&

(.. 6000033)

, 2007

-

2

..............................................................................................................4

: ..............................................6

..................................................................................6

.................................................................................8

.............................................................12

.......................................................18

.........................21

.....................................................................................................25

............................26

..................................................................28

: ..........................................................................30

..........................................................................................................30

....................................................................................30

.........................................................30

.....................................................................31

...........................................................................................................31

..............................................................................35

: ..........................................36

............................................................................................37

..........................................39

.....................................................................................39

.......................................................................39

3

........40

MBI ........................................................................................41

.....................................................................................49

...............58

...............................................................................................62

..............................................................62

........................................................................65

/ ..........................................................................................66

....................................................................................................71

........................................................................................................71

....................................................................................................76

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4

.

stress

40% .

,

.

, :

1. 5

.

2. 22

/

Maslach.

3. ,

.

,

.

. ,

/

.

5

,

.

, ,

, ( )

.

,

.

.

,

,

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-

.

6

:

, ,

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.

. 5 ..

. ,

,

. .

(Grint, 1991, -, 2004).

, . ,

.

. , ,

.

,

.

. ,

(,

1999).

6 ,

. ,

.

: ,

, .

, .

,

. Benjamin Franklin : .

(, 1999).

7

, ,

, .

, .

:

.

, ,

.

.

(, 1999).

. ,

. :

.

,

. ,

, (

).

Freud (1961), .

.

. ,

. .

.

. Freud (-

, 2005).

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

. ,

8

.

(, 1999).

,

. ,

(Grint, 1991).

, .

( ).

, 1975.

.

( .. ).

(Grint, 1991).

, . .

, ,

. ,

.

.

1940, ,

.

(Carlino, 1988).

,

. .

, ,

: (,

1999). , ,

.

9

,

. , .

.

.

.

6 (Grint, 1991).

.

.

,

, .

,

.

(, 1999).

.

(Grint, 1991).

.

,

. , ,

.

:

. ,

(,

). , ,

. ,

(, 1998).

, .

, .

:

,

10

.

, ,

(, 1998).

20 ,

. ,

(Grint, 1991).

:

1.

2. ,

3.

4. (

70 ).

.

,

.

40 - 50

(Glicken, 1983).

()

. .

.

.

,

( ) (-, 2006).

60, .

.

.

,

, ,

(.. ).

.

. .

11

( ) (Fry,

William & Allen, 1975).

, ,

. ,

. ,

(

, ,

).

, .

,

.

: , ,

, ,

, .

, .

(,

1995).

.

. ,

,

(, 1995).

.

, ,

. ,

( , locus of control,

)

12

(, 1995). ,

( )

.

,

.

. , (

)

(Davies & Shackleton, 1975, , 2007).

, -,

(. , 1999).

,

(, 1995 : , 1995).

(stress),

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

, ,

, , .

, ,

.

,

13

( & , 1999). , ,

.

, ,

, ( &

, 1999).

,

(..

,

,

( & , 1999).

err & Newman (1978,

, 2007)

, ,

/

.

.

,

.

( ).

(1995),

.

, ,

, ,

..

Edelwich Brodsky (1980),

,

.

, .

.

14

. ,

,

.

. ,

,

. ,

. ,

. ,

. ,

. .

( ) (Mercer,

1988). , ,

.

, .

, .

.

, :

Euro ..

.

.

, .. / ,

, ,

.,

. ,

.

/

,

(Potter, 1987).

15

Freudenberger (1974),

,

(burnout)

.

Cristine Maslach (1976), ,

.

burn out

(Maslach & Jackson,1986).

,

.

(Pines, 1993)

. , ,

.

.

. Shaufeli Enzmann (1998),

.

.

Pines & Aronson (1988)

, .

, ,

,

, , ,

( )

, ( ).

Maslach Jackson (1986) ,

: 1.

, 2. 3.

16

.

(Maslach

Schaufeli, 1993).

, .

,

.

.. ,

.

, ,

.

( ),

,

.

(, 1995).

