ΕΠΙΜΟΡΦΩΣΗ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΩΝ ΜΕΣΩ ΕΝΟΣ ΜΙΚΤΟΥ ΜΟΝΤΕΛΟΥ...
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8. ΕΠΙΜΟΡΦΩΣΗ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΩΝ ΜΕΣΩ ΕΝΟΣ ΜΙΚΤΟΥ ΜΟΝΤΕΛΟΥ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΝΣΩΜΑΤΩΝΕΙ ΑΡΧΕΣ ΤΗΣ ΜΑΘΗΣΗΣ ΠΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ (ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ - ΔΙΜΕΝΤΕ)
Transcript of ΕΠΙΜΟΡΦΩΣΗ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΩΝ ΜΕΣΩ ΕΝΟΣ ΜΙΚΤΟΥ ΜΟΝΤΕΛΟΥ...
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............................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................................................. 5
........................................................................................ 7
I: ................................................................................................. 13
................................................................................................................ 13
.............................................................................................. 14
I: & .......................................... 17
.................................................................................................................. 17
1. .......................................................... 17
1.1.
................................................................................................ 17
1.1.1. ............................................................................ 17
1.1.2. ....................................................... 19
1.2. ......................................... 23
1.3. .............................................................................................. 28
II: ............................................................................. 29
.................................................................................................................. 29
2.
....................................................................................... 30
2.1. .......................................................................... 30
2.2. & .................................... 31
2.2.1. ................................. 33
2.2.2. (Distributed Cognition) ............... 33
2.2.3. (Situated Cognition) ........................... 34
2.2.4. ..................................................... 34
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2.3. ............................................................................ 35
2.4. (CoI) .................................................................... 41
2.4.1. ............................. 43
2.4.2. ............................................................................. 45
2.4.3. ........................................................................... 46
2.5. (Job Embedded Learning) .............. 48
2.6. (Work Based Learning) ......................... 50
2.6.1. Work Based Learning ....................................... 53
2.7. .............................................................................................. 59
IV: ............................................................... 63
3.
19-20 .......................................................... 63
3.1. ................................................................................ 63
3.2. ....................................... 64
3.2.1. ........................................................................... 65
3.2.2. ........................... 67
3.2.3.
68
3.2.4. ....................... 69
3.2.5. ............................................ 71
3.2.6. ................................................................ 73
3.2.7. ........................... 77
4. ........................................... 78
4.1. ..................................................................... 78
4.2. ............................................................................... 78
4.3. ................................................. 79
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4.4. ............................................................................ 82
4.4.1. ............................................................................. 83
4.4.2. ................................................................ 84
4.4.3. ............................................................... 88
4.5. & ................................ 88
4.5.1. .............................................................. 90
4.5.2. ................................................................................ 90
4.5.3. ............. 91
4.5.4. ................................................................... 92
4.5.5. & ........................ 93
4.5.6. & ........... 96
4.5.7. .................................................... 97
4.5.8. : ...................................................................................... 98
4.6. ..................... 99
4.6.1. ................. 99
4.6.2. ..................................................................................... 110
4.7. ... 111
4.7.1. (Cognitive Presence) ......................................... 111
4.7.2. ....................................................... 111
4.7.3. ......................... 112
4.7.4.
122
4.7.5. .......................................................................... 123
4.7.6. ..................................................................................... 127
4.8. ...................... 128
4.8.1. (Social Presence) ............................................. 129
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4.8.2.
....................................................................................................... 129
4.8.3. ..................................................................................... 136
4.9. (Education/Learning Outcome)
137
4.9.1. .................................................... 139
4.9.2. ......................................................................... 142
4.9.3. ........................................................................ 143
4.9.4. ..................................................................................... 144
5. & ........................................................... 146
5.1. ........................................................................... 146
5.1.1. & ............................... 147
5.1.2. .................................................................................. 148
5.1.3. ..................... 148
5.1.4. ........................................................................... 149
5.1.5. &
149
5.1.6. ......................................................................... 150
5.1.7. ...................................................................... 150
5.1.8. ............................................................ 151
5.2. ........................................................................ 152
5.3. ...................................................................................................... 154
VII: ................................................................................... 155
............................................................................................. 168
............................................................................................. 168
................................................................................................... 169
............. 170
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. 174
........................................................ 176
.......................................................................... 180
(Wiki) ....... 183
: .... 184
: ... 185
................................................................................................ 186
.................................................................. 189
. .............. 190
.......................................... 193
e- .. 206
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Knowles (Knowles, 1980)
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Malcolm Knowles (Knowles, 1973) The Adult Learner: A neglected
Species :
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(, 1989), (,
2002), (, 2002), (Hargreaves & Fullan, 1995)
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,
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:
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online ,
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(Garrison & Vaughan, 2008).
