(1912-1923)

2008

:

:

-

:

.

.................................................................................................................1

..........................................................................................................7

:

:

.................................................................8

1. ...............................................................................................8

2. ...................................................................................................24

3. .....................................................................................................29

4. ....................................................................38

5. ......................................................................................................40

6. ................................................................................................43

7.

.....................................................................................44

:

1912-1923............................................................49

1.

.....................................................................49

2. 1914-1915..............................68

3. ..................................................................71

4.

............................................................90

5.

............................................................................99

6. ....109

7.

....................................................................................118

:

: : )

) .....126

1.

1881-1912...........................................................................127

2. (1/14 1913)..................................131

3. ...............................144

4. ..................157

5. ..............164

:

1912-1923...........................................167

1.

..168

2.

1914-1915................................................................................................176

3. .....................................................188

4.

....................................................190

5. , :

1919-1920.............................................................................194

6.

(1920-1922)......................................................................202

7.

1922-1923...............................................................................................207

:

........................................217

1. ...............................218

2.

..............................................................................220

3. 31 1915..............................................................223

4. 6 1915.......................................................232

5. 1916.............................239

6.

.........................................................................................................241

7. 1 1920.........................................................246

8.

..................................................................................256

9.

.............................................................................................261

10.

......................................................275

:

...............................................289

1.

......................................................................290

2. :

1912-1923................................................294

3. :

...................................................................310

:

1912-1923............................................326

1.

(1912-1919)............................................................327

2.

(1919-1923)............................................................................349

3.

................................................................371

:

....................................................................377

1. .......................................................... 377

2. .............390

3. :

...............................................................................................403

:

: :

- ..................427

1. .................................................................................428

2. ...............................................................470

: :

- ................. 483

1. .................................................................................485

2. ...............................................................507

:

:

..............................................................................516

1.

..............................................516

2.

.............................................................................................532

...........................................................................................................550

.......................................................................................................................554

.............................................................................................................558

............................................................................................................565

-..................................................................................................669

Dissertation summary................................................................................................717

1

20

,

, ,

,

.

, .

,

,

, .

,

,

1913 . ,

.

,

,

,

, .

,

.

, ,

2

1.

,

.

,

,

1990

2.

.

,

.

:

.

. ,

1 Mark Mazower (Salonica the city of the ghosts Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950, 2004) Bruce Clark (Twice a stranger. How mass expulsion forged modern Greece and Turkey, 2006) [. (.), . , 2006] ( . , 2000). , , , 2004 . 2 (Lozan Mbadilleri Vakf). . M. Pekin-. Turan (.), Mbadelle bibliografyasi. Lozan nfus mbadelesi ile ilgili yaynlar ve yaymlanmami alimalar ( . ), Lozan Mbadilleri Vakf, 2002.

3

,

( , ),

.

, ,

.

,

.

. , ,

1912-1923.

,

.

. ,

,

1912-1923.

, , ,

.

4

.

.

.

,

,

. , ,

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

. ,

, .

,

.

5

.

, ,

. , ,

1923. , ,

, ,

. , ,

,

.

.

, ,

, , . ,

-

, .

,

. , ,

,

, ,

, ,

,

6

,

.

. , ,

.

, ,

.

7

/.. /

,

/.. /

/ /

/ /

Ministre des Affaires trangers, France

/ /

TNA The National Archives, United Kingdom

:

8

1912

, ,

, . .

1912-

1923, . ,

, .

1.

1912 : )

,

, )

1912

,

1.

1 , , , , , .

9

- ,

,

. ,

1899

,

2.

, ,

, ,

, 3.

,

,

1912 (Hilmi Paa)4,

( ,

) 272.100,

289.800 176.500,

482.414, 287.092

223.5375. 1906

2 H. Wilkinson, Maps and politics. A review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia, 1951, . 121-122, . . I. Michailidis, The war of statistics: traditional recipes for the preparation of the Macedonian salad, East European Quarterly, 32/1 (1998), 9-21. 3 . . . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the international Commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars, 1914, . 195 -198 . 4 1902 1905 . 5 . . , . -, 1910. . J. McCarthy, Muslims in Ottoman Europe: population from 1800 to 1912, Nationalities Papers, 28/1 (2000), 29 . , . . ,

10

Kemal Karpat, (

) 677.573

(419.604 257.969 )6.

7. ,

.

8:

1889 Verkovitch 240.264

1899 576.600

1900 Kancov 499.204

1904 634.017

1905 Nue

Constantine

1.030.420

1908 Amadori

Virgillj

646.500

. , (1820 -1913), 2003, . 264 . 41 . . , (1912-1930), , 1996, . 24. 6 Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman population 1830-1914. Demographic and social characteristics, 1985, . 166. 1903 . Stranford J. Shaw, The ottoman census system and population, 1831-1914, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9/3 (1978), 335. 7 . , , 1923, . 590. 8 : The complaints of Macedonia, Memoranda, petitions, resolutions, minutes, letters and documents addressed to the League of Nations, 1919-1939, 1979 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, .. . 28-31, 195 Altan Deliorman, Makedonyada Trk nfusu meselesi( ), Trk kltr, 38 (Aralik 1965), 247-253 Giovanni Amadori-Virgilj, La Question Rumeliota. (Macedonia, Vecchia Serbia, Albania, Epiro) e la politica Italiana, Bitonto 1908, carte no 1. . , .., . 13-28 . , . 1912-1922, 2007, . 157-166. 1904 Bulletin d Orient Le Temps. Ivanoff V. Sis .

11

1912 Ivanoff 548.225

1912 V. Sis 520.845

.

,

. , 9

1912-1924, 190410

404.238,

470.000 480.00011.

,

1912 438.94512.

, Ivanoff13

314.854 15.01814.

1912,

,

, .

