Σημειώσεις Ελληνικής Οικονομικης Ιστορίας 2 (Τ.Ο.Ε.) - 1922...
description
Transcript of Σημειώσεις Ελληνικής Οικονομικης Ιστορίας 2 (Τ.Ο.Ε.) - 1922...
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19221972
2009
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1923
24-
1924 25-
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1926 24-
1927
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1928
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14
19-
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1929
24-
1931
21- -
28-
1932
15 - New Deal
26-
26- -
1933
Gold Blok -
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1935
26-
1936
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677
1939
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1940
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, 1928
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1923
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1927
1929
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1933
1935
1937
1939
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, 1920 1930
1920 1930
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33.704 7.845 146.810 67.892 9.951 232.763
1920 1930
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1921 - 1939
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1921 - 1938
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1920 1928 1940 1940/28
() 292 452 481 1,06 129 16,5 131 251 205 0,82 101 18,0 169 236 191 0,81 117 17,7 52 61 62 1,02 7 16,6 30 41 54 1,32 14 20,8 22 49 50 1,02 28 36,2 () 696 1.090 1.043 0,96
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, 1928 ( .)
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66
.1.300,:,,,,,,,.183Mohn,184,,:.,,,.:,,,.185,,300.000.186.1941457.962:1871945,15%.194144.1884.;
183 Mohn,.102103.184 ..185 2007,.201.,1/4Wehrmacht:Etmektsoglou,.472.186 2007,.199.187 1954,42.,1951.188 ,,:1998,.,.242.
-
67
,,.,,,.,,.189:.,.121944.,,,.,,..:1.:19431.1.().,,,,.,,190.,,,
189 [],,,,1500,5001500.,400.,:,.,.2334(1944).190 ,.
-
68
.1911944,,.192,,.41942,193,.194,ChrisWoodhouse,,.195,1944,.196,,,.197,:
191 ,.,.202.192 ,(19311939),.193 1998,.,.177.194..,.193.195 Woodhouse,91.1961998,.,.85.,211967,,:,20/8/1943.197 .,.158.
-
69
),,.,,.,.198),.19421943,.199,.1.2.,.200,,,:,,.,.,,
198 :2003,.23.199 ,.127.200 ,,.
-
70
.201,,,41,,.,,.),,.202,,,.,500.000.203,Woodhouse,:..,,,,.204,,.,,1943,:1.600.205)().,.:,[!],206.42,:
201 20 1941, . . : 1998,.,.83.202 ,..,.104.203 500,:..,.331.204 Woodhouse,.224.205 .,:,.,.54.206 1998,.,.120.
-
71
12.000,.207,435.000.208,.Woodhouse,...209)()42,.210,,,4,.211,,:.,,.212,.,.5/42,,
207 ,.,.242.208 1998,.,.363.209 Woodhouse,.188.43,,,,,.210,,5/42(),.,.211 1998,.,.131.212 5/32,,:..,.265.
-
72
.213,43:,,1942.214,,,.1.3.,.,,,,.,.51943,80.000,,.2152.:216
),,,.,: 213 , . , . 375. 1998 . , . 354. 214 1998,.,.307.215 Woodhouse,.208,.123.216 ,1943.,,2004.
-
73
18/6/43.8/9/43.9/10/434/2/44.10/10/43...29/2/44.10/3/44().,,.18/4/44,31/3/4424/4/44:.(10.000)..17/4/445/42..21/5/44...15/8/44.31/8/44.26/9/44.,Scobie.,.,.201943:18/6240.[]..217,,(,),,.,,..218 217 ,,..,,.218 . ,.327330.
-
74
,,,2530.000.219,,,.220,,.221,,,.222,,.223),43,.224,,445/42,.225),,44,,,.,..,1944.,.,,:,,Scobie,. 219 [1944]:2000,.,.59.220 44:,.3032.221 .,.328.222 Woodhouse:.152.223 16.8.43.,,:,.118.224 Woodhouse,.268.225 150: 1998,.,.183.
