256

1

( 2013)

2

Urban anarchy

www.urbananarchy.gr

2014,

. - . copyright

creative commons. -,

.

www.urbananarchy.gr.

, -, -.

, e-mail: contact@urbananarchy.gr

, , , , , ,

, , .

3

1 : 6

2 10

2.1 10

2.2 11

2.3 13

3 15

3.1 (19

- 20)

15

3.2 (1909 40) 22

3.3 ( 50 80) 32

3.4 : ( 20 - 21 )

47

3.4.1 48

3.4.2 53

3.4.3 55

3.4.4 57

3.4.5 61

3.4.6 66

4.

83

4.1 83

4.2 ( ) 89

44.3 (gentrification) 92

4.4

102

5. ,

,

105

5.1 lgbtq 105

5.2 110

5.3 115

6. 119

6.1

119

6.2 121

6.3

126

7.

132

7.1 132

7.2 134

7.3 140

7.4 143

7.4.1 144

7.4.2 145

7.4.3 146

7.5 151

57.6 177

8. 181

8.1 186

8.1.1 187

8.1.2 188

8.1.3

195

8.2 commoning

198

8.3 , 205

8.4 O 210

8.5 :

212

9 221

9.1 222

10. 227

11. : Omnia sunt communia 234

12. 236

6 1.

, ,

, 2001,

Wu Ming.

,

.

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.

.

.

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:

8 , . , , - , .

-, 1589, 1622, 1648, 1656, 1687, 1703, 1730, 1807 , - . , , - , , . 1908.

.

1977 - . . , , - -. , , -, . . - 34 , .

1995, , , - -

9 . . - , - . . - 23 . , .

- , - , , , . - , , , . , - - , , . , -, , , . 2013 , , -. , .

, , , .

, , , 2013, -, - .

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10 2.

2.1

, , , , , , , , , , . - . - , , , .

, , . - , . , , , megaprojects, -, , , , -, . , - , .

11 2, - , , , - - . , , , - , .

, -, 50.000 - , . , -, , , - , . 2013 , .

2.2

:

, :

2.

-

.

12, , - -. , , , , .

, - 2013 - . . , , .

, - , - , .

;

, 19 20 , -. -, , - 20 , - - , . , , -

13 .

, , - . - , . 20 , - . - , - , . , , - - , . .

2.3

, - , - . , , -- , .

, , , , , , .

14

1. 19

153.

3.1

(19 - 20)

- (1839)3, (1839), (1856)4

3.

1827, 1827,

,

1831

1841, -, ,

( ).

1839 (att-i Serif)

.

4. 1839, (att-i umayun),

16 1876 . - .

. 1836 1845 , (). 1872 ,

, - , 18 1856,

.

2.

17, 1874 -. , (Tnel) 1875, . - , ( ), , (Taksim, ), - -. , , , . , , - .

- - . -. -- - : , -, , , , . 19 20 , - , , , -, , , - , , -- . ( 2012)

18 19 - (City Beautiful Movement). - , , . 19 20 , - (.. , , , -, , , , , , , ), .

(Baron Haussmann) 1852 1870, , , (boulevard), , - , . : , - , , , - . (Harvey, 2011): - - , . , (urban riots). , - . -

19

, 1871, . - . , .

3. 1852 1870, -, .

20 , . , , , - (Fatih, ) - . , , (-), (Beyolu) ( - ) ( ), , 1453. , , - , .

19 , , . - : 350.000 19 19 (Shaw, 1979:266; Karpat, 1985:103, 2). - , - , . , -, , , - . ,

5. , , - -, 479 ..

( ) ,

5 6 ..

21 , - . - , ( 2008).

, -- , . ( -) . , , - , , , , -, (1856-1922), - , (1889-1909) , -. , , , , , - , , - , - . life style. (Grande Rue de Pra , Grand Avenue Cadde-i Kebir - Istiklal- ), . - passages , -, chansonniers, patisseries, , , (, , -

22, , ..) - (Adanali 2011, Celik 1986, Enlil 2011, 2008).

, . , - , - , , . -, , , , , - ( 2012: 21, 2008).

3.2 (1909 40)

, 20 , 1908, , - 1919, - , , 1922. 29 1923 , - . - 1924 - . , , 1928 , , -, -. 1930 . 1938

23 , , . -, , , 1934 6.

, -, - (Enlil 2011, Tekeli 1992). , .

() , , . , - , () , -, , , , - , , , , .

6. (, ,

, )

. 1934

, 1944

1956 .

24 - . - , , , , ( 2003: 55)

.

, - , , , . - , , - . - .

, - , - , , , - (1923)7, .

7. . - 24 1923 ,

(1919-1922).

.

, ,

25, . -, , - . - - . , , , , , , , .

, - .

( )

.

.

- .

.

, -

.

.

1.650.000 ,

670.000

, .

( 125.000

, )

(6.000 ), - 110.000 .