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( & , 2003).
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2.2.1.
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(Distributed Cognition).
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(distributed) ( & , 2003).
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-
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,
(, 2007).
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2.2.3. (Situated Cognition)
1980
.
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(communities of practice/learning) (,
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2.2.4.
(Lave & Wenger, 1991)
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-
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: (e-
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Laurillard, Stratfold, Lukin, Plowman Taylor (Laurillard, Stratfold,
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Garrison & Vaughan (Garrison & Vaughan, 2008),
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chat room.
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2.5. (Job Embedded Learning)
,
,
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(),
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-
49
(Wood and McQuarrie, 1999).
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4
-
51
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(Woodward, 2008).
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2.6.1. Work Based Learning5
- -
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6.
Vygotsky Kolb
Vygotsky (zone of
5 Work-based Learning: Theory into Practice?, Ian Woodward, University of Leicester
6 Work-based Learning: Theory into Practice?, Ian Woodward, University of Leicester
-
54
proximal learning),
.
Kolb (Kolb, 1984)
.
.
,
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,
,
,
.
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(Loo, 2008).
Billet (Billett, 1992), Evans Rainbird (Evans,
Hodkinson, & Unwin, 2003), Fuller Unwin (Fuller & Urwin, 2006) Hoskin
Anderson-Gough (Hoskin & Anderson-Gough, 2004). Evans Rainbird (Evans,
Hodkinson, & Unwin, 2003), Lave
(Lave & Wenger, 1991) Brown, Collins Duguid (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989)
.
(conceptual knowledge)
, ,
.
( )
-
55
(awareness), (understanding), (inspiration) ,
(guidance), (motivation) (feedback).
.
Fuller and Unwin (Fuller & Urwin, 2006)
.
Fuller Unwin (situated learning
theory).
(Activity Theory), (Hardy, 2003),
.
Cole (Cole, 1995), Engestrm (Engestrm, 2001), Lave
(Lave, The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding. J. W. Stigler, R. A.
Shweder, & G. Herdt, 1990), Lave Wenger (Lave & Wenger, 1991), Rogoff (Rogoff,
1995), Wenger (Wenger, 1998), Guile Young (Guile & Young, 1999).
(Griffiths & Guile, 2003).
. Robson (Robson, 2006),
, :
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,
,
... ( ).
.
,
(experiential learning), (action learning)
Kolb (Kolb, 1984).
-
56
,
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(Raelin J. A., 1997).
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" ,
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-
57
(experiential learning)
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(reflective practitioner),
Schon (Schon, 1983).
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(flexible learning).
,
()
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-
58
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On-line.
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project .
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.
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(Garrison & Kanuka, 2004).
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-
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IV:
3.
19-20
3.1.
Moodle
19-20,
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on line ,
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on line
,
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Mac Donald (McDonald, 2006),
-
65
(online face-to-face),
,
.
, ,
. Levy
(Levy, 2005)
.
.
(Dede, 2006)
.
,
,
(Garrison & Vaughan, 2008).
3.2.1.
(Garisson & Vaughan, 2008), (MacDonald,
2006), ( & , 2007)
(Wood & McQuairrie, 1999), (Holmes, Polhemus, & Jennings, 2005),
(Boud & Solomon, 2001).
(Garrison & Archer, A.) transactional perspective on teaching and
learning: A framework for adult and higher education, 2000)
, (social presence), (cognitive presence),
(teaching presence),
(Garisson & Vaughan, 2008).
:
, / .
.
,
.
-
66
& ,
, .
:
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/ .
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(Wood & McQuairrie, 1999).