-
75
..,,(...)Scobie.226),,.,.,.,,.,,:1121943151944,,850.227,61,19411944,725,1,6%.353,[]372..,,.,169(0,84%):10861.228,,1.000.229,.,:
226 Woodhouse,.316..227 ,.215.228 Kalyvas,.266.229 ..60800:,.67.
-
76
,,..230
230 .408..,,2.000,.:1998,.,.95.
-
77
1944
18-
1 . 1 = 50 () ., 1 = 606 .
3-
. 5.1.1945
1945 8
4- 1 = 2.000 ., 1 $ = 500 .
1946 18 1 = 20.080 ., 1 $ = 5.020 .
1947
2-
12-
- 400 .
5- " "
30- 23 GATT
24-
- 27
1948
1949
28-
-
21-
30% 50%
1950 25-
-
78
1951
1- 1 = 42.000 ., 1 $ = 15.000 .
1952
27 , , , ,
-
79
:1944,
ChurchillEden,7/11/44231),.,.(ML).232,.,16165%.233,,.234,50,235.,:,,.236
231 1998[],.,.140.232 ,.53.233 ,.49.234 :,1945.235 1=50,.()19402.000.111.236 ,.123.
-
80
)..,,.:237,3,.,,,,,..,,.,545,.,..238,,.,.239Churchill237.1.500,1.200.,.2.000.240..,,1.634..
237 Scobie,,.,,:.,(,.74)..,,:,,,Scobbie,,:,1998[],.,.197.238 12/2/45.239 1998[],.,.114.240 .., . 106.
-
81
, '44 - '45
020406080
100120
2/12
/194
4
9/12
/194
4
16/1
2/19
44
23/1
2/19
44
30/1
2/19
44
6/1/
1945
13/1
/194
5
20/1
/194
5
27/1
/194
5
.,19001960..
,.,.
, 1945
17,0 1,2 15,0 2,5 15,0 5,9 13,0 3,4 25,5 10,0 85,5 23,0 - 12,5 47,5 (, ) 2,0 29,5 14,5 77,0
,.65.,(,,),.,(),2%
-
82
30%.,,.,,,.,,,241,,.,242,..243:1.,,.244,.,1945,,..245.,,,,,
241 ..242 .,,22006.243 .,,:1996,.243.244 1998[],.,.202.245 :Richter,.199.
-
83
31/3/461936.55%,35%..1/9/46.68%..28/10/46()7/9/4724/12/47,..8/1/48.29/8/495/3/50.44%,19%10%..9/9/51.,,37%.7%,44%,10%.16/11/52.49,2%,167260..,1.192.246,,,3146.(55%),.247.,4.000,.248,,.1947,
246 2000,.,.176.247 ,,.,461.121.000,,,,1.664.000.,,543.000,32,6%.194667,25%(.79).248 ,.47.
-
84
,,..,.1949,.374015,,,40.249,,.,.,,1952,,,250.,,.2512.,,.,.,1946,1950.,.,.252
249 1525:2000,.,.50.250 ,.,.321.251 ,.393.252 101591946.,,:,.267.
-
85
,,1945.,,2,,.,,..253,,:,,,,,,.,.254.255,,,,,.256 253 :,.213.Richter,.257262.1992,.2925.254 P.A.Porter,:,,.(...),.96.255 Close2003,.65.256,.246.
-
86
3.
1945 - 1953 (. )
UNRRA 1945 - 1947 416
TRUMAN 1947 146
MARSHALL 1948 - 1953 () 946
84
1.592
649
2.241
().Marshall694..
,.271,345,350.,.1960,,.,,2,2,,/1952,80%.1821.257(UNRRA),TrumanMarshall.,,,.258,50..5043,.259,UNRRATruman,,Marshall.
