Τεχνολογίες του μέλλοντος

TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO

IPO HIOOYO

TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO

E O T P O NA 2004

T :

T M, H

ISBN 960-8317-29-0

E EOTPON

A 14, A 105 52

T.: 210.32.36.852

Fax: 210.32.10.472

E-mail: [email protected]

E : X

- Layout : nirvana grafix

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

E I HPOOPIKHO M von Neumann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13O M B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33K O (Cyborg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

E II ENEPEIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 H E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99O Dyson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

E III IATHMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139I K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161K Laser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223K A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

E IV H EAIA TOY EPYPOY ANHTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

E V TA OPIA TH YIKH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

H O , O O OO - , H , . , , , , 1600, Giordano Bruno , , .

A - , A, , , - , , - . - *, , ,

* I K.

- , , - .

H A-, , Ber-trand Russell, , - . H - , - , , -, . H - E-, , - , I . E - , - K , , - H B . A - , E, - . , , , , , .

E - , -,

TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO10

, - George Or-well.

O , - , , . , , - . , , , , -, , , , .

, , - N. Kondratiev*, , . O , - , , H , .

O P N.S. Kardashev, - , - . , I, . , II, -. , III, -

POOO 11

* O P N. Kondratiev -, 1926, , , , .

, . M - , H , , , - .

Z ...


O M von Neumann

T A 1956, - Walter Reed B, o . T - o - , , , . M , - , - . , 8 - 1957, John von Neumann , - . , , - , , ,N, A E, . - vonNeumann, H/Y - ...

H O A O . A , , . -, - . A ,

, , , , . M , - ( ).O - . , - - .

A - , - , - , 40 , . T - - . A - , .

O M M

E M, - O - Princeton New Jersey. H HA . O John von Neumann, - , - Hilbert, Gttingen. Princeton, o vonNeumann -


Gibbs, , , , , - , , . - 1 0. 0 1, , - ( ). T , .

M , Gibbs -, - . O vonNeumann - , , - - . H - , H/Y - , .

O von Neumann, Kurt Gdel, IA M (Institute for Advanced Studies) Princeton.T 1931 25 , Gdel - - , - , - . Hilbert - Gdel, von Neumann, , -

HPOOPIKH 15

, , .

H Gdel, . , , von Neumann, - . , G-del von Neu-mann. T , - Norbert Wiener, O - , KIM Rudyard Ki-pling, B - () . T , , - - . O , . M , , , .

A Kipling, von Neumann , - , , - . H , , , , , - . A - von Neumann - (mini-


maxes), - , .

H M von Neumann A K

H - HA , Nor-bert Wiener, von Neumann M K-, , - . H - 1944 - K I A M Prin-ceton, .

vonNeumann, A , - ( Manhattan). H von Neumann , Hilbert, Enrico Fermi Robert Oppenheimer.M , von Neumann M E , - - H/Y, EDVAC, von Neumann 1951.

, EDVAC - , - O . E - - (M E-Input Unit, M E-Output Unit, M A -Storage Unit, A-

HPOOPIKH 17

M-ALU M E-Control Unit), K/E- (Fetch/Execute), .

A - (- ), - ( E- von Neumann). A - , , - , - . E H/Y - , . M, von Neumann - . A von Neu-mann , -


EIPIAKHAPXITEKTONIKH(VON NEUMANN)

APXITEKTONIKHPIPELINE

DATAFLOW

MACHINE

CON-NECTIONMACHINE

NEYPNIKAIKTYA

MHIEYPYMENH

APXITEKTONIKH

AYXPONHAPAHIA (MIMD)

YXPONHAPAHIA (MIMD)(BOLTZMAN-WISARD)

MOPIAKOIYOOITE(MOLECULARCOMPUTERS)

MH EIPIAKH APXITEKTONIKH(NON VON NEUMANN NON VON)

AMHXANH

(MACHINE CODE)

APXITEKTONIKHRISC

H .

, - ( von Neumann), - , - (Artificial Intelligence/AI).

A M

O , - H/Y, 80, -, - , . H 1980 - Geoff Hinton Carnegie-Mellon. O H/Y Bol-tzmann, Ludwig Boltzmann, H/Y - . - (threshold units), , - , 0 1 , 1, . M . T - , - . - , 1 . T , . H , A B B

HPOOPIKH 19

A. T Boltzmann - , .

AH A

1. (trainingpattern) .

1. T .1. A , -

.AH B

2. A .2. T .2. M , 1,

.O , -

AH B . M - .

T Boltzmann, 1984 Wisard Igor Aleksander, , -, . H RAM - . - 512 x 512 (pixels), . 32.768 , , -


T Boltzmann . H , , () .

256. - 256 (addresses) RAM, - 0 255. M , (32.768) - . Y - , - . M , RAM.

Igor Aleksander, - Manchester H/Y (dataflow) (token ring) . H , H/Y. M , - - . O - : (greedy evalua-tion) - , - (lazy evaluation) -, .

M Da-

HPOOPIKH 21

Boltzmann. H .

niel Hillis, MIT (AI). O Hillis Non Von (- A von Neumann) 1974 , 1983, M (ConnectionMachine) DARPA* - 4,7 USD. T 1985, , Hillis DARPA 65.536 -, 16.384 Perkin-Elmer , - MRJ NASA .

H - . H 65.536 - 16 , 216

= 65.536. K 16 ( 16 ). H 4.096 - 24.576 , - . T , .

H M A

, - ,


* A - .

, . ( -) - , - . E - , - , - . H von Neumann, , H/Y , , .

T - , - . , - . O A, , , 2.000 7 . H 5 45 . A 22% - 800% ( , /-con-

HPOOPIKH 23

A , .

troller). . I- Hillis - 1.000.000 . - .E H/Y, - John Rollwagen, Cray Research : N Seymour Cray - - ( - ), - , . N .

A M

A von Neumann, . - , vonNeumann - , (ma-nufacturing unit), (dupplicator) - , (control unit) , (command module) - - . - , - , . H


- , - .

E von Neumann , - . E , 1980, - , NASA, Georg von Tiesenhausen Wesley Darbro. H - , 2007, - .

H , , , , - . T Tiesenhausen-Darbo, M A, - (LMF-Lunar Manufacturing Facility) von Neumann, - , - - , , - . T - .

, NASA A ME 1992, Santa Clara K, - . H von Neumann - . M -

HPOOPIKH 25

, POMOT I POMOT II. POMOT I H/Y - H/Y POMOT II, H/Y.

A , . T POMOT II PO-MOT III, PO-MOT I ( ). M . E - PUMA 500, - 80, H/Y LS II, 1.000 . PUMA 500 - 1.500 , LS II. PUMA 500 H/Y.

O,


T SantaClara Puma 500.

LMF , , , , - LMF, . 1012

bit , - -. O , bit - (1010) , - bit (1014). , LMF -, , - -. H LMF 10 , SATURN V ( -- AON), - .

T LMF : , , - , , , -, - . T LMF - , . M- 18 , LMF - 4.000 , .

LMF - . 90%-96% LMF - LMF. T 4%-10% - . - VLSI. -

HPOOPIKH 27

LMF . E - .

O vonNeumann (SRS-Self Replica-ting Systems) . , NASA -. T LMF - , 36 , LMF, 5.000 , , -. T - A, - .

