Β ΕΠΑΛ Αρχές Προγραμματισμού Υπολογιστών

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1. ........................... 12

1.1 .......... 12

1.2 ................. 13

1.2.1 - .......................................................................................... 16

1.3 / ......................................... 16

1.3.1 / ................................. 17

1.4 .................................................................................................. 17

1.5 ......................................................................................... 18

1.5.1 1: ..................................... 18

1.5.2 2: , . ........................ 18

1.5.3 3: ....... 19

1.5.4 4: ............................................................................. 19

1.6 ............................................................................................. 20

1.7 - ............................................................................. 20

2. ................... 24

2.1 / ......................................... 24

2.1.1 .................................................................. 24

2.1.2 ................................................................................ 25

2.2 ..................................................................................................... 25

2.2.1 ....................................................... 26

2.2.2 ............................................................. 26

2.2.3 ................................ 27

2.2.4 ................ 28

2.2.5 : ............................................................................. 28

2.3 .................................................... 28

2.3.1 . ......................................................................... 29

.............................................................................................................. 30

....................................................................................... 31

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[ 6 ]

3. ............................. 34

3.1 ..................................................................................................... 35

3.1.1 Linux .................................. 35

3.1.2 IDLE Python MS-Windows .................................. 36

3.2 ............................................................. 37

3.2.1 ................................................................................ 37

3.2.2 ........................................................................................ 38

3.2.3 38

3.2.4 3.1 ........................................................................................ 40

3.2.5 3.2 ........................................................................................ 40

3.2.6 ...................................................... 41

3.3 , , .................. 42

3.3.1 3.3. ...................... 43

3.3.2 ................................................................................. 44

3.4 () ................................................... 44

3.5 ................................................ 46

3.5.1 3.4: Python .... 46

3.6 , ......... 47

3.6.1 ........................................................ 47

3.6.2 ............................................ 47

............................................................................................ 48

......................................................................................................... 49

........................................................................................................ 49

4. ....................................................................... 52

4.1 - .............................. 53

4.1.1 .......................................................................................... 53

4.1.2 if () ....................................................................... 53

4.1.3 (for while) ...................................................... 56

4.1.4 while ( )59

4.2 ............................................................................................... 61

4.2.1 ....................................... 61

4.2.2 ............................................................................................ 62

4.2.3 ......................................................................... 63

4.2.4 ................................................................................... 63

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4.2.5 ................................................................. 64

4.3 .................................................... 67

4.3.1 1 .............................................................................. 67

4.3.2 2 .............................................................................. 67

4.3.3 3 .............................................................................. 67

4.3.4 4 .............................................................................. 67

4.3.5 5 .............................................................................. 67

4.3.6 6 .............................................................................. 68

4.3.7 7 .............................................................................. 68

4.3.8 8 .............................................................................. 68

4.3.9 9 .............................................................................. 68

4.3.10 10 ............................................................................ 68

........................................................................................... 68

...................................................................................... 68

........................................................................................................ 69

5. ......................................................................... 72

5.1 ............................................... 72

5.2 (str) ................................................................................... 73

5.3 .......................................................................... 76

5.3.1 1 ...................................... 77

5.3.2 2 ...................................... 77

5.3.3 3 .............................................. 78

5.3.4 4 .............................................. 78

5.3.5 5 .............................................. 80

5.3.6 6 .............................................. 80

5.4 ...................................................................................................... 81

5.5 ....................................................................................................... 82

5.6 .................................................................................................... 82

5.7 ........................................................................................................ 83

5.8 ...................................................................... 85

5.8.1 1: ............................ 85

5.8.2 2 .............................................................................. 85

5.8.3 3 .............................................................................. 85

5.8.4 4 .............................................................................. 85

5.8.5 5 .............................................................................. 85

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5.8.6 6 .............................................................................. 85

5.8.7 7: .................................. 86

5.8.8 8: ...... 86

5.8.9 9: ....................................... 87

5.8.10 10 ............................................................................ 87

5.8.11 11 ............................................................................ 87

5.8.12 12 ............................................................................ 87

5.8.13 13 ............................................................................ 87

.............................................................................................................. 87

...................................................................................... 88

........................................................................................................ 88

6. .................................................................. 92

6.1 ................................................. 92

6.2 ................................................................................. 93

6.3 ............................................................................ 94

6.4 ....................................................................... 96

6.4.1 1: .............................. 96

6.4.2 2 .............................................................................. 96

6.4.3 3 .............................................................................. 97