257 .,.,.94.258 ,.211.259 ,.249.
-
87
706.000(,)()018 2..696.000
340.000 713.000(,,20/4/49)(),,150.000:.,1949,,700340.,Marshall.260,195053,,.4.:4.11948.,.,,,.195230,.4.125,,,.,,
260 .333.
-
88
1 : 1948 & 1952
(. . 1958)
1948 ()
1952 ()
() / () 1952%
%
1. - - 12.676 16.301 1,3 28,6 - 11.941 15.254 1,3 26,7 461 695 1,5 1,2 274 352 1,3 0,6 2. 147 452 3,1 0,8 3. 4.762 7.673 1,6 13,4 100,0 - - 1.194 2.210 1,9 3,9 28,8 928 1.499 1,6 2,6 19,5 - 1.076 1.407 1,3 2,5 18,3 258 380 1,5 0,7 5,0 , , . 148 291 2,0 0,5 3,8 209 380 1,8 0,7 5,0 () 296 392 1,3 0,7 5,1 21 52 2,5 0,1 0,7 . & . 376 763 2,0 1,3 9,9 100 90 0,9 0,2 1,2 156 203 1,3 0,4 2,64. . - 343 486 1,4 0,9 5. () 1.751 2.442 1,4 4,3 6. 2.845 3.855 1,4 6,8 . 356 573 1,6 1,0 68 190 2,8 0,3 - 2.073 2.614 1,3 4,6 348 478 1,4 0,8
7. 3.360 5.893 1,8 10,3 8. - - 1.119 1.533 1,4 2,7
9. () 5.675 6.576 1,2 11,5 10. & 6.350 5.614 0,9 9,8 2.723 3.062 1,1 5,4 3.627 2.552 0,7 4,5 11. - 1.869 2.154 1,2 3,8 827 853 1,0 1,5 1.042 1.301 1,2 2,3 12. 3.312 4.087 1,2 7,2 13. . 44.209 57.066 1,3 100,0 14. 237 703 3,0
15. . 44.446 57.769 1,3 (),(),(),,19481953,1967.
-
89
/ 1951
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
1990(GearyKhamisdollars).Maddison,.48.
.:1952,6114,,34.3%.261,,4.125;:4,5600,,.262,.,Maddison,,,,.,,,,5:1.15%.263
261 .262 .263 200620,6%.25,7%:Eurostat.
-
90
1
(. . 1958)
1948 1952 1952% () 6.256 8.967 () % 14,2 15,7 3.536 6.435 74,0 2.720 2.532 29,1 , 533 863 9,6 , 44 258 2,9 1.118 1.817 20,3 100 810 9,0 , 1.845 911 10,2 2.085 3.014 33,6 214 426 4,8 317 868 9,7
,,19481953,1967..20%,10%,10%.,,.,,,,..4.2.1)1950,4.770.000.364,7.,,,60%
-
91
& 1938 & 1952
(. .)
(. .)
1938 1952 1938 1952 25,8 18,5 19,0 2,2 10,0 6,2 40,6 36,2 8,5 4,3 48,9 41,3 74,2 48,8
().2642)1950,,.,2/3,.2653).,.,30%.,1950,.4),35%.,,48%,(,)..
264 1.367.000,215.000,48%..265 ,.
-
92
ROCKEFELLER,1948571949,,,,.:96%,.,40,13,.:,..1947201.,160.70%:,.:39/,(64%)(36%),,(),(65%),15%. 2,5%. 64. ,,,,. 4.3.
(1939 = 100)
1947 67 62 118
1948 73 65 148
1949 88 79 178
1950 110 100 210
1951 125 114 240
1952 124 111 256
-
93
, 1952 ( KW / )
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
1)1950,,19521938.,:106kw,158,323.2.543.83%,.,.,,.,1950,.2662)193050,:,20%3,5.,.193851:,
266 1995,.87.