H 1991 Tiesenhausen-Darbro SRS AIAO B - E (BIS). M Repro M -, , Robert Frietas, , H , - . H 10.700 x 106 kgr, - SRS . O Repro , 10.100 x 106 kgr () 560 x 106

kgr . T SRS 443 x 106 kgr - Repro , 500 . , Repro (-, , , , -, , -, ).


H Frietas cache, - - . 100 km 40.000 Repros. O Frietas Repro - , - 35 ( ). , - , . M , Frietas .

H Repro , - - .

HPOOPIKH 29

SRS .

, Repro SRS, , T. A- - Freeman Dyson Disturbing the Universe. OFrietas SRS ( ). , SRS . T , - , . - Freeman Dyson Neumann...


1903: O John von Neumann B - A-A.

1909: E .

1919: X M-K.

1921: A Gttingen.

1925: A, Hilbert, M Gttingen.

1928: A - Gibbs .

1931: E Gdel.

1935: A I A- M Princeton.

1938: - .

1942: K K HA Manhattan Project, .

1943: K NorbertWiener,

- .

1944: O, Wiener I A M-, T - - K-.

1945: -, H/Y.

1951: K EDVAC, H/Y .

1953: E - Harts-horne, Spykman Hudson, - .

1954: - .

1956: O - - - .

1957: .

HPOOPIKH 31

J O H N V O N N E U M A N N (1903-1957)

O M B

M O 1979, - K. K , , K K, Leo-nid Breznev. E, , I B- X Chemyakin M, Yuri Ovchinnikov, - E, - - , - ...

O O EO I - , -, , , , . O H/Y , , . E H/Y - , - ,

- .

H , H/Y , 60 , , -, , - -, . T - , , 0 1 - . E , - 2030. , , - , - 2, - 5, . K, - , .

H E M B

O , - . E - , 0 1, . - , (-


/1m). , H/Y, . M , - . A - , , - 50 100.

H - - , , -. - - , , . - , - , , - .

E , , . A , , - - E , . -

HPOOPIKH 35

, . O , H/Y, (LCD), -, .

, - , - , - HA, E I-. T - Walther Stovkenius Dieter Osterheit I MaxPlanck Martinsried, 70 . H - Halobacterium Salinarium , - - . M , , - ( ) .


H , .

O P

O P , Yuri A. Ovchinnikov I B X- Shemyakin M. 70, Ov-chinnikov , - I, - ( P). - , K - - , E .

A P , , P , BIOCHROME, . - , - Ovchin-nikov, - .

H E

- Riverside California, -, , - , . T

HPOOPIKH 37

, - , - , . , - , , - - .

K , - , 70, Albert F. Lawrence HUGHES AIRCRAFTCo., - . H Lawrence , . E, - , - , 50 C, , .O - - . ( - bR , , - 0 1, .) E, - , , - la-ser , . K , laser , - , .


O , - , - 0 1, laser. , - - bR K, . O - , bR K , - , - . O - , - M ( P-) , bR-M, - - .

A , - , laser, - . H , , - 0, P Q - laser ( ). A P , Q - , , - .

O P Q - , - , -. la-ser 90, , , -

HPOOPIKH 39

() . M , - 0 , - , P, - Q. E bR 0 P Q 1, - -, . E la-ser - , -, .

H - 0 . A- - ,


O -, , . (G) bR K. A K M O, (R) P

Q, . E , , (B) bR.

B

G

Q

P

R

O

M

K

bR

K H

bR. M 2msec, , 1 ( P Q) , . T 0 ( bR), , 0 . M - - 0 P Q, , - 0 1. H 10 msec 10 Mbytes/sec, .

O - - , - , , laser - .

O 1 x 108 bits/cm2, 1 x1012 bits/cm3, . - 3 x 1010 bits/cm3, , .

, - , , - , - ,

HPOOPIKH 41

- . H 10 msec, , - 1024 x 1024 bits , 1.048.576 bits, 105 kbytes 10 msec.O 10 - , . K , , , , 8 80 - .

O -, , - -. H -, K M- H W. M. Keck Syracuse NASA, E Rome USAF BIO-SERVE SPACE TECHNOLOGIES, - , , - ( ).

H M M

O -, - , , , , . - H/Y -


, , - - , , - .

- -, - , - . T Eung G. Paek I- CalTech, . , - , . E, - , , - .

, - , , - , . H , , - M -, , - Norbest Hamp Cristoph Brauchle M Dieter Osterhelt.

A - , - -

HPOOPIKH 43

, , - . K , 1000 , - 50 . H - , , .

K , - , - . O - , 40 Gbytes. M (RAM), - - -. T , - , - . E


O K,

. H , (ROM) 32 Gbytes

(RAM) 8 Gbytes. H

.

1012 bytes , , , .

K , , , - . E - , - - . T -, , - - ...

HPOOPIKH 45

1894: O Norbert Weiner Columbia Missouri, N.

1905: E K Tufts Medford M.

1913: A M.

1915: M - Hilbert Bertrand Russel.

1919: M MIT.

1923: - .

1925: A M MIT.

1929: - Warren McCulloch, .

1932: A M- MIT.

1933: T BBOUCHER AM E, The FourierIntegral and certain of itsApplications.

1934: A o o - - .

1939: O K.

1942: K -

(Manhattan Project).1943:

K HA.

1944: O Princeton , K.

1947: McCulloch Pitt .

1948: - Cybernetics.

1950: The Human Use of HumanBeings.

1952: K .

1954: - Teapot, - , .

1958: Nonlinear Problems inRandom Theory.

1961: 1948, Cybernetics or Control andCommunication in the Animaland the Machine.

1964: - M, M A- M, - , E- .


N O R B E R T W I E N E R (1894-1964)

K O (Cyborg)

T 1954, Manchester , . M - , - , . , - 42 Alan Mathison Turing, , - KOOO 1943 - AINIMA, . T - . , Turing - ...

H E OI O EO OOY , , , . O -, , -, , -, T, K. A T, , H,

- M , Lev Frankenstein - , , .

O K O (CYBORG), , . O - K O , H/Y -. H , , Norbert Wiener KYBEPNHTIKH (CYBERNETICS,1948), Alan Mathison Turing.

O H/Y - , , . T - , - (software). T - - - , .

To A

, - , , - , ,


, . T , . - -. - .

H Wiener , -, , , KYBEPNHTIKH - . H Wiener , , - , , - 1943 McCulloch Pitt.

T 1949, , Wiener, , Ling Gerard. T . H ( m ) - (). E 10 , - . T , .

M , Frank Rosenblatt 1950 Perceptron, , , . , ,

HPOOPIKH 49

Rosenblatt , , - -. H , , 50 , A. Rothballer Berkeley -. O - . K , , , - , . H - , .

, . T , 20 W . H - , , , . -, -.


120 mV.

O , 1 x 10-5 cm, (OR ). H , -. O , , . M . A , - , . , , , , - . M , 0,5 msec. H -70 mV +50 mV, 120 mV. M , 1 msec , , .

H - . E - , , - .

H M

M , . - - . T , - , -

HPOOPIKH 51

. O , . A- .

H , - 60, - , 1 V, -.

M , , , - . T - 45 , 35 , -. E , , . T , , - , H/Y, - .

H H/Y PC , . A H/Y , -. , H/Y , . O : ) - , ) , ) ) . , K O- . T 1982, -, R. Chatterjee, H/Y,


. M , .

H (PC) , -, . H Boltzman, , Back Propagation, - ( - ). O- - , , - , - 1.000 10.000 .

HPOOPIKH 53

OR ( ). A (), 0, , A B. H 1, , .