26

4. -

27 1920, , 500.000 , 15 . (shrinking city). , , , . , , , ( 2003: 83) , .

, , , , . , , , . - , . () , - ( 2003: 76)

- 28 1930. - : , - . .

28, , , , - , .

- , - , 30 , , .

- 30 (Henri Prost) -, , 1922. . - :

. , - ,

29

1. 1943 . . - (Misir arisi) 1660 - .

30 . - (-, , , ..), , , - , .

- - . : , . - (Prost 1937:7) -, , - . , . - , - . . , , , , , (Prost, 1947: 15-16). -, , -- .

, , -

31

- , - . , , 1934. , , - - Halil Paa Topu Klas. , , , (Bilsel, 2011).

5. ,

32 , - . , , , 1948 - .

, , , , 40, - (gecekondu), , -. , .

3.3 ( 50 80)

, , 50 -. - , , .

- . , -, , , , - . , -

33 , 1942, ( ) 19558 , 1964 , , ( & , 2006:159).

, , , , Istanbul Dream. ,

8. , - , 6

,

.

, ,

, - , , , , - . ,

. , -

, . - ,

, , ,

. , - 1004 , 2500

. , , 4348 , 27 , 26 -, 5 , 3 , 12 ,

11 , 21 , 110 , 73 ,

34 - . , , ( -), - , - (Enlil 2011:9). , 40, 1980 80, - -. 60 (1950-2010) 1000%. (. 2, .79)

, - , , - . , (Tarlabasi) (Fener-) , - . , , , ,

,

2 . 30

-. .

12 2008 ,

6-7 1955

-,

.

35 , 9, ( - ) , , . , - Zeynep Celik (1994), - 19 , , . ( ) 10 ( ).

9.

, ,

- (Yerasimos, 1998: 2015).

10.

Sabah 1992. ,

- ,

, -. : [ ]

, , - . WASP (- ),

, , , .

( - media),

:

, .

. -

36

. , , , , - , , , -, . , . ,

.

,

. .

!

, .

.

. .

. -. ( 2005)

6. ,

37 , , . - banlieues. , Downtown, - Marszakowska - , , - - .

-, - , - . (gecekondu), , , . , , -, , - -- (Kuban 1998). 2000, 60% - . - -. , -- ( & , 2006:150, Emil 2011:9).

-, . Yerasimos (1998:2013),

38 , , , 50 9/10 , 1/10 16 . () [ -] , , -

& (2006:150) Kelsey (1997:117),

, , - - . - . 350.000 , - , . , -. , , . , . -.

, 7.

39

40, - , - , 65% (Enlil 2011:10). 60 7% (Yucel, 1986:120).

, . - . : . , - 50, 1956 56 , 108 , - . 15 . - -5 1973, , . , 11 (Enlil 2011:10).

11. .

.

,

- . ,

,

-

41 - . -, , 2013, - .

, , -5 , - (gecekondu), (Kaptan, 1988a, 1988b, Enlil 2011:10). , ,

1900 Bosphorus Railroad Company.

1923, - ,

.

1957, - 1961

1970 1973 (

50 ). , 1987,

2013 - project .

- ( 50.000 )

,

.

42

12 (Yenen et al., 1993, Enlil 2011:10).

, - , , , . , ,

8. 80 (Kaptan, 1991)

12. 60

30 km - . 1970 40 km

80 50 km (Sengezer & Enlil, 1999). -

43 , , . , 13, -, , , . 60, , . , -, 12 1971, ( 2013a). , 14,

14. : ( Alevi)

, ,

. 15-20% . - , , ,

, .

, -, , - . ,

.

, , .

AKP .

80 km 40 km -,

, 23% 1970 40% (Enlil 2011:11).

13. 1963 1971

.

44 . , - 1977 - . , , 34 .15

12 1980, , , -, 178.000 , -, . , 64.000 , 30.000 , 450 , 50 . ,

15. (2013c),

1 1977 500.000

- DISK,

Intercontinental.

. . .

. 28

, 5

.

136, 470 .

, 100.000

. 1980

. - .

,

. - .

45 1989, - - . , . ( 2013a)

. ; . -. , - 1980. , ! -. . , , , , - . ( 2013a)

80, - , . , , 80 - . , - Time . -, 80, , , (Nezihe, 2006). H - 21 (Aksoy Robins 1994). urban marketing

46 .

, - . (1923), - , , , , -. ( & , 2006:139)

, 80, . - . 16 ( & -, 2006:139). , 1982 , , . , 1988 , - (gated communities) .

, , - - (, 2012).

47

3.4 :

( 20 - 21 )

, -, - . . ( 2011, ekumenopolis 2012)

9.

48 1995, - - Mucella Yapici ( -TMMOB Mimarlar Odasi)

3.4.1

1994, , , . , - - : , .