9 , 1914-1915, 1919. 10 Bulletin d Orient Le Temps , Bulletin d Orient . 11 . , 1912-1924, 1925, . 11-12. 12 , . , . 15, . 5. 13 Ivanoff 1906 . 1913 . 14 Carnegie Endowment for international peace, .. . 195, .

12

15,

.

1913

, ,

16.

-.

,

17.

18,

387.408, 20.000,

, , ,

19. ,

1913 400.000 (397.408 15 1912-1923 . . , : (1912-1923), ,19/36 ( 2002), 101-120. 16 , , 1913, 1915. 17 .. , (1912-1913), 1951, . 50. . , , , 1914, . 148-153 18 , , . 131, , , , . , , 21 /3 1913, . . 991, . . , , . , , , 2006, . 433-461. . . 19 ( ) . , . , .. , , , 26 1913, 20.430. 1920, 20.207.

13

1.227.478 1.194.902

1913) 33%

.

20 , , ,

, , , 21.

,

1913,

,

,

.

,

,

1913 465.000, 39%

22. 1912-

1913

. 15.000

1912-1913.

41.000

1913,

1912-1913

.

20 . 21 , . . . 22 . , , . 12-14.

14

1915

( 1912)

, 23

191924.

, 1915

353.300 1.285.623 28%

.

1914

350.00025.

26.

1915,

353.300 27. 1915

(53% )

28, 27%

29, 20% 30, 22%

31 14% . ,

,

. 23 , , . 15, . 5. . . 24 , , 1919. . . 25 . , , . 14. 26 , .., . /55 1912-1917, , 15/28 1916, . . 6541. . . , , 1910, 1912, , , 1986, . 107-112. 27 . IV . 28 . . . 29 . 30 . 31 , , , , .

15

(161.272),

.

. , 1915

353.300 70.128

20% , 80% (283.172)

32.

,

(30.000)

(9.800), (9.026), (6.227) (5.064)33.

1913-1915

.

1913

1915 44.000. , ,

,

,

1913-1914 44.000.

1913-1915 110.000.

1913-1914. 1913 1915

. ,

44.000 1913 15.867

,

32 . . 1923 . , , 1923, . 5, . 4, , 23 1923 11 1923. 33 . IV .

16

1913 45.86734.

13.000 .

.

1920 ,

, 35. ,

1920

.

1920 1923

36, ,

1920 316.30037

37.000 1915

29% (1.090.432

1920).

(56%), 14%

, 16% , 37%

38, 41% 23% .

1915-1920

,

1915

34 28 1913 , 39.956, 61.439, 45.867, 6.263 4.364. . . , .., . 51 . , 1913, , 23(1983), 88-116 . , . . , 1996, . 330-345. . , , . 27 ( ). 35 , , 19 1920, 1921. 36 , .., 1923, . 6, . 7, , , 12 1923, . 37 . V . 38 1917 1972 29 1917 .

17

23.422 , 4.435

39 21.053.

1915-1920

.

,

1915 ( 10.568

1.342 ),

,

1919

. 1920 ,

, -

,

.

1920

40.

, 258.349,

.

1920 ,

, ,

1920 668 125,

39 1915 1917 . 1915 1920 1915. 40 /, , . , 1920 ( ). 1920 . V .

18

1924 5.632 7.686

41.

, ,

42.

.

1920

43.

,

1920

48.000 70.00044.

, -

,

,

45.

316.300

1920,

,

1920 350.00046.

41 , , . 69 , 1924 . , . , (1923-1930), 1994, . 71. 42 , .., 1923, . 6, . 7, , , 12 1923, . 43 . . , .., . 214 , 31 1923, . . . 542. 44 , .., , . 737, , 28 1923, . . 105 , 31 1923. 45 , .., 1921, . 32, . 6, - , , 15/28 1921, . . 4. . . , 25 1920/7 1921. 46 . , , . 15.

19

1923, ,

. 1923

, ,

47.

1920,

48. ,

(71%), (65%)

(78%)49,

(40%) (43%).

,

. ,

1923

, .

50.

47 . , . 737, , 28 1923, . . 105 , 31 1923. . , .., . 214-220. . , 1919-1928, , 1996, . 177 . 48 . VI . 49 . 50 , , 1923, . 3, . 2.

20

. , ,

52%

288 48% 225 ,

62% 250

38% 112 51.

1920

.

(264.400), 13.000

, 12.800 , 11.700 , 7.800

, 1.200 , 5.400 52.

,

,

.

,

1912-1923

20 .

.

:

,

,

53.

51 . VII- . 52 , . . -, , . (.), , , 1999, . 31-37. 53 A. Popovic, L'Islam Balkanique. Les musulmans du sud-est europeen dans la periode post-ottomane, 1986, . 138 A. Toumarkine, Les migrations des populations Musulmanes Balkaniques en Anatolie (1876-1913), Cahiers du Bosphore XIII, 1995, . 13 P. Konortas, Les

21

.

,

40.92154.

,

. 1920, 1.400

(800 600 )

. ,

Margaret Hasluck55, ,

,

56.

12.400

2.800 ,

(itaklar).

187857.

1920 4.800 musulmans en Grce entre 1821 et 1912, cole des Hautes tudes en Sciences Sociales, 1980, . 51-52 54 mer Turan, Pomaks, their past and present, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 19/1 (1999), 73-74, , , : Verkovic (1889) 144.051, Weigard (1898) 100.000, Kancov (1900) 148.800, Ivanov (1915) 150.000, V. Sis (1918) 150.030. 55 F. W. Hasluck. , . 56 M. Hasluck-G. M. Morant, Measurements of Macedonian men, Biometrika, 21/1-4 (1929), 322-336 1923 J. Cvijic, The geographical distribution of the Balkan peoples, Geographical Review, 5/5 (May, 1918), 345-361 . , , 1992, . 57 M. Hasluck-G. M. Morant, .., . 324 1923 A. Popovic, .., . 138 1878 . . , () , , 44 ( 1921), 716 . . . , () , , . 29(1993-1994), 312 .