6.4.4 4 .............................................................................. 97

6.4.5 5 .............................................................................. 97

6.4.6 6 .............................................................................. 97

6.4.7 7 .............................................................................. 97

6.4.8 8 .............................................................................. 97

6.4.9 9 .............................................................................. 97

........................................................................................................ 98

7. ..................................................................... 102

7.1 ................................................................................................. 102

7.1.1 ...................................................... 104

7.2 .................................................................. 105

7.2.1 1 ............................................................................ 105

7.2.2 2 ............................................................................ 106

7.3 ............................................................. 107

7.4 .................................................................... 108

............................................................................................... 108

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[ 9 ]

............................................................................................................ 109

.................................................................................... 109

- ....................................................................................... 109

8. API ........ 112

8.1 ................................................................................................. 112

8.2 - ...................... 112

8.2.1 .................................................. 114

8.3 Tkinter GUI Python 115

8.4 ................................................. 117

8.4.1 1 ............................................................................ 117

8.4.2 2 ............................................................................ 117

8.4.3 3 ............................................................................ 118

8.4.4 4: ............................... 118

8.4.5 5: .......................... 118

8.4.6 6: 118

................................................................................................................... 119

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(visual programming). , , . (icon-based languages), (diagram languages) (form based languages).

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3.1.2 IDLE Python MS-Windows

IDLE Python https://www.python.org/. (2.7.10), Windows , . . : Python IDLE ( 3.1).

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RunRun Module ( F5), Python Shell.

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print ( print a 234).

:

>>>x = 10 # 10 x

>>>print x # x

10

>>>x=x+15

# x 15 x

>>>print x

25

>>>x=x *0.1

# x 0.1 x.

>>>print x

2.5

>>>print x*100

250.0

>>>onoma = # onoma

>>>print onoma

>>> metavliti1=metavliti2=metavliti3=15 # 15

>>>x, y=10, 18

>>>print x,y

10 20

>>>x, y, z = 10, 20, # 10 x, 20 y z.

>>>print x,y,z

10 20

>>>print + z

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[ 40 ]

3.2.4 3.1

x 12 y 20. x (2) ( ) 12 (). y (3) ( ) 20 (). , x ( B(2)) y y ( (3)) x.

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( #).

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arithmos_tetragwno, arithmos.

arithmos, arithmos_tetragwno.

logikh, True.

paixnidia, 10.

paixnidia, (paixnidia == 8, paixnidia > 8, paixnidia == 8 or paixnidia == 10, paixnidia ==9 and paixnidia == 10).

.

>>> #

>>> arithmos = 1.234

>>> arithmos_tetragwno = arithmos ** 2

>>> print arithmos, arithmos_tetragwno

: 1.234 1.522756

>>> logikh = True

>>> print logikh

: True

>>> paixnidia = 10

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[ 41 ]

>>> paixnidia == 8

False

>>> paixnidia == 8 or paixnidia == 10

True

>>> not paixnidia == 8

True

>>> paixnidia >= 8

True

>>> paixnidia != 8

True

>>> paixnidia >>

not, or and . , .

3.2.6

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x = 45

x = 45.5

print x

print x + x

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[ 42 ]

x= ""

y = ""

print "", y, "", x

print "", x + y

x = 12

print x + 3

x = 26

x = y = z = 23

print x, y, z

x = y = ""

print x, y

x , y, z = "","", 2

print x, y, z

print x, y * z

x , y = 8, 12

print x, y

a = 010

print a

a = 0xA

print a

3.3 , ,

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(Arithmetic operations): +, -, *, /, **, %

: ==, !=, , =

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P Q P and Q P or Q Not P

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE

FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE

3.3.1 3.3.

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Python.

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[ 45 ]

>>> float (10)

10.0

>>> int(5.678)

5

>>> abs(-45)

45

>>> divmod (10,3)

(3, 1)

>>> pow (2,3)

8

# input() int()

a=int(input( :))

>>> a=int(input(' : '))

: 2345.10 # 2345.10

>>> print a

2345 #

Python.

Python (math module) . (module) . , : >>> import math.

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>>>import math

>>> riza=math.sqrt(2)

>>> print riza

1.41421356237

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[ 46 ]

>>> math.sqrt(3)

1.7320508075688772

>>> x=math.pi

>>> print x

3.14159265359

() python, . project . . .

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Python. , ( #) . , Python . ( , ).

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10 15. = (*)/2. Python.

