ΟΔΗΓΟΣ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΩΜΕΝΗΣ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΟΜΒΡΙΩΝ

Project

INTEGRATED GREEN CITIES / InGreenCi

Area of Intervention 1.1 Protection, Management and Promotion of the Environmental Resources Subsidy Contract: No B2.11.04/20-03-2012

INTEGRATED GREEN CITIES

2013

3

...................................................................................................................................... 5

1. ................................................................................................................. 9

2. .............................................................................. 10

2.1 ....................................................................... 12 3. ..................................................... 14

4. ......................................................................................................................... 15

4.1 ................................................................................ 17 4.2 ....................................................................................... 18 4.4 .................................................................................. 30 4.5. .................................................................. 33 4.6. ........................................................... 35

5. .............................................................................................. 37

6. .................................................................................................................. 40

6.1 ............................................................................................................................ 40 6.2 .......................................................................................................... 40 6.3 ......................................................................................................................... 40 6.4 .............................................................................................. 44 6.5 ..................... 44 6.6 .............................................................................................................................. 45 6.7 ...................................................................................... 45 6.8 ................................................................................................................ 47 6.9 ................................................................................................ 51 6.10 ........................................................................................................ 52 6.11 ............................................................................. 52 6.12 .................................................................................... 54

7. ........................................................................... 58

8. - .................................................................................. 62

8.1 ................................................................... 66 9. ........................................................................................................................ 66

10. ............................................................................................................. 67

11. .......................................... 68

12. ................................................. 69

13. .......................................................... 70

14. .......................... 75

14.1 ................................................................................................................. 75 14.2 ........................................................................................................... 123

15. ............................................................. 132

............................................................................................................................ 133

.................................................................................................................... 137

Integrated Green Cities

5

, :

INTEGRATED GREEN CITIES .

:

European Territorial Cooperation Programme, Greece-Bulgaria 2007-2013

, : ...

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1. . : http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html [1]

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- = S


10

, S ' . .

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= + +

: . . , . .

1.1.

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2. , . / , , ( ) . , , , .. (. 2.1).


11

. 2.1. ( 2013). .

( ), :

1) .

2) .

3) , (.. , , ).

4) , .

5) .

6) (, , ).


12

7) .

(low impact development).

, . , , .

2.1

, , , , . , .

( ) . - . - , . . , , ( ).

" ", . .

() 1 , 0.1 mm . , , , , , , .

, , , . . .. , ., ., ., ., ., CONCEPT ..., ., . & .. .. [2].


13

:

, 1970

i =2,581*60/t^0,62

(T=2)

i =4,028*60/t^0,65

(T=5)

i =4,496*60/t^0,64

(T=10)

i (mm/hr)

t (min)

, 1998

h(T) =u+w*ln(T)

i(T) =60*h(T)/t

h (mm)

i (mm/hr)

t (min)

i mm/hr, h mm, t . u w :

1. u w

(min)

u w (min)

u w

10 6,92 3,46 100 31,12 3,13

20 14,20 3,36 110 32,12 3,11

30 18,47 3,30 120 33,04 3,10

40 21,49 3,26 130 33,88 3,09

50 23,83 3,23 140 34,66 3,08

60 25,75 3,20 150 35,38 3,07

70 27,37 3,18 160 36,06 3,06

80 28,77 3,16 180 37,30 3,04

90 30,01 3,14

, 154 , (...), 1981 1991 (10 ). ... . , . 2 [2].


14

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

0 50 100 150 200

min

(

mm

/

)

T=2

T=5

T=10

T=20

T=50

2. [2]

3. (, , , ) , , .

, . :

. (rain gardens)

. (tree box filters)

. (green roofs)

. (permeable pavements and pavers)

. (rain barrels), (cisterns)

. .

, . , , , , .


15

4. , 1990 , . . , .

, , , , , , , , ...

(.. [3,], [4], [5])

. 4.1. Ashby Grove, North London [5].

) . . . . .

, . ,


16

. .

) , (, ) ( . 4.1, [5]).

) , . ( ).

4.4, . , . : ) ) ( ). , .

. . , , . 48 .

[5]: , 250 mm , . . 50 mm .

. ( ) 10 20% [6]. . 4.6. . , .. [7], 2:1, , .

3 m , . , . , , . Ballard Seattle , [8].

, , . .


17

. 4.2 Ballard Seattle. : [8]

4.1

. , , (.. ) . ( m/s), , , ( mm/s ). , . , . : , , , , , .

. , . (, , ), . , , , , . .


18

, ( ) / , .

, , , , , , . :

) , , .

)

) .