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() , ()
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()
.
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,
-
67
,
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, ()
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(template), ()
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,
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3.2.2.
.
,
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(Vivitsou, Lambropoulos, Konetas, Paraskevas, &
Grigoropoulos, 2008).
. ,
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(Mason & Weller, 2000) (Haughey & Anderson, 1998).
:
-
68
3.2.3.
,
.
,
online .
.
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, , ,
(Beer, Slack, & Armitt, 2005),
, .
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-
69
:
() , ()
,
(moodle), ()
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;, ()
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3.2.4.
, ,
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-
70
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71
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3.2.5.
,
, .
moodle,
.
moodle ,
.
(social constructionist pedagogy)
. moodle ,
& , ,
-
72
(, , ),
,
, (,
, , , ).
,
(Chat), (forums)
, , .
Moodle (
), ( audio, video, , .
doc, .pdf, .ppt, .),
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,
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(chat) ,
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moodle,
: ()
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, (chat)
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-
73
,
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3.2.6.
12 5
, 2 ,
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17 2010.
e-, ,
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( ) .
. ,
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(1): & (;),
(2): Moodle (;),
(3): Moodle ( ;),
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;)
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Weller, 2000), (Jarboe, 1996).
, ,
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f2f ,
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76
Moodle .
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77
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On Line. (. 3 4, 1 , 1,
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-
78
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2008) (Job Embedded/Work Based Learning)
-19-20 ()
Moodle .
-
79
,
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4.3.
, ,
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:
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(Blended/Job Embedded/Work Based
Learning),
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() ,
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-
80
()
.
, Garrison, Anderson
Archer (Garrison & Archer, 2000). ,
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3 (,
, / teaching-cognitive-social), /
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/ (learning/education experience)
(professional development)
.
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:
1. (Teaching Presence)
,
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, ,
-
81
, (design
and organization).
:
() ,
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() (e-)
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() ,
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(direct instruction), ,
(facilitating discourse).
2. (Cognitive Presence)
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:
()
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() , (i)
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-
82
3. (Social Presence)
, , ,
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4.4.
,
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(Cohen & Manion, 2000).
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-
83
.
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-
84
. ,
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(. ),
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Ngre, 1991),
.
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, ,
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.
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85
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, Likert,
. 24
21.
( 11).
(RUBRIC)
e-, , ,
.
, , , : (MyT4L Rubric,
Committee for Evaluation of Exemplary Online Courses-1, Quality Assessment Rubric for
eLearning Design, Nimer, Hanadi, & Amal, Cradler & Cradler, Minimum standards for
8
-
87
online courses and guidelines for proposing and, developing online courses at Yavapai
College, Burns, Correia, Sederberg, Shelton, & Van Duzer) ( 12).
(RUBRIC)
( )
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( 8).
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,
moodle.
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. 507 ,
379 121
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88
4.4.3.
forum. ,
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.
(CoI) ()
Anderson, Rourke, Garrison
Archer (Anderson, Rourke, & Archer, 2001) ( )
( 7). ()
Rourke, Anderson, Garrison Archer (Rourke, Anderson, Garrison, & Archer, 1999)
( ) ( 8).
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-
89
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24 ,
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90
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70,83% (=17) .
4.1:
%
7 29,17% 17 70,83% 24 100%
25 54
, 95,14%, 35 54 .
:
4.2:
%
25 34 1 4,76% 35 44 12 57,14% 44 54 8 38,10% 55 0 0,00% 21 100,00%
4.5.2.
:
4.3:
:
%
7 33,33%
9 42,86%
5 23,81%
21 100,00%
:
-
91
4.4:
():
%
0-2 0 0,00%
2-8 6 28,57%
8-12 5 23,81%
12-20 8 38,10%
20 2 9,52%
21 100,00%
8 20
.
4.5.3.
,
, (
, )
,
(, , ,
, , & , 2004).
/ .
42,86% (=9) ..
, 14,29% (=3) ..
42,86% (=9) .. , 5
4 .
.
4.5:
:
%
- : 9 42,86%
3 14,29%
-: 9 42,86%
21 100,00%
42,86% (=9)
, 7
-
92
. 1
.
23,81% (=5) (-).