, : , . - - , . (, 2013:19)

90, , , - 80 . - (1994-1998), 2001 - / (FP/RP)

49 16 (ANAP) AKP ( ). AKP 34% 2002 2003, -, 2007 2011, AKP 46,7% 49,8% .

16. , ,

-

. ()

(MSP), (RP) - (FP), (SP).

.

1971. ,

, 11,8%

1973. -

.

, - .

1980, ,

,

. 1980 -- ,

.

, -

50 80 90 - - . , 7.4.3 . , -, - , , , - .

, 1983,

- .

,

1996 .

, - ,

, .

1997 - , - .

, ,

2001 .

. - ,

,

- - AKP (, 2014).

51, . , , - AKP , .17 - 1997. , - - ( 2014) 18. , , , -, , , --, .

-.

17. (Numan Kurtulmus),

, : - . , , - . .

.

27 2013.

18. AKP , - , - ,

- .

- ,

6 . , 400 . 2003. ( 2013)

52

10. (Greater Istanbul)

533.4.2

, 18.000.000 (Greater Istanbul). - . 2013 14.160.000 , , , . 20 - 6 18 - . 5 , . 3.500 ./km2 19. 11 465 km2 - . , 2013 , (city proper), () () (. 3, .80). , - , , , , , , (. - 4, .81)

19.

2004 5.343 km2

, . ,

3.500 . km2,

17.300 ./ km2 25.000

30.000 ./ km2

54

, ,

. 20 (1990-2010) - 500.000

2013 ,

(2013) 14.160.000

5.343 km2

3.500 ./km

3.028

40

16

2.323.000

71

(2013) 10.400.000

1.

553.4.3

- 120 km, () -. , . 40.000 . km2. , ( & , 2006: 159).

11.

56

, 20, 30 -, , . - , , , , -, , , , , , , -, , .

20.

37 , 32 .

29 . 27 . .

12.

573.4.4

, 90, . , 1980 1998, 320% - . 90, - (Aksoy, 1996:11). , , - - FIRE (Finance, Insurance Real Estate). , - 300 . 2012 - 21 (Brookings, 2012). , - -, , (Forbes 2013), 3.500 , - .

, .

21.

9,0%

.

.

58 (gated communities) , . - - -. - suburbia MacMansions. , . , , - .

, - , , . - . . , , - .

. - . . , . , , , ,

(ncu 1997).

, , -, , , ( -

59

) , - marie claire, , - , , Rock and Coke .

2. Bosphorus City urban project 2013. - - . , project , .

60 - , , , -, .

, -, -, .

- , , -, , - . , , -, - - -. , , . , - , . , - -, .

61

3.4.5

- - , - . -

13. ( ) ( Istanbul metropolitan Municipality, 2006, Karaman 2012:11)

62

, -, - . - , ,

14. , , , , , , -.

63 , , - - .

- : - , , , , , - .

. - , . - 40m, 60m, 35m, 30m - . 100m , . , - , , . , 2008:

, . - -

64, , , -, . , , - . (Makrygianni, Tsavdaroglou 2011:33)

, . - 270m, 245m, 220m, 180m 160m, - . - - . , 115m, 95m, 85m, 115m, 105m 100m. , , o - - . - 45m, 40m ( 10m), 35m, 35m, 30m.

15. A - , , , , , . 600m x 600m. ( - urban anarchy 2010)

65

66, - - , , . , - , . , , , - , , - , .

, , - , , .

3.4.6

, - 1990, , , , , . , - . . 2012 , , . -

67 . -, 1990, .

-, Mori Memorial Foundation, (-, , , , , ), 25 - (Globalization and World Cities Research Network - GaWC) 2012 Alpha- 29.

- 90 . , - global cities - (parochialism) -, , , , . (Richard Florida) (Talent-, Technology--, Tolerance-), -, , (igel Coates) (generic) (Rem Koolhas), (Manuel Castells) (Sassen 2001, Friedmann 1995, Knox & Paul 1995):

68

, -, , , -

( , , , )

( - )

-

,

,

, - , , -

, - - .

69, - : , , , , , , ,22 , . , Yalcintan (2012), . , , .

, , . , - . skyline () . - 80, . , , -

22. 101

, Metrocity, Akmerkez Cevahir Mall,

.

23. & , (2006:159)

16 , - . , ,

. -

, , - -

7023 - , .

, , 3 . , - - . , 169,0 /, 146,6 / , 87,5 /, - 45,5 /, 29,0 /, 27,0 /, 27,0 /, 15,0 /, 15,0 /.

- , - city branding place marketing :

T , -, - ( & , 2006: 138)

, ,

. ,

. - , - (Hatti Bala)

71

.

2000 - 2020 , - . , - .

3.

72 , , - , (). -- -, , , -, , , , . - . -- ( & , 2006: 140-141)

, 2010 - - Instanbul-2010, ,

21 - . - , . - . -. - .

, , (Azem 2011).

73 . . .

