðïéåò ÷þñåò èá Þèåëåò íá ðáò ôáîßäé;

3. Ìå ðïéïõò äåí èÝëåéò íá êÜíåéò ðáñÝá;.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4. Ãéá ðïéïõò ëüãïõò;.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


NAI ÉÓÙÓ Ï×ÉÁßãõðôïòÁëâáíßáÂïõëãáñßáÃåñìáíßáÅëâåôßáÇ.Ð.Á.ÉáðùíßáÉôáëßáÐïëùíßáÔïõñêßáÖéëëéðßíåò¢ëëç:

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5. Ôé êÜíåéò åóý, üôáí ïé Üëëïé/ Üëëåò äåí èÝëïõí íá êÜíïõí ðáñÝá ìå óÝíá;.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6. Áí Ýðñåðå íá ðáò óå ìéá Üëëç ÷þñá, ôé èá öïâüóïõí;.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7. Ôé èá ðåñßìåíåò áðü ôïõò êáéíïýñãéïõò óõììáèçôÝò óïõ;.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8. Ôé íïìßæåéò üôé åßíáé ñáôóéóìüò;.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Ä. Óéñ, 2004:36)


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ÂÉÂËÉÏÃÑÁÖÉÁ1. ÁãùãÞ õãåßáò (2000), ÄéáöõëéêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò, ÔåôñÜäéï ìáèçôÞ, ÕÐÅÐÈ - Åèíéêü ºäñõ-ìá Íåüôçôáò, ÅèíéêÞ Ó÷ïëÞ Äçìüóéáò Õãåßáò.2. Balandier G. (1990), ÐïëéôéêÞ áíèñùðïëïãßá, ÐáðáæÞóçò, ÁèÞíá.3. EFA (2003), Global monitoring report, Unesco.4. Ãéùôïðïýëïõ-Ìáñáãêïðïýëïõ Á. (1995), «Ç Éóüôçôá ôùí öýëùí ùò ðáãêüóìéï áß-ôçìá», ÄéáöõëéêÝò ó÷Ýóåéò, ôüìïò 1, åðéì. Í. Ðáñáóêåõüðïõëïò ê.Ü., ÅëëçíéêÜ ÃñÜììá-ôá, ÁèÞíá.5. Giddens A. (2002), Êïéíùíéïëïãßá, Gutenberg, ÁèÞíá.6. Hobsbawm E.J. (1996), Ç åðï÷Þ ôïõ Êåöáëáßïõ, Ìïñöùôéêü ºäñõìá ÅèíéêÞò Ôñá-ðÝæçò.7. Êáõôáíôæüãëïõ Ñ. (1997), ÓõããÝíåéá êáé ïñãÜíùóç ôïõ Ïéêéáêïý ×þñïõ-ÓõññÜêï1898-1930, Åèíéêü ÊÝíôñï Êïéíùíéêþí Åñåõíþí, ÁèÞíá.8. ÊõñéáæÞ Í. (1999), Ç êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞ Ýñåõíá, ÅëëçíéêÜ ÃñÜììáôá, ÁèÞíá.9. Ëáìðñïðïýëïõ ¸. (1997), Ç êáôáóêåõÞ ôçò êïéíùíéêÞò ðñáãìáôéêüôçôáò êáé ôá ìÝ-óá ìáæéêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò, ÅëëçíéêÜ ÃñÜììáôá, ÁèÞíá.10. Ëáìðñïðïýëïõ ¸. (2000), «Ç âßá êáé ç åãêëçìáôéêüôçôá óôá Ì.