22

. 1880

3.00058.

(10.200 12.800

) (1.900)

(300) 59.

1923 1.700

60.

(11.600)

61.

( )

175962.

5.400

, 1920,

(2.300) (1.000)

(800), (700) (600)63.

,

58 A. Popovic, .., . 138 P. Konortas, Les musulmans, . 52. 59 . , , 1923, . 3, . 2 . . . , .., A. Popovic, .., . 138 P. Konortas, Les musulmans, . 52 . . Ivanoff 15.108. 60 . , , . 16. 61 . . , , , 17(1977), 315-366 . , 1354-1833, 1969, . 319-327 M. Hardie-Hasluck, Christians survivals among certain Moslem subjects of Greece, Contemporary Review, 698 (February 1924), 225-232. . 62 T. Kahl, The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nnti (Notia) and the Nntinets in Present-Day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34/1 (March 2006), 71-90 . , .., . 328 . , 15/28 1919 , S. Skendi, Crypto-Christianity in the Balkan Area under the Ottomans, Slavic Review, 26/2 (1967), 244. , . 63 . , , 1923, . 3, . 2 .

23

15.00064.

19 65.

,

.

, ,

.

66. , , ,

,

67.

. 1923-1924 348.000 (

347.562)

,

, 1926 2.000 0,1%

68.

64 Sabbata Zevi 17 . dnme , . A. Popovic, .., . 138 A. Toumarkine, .., . 15 Franois Georgeon, , 1850-1918. , . . , 1994, . 127-130. 65 A. Toumarkine, .., . 15-16, 37 P. Konortas, Les musulmans, . 52. 66 . . , . . , 2001. 67 F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, vol. II, 1929 A. Toumarkine, .., .16-18 A. Popovic, .., . 140-141. , , (. ) , (), (. ) () (), . 68 . , , . 8, 16 /, , . -, . 1912-1924, 8 1926 D. Pentzopoulos, The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact upon Greece, 1962, . 134 St. P.Ladas, The exchange of minorities Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, 1932, . 438-439. 1923 1.700 .

24

2.

1912

.

1912

69. 1912

( ,

). 1906 42.031

(

)70, (41.000)

Amadori-Virgilj71. 1905 ,

37.75072.

1906

, 51.328

20% (252.800)

73. ,

69 1913 . . , .., . 257-339. 70 K. Karpat, .., . 166. 71 Giovanni Amadori-Virgilj, .., carte no 1. 72 . , , 1905, . 29-34. 73 , , 13.416 (, ). 2.910 ( ). , 35.002 (, ). 1910, . . . , , . 29-30 167-168 . . . , .., . 289-291. 1906

25

1912

1913

, 45.133 ,

17% (259.384) 74.

,

1913

,

.

1913

16.528 11.842 , 2.184

2.502 75.

1916

76.

43.002 18%

(231.607) .

(54%), 36%

77.

1913 . . , , . 12, . 3, . 74 . , 31 /13 1913. 10.634 , 2.996 31.503 . (45.040) () 1912. . . , .., . 277 , , . 75 . , 10/23 1913. 76 , .., . /55 1912-1917, , 15/28 1916, . . 6541. 77 . VIII .

26

1920

192378,

26.100 , 12%

(213.782)

19.500 79 11%

6.600 80 14%

81.

1920

.

. ,

5.187

82.

1916 1920

(16.902 )

1916-1920 ,

,

1920.

. , 1919

78 , .., 1923, . 6, . 7, , , 12 1923, . 79 , , , , , . 80 . 81 . 82 , , . 156, . 4, , 26 /11 1921, . . 2051 , 8/21 1920, . . 3389. . , 351 ( ) 21 . , 204 , 43 22 , 400 970 , 237 915 , 150 349 , 123 () 22 , 140 40 20 1.180 .

27

40.00083.

,

. ,

24.070

84, 59%

41% .

, ,

, ,

85.

1920

2.030 .

(21.800

26.100 1920)

, , (

) .

1912

1906 51.328

, 33.360

, 14.358 , 3.510 .

,

,

83 The complaints of Macedonia, Memoranda, petitions, resolutions, minutes, letters and documents addressed to the League of Nations, 1919-1939, 1979 (no 10-11-12), Commission chargee d etudier les questions territoriales interessant la Grce, proces-verbal No 8, sance du 27 Fevrier 1919, . 118. 84 . 22.537, . , , , (14 21 1923), 11-14 4-6. 85 . .

28

86. ,

20

87.

1923

, , ,

88.

,

1920 3.200

()

, ,

(

)89.

90.

, 1.000 ,

91.

86 . , .., . 29-34. . . , .., . 47-60. 87 . , . , 1995, . 219-220. 88 , , 1923, . 5, . 4, , 23 1923 11 1923. . , , .., . , , . 11-14. 89 , , 1923, . 11, . 3, , 18 1923, , . 90 A. Popovic, .., . 136 . , , 1902, . 5. . Iskender zsoy, Iki vatan yorgunlari. Mbadele Acsn Yaayanlar Anlatyor, 2007, . 23-38. , , , . 65, . 2, , 14/27 1918 . , . .. -, .., . 31-37. 91 . .

29

,

. 2.993

1925

,

92.

,

,

, ,

93.

1928 19.24494.

3.

, .

95,

,

,

,

92 . , (1923-2000), 2004, . 25-43 . 93 A. Popovic, .., . 137 F. W. Hasluck, .., . 536. , . 94 . , .., . 17-23 1923. 95 19 20 . . , : (19 20 ), , . , 2000, . 178-190.

30

, 96.

97,

, ,

1920.

1920

. 1920

,

,

. 190698,

641.732 55%

. , ,

,

75% (283.605)

(378.260)99. 1912

.

1919,

100.