) , .

) , . , .

) .

)

, .

(.. ) . ( ). , . (, ) , 4.3.

: .

. (.. ) . (.. ) , , .

4.2

, , , (, , ), . . [9].


19

. , .

4.1.1 .

. 4.3. . [10]

, , . 4.3, ( [10]). .

. Green street projects: Albany and Emeryville (, )

[11]: http://bluegreenbldg.org/green-streets/green-street-projects-albany-and-emeryville/

( ) . (.. , , ). , , .

, 4.4 ( ) 4.5 [11].


20

. 4.4. . Berkeley-Albany border. . Adeline Street, Emeryville. [11]

. 4.5 Adeline Street, Emeryville. [11]

. Burnsville rainwater gardens (Minnesota, USA)

[12]: http://www.northlandnemo.org/images/BurnsvilleRaingardens.pdf

17 , 13 . 2003 Burnsville Minnesota, Crystal. 90%.


21

4.6 .

. 4.6 Burnsville Minnesota. [12]

. Growing Vine street project, Seattle, USA

. 4.7 Vine street Seattle. [13]


22

Seattle , , . , Vine, , , 4.7 [13]. (.. [13, 14]).

4.1.2.

. Dr. Charles E. Brimm Medical Arts High School, Camden County, New Jersey, USA

. 4.8. Dr. Charles E. Brimm Medical Arts High School. [15]

[15]: http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demo/demorg_camco_brimm.html#history

, . 4.8, , . 2012 . .

. Central Elementary School, Camden County, New Jersey, USA

[16]: http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demo/demorg_camco_central.html#history

(). (. 4.9) , . .


23

. 4.9 Central Elementary School, Camden County, New Jersey. [16]

. Williamstown Middle School, Gloucester County, New Jersey, USA

. 4.10. Williamstown Middle School, Gloucester County, New Jersey. [17]


24

[17]: http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demo/demorg_gloco_williamstown.html

, , . ( ) (. 4.10). 32 mm (1.25 in)/2 , .

. Mount Tabor Middle School, Portland, Oregon.

[18]: http://asla.org/awards/2007/07winners/517_nna.html

. K 2006, (. 4.11), 370 m2 (4000 square feet). , . 4.12, , . (, , ) 2800 m2 . 5 10 cm , , .

. 4.11 , [18].


25

. 4.12 Mount Tabor Middle School [18].

, . , . . 100 ( 75750 ), [18].

4.1.3

. Edinburgh Gardens Raingarden (, )

[19]: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2012/10/edinburgh-gardens-raingarden-by-ghd-pty-ltd/

2011-2012. , - Edinburgh Gardens , , , . , 4 , 700 m2 . , 200 m3, . 60% .


26

. Fisherman's Wharf Park, Victoria, British Columbia

Victoria, , . 352 m2 14250 m2. .

Victoria [20]:

http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/departments/engineering/stormwater/managing-rain-as-a-

resource/rain-gardens.html

. 4.13 Fisherman's Wharf Park Victoria. [20]

. North Kingstown Town Hall Demonstration Rain Garden (Rhode Island)

. 4.14 North Kingstown ) 24 2005 ) 27 2006. [21]


27

2005 North Kingstown . , , [21]: http://www.uri.edu/ce/healthylandscapes/NKTownhall2.html

. 4.14

4.3

, (bioretention strips, bioretention islands) .. [22, 23]. , , . , , , , , 4.1 [23].

, ( ) [24].

4.15 Greenbelt Maryland [25] 4.16 Nelson Memorial Park, Plymouth, Massachusetts [24]. 4.15 .

(bioswales-vegetated swales), , .. [26]. , .

. 4.14 Greenbelt Maryland [25]


28

. 4.15 Nelson Memorial Park (Plymouth, MA), . [24]

(stormwater planters, mini rain gardens) [5, 7, 27, 28]. (, ) , . . 3 4. 3 [5] , 4 [7] . , .

, , . [7, 27].


29

3. . . [5].

4. . . [7].


30

4.4

. , , .

. .

, , . [29]:

, , . . .

. .

, , . , , .

, , , .

, . , . ( ) . . , [30].

, .


31

. [29].

. .

[31]. . . , . . , , , .

, ( ).

, : , . [32].

2 . . () . , ( ).

, , . .

2.