4.6:
%
: 9 42,86%
: 1 4,76% / 5 23,81%
4.5.4.
:
4.7:
/
:
%
-
93
4.5.5. &
, 9
,
,
,
, .
4.9: 1
:
%
1 2 5 13 85,71%
1
4 15 90,48%
3 3 4 10 66,67%
1
4 4 11 71,43%
2
1 5 13 85,71%
(=15, 90,48%) (=13, 85,71%) ,
(=10, 66,67%)
(=11, 71,43%),
.
(, 2007, , ,
, , , & , 2004, Vosniadou & Kollias, 2001).
9
.
.
-
94
4.10: 2
;
%
6 15 100,00%
4 5 4 5 2 33,33%
1 3 7 10 80,95%
1 2 6 12 85,71%
19/20
4 2 8 4 2 28,57%
, ,
,
(=21, 100%),
(= 2,
28,75%).
(
100%),
, 19,05%.
,
( )
(= 10, 47,62%),
(= 7, 33,33%).
-
95
4.11:
%
( ) 7 33,33%
2 9,52%
0,00%
( )
10 47,62%
( SECOND LIFE)
2 9,52%
21 100,00%
,
.
4.12:
%
4 19,05%
1 4,76%
5 23,81%
3 14,29%
0,00%
&
5 23,81%
3 14,29%
21 100,00%
,
(28,57%).
-
96
4.13:
%
9 42,86%
( )
4 19,05%
6 28,57%
2 9,52%
21 100,00%
, ,
, .
,
( ).
4.5.6. &
4.14:
,
, (= 11, 52,38%) (=10,
47,62%). ,
(=14, 70%),
MOODLE
0 0 0 10 11
% 0% 0% 0% 47,62% 52,38%
14 4 2 0 0
% 70,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0% 0% ( )
9 8 3 0 0
% 45,00% 40,00% 15,00% 0% 0%
11 3 3 0 0
% 55,00% 15,00% 15,00% 0% 5,00%
-
97
() (=9, 45%)
(-11, 55%) .
4.15:
, ,
, (= 18, 90%)
,
(=13, 65%). 42,86% (=9)
(moodle, e-class), 23,81% (=5)
(moodle, e-class).
4.5.7.
, ,
,
, :
Moodle.
.
.
moodle .
.
.
% %
2 10,00% 18 90,00%
7 35,00% 13 65,00%
(MOODLE, E-CLASS)
9 42,86%
(MOODLE, E-CLASS)
5 23,81%
-
98
.
.
.
moodle.
.
moodle .
.
, .
,
, .
.
,
,
, (55%),
, .
,
(moodle).
4.5.8. :
24 ,
, , 35-54
8-20 ,
, ,
.
-
99
,
.
//
.
, .
, .
.
4.6.
4.6.1.
,
(design and organization) , :
,
, ,
( 11).
-
100
4.16:
;
12 57,14%
15 71,43%
15 71,43%
18 85,71%
& 20 95,24%
( ) 0,00%
;
16 76,19%
19 90,48%
16 76,19%
14 66,67%
& 15 71,43%
( ) 1 4,76%
, ' ' ; 12 57,14%
12 57,14%
4 19,05%
8 38,10%
& 11 52,38%
( ) 0,00%
; 17 80,95% 2 9,52% 1 4,76% 1 4,76%
0,00%
( ) 0,00%
(85,71%, =18)
(95,24%, =20)
(90,48%,
-
101
=19). (80,95%, =17),
.
,
,
( 11).
4.17:
&
;
4 11 5 1
% 19,05% 52,38% 23,81% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% ;
3 10 7
1
% 14,29% 47,62% 33,33% 0,00% 4,76% 0,00%
;
4 12 4 1
% 19,05% 57,14% 19,05% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00%
;
4 9 6 1 1
% 19,05% 42,86% 28,57% 4,76% 4,76% 0,00%
;
6 9 4 2
% 28,57% 42,86% 19,05% 9,52% 0,00% 0,00%
;
4 10 6 2
% 19,05% 47,62% 28,57% 9,52% 0,00% 0,00%
;
3 9 9
% 14,29% 42,86% 42,86% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
, 52,38%, (=11) ,
19,05% (=4),
-
102
.