, aslach & Jackson (1984)

,

, ,

.

.

.

Cook (1992) burnout

.

17

Cherniss (1980), burnout

,

,

.

: ) :

,

, ) :

, ,

, , .

, )

: ,

.

- ,

.

, ,

.

,

(, 1997).

,

.

. ,

(, 1997).

, .

, , , ,

, .

, , , ,

, (, 1997).

,

, .

(, 1997).

,

,

18

,

. ,

/ ,

. ,

, .

,

.

,

.

,

. ,

.

Vachon (1987)

,

.

.

:

1. ( , , .)

2. ( , , .)

3. ( ) 4. - . Enzman & Shaufeli (1998, , 2007)

(, , )

19

.

:

-

.

- , ,

,

, .

-

.

- ,

.

-

, (Cherniss, 1995,

, 2007)

-

.

-

(Rousseau, 1989, , 2007)

: ,

.

Russell, Altmaier Van Velzen (1987)

,

,

.

burnout. Lazarus Folkman (1984)

.

(Wessels, 1989, Selder & Paustian, 1989).

20

Kobasa & al. (1982)

,

burnout.

, ,

. Byrne (1994), ,

,

, .

, .

(, .) (. , & ,

2000).

Cooper

Marshall (1976) Kyriacou Sutcliffe (1978),

burnout .

: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. 6. .

Cooper (1980)

.

(. Cherniss, 1988, Mazur Lynch, 1989,

, 1992)

burnout . :

1. , 2. , 3. , 4.

,

5. , .

21

.

Maslach (1986) , ,

,

,

. ,

. , Firth-Cozens (1997,

, 2007) 1/3

,

.

.

/

.

,

. /

, .

.

, , (. & ,

..).

, . ,

. ,

22

. ,

. ,

(. & , ..).

.

.

.

.

,

,

. ,

(.

& , ..).

,

,

.

, ,

(Beechman, 2000, Dumelow, 2000 , 2007).

.

, ,

. ,

/ .

.

, .

. ,

23

.

,

.

stress

. stress

(. Cox, 1978).

,

.

, .

.

,

.

,

( )

.

,

,

.

, ,

(Niholson, 1995 ,

2007).

38 .

, ,

, ( ),

( ...).

,

. ,

24

, ,

. ,

. ,

,

.

stress

. , stress stress

( &

).

.

(Kahn, Robert, Wolfe, Quinn

Robert, Snoek, Diedrich & Rosenthal, 1964).

,

. ,

.

, .

,

.

,

. ,

.

. ,

,

/ . ,

, (..

Lang (1991), Reynolds (1993) and Tabacchi and Krone (1989) , Tabacchi and

Farber (1990).

25

, ,

.

,

,

. ,

.

(.. ,

, )

.

(2005) ,

. ,

, , ,

, , .. (Tyler

& Cushway, 1998 : , 2005).

, , , ,

..

, ,

, ..

Don Unger, (Superitendent Burnout: Myth or Reality (1980),

, 2005).

26

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/ /

/

/

/ /

.

. , 30

40

27

(Mor & Laliberte, 1984, Birch et al., 1986, Poulin & Walter,

1993a, Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998).

.

,

.

, .

burnout , .

Shaufeli & Enzmann (1998). (1995)

, . Preety, McCarthy

Catano (1992) ,

. ,

: ,

.

.

,

(Bussing & Perrar, 1991, Poulin & Walter,

1993a, , 2007).

. , ,

.

.

, (Price

& Spence, 1994, van Horn et al.,1997, , 2007). ,

(Maslach, 2001).

, (Mc

28

Dermott, 1984, Raquepaw & Miller, 1989 . Shaufeli & Enzmann,

1998, Maslach & Jackson, 1985, , 2007).

(Cash, 1988, Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998).

(Nowack, 1986, Pierce & Molloy, 1990, ,

2007). .

(Glass & McKnight,

1996, , 2007).

,

/,

,

() (

/ /

/).

, ,

(Maslach Burnout Inventory),

/

.

.

29

.

, :

,

, .