O , . - , -. O -, K O, - . E - K O.

E, -. T - , -. T A, , B , - A, . A - . - H/Y, . O : ) , ) , ) - H/Y, ) - , ) - .

H - , - H/Y , ROM RAM. O - , ROM -, - bits ( ), bits ROM ,


- , . , - bits DNA - . 5 x 109 - 20 x 109 bits, 4.000 500 300 . , -, 184 x4.000 .

O - . A ROM H/Y NASA - Viking , bits, -.

T . K 1.000 10.000 - bit. , 1010 - bits RAM 1013, 10 -. A , , , 2 x 1013.

H , , , , Wiener, -: ) -, ) , bit , ) , - bit . E - H/Y () (), (). A, , , 1968, Ernst Stuh-linger ( NASA ),Herbert Franke, K O- . T

HPOOPIKH 55

- () Berkeley. - , NASA -, Stuhlinger Franke Viking .

H -, - - , M H (MED-Molecular Electronic De-vices), . T 1974, - IBM, Mark Ratner Ariel Aviram, - (-, , , -


K Herbert Franke NASA 60.

). IBM K B H Carnegie-Mellon (CMU) Pittsburg Penn-sylvania. A , 1986, NAND (NOT-AND), , , .

T , . H , , , -. A -, (Fe), (Mg). , , . T -, ( , ).

H NAND (OR) 0,0 1 , 1,1 0

HPOOPIKH 57

T NAND.

. H , -, , laser. H -, . A - -. , -, (Mg+), , - . A - - laser. , - : , - (1), , (0). T - . E, 1962 P Pschenich-nov, -, , - .A , -


T NAND.

S. (H - Pschenichnov 1981.)

, laser. M laser . K S - , . , . A - . NAND 3 .

, CMU MERRIFIELD 1970. H - - , , , - .

H - , - . CRAY B - CMU John Popple , - , - , .O CMU H/Y 1988, .

, MCU - ( -) , - - . A - , - -

HPOOPIKH 59

, , , -, , .

H IBM CMU, 5 , -, , JOSEPHSON, . A HA , I - SONY .

A , CMU NAND 2004. M - H/Y , CMU


Herbert Franke , , (T)

(E). O (A) , (B)

. O (H/Y) (A).

AIHTHPIA OPANA (A)A1 A2 E -

( , )A3 Y A4 O A5 Y A6 A7 A8 A A9 YA10 A A11 YA12 (,

)A13

( )

EKTEETIKA OPANA (B)B1 M B2

B3 B4 B5 B6

A1

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A13

E EOOI (A)

EOOI (B)EIOOI

T

B/Y

H/Y

2006, IBM , 2010, HA. - , IBM ROM RAM 1 GIGABYTE, - . E, - ( - ). , 30 , 21 Herbert Franke ...

HPOOPIKH 61

1912: O Alan Mathison Turing - , I.

1926: E B K Cambridge.

1934: A BK Cambridge.

1935: 23 Hilbert, - .

1936: E Princeton M Kurt Gdel.

1937: - Turing.

1938: Princeton.

1939: K - M B K Cambridge.

1940: - - E.

1941: E SIS Frederick Winterbotham.

1943: K KOOO,

H/Y, - - AINIMA.

1945: E Teddington H/YACE (Automatic ComputingEngine).

1948: H/Y Man-chester, H/Y MADAM (ManchesterAutomatic Digital Machine).

1950: Computing Ma-chinery & Intelligence, - (Imitation Game).

1952: A , - - (cyborg).

1954: - - .


A L A N M A T H I S O N T U R I N G ( 1912-1954)

B I B I O P A I A

1. Peter Marsh: ROBOTS, Salamander Books, 1985.2. Norbert Wiener: CYBERNETICS, OR CONTROL AND COMMUNICA-

TIONS IN THE ANIMAL AND THE MACHINE, M.I.T. Press, Ma 1961.3. John von Neumann: THE COMPUTER AND THE BRAIN, Yale University

Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1958.4. John von Neumann: THEORY OF GAMES AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR,

Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1944.5. Norbert Wiener: CYBERNETICS AND SOCIETY, Houghton Mifflin

Company, Boston, 1950.6. INDUSTRIALISATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, NASA, 1984.7. Isaac Assimov & Karen Frenkel: ROBOTS: MACHINES IN MANS IMAGE,

Harmony Books, New York, 1985.8. J. Rose: SURVEY OF CYBERNETICS, A TRIBUNE TO DR. NORBERT

WIENER, Iliffe Books, London, 1969.9. G.I. Poliakov: NEURON STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN, Harvard University

Press, Ca. Massachussets, 1972.10. Jasia Reinhard: ROBOTS: FACT, FICTION & PREDICTION, Random House,

New York, 1978.11. Carl Sagan: THE DRAGONS OF EDEN, Random House, New York, 1977.12. A : BIONIKH, H EITHMH TOY IATHMATO,

HEKTPONIKA NEA, N 9, ETO A, 1965.

HPOOPIKH 63

E , I 1980, Komsomolskaya Prospekt M, ZIM . , , - . , - E M Alexander Rekunkov, , . OAndrey Sakharov, P, B Nobel E 1975 - , 20 , - , Gorki, B...

K O 30, O O O Hans Bthe - - - , - . A , , , - , 21 . O , , - , ,

, . H ( ) , , -. O , , ( , 1:6.700 ) - ( , 12,3 , ), . A , () (1014 sec/cm3), 50 .

O P E

H - , Tokamak 50 P- Andrey Sakharov , P , Igor Tamm, M. O - . T , - , - , , -


, - , , . , , 1.000 eV. T - - . , , , , , ( , , ).

H P Tokamak 60, Lev Artsimovich I A E I.V. Kur-

ENEPEIA 67

O M (Andrey Sakharov).

MANHTHXHMATOTEANH MIKA EPMAINOMENO

MANHTH

PAMMH MANHTIKOY EIOY AMA

MANHTHXHMATOAKTYIOY

chatov M -, Tokamak - .

70 Tokamak - 3.000 eV - 1018 sec/cm3 ( ). , Tokamak, JET, JT-60 TFTR DIII-D, - 30.000 eV 2 x 1019 sec/cm3. - 90, (, , ) - 100 , .H 1985, - -, - . T N , , Mikhail Gorbachev Ronald Reagan . O - - 1987, P, E , I HA Tokamak , ITER (International Thermonuclear ExperimentalReactor/ A).

T 1989, , HA - ITER, - , , , . E -


1992, 1989-1992, , JET (O 1991), - 1997.

X , , - - . , , - - . 70, - 0,01 1%, - Tokamak. -, , ( - ), DIII-D Ge-neral Atomics San Diego, , 1991 0,1 10%, , - , .

O Jet E

T 1971, B , Roy Bickerton BryanTaylor E Culham JET, ( ) . O - , - , - , ,

ENEPEIA 69


1. AMA2. PTO TOIXMA3. PAKIH4. MANHTE XHMATO AKTYIOY5. MANHTE XHMATO TEANH KAI MIKA EPMAINOMENOI6. AOI PAIOYXNOTHTN7. AOI KENOY

1

2

2

34

5

55

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

7

7

3 1

A .

To-kamak , . T , , , - , 1989, TFTR JET JT-60, . E JT-60 , - 80% 500.000 A , - (bootstrap), JET - 2.000.000 A.

O 1991 JET, 2 sec -, 1 MW, 100 . O HA ITER 1992, - TFTR - 1993, A 1994 0,5 sec 10 MW. 1996 - JET, - 30 MW, -. H 1997, , HA - ITER.