, 2001 Eurobasket, 2004 Eurovision, 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Final Four , 2012 - 2005 2011 - .

, 2012 , , , - panoramio .

, - , . - (, , , , ), - .24 , - 200

24. , , , -

-, 65 ,

. & ,

(2006:153)

.

74 - (Lovering & Trkmen 2011:73). , , , , , , , , , , . - , . , -, , ( & , 2006: 153).

.. ---. (Enlil 2011), .

, , , - , - , , .

, : , , , , . - , - ,

75

. , , - . ( & , 2006:154)

4.

76 - , - , , (2002) - . , - ( & , 2006:154).

, , Skyfall (2012) Taken 2 (2012), (2003). , . , , - , , balkan-ska Santel Disco Partizani (2007), (Crossing the Bridge The Sound of Istanbul) (2005), (2004) (2007) - . , , 90 80.

, , - , - ( 2002, 2006, 3 2008), -

77 -, - .

, - , 19 2000, 28 - ( F) KCK, , , -, , . -, 2008 2013 -.

, , , - , , , , , , - . , , , , , - .

, , - , , -.

78

5.

79

1829 359.000

1850 785.000 +5,7%

1914 1.125.000 +0,7%

1924 500.000 -5,5%

1935 741.000 +5,3%

1945 860.000 +1,6%

1955 1.258.000 +4,6%

1970 2.132.000 +4,6%

1980 2.772.000 +3,0%

1985 5.475.000 +19,5%

1990 7.620.000 +7,8%

1995 9.260.000 +4,3%

2000 10.923.000 +3,6%

2005 12.061.000 +2,1%

2010 13.526.000 +2,4%

2013 14.160.000 +0,6%

2.

80

1 17.836.000

2 16.060.000

3 14.160.000

4 13.969.000

5 12.478.000

6 12.111.000

7 11.821.000

8 11.716.000

9 11.070.000

10 11.007.000

25 8.308.000

43 5.131.000

76 3.401.000

82 3.207.000

3. (city proper)

81

1 19.439.000

2 14.160.000

3 12.111.000

4 10.516.000

5 8.923.000

6 7.243.000

7 6.405.000

8 5.891.000

9 5.488.000

10 5.227.000

11 5.131.000

12 5.000.000

13 5.000.000

14 4.400.000

15 4.044.000

4. .

- - , .

82

1990 2009

1 6.629.000 12.829.000 93,5%

2Ankara

()2.583.000 4.306.000 66,7%

3 Izmir () 1.758.000 3.276.000 86,3%

4Bursa

()834.000 1.854.000 122,3%

5Adana

()916.000 1.563.000 70,6%

6 Gaziantep 603.000 1.235.000 104,8%

7 Konya () 513.000 1.003.000 95,5%

8 Antalya () 378.000 955.000 152,6%

9 Kayseri () 425.000 911.000 114,3%

10 Mersin 481.000 842.000 75,1%

11 Eskisehir 413.000 617.000 49,4%

12 Diyarbakir 373.000 614.000 64,6%

13 Samsun (a) 322.000 511.000 58,7%

14 Denizli 237.000 492.000 107,6%

15 Sanliurfa 276.000 465.000 68,5%

5.

. 90-00 , - .

834.

4.1

- . - , .

(2014: 18) , (2013b)

. - - -- .

building boom , , ,

84

, - , master plan 2009.25 , : ,

16.

25. , 2004 1980

IMP (Istanbul

Master Plan), 2009.

16-17 . 2023 -

. -

85 ( 1 2 ) , - 260km26. 1, , , ( ) - . 150 - .27 , , Kanalistanbul - 50km 150m,

. - , ,

217 km 610 km.

26.

. 30 km.

- 30km, 2/3 - . - 2/3 1/3

. 1/3

(Azem I., 2011).

27. , o 2013

94 , 72

. ,

, 16 .

86 - . , project Marmaray, , 28, Halicport, Galataport, Haydarpasa , - , , (gentrification) .

, 2003, - TOKI (Turkish Housing Development Administration), . H TOKI . 2003-2013 400.000 - , , .

28.

,

(Camlica). ,

-,

, , - 105

30.000 . ( - ),

.

.

87, 2011 , - (Karaman 2012:1). , - (gentrification) . . 2007 - - (Cevic 2011:4). 1999.

(Adanali, 2010) 120 . - , (Tarlabas) (Dolapdere), (), , (Zeytinburnu), - , - (Kkarmutlu), - .

, . , , , , , , -, , , (Nezihe, 2006).

88

17.

894.2 ( )

, , ( , 2012)

, ( , - )

, , , 40 , - . . , - , - 1949 1990 (Balaban 2010:5). , (Yalcintan, 2012). , . , , .

, , - , -. 2004 , (Karaman 2012:5) - . TOKI, - , - , -

90 (Karaman 2012:2). - , . - , . , , , - . (Karaman 2012:9), , , . , , no mans land, - . - - 2001 2008 (Karaman 2012:5) 2011 - (Karaman 2012:6). - (Yalcintan, 2012).