,

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. (

) ,

.

.

,

.

,

MBI

(

).

,

.

30

:

, .

( ) ().

, .

,

Maslach,

,

/ (. ).

(Maslach

Burnout Inventory MBI-),

: ,

, -

.

.

,

, , ,

31

(, , ) (Maslach, 2001).

.

5 ,

:

1

2

3

4

5

( ),

, ,

.

-

, 22

Maslach (MBI).

6

(0=, 6= ).

32

.

,

, . ,

, ,

, ,

.

Maslach (),

.

, , .

, Maslach

Christine Maslach:

,

( ).

/ .

.

/

,

.

( )

.

22

MBI.

Maslach

:

33

0 =

1 =

2 = 1

3 =

4 = 1

5 =

0 () 6 ( ), :

6 =

/

0-o 1-o 2-o 3-o 4-o 5-o 6-o

/

0-o 1-o 2-o 3-o 4-o 5-o

6-o

,

, &

. Maslach (1986),

:

,

( ).

,

22 .

,

.

.

.

,

.

:

34

1 /

2 / ,

3 /

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 /

11 -

/

12 /

13 /

14

15 ,

16

17

18 ,

19

20 ,

21

22

35

, (

22 /

):

1) /

2) / ,

3) /

6)

8) /

13) /

14)

16)

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, (

22

/ ):

5)

10)

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15) , '

22)

,

36

22 /

):

4)

7)

9)

12)

17)

18) ,

19) '

21)

.

: Maslach (1986) , ()

.

.

, stress

.

Maslach,

,

.

.

. Maslach

:

37

MBI

MBI

( )

/

( )

( )

27

13

>39 38-32

-

;

- 12

: , ;

- 12

: , ;

- ;

(. )

39

30 / , / (10%)

(90%). (90%)

(10%) (. , 1 2).

,

(..

).

, 10

(. , 3).

.

10-15 (29%), 5-10 (26%), 15-20 (17%),

20 (16%), 5 (12%) (.

, 4).

(33,1%).

1-3 (27,2%), 3-5 (16,6%)

(6,6%) (. , 5).

( 70%)

30-50 . : 30-40 (35,8%), 40-50

(33,8%), 50 (18,5%), 25-30 (7,9%),

25 (4%) (. , 6).

40

(76,8%). / (11,3%),

/ (11,9%) /

/ (11,3%). /

/ ,

(. , 7).

.

1-3 (30,6%),

7 (25,2%), 3-5 (21,8%),

(13,6%), 5-7 (8,8%).

1-3

, 44%

(. , 8).

,

,

.

(=30) (. ,

9).

, 12 . 69,5%

,

20,5% , 9,9%

(. , 10).

/ :

: /

: 10-15

41

: 7

: 30-40

:

: / /

:

: 1-3

: 10 ( )

..:

40

12

12

MBI

22,25

(., 27).

10,05

(., 27).

35,43

(., 27).

/,

.

(. , ) ,

42

: ,

.

: (22,4),

,

Maslach,

(22,25). 20,4 ,

Maslach,

(22,25) (. , 14).

11.16

( )

Maslach,

(10,05).

9,96 (

10,05).

(36,69 35,43

),

35,49 (

35,43 ).

: ,

,

(=3) (14-16) (.

, 15).

5

31,09

( ),

, Maslach,

(40%)

(22,25).

,

43

.

15-20 24,59.

5-10

23,44 10-15 (19,52)

Maslach. 20

15,94,

Maslach,

,

5 .

5

14,85 (

),

, Maslach,

(56%)

(10,05). 5 10

10,18, 15 20 (10,09)

10 15 (9,05),

Maslach. 20 , 15,44,

Maslach.

120% ( 5

20 .

5 ,

30,89

( ),

Maslach, 15%

( )

(35,43). 5 -10

34,57 , 10 - 15 36,45 ,

15 20 36,63

. 20

44

37,65, . .

22% ( 5

) (

20 ).

,

5 ,

. ,

20

.