Python

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15

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BASH = 10

YPSOS = 15

EMBADO = (BASH * YPSOS)/ 2

print 'TO EMBA : ', EMBADO

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[ 47 ]

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Downey, A. (2012) Think Python, How to think like a computer scientist, O Reilly. http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkPython/. .

Swaroop, C., H. (2013) A byte of Python, http://www.swaroopch.com/notes/Python/ Creative Commons Attributions ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Ubuntu. http://ubuntu-gr.org/ .

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Python, https://www.Python.org/ ( 10/07/2015)

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(Ohm) V =220 Volt R= 25 ohm.

#

V = 220

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print (" H :", I, " A")

4.1.2 if ()

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[ 55 ]

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test = input(' :')

if test= 18:

print ' '

# 18

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[ 56 ]

4.1.2.3 : - ,

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temperature = int(input(" ; "))

if temperature >= 32:

print(" ")

elif temperature 0:

print(" ")

else:

print(" 0")

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for . range().

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range(10) : [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].

range(1, 8) : [1,2,3,4,5,7]

range(0, 35, 5) : [0,5,10,15,20,25,30]

range(8, -1, -1) [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

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[ 58 ]

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Sum 0

i 1 5

x

Sum Sum+x

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sum = 0

for i in range(5):

x = int(input(" : " ))

sum = x + sum

print('To ', sum)

) Python 1+2+3+...+100

Python

Sum 0

i 1 100

Sum Sum+i

_

Sum

#

sum = 0

for i in range(1, 101):

sum = sum + i

print(sum)

) Python :

1+1*2+1*2*3++1*2*3**

- '

[ 59 ]

4.1.4 while ( )

O while , , .

While _ :

1

2

.

1: , . .

2: while , .

4.1.4.1 : while

while

) , while, 2.

Python

Sum 0

I 1

#

sum = 0 #

i=1 #

- '

[ 60 ]

I

- '

[ 61 ]

print(" . ")

metriti = metriti + 1

print (" M ", metriti, " ")

4.1.4.3 :

.

thenum = random.randint(1,100)

print " 1 100."

print " ;"

guess = 0

while guess != thenum:

guess=input(" : ")

if guess>thenum:

print " "

if guess

- '

[ 62 ]

(:). :

def tragouda ():

print('! ! ! ')

#

tragouda() #

tragouda() #

tragouda . tragouda , ' . , . , . epanalave_tragouda(), tragouda . . epanalave_tragouda(), 4 .

def epanalave_tragouda():

tragouda()

tragouda()

#

epanalave_tragouda()

def epanalave_4fores():



#

epanalave_4fores()

4.2.2

Python. , :

- '

[ 63 ]

>>> def print2():

print ********

print ********

>>> print2()

********

********

>>> def print2():

print ********

print ********

********

>>> print2()

********

, print . . , .. _, end_def .. , , .

4.2.3

Python :

def ( [ { } ] ):

[ return ]

[ ] . . .

4.2.4

, , add times3 :

def add(arg1, arg2):

result = arg1+arg2

return result

def times3(arg):

ginomeno = 3*arg

return ginomeno

>>> add(10, 18)

28

>>> add(10, 18.5)

28.5

>>> times3(10)

30

- '

[ 64 ]

, .

>>> times3(2.5)

7.5

>>> times3(python)

python python python

>>> times3( times3( 9 ) )

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

>>> times3(add(add(ab,ba), ))

abba abba abba

, , .

4.2.5

, , . , .

. . : , .

, math.pi . , math.pow, , .

def ginomeno (a,b):

x = a * b

return x

print (ginomeno(5,10))

: Python (call-by-value), ,

- '

[ 65 ]

- , :

def increment(a, b):

a = a + 1

b = b + 1

return a+b

#

z = 1

w = 2

q = increment( z, w )

print z, w, q

1 2 5

z, w ( ) increment, q. .

4.2.5.1 - 1

Python .

printPython3, Python (3) . printPython9, Python (9) .

def printPython3():

print Python

print Python

print Python

def printPython9():

print Python

print Python

print Python

print Python

print Python

print Python

print Python

print Python

print Python

printPython9 ;

- '

[ 66 ]

21 Python, printPython3() printPython9().

4.2.5.2 - 2 ( )

Python

def printPython3():

for i in range(3):

print Python

def printPython12():

for i in range(12):

print Python

def printPython100():

for i in range(100):

print Python

printPython Python :

def printPython( ____ ):

for i in range( N ):

print Python

>>> printPython(3)

>>> printPython(9)

>>> printPython(21)

>>> printPython(100)

;

;

4.2.5.3 - 3 ( )

, .