96 . 1919, The complaints of Macedonia, .., . 263, . 408-409 97 1920 , 1920 . 18 /10 1920 . 98 Kemal H. Karpat, ., . 166 99 . . 100 The complaints of Macedonia, .., . 407. , ( , , , , , , , ), 40 . A. Antoniades, Le developpement economique de la Thrace. Le pass, le present, le avenir, A 1922, . 191-223 1920. . P. Kitromilidis-A. Alexandris, Ethnic survival, nationalism and forced migration. The historical demography of the Greek community of Asia Minor at the close of the Ottoman era,

31

(49%),

43% 101.

(1913- 1919),

.

Entente (

1919- 1920), 1920

. ,

102,

1913103,

1914

1919

104.

, . 5 (1984-1985), 28-30 . , , . 27-28 169 1920. . , , , 1906 , , . . , .., . 181-182. . D. Pentzopoulos, .., . 31-32 . , . , 1919. 101 . . 102 Ahmet Halaolu, Balkan Harbi sirasinda Rumeliden Trk gleri ( ), 1995, . 63 180.883. . , .. , . 455, , 15/28 1918 1912 200.000 ( ) . 103 1913 . . A. Antoniades, .., . 175-178, . 47.347 9.714 ( 49.000 ) . 104 1914 1918 . . , , . 17-22.

32

,

,

105.

,

74.730 , 11.848 , 54.092 , 56.114

7.906 106.

L Echo de

Bulgarie . O

. ,

76.000 , 82.000 35.770

107.

,

. ,

.

, : 65.990

105 , . I. Michailidis, .., . 9-21. 106 . Vemund Aarbakke, The muslim minority of Greek Thrace, Thesis at Universitet i Bergen 2000, vol I, . 29 Joelle Dalegre, La Thrace Grecque. Population et Territoire, 1997, . 21-22 XII . 107 , .., , . 496, , 29 /12 1920, . . 3064/1963/2 , L Echo de Bulgarie (4 1920) . , () , () ..

33

( 11.048 ), 56.114 74.750108. ,

1920

129.120 , 33.910 26.266 109.

1919-1920

.

1919,

79.539 , 17.369 , 87.941

, 28.647 10.922 . ,

1919,

: 77.726, 20.309, 81.457,

32.553 8.435110. , ,

.

111

Woodrow

Wilson Yeni Gn

,

228.520 34.482

332.190 66.947, 112.

113

108 , .., 1921, . 7, . 4, , , 15/28 1921, . , . , 1920-1922, 1925, . 81-92 . 109 Ilker Alp, Bati Trakya Trkleri ( ), Atatrk Aratirma Merkezi Dergisi, XI/33 (1995), 1-26. 110 . Vemund Aarbakke, .., . 28. 111 Bati Trakya Komitesi, 30 1918 Hasan Tahsin, Huseyin Sabri, Iskeceli Arif. , Wilson. 112 , .., 1918, . /5/VI(7), , 5/18 1918, . . 127. . 113 Ismail Hakki.

34

(

) 500.000114,

313.794115. To 1922

: 747.628, 110.741,

110.041 9.234116.

117.

, 118

329.000 , 426.000 70.000 .

1920, , ,

,

. , 1920

84.000 , 68.000 35.000 ,

186.000,

300.000, 1.000 26.000119.

1920

1923

. 114 , .., , . 455, , 15/28 1918. 115 N. Petsalis-Diomidis, Greece and the Paris Conference (1919), 1978, . 344. 116 Ilker Alp, .., . 3. . 117 The complaints of Macedonia, .., . 105-106. Commission chargee d etudier les questions territoriales interessant la Grce, proces-verbal No 7, sance du 26 Fevrier 1919 Vnizlos E. K., La Grce devant le Congrs de la Paix, 30 1918. 118 , , , , . 119 . . , .., . 23. 4.000 .

35

120.

1920,

, 105.600 (,

) 28.200

121 77.400 122. ,

, 1920 53%

(199.470), 34%

(82.591) 66% (116.879)123. 1920

.

,

124.

1923

125. ,

95.407 77.963 126.

,

104.000 180.000127.

, ,

120 93.273, . K. , (1923-1940), , 1994, . 99. 121 , , , . 122 . 123 . . . . , ... . 93. 124 , .., , . 701 , , 8/21 1922, . . 981. 125 , , 1923, . 3, . 2, , . 126 . IV . 127 1923 . . , .., . 97-98

36

129.118 33.904,

1913

1913

128.

129

1920 1.300

:

.

(70.700

1920 97.200)

(26.500). ,

,

.

.

.

.

, bulgaromohamedani

130. , :

128 Vemund Aarbakke, .., . 30 Ali Chousein, Continuities and changes in the minority policy of Greece: the case of Western Thrace, Thesis to the graduate school of social sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, . 51. 129 . . , , 1994. 130 . The complaints of Macedonia, .., . 263 . U. Brunnbauer, Histories and identities: Nation-state and minority discourses, In and out of the collective: Papers on the former Soviet Bloc rural communities. On line journal issued by the Bulgarian society for regional cultural studies, 1(1998), 1-14 Y. Konstantinov, Strategies for sustaining a vulnerable identity: The case of the Bulgarian Pomaks, H.Poulton-S.Taji-Farouki (.), Muslim identity and the Balkan state, 1997, . 33-53 . , , 1989, . 58-64.

37

.

11 ,

.

,

, 131.

: ,

. , ,

132. ,

. , ,

,

133.

,

.

, ,

, 134.

131 . H. Memisolu, Pages of the history of Pomac Turks, 1991 I. Alp, Bulgarlarin Pomak Trkleri (Kipaklar-Kumanlar) politikasi ( ), Diyanet, 29/2 (1993), 75-80 mer Turan, .., . 75-76 ., ..,. 43-45, 45-50. 132 The complaints of Macedonia, .., . 408-409. 133 . , , 1, 1948. , . , . (1870-1990), 2003, . 161-209 . 134 . . , .

38

1923,

, 1926 94.723 135.

4.