Ì.Å.» óôï: Åãêëç-ìáôßåò êáé èýìáôá óôï êáôþöëé ôïõ 21ïõ áéþíá, Å.Ê.Ê.Å., ÁèÞíá.11. Ìáñî Ê. êáé ¸íãêåëò Ö. (1978), Êïììïõíéóôéêü ÌáíéöÝóôï, Êáóôáíéþôçò, ÁèÞíá.12. Mills C.W. (1970), Ïé ÷áñôïãéáêÜäåò, ÊÜëâïò, ÁèÞíá.13. ÌïñÝí Å. (1999), Ôá äáéìüíéÜ ìïõ, ôïõ Åéêïóôïý Ðñþôïõ, ÁèÞíá.14. Moreno J. (1953), Who shall survive (Rev. ed.), Beacon House, New York.15. Íüôôáò Â. (1998), Ç êáôáóêåõÞ ôçò ðñáãìáôéêüôçôáò êáé ôá Ì.Ì.Å., ÁëåîÜíäñåéá,ÔìÞìá Åðéêïéíùíßáò êáé ÌÝóùí ÌáæéêÞò ÅíçìÝñùóçò, Åèíéêü êáé Êáðïäéóôñéáêü Ðáíå-ðéóôÞìéï Áèçíþí.16. Rocher G. (1968), Introduction à la Sociologie génèrale, V.1, Le Seuil, Paris.17. Rosener W. (1999), Ïé áãñüôåò óôçí Åõñþðç, ÅëëçíéêÜ ÃñÜììáôá, ÁèÞíá.18. Salmon M., Earman G., Glymour G., Lennox G., Machamer P., McGuire G., NortonG.D., Salmon W. êáé Schaffner K. (2001), ÅéóáãùãÞ óôç öéëïóïößá ôçò åðéóôÞìçò, Ðáíå-ðéóôçìéáêÝò Åêäüóåéò ÊñÞôçò. 19. Shepard J. L. êáé Green R.W. (2001), Sociology and you, National Textbook Com-pany, Illinois, USA.20. Óéñ Ä. (2004), ÄéáèåìáôéêÜ-ÄéáðïëéôéóìéêÜ, ÊÝíôñï ÄéáðïëéôéóìéêÞò ÁãùãÞò, Åèíé-êü êáé Êáðïäéóôñéáêü ÐáíåðéóôÞìéï Áèçíþí. 21. ÔÜôóçò Í. (1986), Ç äéäáóêáëßá ôçò êïéíùíéïëïãéêÞò èåùñßáò, Gutenberg,ÁèÞíá.22. Ôóéþêïò Ã., Âåñãßäçò Ä. êáé Íéêïëáêüðïõëïò Ç. (1998), ÐáíåëëÞíéá ¸ñåõíá ãéáôïí áíáëöáâçôéóìü. Óýíïøç áðïôåëåóìÜôùí, Åèíéêü ÊÝíôñï Âéâëßïõ, ÁèÞíá.23. ÕÐ.Å.Ð.È., Åèíéêü ºäñõìá Íåüôçôáò êáé ÅèíéêÞ Ó÷ïëÞ Äçìüóéáò Õãåßáò (2000), å-ðéóôçì. õð. ÊïõñÝá-Êñåìáóôéíïý Ôæ., ÁãùãÞ Õãåßáò ÓåîïõáëéêÞ ÁãùãÞ-ÄéáöõëéêÝò ó÷Ý-óåéò, ÔåôñÜäéï êáèçãçôÞ êáé ìáèçôÞ.24. Ößëéáò Â. (1978), ÊïéíùíéêÜ ÓõóôÞìáôá, ÍÝá Óýíïñá-Á. ËéâÜíçò, ÁèÞíá.25. ÖñáãêïõäÜêç ¢. (1987), Ãëþóóá êáé Éäåïëïãßá, ÏäõóóÝáò, ÁèÞíá.