4.2.5.4 - 4

Python . :

#

def add(arg1, arg2):

result = arg1+arg2

return result

def times3(arg):

result = 3*arg

return result

#

add(10, 18)

add(10, 18.5)

add(Python , 3.4)

- '

[ 67 ]

times3(100)

times3(2.5)

times3(Python)

, .

4.3

4.3.1 1

Python . .

4.3.2 2

Python r (2*r), (2**r) (*r2). , ( : ).

4.3.3 3

Python +=0, A .

4.3.4 4

R1 R2. R . : . R=R1+R2. 1/R=(1/R1)+(1/R2).

Python :

R1 R2

o ( 1 2 ) R1 R2

( ) R

R1, R2, R.

4.3.5 5

Python 1+2+3+4+ 2000.

- '

[ 68 ]

4.3.6 6

Python (o .. 131, 797).

4.3.7 7

Python Fibonacci.

4.3.8 8

Python pow.

4.3.9 9

Python 50 500 3.

4.3.10 10

, ! .

!= 1, = 0

!=1*2*3*.(-1)*, >0

, >=0 .

;

if..else;

for, .

H range(1, 40, 5) ;

for while;

while;

Python;

;

., ., o ., . (2013), Python, , .

- '

[ 69 ]




, ( 21 ) , 9: , , ..., (..), 2015.



Tutorial Python Python ( 03/07/2015),

https://docs.Python.org/2/tutorial/controlflow.html

[ 70 ]

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

- '

[ 71 ]

5

- '

[ 72 ]

5.

:

,

.

, . Python , , . , Python.

Python, . (tuple) . , .

5.1

, . , . , . , . . Python (tuples), .

- '

[ 73 ]

. , . , . python. , , , .. python , . (str) , .

, . ., , 17, ' , 14 16 .

5.2 (str)

, , Unicode. .

5.2.1.1 1 :

. .

:

Python

a

b

z a b.

d a * 2.

a, b, z, d

a = " "

b = " "

z = a + b

d = a * 2

print a

print b

- '

[ 74 ]

len() b

o b b[1]

b[11 : 15]

print z

print d

len(b)

15

b[1]

b[11 : 15]

python str . , . python 0. len .

>>> word = python

>>> letter = word[1]

>>> print( letter )

y

>>> print( word[0] )

P

>>> python[0]

p

>>> len( word )

6

>>> len( 123 )

3

:. word[:] , .

>>> s = Monty Python

>>> s[0:5]

Monty

>>> s[6:len(s)]

Python

>>> s[len(s)-1]

n

>>> s[-1]

n

>>> s[0:len(s)]

Monty Python

, . . s : .

- '

[ 75 ]

>>> word = s #

>>> word = s[:] # s word

in . . .

str . (dot notation). str . str, interpreter: dir(str). dir .

>>> word = monty

>>> python.upper()

PYTHON

>>> word.find(y)

4

>>> a in python

False

>>> y in python

True

>>> word ==

monty

True

>>>antonis > antonia

True

>>> 1000 < 2

True

(Help) . : word.capitalize(), word.upper(), word.lower().

str , (immutable). . word[0] = p , . : + .

Python , :

>>> def times( a, b ):

return a * b

>>> times( 2, 3 )

6

>>> times( python#, 3 )

python#python#python#

- '

[ 76 ]

;

Python + Python + Python = 3 * Python .

, (lazy evaluation). . times( Python, Java ); ;

5.3

Python . . :

>>> fruits = [apple, orange]

>>> list2 = [50,60,70,80]

, . , .

daysofweek=

["","","","","","",""]

. , in len. :

>>> list1 = [10,20,30,40]

>>> fruits = [apple, orange]

>>> len(list1)

4

>>> print( fruits[0] )

Apple

>>> apple in fruits

True

>>> list2 = [50,60,70,80]

>>> list1+ list2

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80]

>>> list1 + fruits

[10, 20, 30, 40, apple, orange]

>>> [1,0]*4

[1,0, 1,0, 1,0, 1,0]

- None, , array = [None]*N.

: . (immutable), .

>>> a =

[5,8,13,21,34]

>>> len( 123 )

3

>>> s[len(s)-1]

n

- '

[ 77 ]

>>> a[2]

13

>>> a[2] = 0

>>> print( a )

[5, 8, 0, 21, 34]

>>> a[1:4]

[8, 0, 21]

>>> s = Monty Python

>>> s[0:5]

Monty

>>> s[6:len(s)]

Python

>>> s[-1]

n

>>> s[0:len(s)]

Monty Python

5.3.1 1

. . Python. ;

daysofweek=

["","","","","","",""]

>>> print " ", daysofweek[6]

: ;

:

: ..