, .

1912 17.964

1906, 1912 18.177.

1920 60%

136.

1920 8.791 (

), 6%

(146.941)137. 7.165

3.862 , 3.297

138. ,

, 4.297

( ) 927

3.370 14

139. ,

135 . (.), . , 2006, . 46 . 136 E. Kolodny-R. Darques, Turcs, Grecs et rfugis dans lle de Lesbos au XXe sicle, Mditerrane, 3.4(2004), 66-67 E. Kolodny, La population des les de la Grce, Aix-en-Provence 1974, . 218-219 K. Karpat, .., . 162. 137 , .., 1923, . 6, . 7, , , 12 1923, . 138 /, , . , 1920 ( ). 139 , , 1923, . 3, . 2, , 26 1923, . . 9738. (613 ) (314), : (399 ), (161), (264), (15), (315), (36), (288), (142), (746), (310), (235),

39

, .

1923 7.500, , ,

140. ,

1923 3.200

.

1928 87

141.

, 1906,

3.805 . 1920

1.612 , ,

1912142. 1923,

, 1.411

250

1.161 11 .

() 143.

1885 2.200 , 1906 2.447 1912

850, 1,2%

144.

1912,

1920 54 145.

: ( )

(15), (1), (443). . E. Kolodny-R. Darques, .., . 67-68 E. Kolodny, La population, . 219. 140 /, , . -, . 1912-1924, 8 1926. 141 E. Kolodny-R. Darques, La population, . 67. 142 K. Karpat, .., . 162 /, , . , 1920 ( ). 143 , , 1923, . 3, . 2, , 26 1923, . . 9738 E. Kolodny, La population, . 217. (158 ), (34) (58), : (1.010 ), (16), (13), (52), (24), (7), (7), (7), (4), (9), (12). 144 E. Kolodny, La population, . 218 K. Karpat, .., . 162 A. Popovic, .., . 141. 145 /, , . , 1920 ( ) E. Kolodny, La population, . 218, 107.

40

1920 , 1923

146.

. ,

147.

5.

, ,

1821,

, ,

148. 1898

.

,

1881 73.234 26,2%

, 1900 33.496 11%

, 1911 27.852

8,3% .

. 1881 47%

(65%), (69,5%),

(72%) (55%), 47%

. 1912

. 1900 146 /, , . , 1920 ( ) , , 1923, . 3, . 2, , 26 1923, . . 9738. 147 Iskender zsoy, .., . 39-53. 148 1841, 1858, 1866-1869, 1878, 1889 1896-1897. . . , 1821-1924. , , 26 (2004), 65-82 . , , . 189-212.

41

85% ,

1911 81%. 1911

, 37%

, 34% , 43% 23% .

, 38.586

1881 5.354 1911

, , ,

, , 149.

,

1881-1900. 1920,

19.181

9.503 , 1.126 , 2.838

5.714 .

1920

,

1920 23.000 25.000150. 75%

(17.281) 25%

(5.718). 1900-1911,

, .

149 , 1912 . E. Kolodny, La population, . 211-214 E. Kolodny, Des Musulmans dans une le grecque: Les Turcocretois, Mediterranean World, XIV (1995), 1-10 . , , 1929, . 27-30 34-36 . , , . (.), . , 2006, . 207-224 A. Popovic, .., . 123-134 P. Konortas, Les musulmans, . 40-49. . XV . 150 , .., 1923, . 6, . 7, , , 12 1923, /, , . , 1920 ( ). . , E. Kolodny, La population, . 212 22.999 . , .., . 29 25.000.

42

151.

,

152.

153

154.

,

,

155.

19

, 156.

, ,

1923-1924

151 . , (1645-1899), , 1994 . , .., . 2-3, 32-33 . -, : , ,18/34 (2001), 150-151 . , , . 63-65. 152 . , . , , , 2003 K. zbayri and Em. Zakhos Papazakhariou, Documents de tradition orale des Turcs d origine Crtoise, Turcica, VIII/1 (1976), 70-86. . Iskender zsoy, .., . 54-87 . , : , 2002. 153 . , .., . , .., . 32-33 Stavro Skendi, .., . 231-234. 154 . -, , , /1, 2004, . 43-60. 155 F. W. Hasluck, .., . 534-536 1897 8.200 (5.000 , 3.000 200 ), 1.570 (500 , 1.000 70 ). . . . , .., . 21-22 P. Konortas, Les musulmans, . 58-59 A. Popovic, .., . 132 . , 19 : , , , /1, 2004, . 139-150 Melike Kara, Girit Kandiyede Mslman Cemaati 1913-1923 ( 1913-1923), 2006, . 78-81. . , . S. Koufopoulou, Muslim Cretans in Turkey. The reformulation of ethnic identity in an Aegean community, R. Hirschon (.), Crossing the Aegean. An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey, - 2003, . 215. 156 . , .., . 18 . , , . 63-65. () .

43

23.021 (5.000

, 3.500 , 11.500 3.000

)157. 1928 197 (

175 ) 565 158.

6.

1912-1923

, 1912, .

1878,

, 40.000. 1881

1907

3.516 1911 2.895159.

3.488

632 , 690 ( ), 662 157 . , .., . 45 . , , . 216. . St. P. Ladas, .., . 438-439 1923-1924 21.939. , , , , , . . P. Alford Andrews, Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, 1989, . 209-211 E. Danielsen . . 1965 2.600 . Pekin Mfide, Twisted memories of a lost homeland-the Turkish Cretan community of Turkey, Ramses 2: Euro-Mediterrenean research network workshop: Memories in the Mediterrenean, between history and politics, http://www.mubadele.org-twisted memoires of a lost homeland/1.10.2008 Istanbul Bilgi niversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstits, Kltrel alimalar Yksek Lisans Programi, Giritli Mbadillerde Kimlik Oluumu ve Toplumsal Hafiza ( ), 2005, http://www.mubadele.org- Istanbul Bilgi niversity/1.10.2008 S. Koufopoulou, .., . 209-219. , , . . -, , . 153. 158 . , , . 216. 159 P. Konortas, Les musulmans, . 27-30, 35-36 A. Popovic, .., . 117-123 . -, . (1881-1885), , 1987, . 69-79 1881 ( ), 24.165 . 1878 , 1907 1911 . . 1911 Franchet dEsprey.