Achillea millefolium

Ajuga reptans

Aster novae-angliae

Astilbe sp

Bergenia sp


32

Echinacea purpurea

Eupatorium cannabinum

Filipendula ulmaria

Fragaria sp

Hosta sp

Iris pseudacorus

Liatris spicata

Lythrum salicaria

Mentha longifolia

Mentha aquatica

Petasites hybridus

Rudbeckia fulgida

Vinca minor

Arundo donax

Calamagrostis x acutiflora

Carex pendula

Deschampsia caespitosa

Eleocharis acicularis

Eleocharis palustris

Equisetum hyemale

Juncus effusus

Juncus inflexus

Juncus pratens

Miscanthus sinensis

Molinia caerulea

Panicum virgatum

Scirpus cernuus

Aucuba japonica

Cornus sanguinea

Cornus stolonifera

Coryllus avellana

Ilex verticillata

Mahonia aquifolium

Myrtus communis


33

Nandina domestica

Nerium oleander

Salix caprea

Salix cinerea

Salix purpurea

Sambucus nigra

Symphoricarpus albus

Tamarix parviflora

Viburnum opulus

Vitex agnus-castus

Alnus cordata

Alnus glutinosa

Alnus incana

Fraxinus angustifolia

Gleditschia triacanthos

Liquidambar sp

Platanus orientalis

Salix alba

Taxodium distichum

A: -

B:

4.5.

. , . 4.16 4.17, . 4.16 , 3 m . , 4.17, . , .

, ( 4.16 4.17), .. .

Opsis Architects . , . [33]: http://www.opsis-architects.com/opsis/gr/opsis-constructions/landscape/1#!lightbox[auto_group1]/4


34

. 4.16. , 3 m .

. 4.17.

, , , [34].


35

65 , 53 12 . , . , 0.30 m 1200 m , .. 1.5 m 1.2 m . () . 40 5 . , .

. , , 1998.

4.6.

, 2.1. , , , . .

1. = 1 t = 2 , 1 :

h(T) =u+w*ln(T)

h = 33.04 mm.

: = 200 m2.

90% , :

V = y EA h 10-3

= 0.9 200 33.04 10-3 = 5.95 m3

, :

V = E h 10-3

= E 33.04 10-3

m3

: ) ( ) ) ) ( 5).

b3 = 0.20 m 0.30, b2 = 0.5 m 0.20, b1 = 0.15 m.

:

SK = 0.2 0.3 + 0.5 0.2 + 0.15 = 0.31 m3/ m

2

, :

E 0.31 = 5.95 + E 33.04 10-3

E = 21.5 m2


36

5. ()

, .

2. , SK = 0.25 m

3/ m

2.

, :

E 0.25 = 5.95 + E 33.04 10-3

E = 27.4 m2

3. =2 t = 2 , 1 :

h(T) =u+w*ln(T)

h = 35.19 mm.

= 200 m2, (

), :

V = y EA h 10-3

= 0.9 200 35.19 10-3 = 6.34 m3

, , :

V = E h 10-3

= E 35.19 10-3

m3

SK = 0.31 m3/ m

2, 1, :

E 0.31 = 6.34 + E 35.19 10-3

E = 23.1 m2

4. ( 1) , + = 200 m

2,

( = 1 t = 2 ) :

V = V + V = y (200 E) h 10-3

+ E h 10-3

= 5.95 + 0.1 E 33.04 10-3

m3

SK = 0.31 m3/ m

2, , :

E 0.31 = 5.95 + E 33.04 10-4

E = 19.4 m2

b1

b2

b3


37

5.

(tree box filter) [35], . , , 4.1:

) , , .

)

) .

) , .

) , . , .

) .

)

6. . [36]


38

7. . [37]

5.1.


39

, , 6 [36] 7 [37]. (, ) . . , . , , , . 5.1, . , .

, ,

, . . , , , . , 40cm , 28 m3 [38]. . 3 .

3.

Cercis siliquastrum

Cornus mas

Crataegus phaenopyron

Hibiscus syriacus

Lagerstoemia indica

Ligustrum japonicum

Nerium oleander

Olea europaea

Cotinus coggygria

Euonumus alatus "Compactus"

Nandina domestica

Photinia serrulata

Pittosporum tobira

Raphiolepis indica

Sambucus nigra

Trachycarpus fortunei

Viburnum opulus

Viburnum tinus

: .


40

, .

6.

6.1

/ , , . , . .

6.2

ziggurats , [39].

. 79 .. . [40]. , , , , [41].

60 , 20 [42].

6.3

, , [43]:

15cm 150 cm . 250 Kg/m2 . . .

, .


41

. 6.1. . [44]

35 ( 10). 10-15 cm Sedum 5 cm.. 80 150 Kg/m2 [43]. , . [45].

. 6.2. . [46]


42

15 25 cm ( , ). 150 280 Kg/m2. .