- . 70 - (1 Mays Mahallesi), - . - (Balaban 2010:5).

91 -. , - .

(Sulukule), - , . - . - 2006 . , - 35km , - , . Sulukule Platform .

3000 - (Kkbakalky), 2006 . - 60.000 2004 (Babyk), (Glsuyu) (Glensu), . , 6.000 (Kurtky), - . 8.000 - (Ayazma) - , , . - (Sleymaniye Mosque) 1700 .

92 ( , slums , ) - . , . - , (Brenner & Theodore, 2002, Peck & Tickell 1995). , , , , , .

4.3 (gentrification)

( , - , 2006)

(dislocation) - , (Marcuse 1985).

, , 70, , - .

93 - .

(gentrification)29 30 , Glass 1964 - , - . .

Hardt Negri (2009:156)

- . -

29. gentrification gentry,

genterise 14 ,

- 16

gentlemen,

.

30. gentrification

1996 - : (-) ( &

, 2011: 110).

trendification yuppification.

94 .().

- , . , . , .

, , - , , lifestyle. : . - Neil Smith (1987, 1996), - (rent gap), (actual ground rent), - (potential ground rent) . Smith gentrification - , .

gentrifiers, gentrification, ,

95 , , - (Ley 1994, 2012).

- . , - - (Vasudevan et al 2011:5). , Smith (2002:436) - , , . , Vasudevan et al (2011:5) - , - , , .

. - , . 20 -- (, , ) - -- (-, , ). , - 80 . -

96 . 80 , , , - , - 31 , , . , . , -.

, , - . , ,

31.

Richard Florida 2002

- ,

, . - Florida - : , , ,

( cognitariato

), /, , designers,

, , , . ,

Bavo (2006),

97 80 - . . - - . - .

, , , , , 1994 2000, - 7.000 , . 90 , , . hyper-gentrification (B.A. 2013:12), , rent gap Neil Smith, , -

- . Florida,

o

.

Florida : , , (technology, talent

and tolerance) -,

,

(Florida 2002).

98

99 ( , , , - , funds) - . , - , , (B.A. 2013:12). , - , queer , . 2013.

, , 2000 - . . - , -, , , , , . , , , , , -, .

18.

100 , , 5366 - , , . , - 20.000 , , . . 2011. - .

: , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , - .

, - - , , , , - .

6. ( )

101

1024.4

19.

- . . . -, 1980 . ( 2013d).

103O - - . , , , , ( 2013d).

- 22 19 - , , , , , - . - - , - , - . , , , . , , , . , -, , - ,

104 - . , -, . , , , , , , .

, - . , - ( 2013d). , , lgbt, , , .

80 , - , , . - , , .

, , --.

1055.

, ,

5.1 lgbtq

, 19 - , - , . 1908 , . , - , . , 30 . , -, .

70, - , , . , -

106 - (Apak 2007, Tekeli 1994).

, 80, , , - -- (reading groups) , . , (Tekay & Ustun, 2013). , 80, - , , 438 , . , , . Binder Richman (2010), - , , . , Ko (2009), - . , - .

- - -

107. . , 2002, , , - (Bora 2002, Tekeli 1994, 1995, Apak 2007).

, 90, - - . -, .

, , 90, , - .

, , , (Apak 2007). , - , - .

, 90, lgbt . , -

,

,

108 . - - . 1996, , Habitat II, - , .

, - -, , . - -, . , - 300 , . ( 2005:30)

, 2013 - . 20 2013 -, , - - .

LGBT , - , . - . - . , , .

109 . , - , , , .

. , . , , - , - . .

, . .

, - , , . - , , , , . (, : http://sokaki.net/)

LGBT , . - - , , , , . , !, , - .

,

,

110, , - , . Tekay Ustun (2013:3),

, - , - . , - , , , .

, lgbtq gay pride. gay pride 2003 30 - 5.000 2010. 2011 10.000 gay pride . , 30 2013 , gay pride 100.000 . gay pride .

5.2

1920, , , , - , TKP (Trkiye Komnist Partisi), ( ). . , -

111 . 1988. 1936, - , . , 13 . , 1930 - , . (, 1985)

, TKP , , - . , - . , - 30 50 ( Trk 195232, ), - (Salh 1984).

32. 1952, , ,

Trk CIA. -

. ,

- (, 1985).

,

,

112 - 1961. 1963 1971 - , - . 1968 1971 , -. 1967 DISK (Trkiye Devrimci i Sendikalar Konfederasyonu) - , Trk, , - . Trk 83 . , 1965 TIP (Turkiye Isci Partisi) 3,0% 15 .

, 1970, , DISK.