A ITER - , 1.000 - (JET, TFTR, JT-60, DIII-D) , , - . T I 1992 - ITER 1998, , JET. T -

ENEPEIA 71

K San Diego, I- Max Planck Garching E- I I E AE Naka, ITER M. K 40 USD , , , E I, P San Diego, A - Garching, E Naka P ITER. O - , , - , - .

, , -, . - , -


TFTR

DIII-D

JET

JT-60

ITER

TFTR, DIII-D, JET, JT-60 ITER.

Lawson sec/m3 eV.

K (BREAKEVEN), Q=1

sec/m3

eV

K (IGNITION), Q>1

, 50.000.000 K ( 15.000.000 K, ) 4.500 eV , - .

, ( 14,56 eV ) - , - . H -, - , , , - . K , , , , , . H -, - - .

, . M - - (), - , - . 3.500.000 eV , , - , - .

O - , - . T - n , -

ENEPEIA 73

. , - , n - 2 x 1020 sec/cm3, T 10.000eV ( 100.000.000 K). O nT 2 x 1024

sec.eV/cm3.

O Iter

Toka-mak, , - - ( - ), - . O ITER -, - , , - Tokamak. , - 60 , , - 1987-1990 I Max Planck, Y- A E B, ITER. H - , , , , - -.

M , -


ITER 2002-2005 - 2007, - - . E - 1 ? 6 ?, 0,5 ? , 7,5 ?, - Vandellos, B.

H - . H , , , - -. - - ( ), , .

H - . , - , - , , - -. - , .

O , , 1000 MW , 1000 JET O 1991 33 1997. A , 3 , -

ENEPEIA 75

. T , - - . - JET 1996, - JT-60, JET 25.000.000 A, - . O ITER - JET, - 8,4 m 4,3 m, ( ) 6,0 m.

, - 16 , - D , - 14,8 m 7,1m ( ). H - - - 4,5 K, - 35.000 A. K 240 4,8 Tesla -, , D 11,2 Tesla, 200.000 8 Tokamak. - .

O , , - , - , . T 80% , 20% -


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ITER ( a b ).

A. Y .

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ENEPEIA 79

M a b ITER.

a. T , .

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. O - .

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A - , - . , - , - - ...


1921: O Andrei Sakharov M.

1938: E T M.

1945: X- N.

1947: O .

1948: - , Igor Tamm, - P.

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P.

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1975: T B Nobel E.

1979: A A.

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1986: K MikhailGorbachev M, B A - .

1989: - M.

ENEPEIA 83

A N D R E I S A K H A R O V (1921-1989)

24 M 1951, A Juan Pern, - Buenos Ayres A Ronald Richter , A- . , , , - - . K Pern, A- , , - .

O , , , Richter - . T - , , - Pern, Richter , . T 1955 - 70 - Richter ...

TO 1926, YO OI OI, Fritz Paneth Kurt Peters, - (Pd). A , Richter, ( - ) , . , , - , - .

N

A Richter , , 1956 Louis Alvarez .K , Alvarez E Berkeley ( Ber-keley Atomic Laboratory), - ( Wilson). E , , -. B , - , , . A - -, .

M Alvarez . - , , ,


. A, , - .

O , - , , 23M 1989, - Utah Stanley Pons Martin Fleisch-mann , - . Pons Fleischmann - ( - Alvarez), - , Paneth Peters. O , - . A , - Utah , - - . T I 1989, E HA, John R. Huizenga, N- , - - . 1992 COLD FUSION: THE SCIENTIFICFIASCO OF THE CENTURY, o Huizenga - , - .

- 1989-1990, , 1991 - , Pons Fleischman. H , , -

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. E, , - , , - Huizenga.

H

I Yo-shiaki Arata, . -, (gas tunnel) , , , . O Arata K , Yue-Chang Zhang - Osaka, Pons Fleishmann -, , , . H -, (double structured), -, . T - ( ) ( ), , - , .

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, . A , , (1995) -.

A (1989), Arata . , - () -, . H Arata - , - . B , - , .

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, , . O , . H - , Arata - , - .

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H 200bar 700 bar, - . A , - - 1 C - - , - . K Arata

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1 , - . A - McKubre (SRI, K) Kanumatsu (IMRA, I) - - , - ( ).

H Arata Zhang - 1992, , - , 1994. - 17 - . Arata - , - . T1955, B , I - ( ) Arata , , -


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600 I 1993, Q , Qin

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ENEPEIA 95

O Arata (1955-1958). I

50, Arata ( d) a b. H b

, c . (I- , II- , III-.)

(a) A. B. . H . Y E. Z. Y H.

(b) A. B. Y . () .

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A I E E Y , Arata - -. , - , , . K , (D/Pd>1), , , .

Scientific A-merican, -


, Peter N. Saeta, K- Harvey Mudd, - -, , Michael J. Schaffer, - GENERAL ATOMICS, - . A-, 38 CERN - - . - Robert F. Heete, PRINCETON, , ...

ENEPEIA 97

O .

1932: O Yoshiaki Arata T.

1955: O Osaka - - .

1958: A - - - 1.000.000 C ( ).

1966: laser - .

1977: .

1986: T , - - -

, - A E M-.

1989: A .

1992: K ( ).

1993: A - Osaka OkadaMemorial - .

1994: - .

1995: K - - .

1996: Y - .

1999: A - .


Y O S H I A K I A R A T A (1932- )

H E

21 1899, B B- E. A -, , - -, . , - , Nikolas Tesla , - ...

M O B OO OO , , 1950 . H 1973 - , - , - - , , -. , , , - ,

, .

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, P Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 19 , - , - -, , .

, , , - . K , 1900, , Ni-colas Tesla, , B B E, , - .


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H (GEO) 36.000 , , - 5 x 10 , - -, - . H - , , , 10 - x 13 , . M 80%, 5 GW , - .

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ENEPEIA 101

NASA E.O 1980 , 60 - , 10 x 5 - 5 GW, . K 50.000 -


.

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00 k

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90 , . T 1993, , - San Antonio - , K E- A&M T, NASA - . T 1987, - , - . T - , ,

ENEPEIA 103

. O - - , -, , .

O / A , - A. O , , - , 1987 , SHARP (Sta-tionary High Altitude Platform), - , .


. A 95%-98% 2%-5% ( ).

Y GEO

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O Geoffrey Landis SVERFRUP TECHNOLOGY LarryWesterlund Lewis NASA, , - - laser - .M - . O , FALCON (Fission ActivatedLaser Concept), - E Sandia N M laser , - Landis Wasterlund. H - - , - FALCON - - laser - (OTV/OMV). B, -, , , .

ENEPEIA 105

H

A I , 1983 HA, I - -, - -. K , - . 1993, - - - .K 1994, - , SFU (Space Fly-er Unit), , , - - . O 1 MW - 300 . K - SPS 2000, - 10 MW - .

O . K , - (SANYO, HITACHI, NEC, FUJITSU, MITSUBI-SHI, TOSHIBA, NIPPON) - - . K 1998, -, 97 22 E Kitakyshu, laser. I - ALPHA - PROGRESS


-.E,

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ENEPEIA 107

. , .

, - GW . H David Criswell, I Houston, Robert Wal-dron. E , , , -. K Criswell Waldron, - - , - .

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ENEPEIA 109

A .

, - 1% 3% .

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E, P . - MIR 10 kW, . T - - .