. 6.3. . [47]

( ) , , . . , . : , [48].

. 6.4. . [49]


43

. 6.5. . [50]

. 6.6. Sedum. [51]


44

6.4 FLL- Guidelines for the planning construction and maintenance of green roofing - green

roofing guidelines, 2008. FLL [52].

ASTM- (standards) [53].

/, [43].

( ) .

6.5 . , . ( ) [54].

. , .

, , . . , . .

H Portland (Hamilton apartments) 58% ( 4 ), [55]. Georgia, 39-100% 78%. [56].

2004 Ryerson [57]:


45

12 m3

79 ( 60 )

25 ( 19 )

14 ( 10.5 )

3 750 ( 570 ).

m2 .

6.6 / [58]

-

-

-

[58]

6.7 20 , , , . . , , :

. ,


46

. . .

-

. .

. , .

, . , .

/

() , . . . , . ( ) ( ).

. . 100 gr/m2. .

. , , , .

. pH, , . .


47

, , . .

, , .

. 6.7. . . [59]

6.8

, , , , , , , [60].

. , . , .

, . . (right plant in the right place) .


48

[58]:

,

( )

:

( )

. . :

.. . .

.

.

.

( ).

.

.


49

, (invasiveness) . - , .

, . .

, , .

, ( ). [61] .

4 . , . . .

4.

( 10-15.)

Carpobrotus edulis Armeria maritima

Delosperma cooperii Aurinia saxatilis*

Lampranthus spectabilis Ballota acetabulosa*

Sedum album* Centranthus ruber*

Sedum dasyphyllum* Cerastium tomentosum

Sedum kamtschaticum Coridothymus capitatus*

Sedum ochroleumum* Dianthus carthusianorum*

Sedum rupestre* Dianthus myrtinervius*

Sedum sediforme* Echinops sp.*

Sedum sexangulare* Echium vulgare*

Sedum spurium Euphorbia myrsinites*

Sempervivum arachnoideum* Gaillardia grandiflora

Sempervivum marmoreum* Helichrysum orientale*

Helichrysum stoechas*

Hyssopus officinalis*

Allium schoenoprassum* Origanum marjorana*

Allium sphaerocephalon* Origanum vulgare*


50

Iris pumila* Santolina chamaecyparissus*

Muscari armeniacum* Satureja montana*

Ornithogalum umbellatum* Satureja thymbra*

Silene thessalonica*

Teucrium chamaedrys*

Festuca ovina "Glauca" Teucrium pollium*

Festuca valesiaca* Thymus longicaulis*

Thymus praecox*

Thymus pulegioides*

Asteriscus maritimus* Thymus vulgaris

Convolvulus cneorum Thymus x citriodorus

Docycnium hirsutum*

Helichrysum italicum*

Jacobaea maritima*

Lavandula angustifolia

Phlomis fruticosa*

Rosmarinus officinalis "Prostratus"

Salvia officinalis*

: (10-12)

-

( 15-25.)

Berberis candidula "Nana" Achillea sp*

Berberis thunbergii "Atropurpurea

Nana" Artemisia sp*

Cistus incanus* Berbenia cordifolia

Cistus salviaefolius* Gaura lindheimeri

Euonymus fortunei "Coloratus" Leucanthemum x superbum

Euonymus fortunei "Emerald Gaiety" Perovskia atriplicifolia

Euonymus fortunei "Emerald 'n' Gold" Saponaria officinalis*

Euphorbia characias* Sedum "Autumn Joy"

Genista lydia*

Hypericum x patulum "Hidcote"

Juniperus conferta "Blue Pacific"

Juniperus sabina "Tamariscifolia" Cortaderia sellowana "Pumila"

Myrtus communis "Nana" Helictotrichon sempervirens

Pittosporum tobira "Nana" Miscanthus sinensis

Rosmarinus officinalis* Nassella tenuissima

Spiraea bumalda Pennisetum alopecuroides

+


51

( 15-150.)

Arbutus andrachne* Celtis australis*

Arbutus unedo* Cercis siliquastrum*

Berberis thunbergii "Atropurpurea " Cupressus sempervirens*

Bouddleia davidii Eleagnus angustifolia*

Buxus sempervirens* Laurus nobilis*

Cotinus coggygria* Olea europea*

Cotoneaster sp Pinus halepensis*

Cytisus scoparius* Pinus pinea*

Eleagnus pungens Pistacia terebinthus*

Juniperus sp* Prunus amygdalus*

Mahonia aquifolium Prunus pissardii "Nigra"

Myrtus communis* Quercus ilex*

Nandina domestica Lagerstroemia indica

Nerium oleander* Ligustrum japonicum

Pistacia lentiscus*

Pittosporum tobira

Prunus laurocerasus*

Punica granatum*

Teucrium fruticans

Thuya orientalis

Vitex agnus-castus*

+

+

: *

6.9

.