15-16 1970. DSK - 20 . 100 - . . - . -, - , . , . ( 2013)

113, , 68, , , , - . - TIP Trk - DISK DEV-GENC (Devrimci Genlik- ) 1969. DEV-GENC 1976 DEV YOL (Devrimci Yol ) 1978 DEV SOL (Devrimci Sol- -). DHKP-C. DEV-GENC , : THKO (Trkiye Halk Kurtulus Ordusu - ) , . TKP/ML (Trkiye Komunist Partisi/ML / -), , TIKKO (Trkiye i Kyl Kurtulu Ordusu ). THKP (Trkiye Halk Kurtulu Partisi ) , (Asarcikli, 2009). , , - . 1980 -. , 90 00 - , TEKEL ( ) Trk .

, 80, - - -

,

,

114 - , Kara () 1986 . - Kara , , , -, , . , , . - - (Karambol publications, 1996). , 90, - , , . 1993, - . , - 2003 Kara Ev ( ) , . , , 2003, Kara Bloc ( ) . , Kara MecmuA ( ), Kara Gazete (- ), Liberter (), Qjka Re ( ), Otonom X, Uygarliga Karsi, Inat, ImlasIz lgbtq KAOS GL 1994. , - , - , , -

115, - , - . NATO 2004, 2009 . , , , . , -33 (Russian Avtonom magazine 2004, Anari Kolektifi Ankara 2011, Karambol publications 1996)

5.3

, - , , -, - . - , , , , .

33. PKK

.

,

,

116 , - - . , , , - . , .

, , , 1915 700.000 . , , : , , . , , - ( , , ), . , , - , , , , -. 1920, - 1925, 1930, ( ) 1926-1932 1938, - . , 1920-1940, 27 , , , - , , 150.000 .

117 , 1940-1970, , , - . , 1940 , 1940 , , - .

70, - -, . , -. . - (Asarcikli, 2009). , - --. 1974, , (- ) - PKK. , , (, - ). (Ulusal Kurtulus Ordusu). , (Asarcikli, 2009). , , - , - 1978, ,

,

,

118 . - . , , PKK ( ). - - , . - (Asarcikli, 2009). PKK .

, 80 90, PKK . 40.000 - - . 1999, - .

, - , PKK. 90, 3.000 15 , .

1196.

, ;

6.1

- , , - , - . , , , 1.000 . 28 - . , - - . , ,

120 3.000 3.000 , . , , 19.00, , . , , , 16 . 9 - , , . (, 2014:19)

1216.2

-, . , - , .

1560 , - 1806 , Halil Pasha Artillery Barracks. , - , , - -. , . , - , , , . 19 31 1909 - .

7. 3D

122

, - 8.000 . , . , , .

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123, 1940 , . - , 300 ., Park No. 2, - ( smet nn), . , - . -, (Intercontinetal, Grant Hayatt, Gezi Hotel Bosporus ..) 40 . - . , .

2013 - Topu Klas ( ). bric--brac , - . , , , -, , , - , , , . - - .

124

8. 3D

125

9. 3D

1266.3

31 2013 , - . , lgbt bloc (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013). - - . 34, - - (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013).

, , , -, , , - , , - , , , - ,

34.

127, . , - , - , , - , , , . 31 . -, -. (Tan 2013)

, 1 15 , - , , :

. , . -, , . , - - (Karaman, 2013:4)

5 500.000 , . , 8 9 , - , . , , ,

128 35

. . -, , , , , , , , , , , -, , . lgbtq -,36 .

- 11 2013 -. -. . , -. , ,

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,

(Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013)

36. - , ,

, (

) .

129. , , . , - (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013). -, . . , , . , , , , (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013). . , - , - .

, . - media - - (Devrimi, 2013:5). :

11 15 ;, . - . , . , , (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013)

130 . 15 , , , , . , . , -, . , - . -, 15 150.000 .

:

. , . , . , , -, . () . . , , . Divan, - . Divan, , . . -. . 15 . , (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013)

131 . - , . ! ! - .

:

. , , , , , -. . , . , , - , , - , (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013)

132 7.

- , , - - .

7.1

- (Henri Lefebvre), 1968 . - - 60 70 (Brenner et al., 2009, Leontidou, 2010, Mayer, 2009). , , - , - , ,

133 . , , 2010 - , .

O 100 - , (Leontidou, 2010). , , -. , -, , . , , , . , , - 70, , , .. -, 60 70 , , , 70 . , . , - (1977), - . (Pickvance, 2003: 103)

, , , ,

134 . . , , - , () (), - (Lefebvre, 1968: 75-76)

7.2

-, , , .

, , , , : , ; (Lefebvre, 1968:94). , , , , (Lefebvre, 1968:97). , - , , -, , , .

, , , , .

135 , , - : ( ). - , , (Marx, 1867:50). , , - : - (Marx, 1867:50) : - (Marx, 1867:56). : - . , (Marx,1867: 56). , (Marx, 1867:50) (Marx, 1867:52). , , , :

, . . , . (Marx, 1867:100)

136 , , - : , , - (Marx, 1867:50).