-
94
: 1930 - 1951
1930 ()
1951 ()
1951/30 %
() 67.892 81.433 119,9
() 232.000 296.000 127,6
() 9.951 22.937 230,5
() 392.500 436.375 111,2
() / () 3,4 3,6
() / () 0,1 0,3 () / () 5,8 5,4 () / () 39,4 19,0
HP.
: 1938 & 1952
0,05,0
10,015,020,025,030,035,0
- -
1938%1952%
,,.3):,,,.,15%,23%,28%,41%.10%(14%),,,.
-
95
, : 1951 (.)
()
()
()
() () / ()
() / ()
() / ()
(1) 7.631 82 297 22,9 0,04 3,62 0,28
2.807 40 220 0,08 5,50
1.187 14 43 0,04 3,09
3.637 26 33 0,01 1,19 565 9,5 58,2 3,2 0,10 6,13 0,34 186 2,9 26,6 1,2 0,14 9,17 0,41 217 4,2 22,7 1,3 0,10 5,40 0,31 79 1,3 7,9 0,4 0,10 6,08 0,31 51 1,0 7,2 0,3 0,14 7,20 0,30 (2) 1.098 18,9 122,6 6,4 0,11 6,49 0,34 [(2) / (1)] % 14,4 23,0 41,3 27,9 [() / (1)] % 7,4 11,6 19,6 14,0
6,5(3,5),(3428%),,,.,1%,.26,,,...,,.4)38%,62%,.
-
96
, 1950
-
-
-
79,2 52,4 42,9 58,4 44,2 55,5 37,2 56,0 46,1 31,2 62,7, 2,2 3,1 0,8 2,0 1,3 3,2 1,7 1,7 3,1 0,2 2,7 0,9 2,0 1,2 2,2 2,6 1,9 3,2 1,0 1,6 0,5 1,6 3,8 4,3 4,9 3,2 2,5 4,1 2,9 1,6 5,0 4,4 3,9 8,5 25,2 34,7 17,6 29,0 21,6 30,4 27,1 27,7 29,1 18,3 1,7 4,0 3,7 3,0 4,3 4,7 7,6 8,3 4,2 1,5 3,3 1,3 5,1 5,6 9,0 6,7 4,9 13,4 0,1 4,8 19,7 3,8 2,4 3,9 6,2 4,6 9,4 4,1 3,6 4,2 7,5 13,4 3,7
,80%,.:18%,,,830%.,,4%,().4.4.:
- , 1950
.
(.)
(.) ()
()
(.) 1938 2.634 15.760 2.700 48 1952 2.594 22.071 () 100 1954 7.638
(),()2.750.,().
-
97
,:22,,..,1949,.,,.4.5.
: 1937 1948
1937 1948
( 1938)
1.876 32.764 2.414 33.225.... 2.700 39.136 3.413 43.180..., 4.123 72.118 3.017 57.774 1.278 37.717 1.390 44.924 6.105 21.368 7.108 27.282 16.082 203.102 17.342 206.384.,,1949.,,.,193748,40,641,2,38.,,.,:30%,90%.
-
98
4.6.:
: 1938-52 (. )
0500
1.0001.5002.0002.5003.0003.5004.0004.500
1938
1939
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
:,,,.
,.402.,47,5.,.267,950.,5%1949.:142.268,15%Marshall,.269,.,30,,.270,,100Liberty,,,.,,:100Liberty,1/3,25%,17,3,5%.271
267 ,.396.268 1951:269 ,.87.270 .391.271 ,.396.
-
99
49,5.,.,.:,.,[],,$112..500.272;,.,,273:1952,30%.274:1953,.275100Liberty,.,,276..:Marshall,1952..,,.,.,
272 ,1953.62100,.12:,.401.273 ,.392.274 ,.402.275 . 276 ,.401.
-
100
1950,,..1.