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900 USD, , 1,5 - USD. A 900 USD - , - , , . , .

, 4% HOOVER, 1986, 1936 - HA. O - EH 6,5% 7% 60 E, - . , - , , M B . H - , , , , , - , 6 ? 14 ?. A - - , -, - .M -

ENEPEIA 111

, - . H - , , 1987.

H NASA , - . H , , (EPMH,IYMOI, AON), -, , , X ( M ) , - . M , 100 MW - . H - . A , , -, - , . H - -, - ....


1856: O Nikolas Tesla Lika K-.

1866: E Karlostadt K.

1873: A , , .

1875: E Gratz (A).

1880: T- E B-, .

1881: E - - , (D.C.).

1884: T HA - Thomas Alva Edison, . (OEdison Tesla - - N Y.)

1887: K HA - - (A.C.) , - George We-stinghouse Pittsburgh.

1893: O Tesla Westinghouse -, Columbia , - , HA.

1896: O Tesla Westinghouse, Astor J. P.Morgan, Rotschild W. K. Vanderbilt, - - N.

1898: K .

1899: E - B E- .E HA, - - Colorado.

1900: K , 1904 Marconi.

1911: M Marconi , .

1912: E -, , - .

1914: - .

1920: -

ENEPEIA 113

N I K O L A S T E S L A (1856-1943)

Georg Sylve-ster Viereck .

1928: K /.

1931: A , -.

1934: E

( -).

1937: O P Tesla -.

1943: N Y, - , , FBI, .


O Dyson

3 N 1928, Jurgen Hals PHILIPS Eindhoven O - Karl Stormer. , 1929, , , van der Pohl , Eindhoven. E , , , 1966, B , Freeman Dyson, - , ...

H O O O EOO, o o - , , -, .

, - E , - - , . T - , 1937

STAR MAKER, E Olaf Stapledon - -. E Stapledon - . 60 - - Stapledon.

A E E

O 1959 Freeman Dyson . H - , . A - 1%, - 1012 . E , , Dyson, - , - .

P NicolaiKardashev, - , - , - .


I , . II - , 1014 . T, III 1011 - , - . , , , - - laser , nova. A - ( -) , , Stanley Schmidt - supernova, M82, - . H I II, .

H Kardashev HA 1964, , - 60 Frank Drake, , - Green Banks . H - OZMA, - . OZMA Dyson, - , - .A, II, . -

ENEPEIA 117

, , Dyson - - -, The Searchfor Extraterrestrial Technology, 1966.

H

O Dyson - , , , - H . , Z - 318 . Pioner 10 Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 Voyager 2, Galileo, , -, - . O Z 78% , - ( 1 ), , -, . - 10% 12% , , , ( ). A 1,7 ( ) ( ), - , .

A , Dyson, - - . , -


H - , - , , , - . Jain Nicolson, - , , H . O , Z, Z 319 , 333x 103 , 6 x 103 -. A H .

ENEPEIA 119

O 32,7

( Galileo).

H 38 , 3000 , 300.000 , H . 280 ( - ). - - , Dyson 1966, - - . 40 , . T - , - , -, , , . , , - . O Dyson - . O , , , , , , , - 40 38 , - .


N A

O Dyson - -, . Jain Nicol-son, , - ( laser - MW), - H , . E, , , - .

K J.H. Fremlin - , , . T , - , - , - , - , - . H Fremlin Nicol-son, , , - , . E - , - Nicolson, 4% -, . K , , ! H - , . T -, , - , , K, , E, -

ENEPEIA 121

. M , E , H, E, , K-, T T, 16% . H , , , -, 235.000 . T - , , , - , . A - , .

A , , - , - , . T Dyson , . H , . T H .

H - , , - - . T - James Strong, BIS,


- Lagrange H, , - . O Lagrange - , - . O Lagrange 1906 - ( - ). M Voyager 1 1980 K, - , T K. O Strong -- , , , - .

Dyson, - , 11 AU* -. H , 0,5 - , 0,2 x10-7 , .

O , , , ( ). O , - . - ,

ENEPEIA 123

* A M -H.

, - . A- Dyson , -, - , -.

H A A

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ENEPEIA 125

, . T -, .

E -, , , , . H - 100 .

T III - , , . T - 5 , .

M laser ( STAR-WARS ), - - , - . H - .

O B Geoffrey Burbridge - , . K , - , - , . O - - , , Burbridge, .

O Carl Sagan Joseph Schlovskii III laser - 1 A, supernova. O 10 ( 1arcsec), , , -


3 x 109 erg/cm2, 1 , - Burbridge . B, laser - - .

O III , , .

M , - , , Dyson.

K , Dyson, , , . - , - . - - , - . A- , , Messier 87 - 100.000 . E - , - . A , .

, - , . K

ENEPEIA 127

K , , - . O - .A ...

K Dyson*

O Dyson - , ( ), - , , .A - , , , - - , - , . O Dyson - H , , , Adrian Berry .


* O Jain K. Nicolson, Hatfield.

T - H ( - ), - , -, , - . O Dyson - 60 , - 106 - 10-5 . H , , - , Z 318 . , , H Z. - -, .

, , - , - . H , 1/16.000 H , , H- .

E , - , -, - - , . K -

ENEPEIA 129

, , - .

H - , -, .

H 1043 erg, . A - , 1025 erg - L4 L5 ( Lagrange). - Gerald O Neil.*


O , H , (Rr -H Rz -H).

TPOXIA METAOPA

Rr

HIO

H

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* O O Neil 70, - 1022 erg - Saturn V.

- ( ), .

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ENEPEIA 131

O , H .

H

HIO

ZEY

Rr Rz


, . T - .

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, , - 2 x 1048 erg sec, 4 x 1033 erg sec, - 160 . , 1021 40 -. A - ( ), - 2 x 1023 gr, .

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A .

2. H

, , Dy-son. M 100 Gauss, 1,8 x 10-4 rad/sec - 6 x 10-4 rad/sec, 600 .

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, . M -

ENEPEIA 133

, -, , .

- , , - - , . M , 318 -, .

- 7,6 x 1018 erg gr 2 x 1039 gr, 1,5 x 1049 erg, 10.000 . M -, 300 4 - . T - - .

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O H

, - - . O Dyson - 10-10. E 1%, - 75 1010 25 -. O 4% ( HA 60 EOK - 80), 17 1010 600 . A - , A Earl Cook, 1940 . T -, 1044 erg. E - 5% AE , - - 1022 erg , 1022

erg 1044 erg. A - Cook, , 210 =1.024 103.

E - 1022 1022 x 1022 = 1044 erg.

H - Dyson, ( -

ENEPEIA 135

), , E, K. T - - , , . T , - , Cook. ( A ), , .

M - , - . E -, , H . A 10.000 - , . H , , - , Adrian Berry, Dyson.


1924: O Freeman Dyson .

1939: A BK -.

1941: - Cambridge .

1942: E RAF B.

1945: E RAF - .

1947: E Cornell - Hans Bthe.

1948: E B Cavendish Cambridge.

1955: E HA - IA Princeton.

1956: E - General Atomics.

1958: , General Atomics, Orion - .

1959: - - Orion, 110 kg HotRod.

1963: - Orion

.1965: T Orion

NASA - -.

1966: The Search forExtraterrestrial Technology OZMA.

1968: A Orion , 1 .

1970: B Lorenz O B A-.

1972: B Max Planck E -.

1976: A, NASA, , laser.

1978: H NASA - .