, - (Marx, 1867:49), . :

- , , , . . , - . , - . . (Marx, 1867:61)

, - . , , , - , - . , , , . , - . (1867:52-3), - .

137 , , : , , (Marx, 1867:215). ,

- . , () , - , . . , - . () . . - . - , , , , - . (Marx, 1867:51-2)

, , , . () , , , (Marx, 1867:199). , (1867:55), -

138 , , (Marx, 1867:55).

- , (Arthur, 2003; Murray, 2004; Smith, 2003).

- , . , :

. , , - , , , (). , () - . (Lefebvre, 1968:14-17)

. , . , -, . , , -, , . ,

139 (Lefebvre, 1968: 75), , , . - , , -, (Lefebvre, 1968:101). , , : , , . ; (Lefebvre, 1968:157). , - , .

, (De Souza, 2010), - (Hodkinson 2012: 516). , - , , - - , . De Souza (2010:317), () .

140, De Souza (2010:316-317), -- - : , , , .

7.3

- , - , , ( 2011), , , - . - 60 , (being realistic, demanding the impossible) occupy (2011) : , (occupy everything - demand nothing) (Deseriis & Dean, 2012).

, , , (2005), (2006), (2008), (2011) (2013) (Frank & Huang, 2011). , - . -

141 (everyday I am capuling). , - .

- 37 - . - -, , , , , , . -, , , 16 2013, , .

multitudo , , , , - . - : -, (. Spinoza 1677) (Virno 2001: 12). , - , , , , (Virno 2001:19)

37. O ().

,

, ,

.

142 , :

H , , AKP . AKP, . -, . - . , , , , , (Tan 2013).

, . Harvey (2012), Chatterton (2010), Hodkinson (2012), (2011), (2012), Mayer (2013) Vasudevan et al (2008, 2011).

. - Musterekler (. ) , 2012 - 2013. Musterekler (2013) , - , .

Commonware, 2013 - , We are Plan C (Commons) ,

143occupy 2012. , -- Communismos (, 2012), , , (Communismos, 2012). , - 2012 Theatro Valle :

. - , . , . - - , (Theatro Valle, 2012)

, , - , -, - .

7.4

- . (commons) (enclosures) - - , , .

144 (, , , ), (, , , , ), (, , ), (), ( ), (), .. , , , , , - . , - , , (Burton 2000, 2003).

- - , -, , .

7.4.1

-. , - - , . , - ,

145 (commoning) , , - .

7.4.2

- : , .

Hardin (1968), -, 60, , -, , . Coase (1987), - , . - .

, - , , , - (new deal, green new deal ..). -

146 . , , -, Leviathan Hobbes.

, - , - , -. . - Elinor Ostrom, , , , -, , - (Ostrom 1990).

7.4.3

, , - - ( ). De Angelis,

147 - -. , , . , . - (De Angelis Stavrides 2010:27-28).

, Federici (2011:1) / Hardt (2011) :

- , , . - : .

(Caffentzis 2010, De Angelis 2007, Linebaugh 2008, Midnight Notes Collective and Friends 2009), : , (commoning). commoners. , - (2011:173) (commoning), (commons).

148

1.

( - ), , , - commoners. Harvey (2011:105), , - . , , - .. , , , , - commoning, . , commoning , - . De Angelis (2009), . -, -

149 . () . - ( ) .

, . , - - - , - (, 1867). , commoners, , .

20 , (Caffentzis 2010, Vasudevan et al. 2008, Hardt & Negri 2000, Harvey 2011, 2012, Hodkinson 2012, Retort 2005, Shukaitis 2007), - , - . (human trafficking), , , (dispossession), , - 80, , , , , , - . , , -

150 (Hartsock 2006, Glassman 2006, Hart 2006, Hodkinson 2012). Harvey (2003: 147) - ,

- (), (, , ) (), , - - () , ( ), - , , ( - sex), , , - , . , , (Harvey, 2005: 159).

Harvey (2005), , - : , , - .

Hodkinson (2012: 506) Beckett Herbert (2010), , (, , , -, ...),

151 , , , , , .

, - , - - , . (Negri and Hardt, 2009), (De Angelis, 2009) (Caffentzis, 2010) .

7.5

- . , , , , .

- . , , -; ; Livingstone (Livingstone, 1992: 7). , Rob Shields -

152 . , space, espace (Lefebvre), spacetime (Einstein), spatium (Kant Leibniz) extensio (Descartes), (), (-), (Shields, 1988, 1991). - , , . : ) ) - ; , (), (, ), - (-), (), , - - (), (Leonardo da Vinci), (Descartes Isaac Newton), (relational) (Gottfried Leibniz) a prior - ( ), - (Durkheim), (Merleau-Ponty) . , : 4D (Minkowski, 1908), (Einstein), (Wittgenstein), - (Foucault), (somatic) (Tilley 1994: 15), (embodied space), -- (Chomsky), (Picasso), (Cassirer), , (Hall), (Previc), (Negri), (Lefebvre 1974, Shields 1988, 2009).