( ., . 1951)
1946-
47 1947-48
(1) 1948-
49 1949-
50 1950-
51 1951-
52 1952-
53
() 4.138 5.703 5.643 6.781 6.710 6.583 6.670 (1) 2.000 2.019
() 2.198 3.688 4.239 4.684 5.014 5.597 6.208
() 1.735 1.792 1.409 1.095 367 119 245
() 3.933 5.480 5.647 5.779 5.381 5.716 6.453
205 233 -4 1.002 1.329 867 217
() / () 0,95 0,96 1,00 0,85 0,80 0,87 0,97
() / () 0,42 0,31 0,25 0,16 0,05 0,02 0,04
() 27.893 28.362 30.396 30.004
() / () 0,24 0,24 0,22 0,22(1):11947301948.:,.227.,.337.,.1946,,.277,,..25%49,.,,1/3,7%. 277 .
-
101
, 1951/52
23%
66%
11%
,.,..1/4,0,15%.,,.2.1950,.:),,1944,,),,,),,,,,.,.2.1..194445,1,9
-
102
, : 1944-52
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
18/11/1944 () 606 151 3.967 1 4/6/1945 2.000 500 25.378 831,2 9 25/1/1946
(1) 20.080
(1) 5.020
136.000 91,6 18 1947 193.113 47,9 26 1948 226.600 23,1 32 1949 226.473 6,4 34 1950 226.500 14,5 39
1/6/1951 42.17015.060 226.187 9,9 43 22/12/1951
42.3001952 () 187.552 0,6 44 () / () 70 100 47 44
(1).,,:,.328.(2):.(3)194546,,.259.194752,,.290.(4)..(1):,.1947.,,.,.(),.1951.111949,10.000.,22.080.,.15.020.(10.000+5.020),42.080.(22.000+20.080).,:,.238.,8,8..45,,,,20,,1/3,.,.
-
103
(.)
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952
,.295.,1946, , .278, , , .,52,.,,:89,,2794845,1952.;.103,,:47,44.,89,,.280
278 ,.294.279 ,.118.280 ,.251.
-
104
: 1946-52
0,05,0
10,015,020,025,030,035,040,045,050,0
1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952
.
,1950,.281.,.,.282,,.283.2.2.,.,.1952,,.284,
281 ....: ,.,.122.282 ,.51.283 2008,.45.284 1950,..
-
105
,
-10,00,0
10,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,090,0
1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952
% 0
%
:.,,,.,.300.
(0,6%),1%.,12.2852.3.,,.1952.,,.,,.
.(),.285 ,:,.84.:(.,.445).
-
106
(. $)
1950 1951 1952 . 23,7 23,7 0,1 128,5 448,3 154,2 474,5 180,1 316,0 85,1 352,8 102,3 374,9 115,0 244,8 319,8 320,3 135,9 308,5 12,4 309,0 12,4 144,6 8,8 193,6 12,4 145,3 12,4 57,8 8,8 EPU () 70,8 114,9 42,3 . 23,4 22,8 3,6 / % 24,1 27,3 47,0 ():.:
1930-34 1952 1930-34 1952 1930-34 1952
30,0 19,3 16,7 6,9 13,3 12,4
17,3 19,3 16,0 12,3 1,3 7,0
17,6 24,7 11,0 9,6 6,6 15,1
15,8 15,7 12,2 11,4 3,6 4,3
27,5 20,8 16,5 9,7 11,0 11,1
24,5 17,9 14,1 10,1 10,4 7,8 ,,.,,,,.,.,
-
107
.,:/4,0(1938)2,3(1952).286,,.287.,,288.,,babyboom.:
, 1928 - 1951
1928 1928%
() 1940 1940%
() 1951 1951%
() 1951/28 802 12,9 1.124 15,3 1.378 18,0 1,72 251 4,0 278 3,8 297 3,9 1,18 61 1,0 62 0,8 79 1,0 1,30 47 0,8 54 0,7 65 0,9 1,38 33 0,5 39 0,5 51 0,7 1,55
1.900 30,6 2.350 32,0 2.807 36,7 1,48 6.204 100,0 7.344 100,0 7.632 99,9 1,23
():.,.1947.1951121.