[48].

, , ( ).


52

(, ).

6.10

. ( ) . [56].

. . .

. .

6.11

. 6.8. . (.

)


53

. , .

2011, 400m2 . . 14cm . [62].

. 15cm. 2011. [62].

.6.9. (. ).

-Cuom 2100 m

2. 2009 12 cm. [62].


54

.6.10. . . : [63]

6.12

:

The Lurie Garden, Millennium Park, Chicago, USA

Gustafson Guthrie Nichol Ltd, Seattle, Washington

: Millennium Park, Inc.

. 6.11. Lurie Garden, Millenium Park, Chicago. : [64].


55

. 6.12. Lurie Garden, Millenium Park, Chicago. . [65].

10 , . GENERAL DESIGN AWARD OF EXCELLENCE 2008. . Piet Oudolf, . .

High Line, New York, USA

James Corner Field Operations (project lead) and Diller Scofidio + Renfro, New York City

USA

: The City of New York / Friends of the High Line

High Line . . . , (prairies) .


56

.

. 6.13. High Line, New York. . : [66]

. 6.14. High Line, New York. . : [67].


57

project HONOR AWARD 2010. 115 ( 87 ) , 2 ( 1.5 ) . project .

. 6.15. High Line, New York. 50 2011 3 . [66].


58

7.

, , [68]. [7].

: ) , . ) ) . , . , .

. : ) ) , , , . , , , , [69].

, . : ) 7.5 m ) 30 m , . , 5% [70]. 8.

8. . [70]

, (tanked permeable pavers). [71].


59

, 7.1 [69], , . , . , . . , , ... , 7.2, 7.3 [72], 7.4 7.5. . 7.6 [73].

. 7.1 . [69]

. 7.2


60

. 7.3 . [72]

, ( ) [74] Athens Tennessee.

, , . , , , ...


61

. 7.4. ...

. 7.5


62

. 7.6 Santarem . [73]

8. -

. , , . [75], (530-522 ..) . , , . . , , .

, , , , , . ( .94 .48) , , . , , , (). , 6, , ,


63

, [76].

. [77].

(.. [78]). , ( ), . , .

, , Sant Cugat del Valls , [79, 80].

(rain barrels) ( ) , , . 50 (gallons), 190 .

. (.. [81, 82, 83].

, . , , .

. 8.1 . [84]


64

. Seattle [84]. 8.1

, . , . , .

[85], . , , , . , , , .

. , . , () [86]. . , , , , . , , . , [87]. ... , .

, , . , , 300 . 2000 10% . , , , 7000. 25 l , , .

[88]. , . . , (.. ).

, ,


65

( ) . (. 8.2). ( ).

. 8.2 [7].

[7]: ) ) ) ) . : ) ) .

, , , . , . [7] 225 ( 170 ) 0.757 m3 (200 gal) 950 ( 720 ) 7.57 m3 (200 gal) . , , . , , , .


66

8.1

, [89]. , . [90].

. , 45m3 . . (.. ). . 8.3 .

. .

. 8.3. . [90].

9.

. , , 1987 , , (. 9.1). , , . , . , , , , .


67

, , . . .

. 9.1. . [91]

, : , , 3 , [91, 92].

10.

. . , Athens Tennessee [74] 7.


68

, , .. Potsdamer [93], .

, . (Pearl District, Portland, Oregon), . , . , , , [94].

. , . .

11.

. EPA [82], 2 12 , 16 98.5 , [7] 10 12 ( 7.5 9 ) . , 10 , [95], , .. , .

, , .. .

, . Mount Tabor Middle School [18], 100 ( 75750 ).

, . , 2500 [96] 6000 [97] ( 1900 4550 ) , .

. 50 gal ( 190 ) 100 (76 ). , , 150 [98].

, . 2005 [7] 0.5 fiberglass 4 (3 ) (1 = 3.785 ).


69

. 5 m3 1400 .

8, , , , [85]. , , , , . , , . , . 8, , (.. ) (.. ). , .

, , , ..

12.

, :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6.

.

7. .

8. .

9. .

10.

11. .

12.

, . , .


70

, , .

, :

2 5 .

4 , ,

6 .

7 .

8 .

12 , , () .

13.

(.. , , ) , . : ) , ) .

, .

. .

, . , . , .

. , . .

: ( 14).

. .

, .


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