1979: Disturbingthe Universe.

1983: T BOppenheimer AK .

1988: Infinite in all Directions.

1993: K FromEros to Gaia - , 1980-1988.

1998: N Y.

ENEPEIA 137

F R E E M A N D Y S O N (1924-1998)

B I B I O P A I A

1. Robert W. Conn: MAGNETIC FUSION REACTORS, SCIENTIFIC AMERI-CAN, Vol. 249, No 4, 10/83.

2. Stephen Craxton: LASER FUSION, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. 254, No 2,8/86.

3. Valery A. Chuyanov: ITER, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. 266, No 4, 4/92.4. Harold P. Furth: FUSION, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. No 3, 9,95.5. P. L. Cook & A. J. Surrey: ENERGY POLICY: A STRATEGY FOR

UNCERTAINTY, 1977.6. Robert L. Forward: FUTURE MAGIC, Avon Books, New York, 1988.7. John S. Lewis: SPACE RESOURCES, Columbia University Press, 1987.8. Peter Nichols: SCIENCE IN SCIENCE FICTION, Mermald Books, 1982.9. STARBOUND, Time-Life books, 1991.

10. G. Landis & L. Westerlund: ENERGY POLICIES, DOE, 1998.11. Freeman Dyson: THE SEARCH FOR ARTIFICIAL STELLAR SOURCES OF

INFRARED RADIATION, Science Vol. 131, 1959.12. Freeman Dyson: THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL TECHNOLOGY,

Perspectives in Modern Physics, ed. R. E. Marshak, 1966.13. Freeman Dyson: DISTURBING THE UNIVERSE, Penguin, 1980.14. Freeman Dyson: INFINITE IN ALL DIRECTIONS, Penguin, 1989.15. T. A. Heppenheimer: COLONIES IN SPACE, Stackpole Books, 1979.16. Carl Sagan & Joseph Schlovskii: INTELLIGENT LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE,

Dell, 1977.17. P.L. Cook & A.J. Surrey: ENERGY POLICY STRATEGIES FOR UNCER-

TAINTY, Doubleday, 1977.18. Jonathan Piehl (ed): EXPLORING SPACE, Scientific American Special Issue,

1990.19. Freeman Dyson: FROM EROS TO GAIA, Penguin books, 1993.20. Andrian Berry: THE NEXT TEN THOUSAND YEARS, Coronet Books, 1976.


O 1942, - , B . E 1942, Peenemnde, o Dr. Ernst Steinhof, - , 4, , A.

, - , 10 O- 1942 Janssen HVP (Heeres Versuch-anstalt Peenemnde/I E Peenemnde) B.

T , - - -...

K O MO O 1961, O OO HA John Kennedy - - , - . AON NASA E A E HA (Atomic Energy Commission) NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications), - AEROJET GENERAL

WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC NERVA, 25.940 kgr (55.000 lb). 1954 1957, BLOHM& VOSS Dr. Richard Vogt, BMW Dr. Hans Bruckmann 003 BMW Gerhard Neumann GENERAL ELECTRIC, X-211 X-6.K James E. Webb, NASA, NERVA , A, E, , , . , , , - ( ). A 30.500 m (100.000 ft) - , 60, 681.000 kgr (1.500.000 lb), . E , 30% .

NERVA - , - , . A NERVA 2, 90.700 kgr(200.000 lb), 5 NERVA 2 , ., NERVA2, 272.000 kgr, - ., ( 70), - NERVA


- , - , -, , , .

M , - , 6.300 1.800 ( -), 50% , - 1.800 900 , 450 (- ).E, - 26 , , 1971 1986 900, 1979 1996 - 900 3.227 ( - ). A, 1.800 -, , -.

T , , , , -/ . H - , - (-248 C), 2.200o

C.

IATHMA 141

30 45 ( ), - .

A , - - , -/ 10.000 m/sec. M- -


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1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

1.000 sec ( 450 sec), , -, - .

T , , 50% , - , - , .

O A M 1966, Harold B. Finger, NASA E- A E HA (AEC) - . , NERVA - 760 sec, / 1:40, - 30 (1.100 MW). T - 1967 Lyndon Johnson, RIFT - 10,05 m, S-IVB Saturn V.

KIWI NERVA , , , , , - . O , - , - . 1966

IATHMA 143

20 , - KIWI TNT I 1965 ( ). T I 1966, - RNX-A5, , - ( ) . T NERVA 1, 34.020 kgr (75.000 lb), .

A , , , . T NERVA 1 - S-IVB Saturn V, 33% J-2 ROCKETDYNE, Saturn V 2 , 80% 100% H - 65% .

T 1968 NERVAXE, 22.680 kgr (50.000 lb), A Jackass Flats N. NERVA 1, 34.020 kgr, 70. H - NERVA 2, 1972 . T - 1,2 m 1,83 m, -/ 1:80 1:100. 5.000MW 90.720 kgr (200.000 lb) 113.400 kgr(250.000 lb), 109.000 kgr J-2, - 30


825 sec, , NERVA 1, 10,05 m - S-IVB. H (- ) 680 1.150 , - - , 2 4 . NASA

IATHMA 145

- (NERVA 1).(1) A (2) (3) (4) A- (5) A (6) (7) .O - - .

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

NERVA .

NASA - , . Y ( 70) - NASA MARTIN MARIETTA, Ro-bert M. Zubrin, , - . H Zubrin , . , ,


T von Braun , 9-12 . (1)

(2) (3) (4)

(5) K (6) (7) A [

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. E, -

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IATHMA 147

T NERVA 2, S-IVB -Saturn V. (1) B - (2)

(3) A

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2

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6

7

8

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. , 515 sec - .E, , - , , . , , .

90, AEROJET GENERAL, BAB-COCK & WILCOX ENERGOPOOL - - NASA, - 16.200 sec ( 9 - ). T I 1994, AEROJET GENERAL - Melvin J. Bulman, - , - . O Bulman - AEROJET GENERAL, , . O , , - . A Clinton , AERO-JET - , - NERVA SP-100. A , NPO ENERGOMASH RD-410, 7.250 kgr (15.400 lb) NASA. H P -

IATHMA 149

, 3.150 C, 2.200 C NERVA, 2.650 C - AEROJET.

AEROJET -, 250 25 , - Shuttle C, . , , 152 , - . T - , 132 . T

, - , - , 45% . K


T 250 AEROJET 25 24 . (A) (B) 155 () 59 () K (E) .

1990, BECH-TEL - 1994 K- Johnson NASA, -

. O - NASA Houston, CARBOTEK, KC-135, 1/6 ( ).

A - , RD-410 - AEROJET, - , 60,

IATHMA 151

. (1) X (2) (3) (4) ( ) NERVA 2 (5) NERVA 2.A, . (6) NERVA 2 (7) 159 10 (8)M (9) .

. A - HA 40 50 , , - . , , - , , . , - , - . - ( 100.000 MW), - 30.000 C 80.000 C, - ( ) .

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, - , .M , , - , - , - . - , -.

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IATHMA 153

H - .

, -, , . E, Zubrin, , , , - , - H .

T

O - .

I. ANTIPATHPE YMAOY YPHNA

( - ) , - , - . , - , - , ,


, - . O :

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IATHMA 155

A (1) E (2) A(3) (4) A (5) A (6) E (7) P (8) (9) A

1

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, - . T NASA GLAVCOSMOS , 60, , RD-410 NPO ENERGOMASCH, - AEROJET GENERAL. - , - .