44

(), 842 (-), 300

, 197 , 154 (),

() 160.

7.

1912-1923. ,

,

.

,

. ,

,

.

161.

.

,

, ,

. ,

160 , , 1923, . 3, . 2, . 1912 . Reat Tesal, Selniten Istanbula. Bir mrn Hikyesi ( . ), 1998, . 19-35 Tesal Tesal . 161 E. J. Hobsbawn, , 1780 , 1994, . 153. , 19 , . P. Kitromilides, Imagined Communities and the origin of National Question in the Balkans, European History Quarterly, 19/2 (1989), 149-192.

45

, ,

,

.

,

,

162. , ,

Ernest Renan163 ,

164.

.

1920 .

;

:

( )

,

,

165.

1920

162 The complaints of Macedonia, .., . 251-252. 163 Ernest Renan 1882 Qu est-ce qu une Nation? . . 164 , .., , . 455, Delegation Hellenique, Observations sur la reponse Bulgare, 1919, . 20. 165 , .., , . 737, , 28 1923, . . 105 , 31 1923.

46

,

. ,

,

166.

,

. 1920

,

,

167.

.

1916

168,

, 169

1920 ,

.

166 , .., , . 701 , , 8/21 1922, . . 981. 167 , .., . , . 85, . 8, , 17/30 1921. . . , : , , . , 2000, . 197-204. . . , , 1925. 168 , .., 1912-1917, . /55, , 15/28 1916, . . 6541. 169 . , , , 1821-1971, . , 1975, . 424.

47

.

,

. ,

,

,

,

.

,

1923.

1923

170.

1912-1923

171

Margaret Hasluck 1923:

,

. .

. ,

: ;172.

170 1923 . alar Keyder, The Consequences of the Exchange of Populations for Turkey, R. Hirschon (.), Crossing the Aegean. An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey, - 2003, . 39-52 Th. Veremis, 1922: Political Continuations and Realignments in the Greek State, R. Hirschon (.), Crossing the Aegean. An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey, - 2003, . 53-62. 171 1887, , . 1912 , 1923 . 172 . , , 2004, . 192.

48

1912-1923

.

,

,

. ,

. 1912-1923

,

,

, ,

.

1.

. 1912-

1913

.

49

, 1912,

1.

, ,

.

2.

,

, , . ,

:

, , , ,

3.

4.

1 1912 . A. Toumarkine, Les migrations des populations musulmanes Balkaniques en Anatolie (1876-1913), 1995 Bill imir, Rmeliden Trk Gleri ( ), vol. I-II, 1968-1970 Justin McCarthy, Death and exile. The ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims1821-1922, 1995 Stanford J. Shaw, Ottoman populations movements during the last years of the empire, 1885-1914: some preliminary remarks, Osmanli Aratirmalari, I (1980), 191-205 Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman population 1830-1914. Demographic and social characteristics, 1985, . 60-85. 2 , .., , . 4, . 3 . Ahmet Halaolu, Balkan Harbi sirasinda Rumeliden Trk gleri ( ), 1995, . 45-63 Justin McCarthy, Muslim refugees in Turkey: the Balkan Wars, World War I and the Turkish war of independence, Heath W. Lowry and Donald Quataert (.), Humanist and Scholar. Essays in honor of Andreas Tietze, 1993, . 90-91. 4 , . Justin McCarthy, Muslim refugees, . 90.

50

muhacir5,

,

.

,

.

(Hasan Tahsin Paa)

. , ,

3.0006.

7, Times Crawford Price

8.

. -

()9

5 muhacir hijra . . 1923 muhacir gmen. 6 . , . (.), . 1912 , . , 2002, . 26-34. 7 . , : 1912-1913, . . (.), - 1988, . 107. ( -. ) . D. J. Cassaveti, Hellas and the Balkan Wars, 1914, . 120 . , 1912, 1913, . 318. 8 , Times, . , 1915, . 76-77. . , . , .. . 229. 9 : . . , . 20 , 2008. : , , . 4, 18 1921, , , , , .

51

10.

,

,

. ,

.

,

1912-1913

. , ,

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imir

,

Tevfik Biyikliolu 440.000 200.000

240.000 11.

1912 1914 243.807, 196.209

1912-191312. ,

, 1912-

1920 413.922

, 177.352 1912-191313.

10 . -, 1912-1913, -, 1936, . 33. , , .., 1913, . 102 . 1, , 31 1912/13 1913, . . 739. 11 Ahmet Halaolu, .., . 63. 12 , , . 75, , 18 /1 1914, . . 11203 . 13 , , , , .., 1920, . 154.1, . , 1912-1920, 15/28 1921.

52

.

.

, ,

10.000

.

1914, 81.931

14.

, . , , ,

20 1912 1

1913 61.000, 20 1912 30

1915 192.810 .

46.300

15.

,

300.000

1914,

, /, , . . Toynbee, A.J. Toynbee, . , . . , 2003, . 162. A. Antoniades, Le developement economique de la Thrace, 1922, . 217. 14 , , . 117, , , 1914, . 34-35. 15 , , . 102, - , 24 /6 1918, . . 65 .

53

74.585 ,

1914 156.850 16.

, ,

. ,

17.

,

.

,

.

40.000 ,

, , , , , , ,

, , .

16 , .., 1914, . /19, , 1/14 1914, . . 16686 , .., 1914, . /21, / , 30 /12 1914. 17 . . 1 1913 , , , . 102, - , 24 /6 1918, . . 65. . , , . 76, , 25 /7 1914. , , . . , 1912-1920, 1920, . 9-10. 1914 , . , , , 1914, 1914, . 93.