5.3.2 2

. . . Python.

x = [21, 23, 25, 27]

y = [5, 6, 7, 8]

z = x + y

print (z)

...............

print (z [1])

.........

- '

[ 78 ]

z[0] = 45

print (z)

............

a = [x,y]

print (a)

print (a [1][2])

......

5.3.3 3

. , print. ;

>>> for a in [15,27,31]:

.... print a,

:

daysofweek =

["","","","","","",""]

for item in daysofweek:

print (item),

:

5.3.4 4

. ; . ;

listX = [1, 2, 3]

listY = listX

print 'listX =', listX, 'list =', listY

listX[1] = 5000


- '

[ 79 ]

listY[2] = 100


..

.

. :

append:

extend:

sort:

pop/del/remove: .

>>> a=[5,8,13,21,34]

>>> a.append(55)

>>> print( a )

[5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]

>>> a.pop()

55

>>> print( a )

[5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

>>> a.pop(2)

13

>>> a.extend( [ 1, 2, 3 ]

)

>>> print( a )

[5, 8, 21, 34, 1, 2, 3]

: Python,

>>> a = [5,8,13,21,34]

>>> b = a[ : ] #

>>> d = a #

>>> a.pop() # a d

34

>>> d.pop()

21

- '

[ 80 ]

>>> a[0]=a[1]=6

>>> print( a )

[6, 6, 13]

>>> print( d )

[6, 6, 13]

>>> print( b ) # b

[5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

+ . [ ]:

>>> a = [5,8,13,21,34]

>>> b = a + [ ]

>>> a[0]=a[1]=a[2]=a[3]=0

>>> print( a )

[0, 0, 0, 0, 34]

>>> print( d )

[5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

5.3.5 5

. , .

: : append(X) , insert (i, x) x i , pop(i) i .

5.3.6 6

. .

sqlist=[ ]

for x in range(1,11):

sqlist.append(x*x)

print sqlist

- '

[ 81 ]

5.4

Python . . 0. , Python None.

.

>>> def newArray(size):

array = [ ]

for i in range(0,size):

array.append( 0 )

return array

>>> a = newArray(5)

>>> a[1] = a[3] = 1

>>> print( a )

[0, 1, 0, 1, 0]

Python, 0 1.

"" - : a = 5*[0]. append +.

, , Python:

Python

for item in array :

print item

N = len(array)

for i in range(0, N):

print array[i]

i 0 N1

array[i]

_

Python . , :

>>> matrix = [ [1, 2, 3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9] ]

>>> print( matrix[0] )

[1, 2, 3]

>>> print( matrix[0][2] )

3

- '

[ 82 ]

, .

; append.

Python

for i in range(0,3):

a.append( [ ] )

for j in range(0,3):

a[i].append(0)

i 0 2

j 0 2

a[i][j] 0

_

_

. a[i, j] Python a[ i ][ j ]. .. a[2] . , Python.

append pop, () () . .

5.5

Python . . (, , ).

>>> myset = set( [ 1 ,2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 8])

>>> myset

set( [8, 1, 2, 3] )

>>> myset.intersection( set( [1, 2, 90] ) )

set( [1, 2] )

5.6

(immutable), (tuple). . , , , , , .. . :

- '

[ 83 ]

>>> rec = a, b, 120, r

>>> print( rec )

(a, b, 120, r)

>>> rec[2]

120

>>> len( rec )

4

>>> rec[1:3]

(b, 120)

>>> rec = (apple ,) + rec[2:3]

>>> print( rec )

( apple, 120 )

/ , . .

, :

>>> a , b = b, a

5.7

(built-in) Python. . (array) . Version[python] = 3.4. , - . .

- . :

>>> dictionary = { :2, :4, :8, :16 }

>>> list(dictionary.keys() )

[A, , , ]

>>> dictionary []

8

>>> len(dictionary )

4

>>> del dictionary []

>>> del dictionary []

>>> print( dictionary )

- '

[ 84 ]

{:4, :16}

>>> dictionary [] = 32

>>> print( dictionary )

{:4, :32, :16}

>>> in dictionary

True

(del), in.

, []= { : }. , .

. .. 1 :

Python , .

graph = { A: [B, C, D],

B: [D]

C: [D]

D: [B, C] }

1

.