(2012:11),

, , ()

153,

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, (Soja 1989, Massey 2005, Gross 1981, , 2012), 20 , 60-70, , .

- . , , , - . (Soja, 1989:86-87)

, - , . (Soja, 1989:87) - .

- , (1842-1921), -, , -

154, , (1830-1905), -. , 1936-1939.38

, , ; 50 70. (1967: 127), , , .

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, [1970] () , -, : , -

38.

: 1) , ,

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3)

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155 , . - , - - -, , , . , - - (Poulantzas 1980:98)

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. , . , . 70 70% , , . , , , , , , 200% 50 - .39 , , , , -

156 .

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5,6 7,8 .

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157 , , - . (Collinge, 2008: 2615)

() , - . , , , (Lefebvre, 1974:129).

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, . , , - - , , ,

158, , (Lefebvre, 1974:12), , (Lefebvre, 1974:12). , , (Lefebvre 1968: 142) () , - (Lefebvre 1968: 142).

- -

- - , , . . ! : ( -), , ( , )- - -. (Lefebvre 1968: 194)

, , , - .

, , . () , , . ( ) (Lefebvre 1968: 88)

(Lefebvre 1974: 88)

159[ ] , , - . , , , , ()

--, , o , , - , , .40

40. - Cassirer

40. Cassirer ,

(Cassirer 1944).

(

). -

. , - .(Harvey 2006:129-130)

160

2. Lefebvre

Lefebvre (1974) Grnlund (1993) Shields (1999), Conrad (2006), - ( ) ( ) ( ) :

, (Perceived - Peru): , -- , , . . - . - , .

, (Conceived - Conu): - . . - , , .

161 .

, (Lived Vcu): . , . . , -, , , , . . - , . - .41

, (1976) - . , , . , - ( ) , -. , - .

41. E Benjamin, -

, , , ,

(Benjamin, 1999).

162 - , (Manuell Castells) The Urban Question (1977), - , - . (Collinge, 2008: 2614) - , - , (matrialisme alatoire) (materialisme de rencontre) (Althusser 2005).

O - , , - .

, , , :

, - . , , - - - . , ,

163 ( - ), , .

, - , , - , -, , . , , . -, , - . (Castells, 1972:115)

, , . , - . - - ( 2001: 89).

, (David Harvey), 1973, , - ( -) .

164, , 80, - - , (universal) - (contingency).

. - - ; (Harvey, 1985:144)

, , 90, , - , - (Harvey, 1996:109). , Collinge (2008:2616), Harvey -

- - () () - , () (Harvey, 1982:422)

, - , . (Collinge, 2008:2616)

, 1985, The Urbanization of Capital, -

165 - , . - , - , . [ -]. , -

, (2005:14)42 () , , - , -, , , .

- .

42. - 10, 2005, 14

166 . , - - . , ; - ;. -, , , . -, , , , . - () - (Harvey, 1973:13)

, - (Harvey, 2006:129-130).

- . -. , . .

167 - - . , , (.. - ). -. , . (Harvey, 2006:131-132)

, - (Doreen Massey), - 70, , .

1984, Spatial Divisions of Labour, , - () - , ( , 2012: 154-155). , Geography Matters!, - :

, - -. , - . -

168 . - , - , (Massey, Allen [eds] 1984: 4)

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, (Massey, 2005: 28) , .

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170 . . . - . - - . , , . - , , - ( ) - (Massey, 2005: 118)

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172 ( 2013:3). (2013:4) - - , . -, .

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177 ,

, (, 2013: 11)

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: -- - , -- , : - - , - , : - - , .

178

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180 , . , , - , - , , , . , , , , , - , , - . , - , .

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, (Mterekler 2013)

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. , - - . . - (Mem Aslan, Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013)

182 , , , -, , 28 2013 . - -. , -, . - , - , -, . - . -. , . , - , ( ) .

, lgbt bloc,

. . - lgbt . , . . lgbt -.

183 . , , , . . - . - (Jourdan & Maeckelbergh 2013)

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190, , , , - . , , , - . . , - . , , , - .

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, (Kadikoy- ), -

191

, , , 2004 2009. - , , - .

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192 , , - , - . , 2013, , . - (Ataehir) (mraniye), (Maltepe) (Kartal) - (Siragazi). 25 km .

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195

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196 tweets. NYUs Social Media Political Participation Lab hashtag #direngezipark Twitter 1,8 . tweets 1 25 2011. 85% tweets 44 , . media, , 2011, .

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200 Dnya Devrimi ( ) (2013:12)

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205 , . - , AKP , . . - . - , , - , . -, - .

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46. Carsi 1982

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208 , CHP (TGB)48 BDP49 (Dnya Devrimi 2013, 2014).

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