) , , -. , - . O - , , .

T - ( ), , - , - , - , , , -. E 50% , -


. , NERVA, - 2.500 C, - .

) E , - , -. H , - , , , , , . H 15% 20% - . E, - , - - . O - , - , , , . K , - , - , .

II. ANTIPATHPE AEPIOY YPHNA

O -, -

IATHMA 157

, , . H - BrunoAugenstein, Eugen Snger, - RAND CORPO-RATION 50. O - 5.000 C 11.000 C ( - 30.000 C 80.000

C), 3.000 sec -. , ( ) , . O , , . H ,


A . A, , ,

. , , ( ).

IATHMA 159

. , , - , . M 1:1 - , 70% .M 1:35 97% , - 4.000 7.000 kgr/cm2.

E - , , - - , - 100 , . . M - , , - , - 50 -. , , , , .

1901: O Werner Karl Heisenberg - Wurzburg.

1922: O M.

1923: E MaxBorn, Gttingen.

1924: , Niels Bohr I - , K.

1925: M M.

1927: A .

1932: T B Nobel K.

1940: T - , O.

1941: K - , - Hai-gerloch ( ).

1944: O - .

1945: - - .

1947: E , - .

1949: A E A EMax Planck.

1962: E YIKH KAIIOOIA.

1971: E EPAN THYIKH.

1976: -.


W E R N E R H E I S E N B E R G (1901-1976)

I K

E 17 N 1945, 31 , Pee-nemnde B Oberammergau B, - SS. T 525 14 - Pee-nemnde A. M - HA, Ernst Stuhlinger, ...

O ERNST STUHLINGER O I HA Peenemnde, , 1928 A Franz von Uhlinski . O - , - . H -, , Stuh-linger, - 50 km/sec, 100 kW, 1.000 100 W. -

(, A-), . - , Zanssen 1942, , , .

HA, , 50 , Stuhlinger , - . T 1954,, - ( ). O - - ( ), 60 , Tel-star 1 (1963) Telstar 2 (1965) AT&T. O - - ( ), 30% - .

/ SATURN, , Stuhlinger , - , , , - . T - . O , 1945 , . (H -


-, -.) -, - - , - - . HA Stuhlinger - SERT 1965 , , - 5 10 . H 80%, , - , 100 KV. E, , - , , - 100%, 1.000 KV.

O Stuhlinger, , - , ,

IATHMA 163

SERT Ernst Stuhlinger.

, - . H ( - ) , - . O - , - . B , - . A - 1 MW, - , , SP 100 (- 500 kW - 30 kgr/kW), .

. H , - , - . K - , , - , . O - , -, . H - ( ) -


, , , ., , -.

H - 60, Ernst Stuhlinger, 45%. (H - . E 100%, - , .) M - -, - , - - .

H HA ROCKET RESEARCH, TECHNICON ROCKET-DYNE, - , , , - 500 W 10.000 . T 0,1 , . E ASTP-3 ESA, , BPD DIFESA SPAZIO CENTROSPAZIO, - 500 W 2.000W, , -

IATHMA 165

, - .

. H , - , - , - . T , . T - , . T - , - , , . T - .

O , . , - - . O , ,


. (1) H (2) E (3) B

1

2 3

ASTP-3 ESA, CENTRO-SPAZIO.

A , - , MW, , - 1 kW, . H - - - , -, , .

. H , -, , ,

IATHMA 167

. , : (1) H (2) M (3) E (4) B , : (1) (2) M (3) H

12

3 4

1

23

. T - , -, , - . H - , - . E , - - , -, .

Ernst Stuhlinger , - , SERT 60. M SERT, Stuhlinger , , 5 10


.(1) E (2) I (3) Y (4) (5) E (6) I

1

2

3 4

5

6

. H 80%, , , , 100.000 V.O - , , - . H - 100%, 1.000.000 V.

A HA -, - UK-10 BNSC, DRA (DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY) MATRA MARCONI SPACE. O - Alenia Spazio, - Arte-mis, - ( -).

O UK-10 , , , , 3.500sec. H 40 km/sec, Artemis 0,18 - , UK-10 0,25 . , Rita-35 MBB (MESSERSCHMITT-BOLKOW-BLOHM) ESA Horizon, ( ).

O , -

IATHMA 169

, - , - , - . T -, , . E, , -, - -, . B, - , ( 30 kW), - -. T , - , , . H - , - , , , .

Y (, -, ) . O , - . E, , 1 cm/sec2 ( ), - 26 km/sec . K , -


- , . O , - .M . H , , - 100 kgr/kW, 5 kgr/kW . - , 25%.

IATHMA 171

1913: O Ernst Stuhlinger Tubingen.

1930: E Tubingen.

1936: - Tubingen I T- B, .

1939: E - B -.

1941: M - Peene-mnde.

1945: A- HA - , - Paperclip ().

1946: Fort Bliss.

1949: M Huntsville Alabama.

1954: - , .

1957: - .

1960: A K

Marshall(Marshall Spaceflight Center) - .

1964: E ION PRO-PULSION FOR SPACEFLIGHT(I - ).

1965: SERT - .

1968: A - AO-N ( ), K Marshall.

1973: K - - SKYLAB.

1975: A NASA Hunts-ville.

1993: T BAON vonBraun.

1994: E vonBraun.

1998: .


E R N S T S T U H L I N G E R (1913-1998)

K Laser

H 70 , , , - , .

, , NASA , - Freeman Dyson, , - . H K Marshall, laser...

TO OO O , - , laser. H laser - (CW) , - laser. O laser .

T Marshall, - -

, .

laser , - - . , , . O NASA - laser, -. , laser - - . , laser . - , - (LEO) (GEO). K Dyson Lee Jones K Marshall, - . O NASA, , CW laser, - , - , , -. H , , . (OTV) .

A OTV CW laser - OTV -, .


OPTIO OTV* ANAOIA KOTOY

2.250 kgr 2,4:1146.000 kgr 6,9:1

* T (2.250 kgr) -SATURN V LEO (146.000 kgr).

T -, : laser , /- , laser , -. NASA 1978 Woods Hole - , , Carl Schwenk, Wol-fang Mochel, Stan Kent Arthur Kantrowitz, - - laser . H - , - .

IATHMA 175

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

laser. (1) (2) (3) E (4) (5)

(6) laser (7) A

20.000K

H , - - . A , - , laser. T - , , , , laser.

T K Marshall CW laser, -, laser (CO2) 10,6 m, - . K - , laser , . H - laser - , . A , , .

, , -. A - . O - .


H - RO-CKETDYNE 1,5 x 104W/cm2. P 9,3 x 103 W/cm2 , 160.000 kgr/m2. , n 10 kW, - 2,5 x 103 W/cm2. M - laser, - - 30 kW, 8 x 103 W/cm2, . K N.H. Kemp K Marshall, laser 5 MW 105 W/cm2, - - 6 x 103 W/cm2, - 10 cm 2 x 103 W/cm2. K , - 30 kW - 1,4 W/cm3 ,

IATHMA 177

A . (a) (b) Z (c) (d) Z

Lh

Rhl

Rm

a

b

cd

Rhl

Lm

. O Kemp - laser, , , .

, . - , - ( - ). E - , - - . A - laser (5.000 K 15.000K), .O -


, cm. (A) .

. O laser - . Y - .

O 80 - -, . - , , 15.000 K - 700 sec, . 5.000 K, - - , (200 sec), 1.500 sec, - . E, , .