- '

[ 85 ]

5.8

5.8.1 1:

1000, :

)

)

)

)

) ,

. .

5.8.2 2

, push (), pop () .

5.8.3 3

, enqueue (), dequeue () .

5.8.4 4

, 0. .

5.8.5 5

100 , . .

5.8.6 6

ISBN. ISSN. 000 ISBN ISSN.

: (str) , .. ISBN, ISBN .

- '

[ 86 ]

5.8.7 7:

. . 0 . , .. 4, 6, 10, 145 100, 98, 10. . ., .. 4, 6, 10, 10, 98, 100, 145.

5.8.8 8:

, , .

>>>cipher = { A:X, B:Y,C: Z,D: A, , X:U}

text , :

>>> def encryptCeasar( text, alphabet ):

cipherText =

for letter in text:

if letter in alphabet:

cipherText = cipherText + cipher[letter]

else:

cipherText = cipherText + letter

return cipherText

- cipher. .

: , encryptCeasar .

- '

[ 87 ]

5.8.9 9:

Python , abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz, .

5.8.10 10

( .. , RADAR) .

5.8.11 11

. .

sqlist=[ ]

for x in range(1,11):

sqlist.append(x*x)

print sqlist

5.8.12 12

Python .

5.8.13 13

Python end

. (: ).

s.

;

Python;

Python ;

- ;

;

;

- '

[ 88 ]




, ( 21 ) , 9: , , ..., (..), 2015.



- '

[ 89 ]

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

....

..

- '

[ 90 ]

..

..

..

..

....

..

..

..

..

..

....

..

..

..

..

..

....

..

..

..

..

..

....

..

..

..

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[ 91 ]

6

- '

[ 92 ]

6.

:

.

- , . , , .

6.1

, . . .

, :

( , ) = ( , mod )

, , 100 36:

( 100, 36 ) = ( 36, 28 ) = ( 28, 8 ) = ( 8, 4 ) = ( 4, 0 ) = 4

= 0. Python :

Python

def times( a, b ) :

while b > 0 :

a, b = b, a % b

return a

// , //

> 0

mod

- '

[ 93 ]

_

// //

. python , . , , .

6.2

. , , .. . , , . :

( 1.0)

Python

def linearSearch( array,

key ) :

found = False

for item in array :

if item == key :

found = True

return found

_

// , //

=

_

_

// //

_

1.0 . , . /position.

- '

[ 94 ]

: 1 . , 2.0 .

( 2.0)

Python

def linearSearch( array, key ) :

pos = 1

i 1

while pos < 0 and i

- '

[ 95 ]

. , , . . , , . ( ) .

(selection sort). :

1: .

2: .

1: .

Python :

(Selection Sort) 1.0

Python

def selectionSort( array ) :

N = len( array )

for i in range(0, N) :

pos = posMin( i, N, array)

array[ i ], array[pos] = array[pos],

array[ i ]

_

// , //

i 0 N1

_(i, N)

A[ i ], A[]

_

// //

_

.

Python

def posMin( start, end, array ) : _

// , , //

- '

[ 96 ]

pos = start

for i in range(start, end) :

if array[ i ] < array[ pos ] :

pos = i

return pos

i 1

A[ i ] < A[]

i

_

_

// //

_

, 7 , :

i=0 i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 i=5 i=6

0 6

0

2

0

2

0

20 2

0

20 20

1 3

8

3

8

3

2

32 3

2

32 32

2 9

8

9

8

9

8

38 3

8

38 38

3 5

4

5

4

5

4

54 5

4

54 54

4 3

2

3

2

3

8

98 9

8

60 60

5 9

0

9

0

9

0

90 9

0

90 90

6 2

0

6

0

6

0

60 6

0

98 98

6.4

6.4.1 1:

, python.

6.4.2 2

, . ;

- '

[ 97 ]

6.4.3 3

:

( 3600, _____ ) = ( 1100, _____ ) = (_____,_____ ) = (_____, 100 ) =

(_____,_____ ) = 100

.

6.4.4 4

.

6.4.5 5

.

6.4.6 6

.

6.4.7 7

. , , , . , .

6.4.8 8

.

6.4.9 9

, .

.

;

;

- '

[ 98 ]

;

, ( 21 ) , 9: , , ..., (..), 2015.


- '

[ 99 ]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

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.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

..

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- '

[ 100 ]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

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.

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[ 101 ]

7

- '

[ 102 ]

7.

(8 ) :

(.. ) (open, close, read, write) Python.