54

18.

(Nazm Paa),

140.00019.

,

20.

10.000

21. ,

(Osman Said Bey)

22

1912 22.421.

(2.499) (2.392),

,

.

(1.031) (667)23.

. , 18 , , . 102, - , 24 /6 1918, . . 65. 19 . , , 1915, . 69-70. 20 , , . 102, - , 24 /6 1918, . . 65. , Ahmet Halaolu, .., . 55 40.000 . 21 . , 1912-1924, 1925, . 5. 15.000, , , , . . , , . 6. . , , . 117, , , 1914. . 15-16. , .., 1914, . 29, . , 8/21 1914 , , . 76, , .. 22 Ahmet Halaolu, .., . 51. 23 . .

55

13.000

, 21.000

40.585 24.

.

, ,

, , ,

: , (), , , ,

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25.

,

,

,

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11 1913

156.659

63.500 .

4.000 (

), 13.000 ( 24 , .., 1914, . /21, , 30 /12 1914. 9 1913 30.000 , . Justin McCarthy, Death and exile, . 159. 84.995 1912 1913, . , , . 75, , 18 /1 1914, . . 11203 . , Ikdam 1913 200.000 . Ahmet Halaolu, .., . 63. 200.000 , . , . , . 7 ( ), , 26 /9 1913 Temps. 25 , , . 117, , , 1914, . 20, 34-35. . 1913. , . , . , . 98 ( ).

56

), 3.000,

500, 12.000, 5.000, 20.000 (

), 1.000

5.000.

. , 1 1913

26.200 31 25.10026.

,

, 81.391

1914, 63.455,

19.280 ,

,

, ,

20.000.

,

27.

, 28.

33.665 ,

44.799.

4.234 .

, 1 1912 1

1913 13.000

26 , , . 117, , , 1914, . 21-25. 34.091 21 30.560 18 . 27 . . 28 , , . 15, . 5. 1912 1915 1915. . . .

57

, , ,

21.000 27.000 .

1 1913 30 1915

(57.593

, 73.816 27.347 ).

6.300

40.000

,

29.

,

1914 30.834 30.

,

1914

58.969

, 68.439 29.442 31. ,

. , 243.807

1912 1914,

,

32.

29 , , . 102, - , 24 /6 1918, . . 65. 30 , .., 1914, . 29, . , 8/21 1914. 31 , .., 1914, . /21, , 30 /12 1914. 32 T, F.O., 371/1997b, . , 20 1914, . 42434. 1913 130.000, . T, F.O., 371/1994, . , 14 1914, . 8949. Carnegie 135.000 , . Carnegie Endowment for international peace, Report of the International Commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars, 1914, . 151.

58

, , 1912-1913

177.352 , 68.947

33.

.

1912-1914.

1912,

1912-1914 34.

.

2.30035. , 1912

.

,

36.

, 1923

,

,

37.

33 A.J. Toynbee, .., . 162. 34 . -Tanju Izbek, : 1898-1939. , , /1, 2004, . 340. 35 , , . 111, . 2, , 23 /5 1920, . 864. 36 , , . 70, , 15/28 1913. 37 , , 1923, . 11, . 3, , 25 1923. ,

59

.

1914

1.030 , 111

, 34 885 38.

,

1912-1913.

.

,

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.

.

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, . , .., , . 283, . . , Worcester 10/23 1920. . . , 19 -1923): , , 2008, . 201-222. 38 , , . 76, . . . . . , , http://www.imma.edu.gr/imma/history/history/18.html/1.10.2008 . , .., . 531 1899-1924. 39 , 5 . , , .

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(Bekir Aa)

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61

44.

,

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, . ,

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,

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.

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.

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, 1913

44 , .., 1912, . 102, . 1, , , 29 1912/11 1913, . . 727 31 1912/13 1913 . . 739. . , .., . 281, 292, 309 . 45 , .., . 292 () . . F.O., 294/51, . , 24 1913 B. Destani (.), Ethnic Minorities in the Balkan States 1860-1971, vol. 2 (1888-1914), Archive editions, 2003, . . 107, . 483-487 , . 46 . , .., . 39-41. 47 , , . 1633, . , , .., 1912, . 103, . 2, , 3/16 1912, . . 1123. 48 , , . 1633, .

62

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,

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, ,

, , , ,

,

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,

1913, 1.450 ,

4.000 1.30052.

.

(Nazm

Bey) ,

, .

49 , , . 117, , , 1914. . 17. . John Mavrogordatos, Letters from Greece concerning the war of the Balkan Allies 1912-1913, 1914, . 65-68. 50 - () , , () . 51 . , , . , .., 1912, . 103, . 6, , 24 /7 1912, . . 652. , 23 /6 1912, . . 35752 , 26 /9 1912, . . 35752. , Ahmet Halaolu 7.000, . Ahmet Halaolu, .., . 52. 52 , , . 117, , , 1914. . 34-35

63

53.

,

54.

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.

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.

. 10.000

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, 3.966,45 , 15.450 , 7.344,10 -

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, 6.978,30 184,05 .

171.079 . , 53 , , . 1633, . , , , . 117, , , 1914. . 15-16. . , . , 1954, . 200 o . F.O., 424/236, commander Keane to commander- chief Mediterranean, 24 1912, . 349/1 Bill imir, Ege sorunu, Belgeler cilt I (1912-1913), 1976, . 341-347 , . 54 , Von Anderten. . , .., 1912, . 103, . 2, , 24 1912/6 1913, . . 1796 John Mavrogordatos, .., . 61-62. 55 Von Anderten Delme Radcliffe, Brautman . .

64

250.000 ,

10.300 25.000 56

7.400 .

,

.

57. ,

. 22

1913.

.