H NASA CW laser , 1975, K E Lewis, . A laser , . - 10,6 m, laser, - (LSC), - laser .

A , ,

IATHMA 179

- . K , K Marshall, - , - , . -, - laser -, , -, .

, K Marshall - I T Tenesee K- E LOCKHEED Huntsville, - - . M laser, - . A LOCKHEED - laser, - . A Kemp Roote - ( - ) - laser.

T - laser, , , K Marshall, -. O Batteh Keefer - . T - , . T LOCKHEED - , -


. B laser, - , . A , - laser.

A - - laser, , . T , - .K , - , Navier-Stokes (LSC).

H - 10,6 m (LSC) . , , . E- NASA, 70 , - (LSC) , - laser CO2 (ARMY TRI-SERVICES LASER).

T K Marshall R.W. Conrad, - laser. OConrad laser CO2 - - -, . ,

IATHMA 181

(LSC) (LSC) , -, , - , . O Conrad , - - (LSC), -. E - laser , . M , , -, . T laser. T - , 1978, K Marshall B- A , - . K 1979, Conrad Roy , -


Conrad.(1) (2) E (3)

(4) P (5) B (LSC) (6) E

(LSC) - laser , .

, K E UNITED TECHNO-LOGY, Smith Fovoler - , - , . A (LSC) , ( LSC ) - Conrad Roy. NA-SA A laser CO2 (- ) , 30 kW. O K Marshall - . K , - 10 cm, -, , - . O - 40 m - NaCl ( ) 15 cm. H 13 cm 46 cm, . O - - 45 psi. , . 0,18 cm 0,25 cm, - 45 psi (LSC) 7,5 kW. , 1,9 x 105 W/cm2 21,9 x 105 W/cm2, - 2,5:1, - (LSC) 3,8 x 105 W/cm2 7,3 x 105 W/cm2, 5 x 106 W/cm2.

IATHMA 183

, (LSC) 4600 cm/sec, .

A 1978 , NASA 80 - laser, - . , K Marshall K E Langley . , 1980, - laser CO2 30 kW ( NASA), 1982 (LSC) . , - Conrad


NASA Marshall. (A) E

(a) laser CO2 30 kW (b) 42 mrad (c) E 2,5 m

(d) E (e) E (f) (g) E (h) (i) E 42 psi

(j) H (k) (l) E (NaCl) 30 cm.

, - laser. , , - . , , - . M - -, laser - .

M , , , NASA - , , - , -, - O. H - 70, 80 - , laser , - , , - - . M , BDM NASA - laser, laser . , - , , , , - - NASA. A , -

IATHMA 185

NASA laser . H BDM NASA . O NASA BDM, - laser, - - , laser 2 m -


E MIRACL, Zenith Star,

- Titan II.

-. M K Langley, laser , - - laser .

, 1983, NASA -, - SDI, laser . E , , , -

IATHMA 187

O laser, 1989. A Zenith Star laser TRW.

1989 - -, . K 1990, - , Zenith Star laser, TRW , - laser X - . H - - . H NASA - , , - . A HA, K T- MIT, - , - , , NASA, - - - .

K , laser - , - - , .


1931: O Peter Glaser N Y.

1954: A, Princeton.

1964: E .

1968: A - E H E-.

1969: A laser NASA - 20/7/1969 .

1970: O NASA - - - .

1971: A ( 1984) - SOLARENERGY.

1973: K - .

1978: ,

OHE, E SUNSAT.

1984: O ( 1989) E E NASA.

1986: - STS-61-6 .

1988: O NASA .

1989: A - - ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY.

1993: T A- O .

1996: T T- HA (Hall of Fame).

1998: , E - ADVANCED TECHNO-LOGY.

IATHMA 189

P E T E R G L A S E R (1931- )

I

T 17 O 1923 ( -), - P Lenin, K, . O Fredrick Arthurovitsch Tsander, - . M- , Lenin - Tsander -. O Lenin - , - , , . M 1929, - (1929-1933) Stalin, ...

H - , . , , - , , , H , .

H , - , . O - , , .

O P Fri-edrick Arthurovitc Tsander, - Tsiolkovsky P.K 1926, Tsander , , H - - . H , . - , 600 m2. - , , . A Arthur C. Clarke 1964, - Sunjammer, 1981 BIS - . H BIS - JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Cal Tech - . T 1982 JPL 30 m2 mylar , 0,006 mm (1/24 ), Halley, NASA .

T -


, - , -, . K - . , , , - - , - , . M , -

IATHMA 193

T JPL 1982 Halley.

. H - -, , , , - , . , - , (LEO), 1.500 km. H - , - .

E, , .

A , -, , , , , - , - . B, .

A , 30% .

, , , , , .

,


, . M 100 - .

- 250 m, 1/4 ( -). T , - , , H/Y .

, , - (/) . O - -, , - , .

K 80, Cal Tech, Ro-bert Forward, , laser, NASA laser. A Forward .

K , , , , - , - , , -. H , 1.500 , . A, Forward, laser - -

IATHMA 195

- .

laser - , Forward - laser E, - , , 1.000 m K- O. H - , , 800 - 10% , - E H 100 . H For-ward - , NASA - .

X - , , , . T , , , .

T - (, ) , . / 30 gr, - 0,6 km2, E H 53 .

H , - , - , Galileo, ( A, -), . ,


IATHMA 197

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

O .

E 1 O , .

E 2 T , - .

E 3 H .E 4 T -

.E 5 T ,

.E 6 T -

.E 7 T , .E 8 T (

, 3, 45).E 9 T , -

( 1).

MARTIN MARIETTA, Robert Zubrin, - Dana Andrews BOEING AEROSPACE, , /, - 30 km - , - . H 0,43 x 106

m/sec 50 . , , . T - , , , - .

E -, (Nb/Ti) 1:1 Nb/Zn 3:1 20 K, - .

M , ( ) - .

E , , - . T - .

H I Bis

A 1981, BIS , . 90, ,


A (Columbus 500 Space Sail Cup), A X K (1992), - . M BIS, Cambridge Consultants - 10 .

T , Nina, - , -. -, ESA, NASA GLAVKOSMOS. ESA, - , - .

T Nina 250

IATHMA 199

KH A

E 8 80 .

T H A. T 60

60.000 m2.

To 4m 4m.

T Nina BIS.

m, 4 m 4 m, . H - 60.000 m2, Wembley.O B 200 300 , Hohmann. H 500 kg, . , , 1992.

A 80 - - :

I. T . T , ,, JPL 1982.M , - . - -


, . O H/Y - , - .

II. T . T BIS 1981 Nina 1990. T

-. K , - . , , - .

IATHMA 201

III. O . T - Arthur C. Clarke 1964.T - , , - , . M ,

, - . M , , , .

IV. T . T , , - , . H ,


. K 84 m . O H/Y - , .

IATHMA 203


1867: O Fredrick Tsander A .

1891: O M .

1895: - A .

1909: A .

1920: Konstantin Tsiolkof-sky - EPAN TH H.

1923: - , - .

1924: - E M (TsB.I.R.P.) M.

1926: ( ).

1927: E M

(O.I.M.S.).1929: E

- OR-1.

1931: E - .

1932: O G.I.R.D. M , - - OR-2. , - ().

1933: G.I.R.D.-X - . M- M.

F R E D R I C K A R T H U R O V I T S C H T S A N D E R (1867-1933)

A

E A 1950, San Antonio T, Wernher von Braun , COLLIERS -. E LIFE Chesl

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