-

, , , , , , ,

7.1

( ) , . .

. , .

, DVD_ROM, (flash memory). Python.

, , . open()

: , DVD (flash memory).

: .

: .

: .

: .

: .

- '

[ 103 ]

. .

X = open (_, )

# open() Python . :

(words.txt), .

() . (w , r ).

# . .

>>> keimeno = open('words.txt')

# keimeno words.txt. keimeno .

, . open() .

r

w

( , )

a

( )

b

+

r+ .

Python , . read(), readline() write() .

- '

[ 104 ]

open() .

, , . , . , ( "r").

, close(), .

7.1.1

, 'w' :

>>> keimeno = open('output.txt', 'w')

# output.txt w keimeno, print keimeno :

>>> print keimeno

, . .

write() .

>>> line1 = " ! \n"

# line1 !.

>>> keimeno.write(line1)

# line1 . \n write .

# keimeno write .

>>> line2 = "Pythonistas.\n"

>>> keimeno.write(line2)

.

>>> keimeno.close()

- '

[ 105 ]

write . , , . str:

>>> x = 52

>>> keimeno.write(str(x)).

for .

>>> keimeno = open('output.txt', r)

open() "r", .

read() readline(). , , :

>>> keimeno.readline()

7.2

7.2.1 1

song.txt. , .

.

.

for i in range(telos);

song=open("song.txt", "w")

telos=int(input(" "))

# .

for i in range(telos):

print (" ",i+1, )

x = raw_input(" " )

x=x + '\n'

song.write(x)

song.close()

- '

[ 106 ]

song=open("song.txt", "r")

for line in song:

print(line)

a=line

song.close()

7.2.2 2

hmerologio_2015.txt 2015 calendar.

) . IDLE Python. . hmerologio_2015.txt . ; .

) , hmerologio_2016 2016 .

import calendar

# calendar

hmerologio=open("hmerologio_2015.txt", "w")

# hmerologio_2015 hmerologio.

hmerologio.write (" Python:\n\n")

# .

a= calendar.TextCalendar(calendar.SUNDAY).formatyear(2015, 2, 1, 1, 2)

# a 2015, .

hmerologio.write(a)

( ) , hmerologio

- '

[ 107 ]

hmerologio.write("\n\nPython: ...\n... .\n( l)")

#

hmerologio.close()

# .

#

hmerologio=open("hmerologio_2015.txt","r")

# r

contents=hmerologio.read()

# read() contents,

print contents

# ( 2015) . H .

hmerologio.close()

# , close()

7.3

( ), , . , , Python .

os ( os operating system). os.getcwd :

>>> import os

>>> cwd = os.getcwd()

>>> print cwd /home/dinsdale

cwd current working directory. /home/dinsdale, home dinsdale.

- '

[ 108 ]

7.4

. . )

my_list = [i**2 for i in range(1,11)] # 1 - 10 f = open("output.txt", "w") for item in my_list: f.write(str(item) + "\n") f.close()

)

f = open("bg.txt")

f.closed

# False

f.close()

f.closed

# True

C)

>>> logfile = open('test.log', 'w')

>>> logfile.write('test succeeded')

>>> logfile.close()

>>> print file('test.log').read()

test succeeded

>>> logfile = open('test.log', 'a')

>>> logfile.write('line 2')

>>> logfile.close()

>>> print file('test.log').read()

test succeededline 2

D)

g = open(' new_file ', 'w')

g.write('A new file begins' )

g.write(' ... today!\n')

- '

[ 109 ]

g.close( )

E)

f = open('input_file.txt')

for line in f :

print(line )

1) ;

2) - Python, ;

3) ;

4) ;

5) ;

6) ;

. ., o , . (2013) Python, , .




.

-

, ( 21 ) , 9: , , ..., (..), 2015.

- '

[ 110 ]


Berkeley, (2015), http://python.berkeley.edu/.

.

.

.

.

.

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.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

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.

.

.

.

.

.

- '

[ 111 ]

API

8

- '

[ 112 ]

8. API

(13 ) :

, Application Program Interfaces (APIs) .

8.1

Python , . , Python . Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) .

APIs Python matplotlib, SeaBorn Matplotlib ggplot ggplot2 R.

Tkinter, Python (GUI).

APIs , - (web crawler/spider) .

, API, . , , API. .

8.2 -

(...) - (Human Computer Interaction HCI) -, () . , , , , .

- '

[ 113 ]

(user interface), . .

" - (...)" , , . ( Association for Computer Machinery).

, , , -.