: 1

36,54 (

),

Maslach, 73%

(22,25).

/ .

3 5 23,49, 1 3

22,64 , 7

20,56 ( Maslach.

5 7 17,05

Maslach,

.

, , 2,14

( 1

)

( 5 7 ) (. , 16).

1

19,84 (

),

Maslach,

10,05.

1 3 (10,12), 3 5 (9,74), 5 7

45

(8,48), Maslach.

7 8,09

. 140%

( )

(

7 ).

1

24,37 (

) 40%

( )

, 35,43. 1 3

35,40 , 5 7 35,71 , 3 5 36,02 ,

7 37,08 , ,

Maslach.

48%

( 1 )

(

7 ).

,

1 ,

.

()

.

.

46

1 ,

.

: 25 41,58 (

),

Maslach,

, 22,25. 25 30

24,73 , , 30 -40 22,20 , 40 50

21,64.

Maslach. 50 17,13.

2

( 25 )

(

50 ) (. , 17).

25

23,08 (

),

Maslach, 2,30

, 10,05. 25 30

11,47 , , 30 -40 9,32, 40 50

8,04.

Maslach. 50 7,84.

300%

( 25 )

( 50 ).

,

,

.

,

.

25

25,02 (

47

),

Maslach, 33% (

) , 35,43.

25 30 33,56, , 30 -40

35,34, 40 50 36,04.

Maslach.

50 39,01

Maslach. 47%

25 (

)

50 ( ).

,

25

, .

MBI ,

,

, , / (..

, , .).

,

/

.

: ,

,

(=3), .

(

) 23,04 (

Maslach -22,25-).

15,05 ( Maslach).

40%

(. , 18).

10,44 ( )

48

Maslach

(10,05). 7,08

Maslach.

42%

,

.

35,04 (

), Maslach,

( )

(35,43).

38,12 Maslach.

8% .

,

.

: 23,24 (

)

Maslach,

(22,25). 20,41 (

).

17,07,

Maslach. 37%

( )

( ) (. ,

19).

(10,51 )

Maslach 5%

(10,05). 9,17,

7,24,

Maslach. 45%

49

( )

(

).

34,94 ( )

Maslach,

(35,43).

36,53, Maslach.

37,94,

Maslach. 7%

(

) (

).

,

( -

) .

1: / ; (/) , ,

60% (18 ), 12

(40%) (. , 24).

,

,

- ( 1), -( 1).

50

1: / , / /; ( 4 : /

/ /

/). , :

/ (35%), / (39%),

/ (17%), / (8%) (. ,

12).

1: , / ; ( 4 : /

/ /

/). , :

/ (16%), / (36%),

/ (32%), / (16%) (. ,

11).

,

1 (60%),

(48%),

, (25%

).

,

()

.

1, 2,

( )

.

2: , , ; ( , )

51

, 86,7% (26 )

. ,

(

, ,

, , ,

..),

,

(, ,

.)

& (. , 26).

3: ; ( ) (=60),

.

,

, 1

2 (

,

,

),

: /

(30%), (10%), / (10%),

/ (25%),

/ (5%),

(5%), / /

(5%), / (5%), ( 5%) (. ,

25).

52

, ()

(, , ..) 30% ,

(25%),

(

),

. .

, 100%

.

()

,

,

, ,

( )

.

4: , ;

,

4 : .

: (35%), (54%), (11%),

(0%).

.

53

5: ; ( )

( : 7 )

1

29,77 ( )

Maslach,

39% (22,25).

1 3 22,66,

5 7 21,45 , 3 5 20,05 ,

7 19,67. ,

Maslach. 53%

1

( )

7 (. , 20).

1

14,61 (

)

Maslach, 50%

(10,05). 1 3

9,89 , 3 5 9,44 , 5 7 9,16 ,

7 7,35. ,

Maslach.

200%

1 ( )

7 (. ,

20).

1

( )

31,65 (

)

54

Maslach, 12% (

) (35,43).

1 3 34,46 , 5 - 7

36,54 , 7 36,62 ,

3 - 5 37,08. ,

Maslach. 17%

1

( )

3 5 .