, ;
, , ,
35% (=7),
25% (=5),
50% (=12), 40% (=9)
.
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.
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- moodle.
.
!
: F2F!!!
:
.
:
. ,
moodle.
:
.
-
103
: (
forum
).
:
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.
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F2F .
.
1-2 .
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.
, , ,
(rubric)
( 12).
4.18: e-
(3) %
(2)
%
(1) %
(0)
%
: , , 14 70,00% 6
30,00% 0,00% 0,00%
: 16 80,00% 3
15,00% 0,00% 1 5,00%
11 55,00% 8
40,00% 1 5,00% 0,00%
: 14 70,00% 6
30,00% 0,00% 0,00%
16 80,00% 4
20,00% 0,00% 0,00%
-
104
16 80,00% 4
20,00% 0,00% 0,00%
15 75,00% 5 25,00
% 0,00% 0,00% : 12 60,00% 7
35,00% 1 5,00% 0,00%
, 15 75,00% 5
25,00% 0,00% 0,00%
. 19 95,00% 1
5,00% 0,00% 0,00%
. 18 90,00% 2
10,00% 0,00% 0,00%
19 95,00% 1
5,00% 0,00% 0,00%
15 75,00% 5
25,00% 0,00% 0,00%
19 95,00% 1
5,00% 0,00% 0,00%
16 80,00% 4
20,00% 0,00% 0,00%
14 70,00% 6 30,00
% 0,00% 0,00%
. ( ) 16 80,00% 4
20,00% 0,00% 0,00%
: (.. ). 16 80,00% 4
20,00% 0,00% 0,00%
, , . 10 50,00% 9
45,00% 0,00% 1 5,00%
. 18 90,00% 2
10,00% 0,00% 0,00%
10 50,00% 10 50,00
% 0,00% 0,00%
. 13 65,00% 6
30,00% 1 5,00% 0,00%
17 85,00% 3 15,00
% 0,00% 0,00% , , 18 90,00% 2
10,00% 0,00% 0,00%
. 13 65,00% 6
30,00% 1 5,00% 0,00%
10 50,00% 6
30,00% 2 10,00% 2 10,00%
,
, , e-,
-
105
.
,
.
,
.
.
, ( 11).
4.19:
.
; 16 3 1 1
% 76,19% 14,29% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76% ; 19 1 1
% 90,48% 0,00% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76%
; 18 1 1 1
% 85,71% 4,76% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76% ; 17 2 1 1
% 80,95% 9,52% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76% ; 15 4 1 1
% 71,43% 19,05% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76% ; 18 1 1 1
% 85,71% 5,00% 5,00%
, , ; 17 2 1 1
% 80,95% 9,52% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76% ; 18 2 1
% 85,71% 9,52% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76%
-
106
; 13 6 1 1
% 61,90% 28,57% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76%
; 18 1 1 1
% 85,71% 4,76% 4,76% 0,00% 0,00% 4,76%
,
.
,
,
.
Anderson, Anderson, Rourke, Garrison Archer (Anderson, Rourke, & Archer,
2001) ,
,
, ,
,
.
(Anderson, Rourke, & Archer, 2001), (De Wever,
Schellens, Valcke, & Van Keer, 2006).
Anderson, Rourke,
Garrison,
,
,
,
.
() &
, () & ()
-
107
& .
( 6).
, ()
, () ()
.
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,
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. 121
, 17 .
,
.
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-
108
4.20:
%
&
27 22%
( ) 33 27%
22 18%
4 3%
&
, , 15 12%
4 3%
10 8%
, 9 7%
/ 1 1%
&
/ 2 2%
31 26%
, .., , , , 5 4%
3 2%
2 2%
1 1%
, :
4.21:
%
& 70 58%
& 34 28%
& 44 36%
-
109
: 1.
(=70, 58%)
&
(=34, 28%) & (=44,
36%).
(
) (=31, 26%), (=33, 27%)
(=27, 22%),
(=1, 1%)
/ (=1, 18%).
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
, 227
-
110
.
.
4.6.2.
,
,
.
,
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,
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e-,
.
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, , , ,
, [14] , , ,
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. 4 ,
.