... (Usability). ISO 9241, . :

()

( ).

-

(SAVE) (DELETE) , . , .

. . , . . , , .

. ;

- '

[ 114 ]

. () , .

, ( ) ( ). .

8.2.1

, ' . . , , , . . , ..

. . . Shneiderman (Shneiderman and Plaisant, 2005) :

1. (consistency) :

1) .

2) .

3) .

4) .

5) .

6) .

7) .

2. (shortcut)

1) .

2) .

3) .

3. (informative feedback) .

- '

[ 115 ]

.. .

4. "" -

5.

6.

7.

8. ( 72)

: , , ;

;

QWERTY ;

(Norman 1990):

.

, , .

, .

, .

, . .

. .

8.3 Tkinter GUI Python

Python.

import Tkinter as tk

import tkMessageBox

- '

[ 116 ]

def showInformationBox():

tkMessageBox.showinfo("Info","Nice Done")

def showOkCancelBox():

tkMessageBox.askokcancel("okCancel","Remove all System Files?")

def showWarningBox():

tkMessageBox.showwarning("warning","This is a warning")

def showErrorBox():

tkMessageBox.showerror("error","Critical System Error #00000")

root = tk.Tk()

root.title("Computer Science")

message = tk.Label( root, text = "Introduction to Computer Science" )

message.pack()

message2 = tk.Label( root, text = "This is my first program" )

message2.pack()

buttonA = tk.Button( root, text = "Click here for Information", command =

showInformationBox)

buttonA.pack()

buttonB = tk.Button( root, text = "Click here for Verification", command =

showOkCancelBox)

buttonB.pack()

buttonC = tk.Button( root, text = "Click here for Warning", command =

showWarningBox)

buttonC.pack()

buttonD = tk.Button( root, text = "Click here for Error Message", command =

showErrorBox)

buttonD.pack()

root.mainloop()

- '

[ 117 ]

root = tk.Tk()

root.title("Computer Science")

Computer Science., . (Label) . ..

buttonA = tk.Button( root, text = "Click here for Information", command =

showInformationBox)

- buttonA. Click here for Information, root showInformationBox . , , .

pack root.mainLoop() .

Tkinter Python.

8.4

8.4.1 1

Beautiful Soup http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/

8.4.2 2

matplotlib http://matplotlib.org/examples. , , , , .. ,

- '

[ 118 ]

8.4.3 3

matplotlib, Python , , :

8.4.4 4:

, Beautiful Soup. Python, Yahoo Finance Scraper.

http://www.Pythoncentral.io/Python-beautiful-soup-example-yahoo-finance-

scraper/

/ , scrapy, Python lxml

http://docs.Python-guide.org/en/latest/scenarios/scrape/

8.4.5 5:

7 ( ) Tkinter, testRectangle.py.

8.4.6 6:

, Python. http://www.pygame.org project . . projects .

- '

[ 119 ]

;

;

;

;

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). Python.

. (2000) , . .

Ben Shneiderman and Catherine Plaisant. Designing the User Interface. Pearson

Education, Boston, 4th edition, 2005

Donald A. Norman. The Design of Everyday Things. Doubleday/Currency, New

York, NY, 1990. First published as The Psychology of Everyday Things.

(2005), , . , http://cgi.di.uoa.gr/~ys08/EAM_simeiwseis.pdf ( 2015)

Levitin, Anany (2007), The Design & Analysis of Algorithms. Pearson Education.


, ( 21 ) , 9: , , ..., (..), 2015

Python,

https://pypi.Python.org/pypi

http://matplotlib.org/users/pyplot_tutorial.html

http://stanford.edu/~mwaskom/software/seaborn/

https://pypi.Python.org/pypi/ggplot

http://blog.yhathq.com/posts/ggplot-for-Python.html

- '

[ 120 ]

http://bokeh.pydata.org/

Python for Data Analysis

http://dl.e-book-free.com/2013/07/Python_for_data_analysis.pdf

Python Scientific Lecture Notes

http://scipy-lectures.github.io/

Google Python

https://code.google.com/p/google-visualization-Python/

Python Beautiful Soup Example: Yahoo Finance Scraper

http://www.Pythoncentral.io/Python-beautiful-soup-example-yahoo-finance-

scraper/

Beautiful Soup

http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/

http://www.gregreda.com/2013/03/03/web-scraping-101-with-Python/

http://scrapy.org/

Tkinter Python

http://www.Python-course.eu/Python_tkinter.php

https://wiki.Python.org/moin/TkInter

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