, (

)

1 ,

.

,

-

.

,

( ,

) (. , 20).

6: * 12 : , ; (*) ( , , ,

, , ,

, .. ,

.

)

12

55

' , ,

(29,98, )

Maslach, 35%

(22,25).

23,19,

20,99. , Maslach.

50%

(

12 )

(

12

) (. , 21).

12 ,

, 14.56 (

), Maslach,

50% (10,05).

12

, 9,97 ,

8,95. Maslach.

70%

( )

( ) (. ,

21).

12 ,

, 31,61 (

),

Maslach, 12% ( .

) (35,43).

12

, 34,73,

36,47. Maslach.

56

15%

(

- ).

12 ,

: , ,

. ,

(

) (.

, 21).

7: * 12 : , ; (*) ( , , ,

, , ,

, .. ,

.

)

12

, ,

(32,44, )

Maslach,

50%

(22,25).

22,23,

20,52. ,

Maslach. 63%

(

12 )

(

57

12 )

(. , 22).

12 ,

, 16,90 (

), Maslach,

70% (10,05).

12

, 9,83 ,

9,06. Maslach.

( )

( ) (.

, 22).

12 ,

, 29,78 (

),

Maslach, 20% ( .

) (35,43).

12

, 35,64,

36,21. Maslach.

20%

(

- ).

12 ,

: , ,

(. , 22).

23

. ).

58

, ,

( ,

):

/

,

:

:

: 5

: 1

: 25

:

:

: 1

12 :

,

12 : ,

/

,

:

59

:

: 20

: 5 7

: 50

:

: ,

: 7

12 :

,

12 : ,

/

,

:

:

: 5

: 1

: 25

:

:

: 1

12 :

,

12 : ,

60

/

,

:

:

: 20

: 7

: 50

:

: ,

: 7

12 :

,

12 : ,

/

, :

:

: 5

: 1

: 25

:

:

: 1

12 :

61

,

12 : ,

/

, :

:

: 20

: 7

: 50

:

: ,

: 3 5

12 :

,

12 : ,

62

,

,

.

, :

, 22,25-

. 10,05

, .

35,43.

-

. ,

.

-

:

, ,

. , (90%)

,

.

, (

) .

-

.

. ,

5

,

63

. ,

.

,

.

-

.

.

. . ,

.

.

(-, 1990).

-

,

.

-

,

.

.

-

,

. .

,

.

,

.

,

64

. , ,

,

. ,

.

(Mor & Laliberte, 1984, Birch et al., 1986, Poulin & Walter,

1993a, : Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998) ,

.

.

,

5

. ,

.

Shaufeli & Enzmann (1998) ,

.

, ,

(Bussing & Perrar, 1991, Poulin & Walter,

1993a, , 2007), Maslach (2001)

.

,

.

65

, , ,

, .

.

,

,

.

, (Mc

Dermott, 1984, Raquepaw & Miller, 1989 . Shaufeli & Enzmann,

1998, Maslach & Jackson, 1985, , 2007)

.

. ,

,

-

.

,

(..

).

, 10

. , ,

(..

).

,

,

.

(=30).

66

.

.

.

(

, , , ,

, ..).

.

( ,

, , ,

..).

.

,

.

/

,

,

.

,

,

.

67

,

.

. ,

, . ,

, /

.

,

,

. , :

9 9 , ( / ) 9 , : --

-- , ,

--

&

9 9 , , . :

--

--

68

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--

--

--

--

--

9 -

9 , .

9 ,

9 9 , . .

.

9 , : --

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--

--

Lang (1992, , 2007)

, ,

.

--

--

--

69

-- ..

9 . .

9

9 9 ,

9 / , : --

--

--

--

--

.

(Grassi & Magnani, 2000,

, 2007).

-- /

,

( )

( ),

.

:

/

,

70

71

Byrne B.M. (1994). Burnout: Testing for the validity, replication, and

invariance of causal structure across elementary, intermediate and secondary

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