,
-
111
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
, 5-6
.
4.7.
4.7.1. (Cognitive Presence)
,
,
,
.
,
.
4.7.2.
(Garrison & Vaughan, 2008). (Garrison &
Vaughan, 2008, (Heckman & Annabi, 2005),
,
.
. ,
, ,
,
. :
-
112
()
,
,
,
e- (moodle),
.
() ,
,
, ,
,
, .
()
,
, .
4.7.3.
, ,
.
,
,
,
() .
moodle
() ,
, .
-
113
,
:
4.22: F2F (1)
1
2.12.2009
2
16.12.2009
3
13.01.2010
4
27.01.2010
5
17.02.2010
21 20 20 21 20
88% 83% 83% 88% 83%
24
.
, , 2,5 ,
,
()
(. , . , .).
,
, .
: 2. F2F (1)
,
.
. ,
.
,
, .
-
114
%
5 16 46%
2 9 38% 3 3 13% 2 1 4%
: 4.1: F2F (2)
: 3. F2F (2)
moodle
.
. :
%
1 21 88%
2 14 58%
3 17 71%
4 12 50%
5 20 83%
20 83%
20 83%
20 83%
RUBRIC 18 75%
RUBRIC e- 20 83%
21 88%
WIKI 18 75%
-
115
21 88%
24 100%
: 4.2:
21
(88%),
, .
,
,
().
(
: ).
moodle,
74 , :
%
s1 58 78%
s2 31 42%
s3 35 47%
s4 28 38%
s5 46 62%
s6 70 95%
s7 39 53%
s8 60 81%
s9 37 50%
s10 53 72%
s11 9 12%
s12 32 43%
s13 16 22%
-
116
s14 61 82%
s15 6 8%
s16 41 55%
s17 66 89%
s18 2 3%
s19 13 18%
s20 27 36%
s21 15 20%
s22 8 11%
s23 62 84%
s24 23 31%
: 4.3:
,
. 11 (46%),
50%, 5 80% .
,
,
,
, ,
.
/
s1 41 4 356 321 35 17 58
s2 26 6 229 219 10 22 31
s3 36 5 286 267 19 5 35
s4 48 8 219 206 13 7 28
s5 33 2 138 131 7 12 46
s6 24 13 419 402 17 4 70
s7 65 11 322 300 22 20 39
s8 72 17 488 473 15 6 60
-
117
s9 39 5 251 229 22 8 37
s10 33 3 369 329 40 18 53
s11 9 0 0 0 0 1 9
s12 39 12 277 264 13 5 32
s13 35 14 221 205 16 28 16
s14 64 16 676 625 51 59 61
s15 5 0 0 0 0 5 6
s16 47 9 303 290 13 17 41
s17 43 14 307 290 17 30 66
s18 18 4 60 49 11 5 2
s19 13 2 38 30 8 5 13
s20 32 6 228 214 14 25 27
s21 7 0 0 0 0 0 15
s22 18 3 155 125 30 16 8
s23 65 19 434 412 22 50 62
s24 57 13 434 412 22 14 23
: 4.4:
79 ,
, (=11, 46%) ,
4 (17%) .
7 (29%) 4 (17%)
.
(=21, 88%) .
/
( 676 38 625 30 ).
,
,
, .
, ,
.
-
118
.
;
7 4 7 3
33,33% 19,05% 33,33% 14,29%
;
5 7 9
23,81% 33,33% 42,86% , :
4 1 9 7
19,05% 4,76% 42,86% 33,33% ,
; ( )
> 10
5-10
1-5
1
3 10 8
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208 24% 242 27% 268 30% 79 9% : 4.8:
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1999) ,
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83 17% 12 2% 70 14% 165 33%
1 22 4% 9 2% 34 7% 65 13%
94 19% 13 3% 65 13% 172 34% : 4.11:
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111 29% 29 8% 140 37%
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133
1 159 42% 56 15% 215 57%
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138
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16 76% ( ) 1 5%
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140
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152
, , ,
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, (Bliuc, Goodyear, &
Ellis, 2007) ,
,
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-
153
,
.
:
(1)
,
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(2)
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-
154
(9) ,
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-
155
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