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58. ,

,

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, , , , , ,

56 . F.O., 371/1782, . Foreign Office, 22 1913, . 9120 B F.O., 289/569, o . , 14 1913 B. Destani (.), .., . 2, . 76, . 349-351 . 79, . 369-370. ,le Comite de Publication D.A.C.B., Les Atrocites des coalises Balkaniques, no 3, 1913, . 38-41 4 . 57 , . , , . 117, , , 1914 . 15-17 34-35 John Mavrogordatos, .., . 61-69 , , . 1633, Ahmet Halaolu, .., . 52 D. J. Cassavetti, .., . 111 , .., 1912, . 163, . 2, , 6/19 1912, . . 1325 , F.O., 371/1994, . Foreign Office, 14 1914 . 8949 16 1914 . 74239 . , (1912-1913), 1951, . 45-46 . , , , 1921, . 79-80. . . -, .., . 57-61. 58 , .., 1913, . 16, . 3, , 31 /13 1913, . . 220 .

65

, .

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,

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66

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67

. 1914

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68

,

.

1912-1913.

1914 100.000 115.00070.

,

1 1913-30 1915

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1914.

1914

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: 1914

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. ,

,

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10 1 34.57073.

70 . , , . 6. 71 , , . 102, - , 24 /6 1918, . . 65. 72 , , . 76, , .., 1914, . 29, . , 8/21 1914. 73 , , . 74, , 9/22 1914, . . 16738 , . 75, , 18 /1 1914, . . 11203 . , Galip Kemaly Bey , 12/25 1914

69

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. ,

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. , 1914-1915

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.

1912

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1912-1915, ,

1912-1913

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, 1913-1915

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. 1914 . . , , , 1996, . 319-332 76 ( ) . 74 A.J. Toynbee, .., . 162. , . . /, , . , .

70

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;

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Toumarkine77.

, .

75 . . . 76 . Justin McCarthy, Muslims in Ottoman Europe: population from 1800 to 1912, Nationalities Papers, 28/1 (2000), 37-39. , , , 50 . , . 77 Alexandre Toumarkine, .., . 39-67. McCarthy Ahmet Halaolu, Toumarkine , .

71

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350.00079.

.

,

80.

78 Alexandre Toumarkine, .., . 41 imir . 79 Ghalib Kemaly, Le Martyre d un peuple. Les Turcs demandent une paix juste prompte et durable, 1919, . 12. 80 Kadir Misirolu, Yunan Mezalimi Trkn siyah kitabi ( , ), 1968, Tlm Smer, Trkler Makedonyadan ge mecbur eden Yunan zulmleri ( ), Belgelerle Trk Tarh Dergisi, 15 (1968), 49-53 Ilhan Bardaki, Bir imparatorluun yamasi. Balkan Bozgunu ve I Dnya Harbi ( . ), 1974, , , Ahmet Halaolu, .., . 29-45 , Nedim Ipek, Mbadele ve Samsun ( A ), 2000, . 14-21,

73

81.

1912-1913

82,

83.

1913

,

, . . Justin McCarthy, Death and exile, 1821-1922. 81 T. C. Babakanlik Devlet Arivleri Genel Mdrl Osmanl Arivi Daire Bakanlii yayin nu 22 ( , 22), Ariv Belgelerine gre Balkanlarda ve Anadoluda Yunan Mezalimi, 1: Balkanlarda Yunan Mezalimi ( , 1: ), 1995. , . , , , , . . 82 , .., 1913, . 9, . 4, , 23 1913, . 1254 . , , 10 1913, . 2781 . , , .., 1912. . 103, . 4, , 25 1912, . 1260 (Talt Paa) . , .., 1913, . 12, . 7, , 13 1913, . 2412 . , , 9 1913, . 2327 () . , .., 1913, . 31, . 7, , 4 1913, . 35 . . 83 , . , . 7 ( ), , 26 /9 1913 O Temps.

74

84.

1914-1915

. ,

,

,

.

,

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.

86.

84 Ghalib Kemaly, .., . 35-39. 85 , , . 74 75 . , .., 1914, . /19 . , T. C. Babakanlik Devlet Arivleri Genel Mdrl Osmanl Arivi Daire Bakanlii, .., . 102, 104, 105, 107, 111, 113. . . , , . 320-323. , , , , . 86 1914 . , , , (Ali Rza Bey) . [ 67 (), 20 (), (), (), (), ()] . , . , , , . . . , 20,21,26 /3,4,9 1914 8/21 1914 . , 11/24 1914

75

, 87,

, , ,

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89

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, F.O.,371/1998b, . Foreign Office, 14 1914, . 22040, , F.O., 371/1997a, . Foreign Office, A 16 1914 , , . 74, , 28 /11 1914, . . 20810, , , , 7 1914, . 1126, . . . , . 1912-1922, 2007, . 68. 87 . . , , . , , . 75, , 8/21 1914, . . 9369 . () , . , , . 75, , 12/25 1914, . . 3702, . . . , , . , , 13/26 1914, . . 497. . , , . 74, , 9/22 1914, . . 16738 . 88 , , , . , .., 1914, . /19 , . , 8 1914, . 100. 89 (1/14 1913) , , . . .

76

, 90.

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,

91.

92.

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,

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90 , .., 1914, . /19 , . , 8 1914, . 100. , , , 7 1914, . 1698. . , Ghalib Kemaly, .., . 12. 91 . . , 14/27 1914 15/28 1914 . , 23 /5 1914 , 12/25 1914. , . , F.O., 371/1997a, . Foreign Office, 16 1914. 92 . , , . 74, , 5/18 1914 Jeune Turc 2,3 5 1914. , 28 /11 1914, . . 20640 . . Mark Mazower, Salonica the city of the ghosts Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950, 2004, . 338-339. 93 , , . 76, , 21 /2 1914, . . 1276. . . . , , . 320-321. . . , 14/17 1914, .

77

(1912-1913)

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95,

96.

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