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26. ×çíÜò Ð. êáé ×ñõóáößäçò Ê. (2000), Åðéèåôéêüôçôá óôï ó÷ïëåßï, ÕÐÅÐÈ-Ðáéäáãù-ãéêü Éíóôéôïýôï.

Åéêïíïãñáöéêü õëéêü êáé ðçãÝò ôïõÊåö 1. ¸íá êïéíùíéêü öáéíüìåíï ðñïóåããßæåôáé áðü äéáöïñåôéêÝò ïðôéêÝò ãùíßåò (Ð.ÐéêÜóï ÌïíïêïíäõëéÝò, ÍÝá Óýíïñá-Á.Á. ËéâÜíç, 1997). Êåö 2. ÁðïîÝíùóç óôéò óýã÷ñïíåò êïéíùíßåò (áðü ôï Ýñãï «Õðüãåéá äéÜâáóç» ôïõ ÔæïñôæÔïýêåñ, ÅêðáéäåõôéêÞ åëëçíéêÞ åãêõêëïðáßäåéá: öéëïóïößá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò åðéóôÞìåò, Åê-äïôéêÞ Áèçíþí, 1997).Êåö 3. Ðáßæïíôáò ìáèáßíù íá æù (Åãêõêëïðáßäåéá Grand Larïusse, Åíüôçôá ÉÉÉ: Ãå-íéêÝò åðéóôÞìåò - Ýìâéïò êüóìïò, ÅëëçíéêÜ ÃñÜììáôá, ÁèÞíá 2001). Êåö 4. Ìéá üøç ôçò óýã÷ñïíçò ïéêïãÝíåéáò óôçí êïéíùíßá ôçò ãíþóçò (Kinuko Craft,ÅëëçíéêÞ åêðáéäåõôéêÞ åãêõêëïðáßäåéá: öéëïóïößá êáé êïéíùíéêÝò åðéóôÞìåò, ÅêäïôéêÞÁèçíþí, 1997). Êåö 5. Ó÷ïëéêÝò ôÜîåéò: ïìÜäåò åñãáóßáò. á) 1ï Ëýêåéï Ìåëéóóßùí â) 2ï ËýêåéïÄñáðåôóþíáò (öùôïãñáöéêü áñ÷åßï Ã. Æáöåéñüðïõëïò êáé Ñ. ÊáóéìÜôç).Êåö 6. Åñãáæüìåíïé óå ôñåéò êëÜäïõò ïéêïíïìéêÞò äñáóôçñéüôçôáò (âáìâáêïðáñá-ãùãüò, ïéêïäüìïò êáé ó÷åäéáóôÞò ìç÷áíïëïãéêïý ó÷åäßïõ) (ÅêðáéäåõôéêÞ åãêõêëï-ðáßäåéá: Ôå÷íïëïãßá êáé ðëçñïöïñéêÞ, ÅêäïôéêÞ Áèçíþí,1999).Êåö 7. ÐïëéôéêÜ êüììáôá: ðõëþíåò ôçò êïéíïâïõëåõôéêÞò äçìïêñáôßáò (öùôï-ãñáöéêü áñ÷åßï Â. ÂáñäïõëÜêç, Áèçíáúêü Ðñáêôïñåßï ÅéäÞóåùí).Êåö 8. Äïñõöïñéêüò äßóêïò: õðïäïìÞ ãéá ôá óýã÷ñïíá ÌÝóá ÌáæéêÞò Åðéêïéíùíßáò(About Greece: Ministry of Press and Media, Secretariat General Information, ÁèÞíá 2001).Êåö 9. ×ïõëéãêáíéóìüò: Ýíá áðü ôá «èýìáôÜ» ôïõ åßíáé ï áèëçôéóìüò (öùôïãñáöéêüáñ÷åßï ×. ×áìçëïèþñç). Êåö 10. ÐïëéôéóìéêÞ ðïéêéëßá, ï ðëïýôïò ôçò áíèñùðüôçôáò (Cl. Levi-Strauss, ÖõëÝòêáé éóôïñßá, ÌðÜõñïí, 1987). ÅîþöõëëïÏé öùôïãñáößåò ôïõ åîùöýëëïõ åßíáé êáôÜ óåéñÜ:1ç (êåö. 8 ôïõ Ô.Å.Å.Ì), 2ç (êåö.6)3ç (êåö.5), 4ç (êåö.2), 5ç (ïäïéðïñéêü ôùí ìáèçôþí ôïõ 1ïõ Å.Ë. Âñéëçóóßùí óôïõò÷þñïõò ôùí ìåôáíáóôþí ãéá ôï ãýñéóìá ôçò ôáéíßáò �Óáí ôïí ÏäõóóÝá� óôï ðëáßóéï ôïõðñïãñÜììáôïò �ÏëõìðéáêÞ ðáéäåßá�, öùôïãñáöéêü áñ÷åßï É. ÔóéëáöÜêç êáé Á. ÂÝëôóïõ),6ç (ç ÂïõëÞ ôùí åöÞâùí, Öùôïãñáöéêü Áñ÷åßï ôçò ÂïõëÞò ôùí ÅëëÞíùí), 7ç (êåö.5), 8ç(ôï Åõñùðáúêü êïéíïâïýëéï, Ãñáöåßï ôïõ Åõñùðáúêïý êïéíïâïõëßïõ ãéá ôçí ÅëëÜäá).

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Ìå áðüöáóç ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò ÊõâÝñíçóçò ôá äéäáêôéêÜ âéâëßá ôïõ Äçìïôé-êïý, ôïõ Ãõìíáóßïõ êáé ôïõ Ëõêåßïõ ôõðþíïíôáé áðü ôïí Ïñãáíéóìü Åêäü-óåùò Äéäáêôéêþí Âéâëßùí êáé äéáíÝìïíôáé äùñåÜí óôá Äçìüóéá Ó÷ïëåßá. Ôáâéâëßá ìðïñåß íá äéáôßèåíôáé ðñüò ðþëçóç, üôáí öÝñïõí âéâëéüóçìï ðñïòáðüäåéîç ôçò ãíçóéüôçôáò ôïõò. ÊÜèå áíôßôõðï ðïõ äéáôßèåôáé ðñïò ðþëç-óç êáé äåí öÝñåé âéâëéüóçìï, èåùñåßôáé êëåøßôõðï êáé ï ðáñáâÜôçò äéþêå-ôáé óýìöùíá ìå ôéò äéáôÜîåéò ôïõ Üñèñïõ 7, ôïõ íüìïõ 1129 ôçò 15/21Ìáñôßïõ 1946 (ÖÅÊ 1946, 108, Á´).

Áðáãïñåýåôáé ç áíáðáñáãùãÞ ïðïéïõäÞðïôå ôìÞìáôïò áõôïý ôïõ âéâëßïõ,ðïõ êáëýðôåôáé áðü äéêáéþìáôá (copyright), Þ ç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ óå ïðïéáäÞðï-ôå ìïñöÞ, ÷ùñßò ôç ãñáðôÞ Üäåéá ôïõ Ðáéäáãùãéêïý Éíóôéôïýôïõ.

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Τετράδιο εργασιών Κοινωνιολογίας Γ΄Λυκείου

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