)1928401.140.000,194051,,288.000.,167.000,.
286 .287 1938.1952,:.288 ,,,..(,.44),.
-
108
40:.
,,..,,.289,,.:,500.000,290,291
, 1951 ( .)
, 1.367 17 765 124 425 34 13 12 450 26 96 298 14 14 - 75 2 15 53 1 2 , 11 10 , 220 16 112 74 12 5 - 138 4 24 103 2 4 387 10 58 308 5 4 176 3 60 112
2.839 77 1.077 1.046 461 177
289 1942,77,194610.(86%)(85%),.,:,2008..290 ,1951.291 1951(24%10).30%:.
-
109
,;,,(),;,,,.292,,,.),51109,19281951,;;:44,2%,37,2%..,,,,.2,74,2,84:.1),:8%,23(192851).,,.2),,,:430450,5%.3),,,7517.,10%:641928,601951.,,,,.50,,,
292 :19001960,2005,,,.:,(2006),.
-
110
1929 & 1951
( .)
1929 1929% 1951 1951%
1 - 10 358 37,6 483 37,011 - 30 334 35,1 474 36,331 - 50 137 14,4 193 14,8
51 - 100 84 8,8 121 9,3101 - 300 34 3,6 32 2,4301 - 1000 4 0,4 3 0,2
> 1000 1 0,1 1 0,1 952 100,0 1.307 100,0
,19281952:123157.1928,1952,.4),,845.0001.050.000.,:,.29340,.,,.,.1950,.II:1952,
293 ,19391945,140325.(,).,,140190:1/3:,.58.
-
111
:.,,.294),.,:1/4,1/3.,,..,.,,,,.295)52:,().,,.,,.,....:.(...,,,..):,,,:.,:()...:,,...
294 .:.,,2002.295 ,.25.
-
112
,..,,.,():.,.,.,...,1947(),570:..
-
113
1953
8-
9-
50% - Bretton - Woods
27-
1954
1
.
1956
.
1957
25-
- EURATOM
1959
:
1961
9-
- , 20
13-
1962
14-
1965
1967 21- 18-
14,3%
1968
- 10 :
1970
3-
-
114
1971
15-
- Bretton - Woods
18- - (Smithsonian Agreement):
-
115
:19531972IV:
0,000,501,001,502,002,503,003,504,004,50
1820 -1870
1870 -1913
1913 -1950
1950 -1973
1973 -1998
1990. Maddison,.216.194873,,.,,296,297.,,.298JeanFourasti(lestrenteglorieuses) 296 ,,(1948),(195053)(1962).297 1956,1968.(),.68,.298 ,2%:Maddison.
-
116
,,,,195073,4%,,3,5%.299,BrettonWoods,.,BrettonWoods:
: 1951
( = 100)
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
1990. Maddison.),,.300,,.301,,.
299 1,5%191350:Maddison.300 Maddison,.131.301 Eichengreen2007,.5.
-
117
),,.,302,.,,,.,1980,,1/4.303),,.:,,,.,.,.:Keynes,Desai.3046%50,4%194873,2,8%.305,,,.,.
302 Hobsbawm,.344.303 Berend,.218.304 .323.305 Beaud,.316.
-
118
2 : 1953 & 1972
(. . 1958)
1953 ()
1972 () () / ()
1972 %
%
1. - - 20.596 35.196 1,7 16,2 - 19.490 33.424 1,7 15,4 761 794 1,0 0,4 345 980 2,8 0,5 2. 557 2.917 5,2 1,3 3. 8.767 51.623 5,9 23,8 100,0 - - 2.399 7.821 3,3 3,6 15,2 1.654 7.779 4,7 3,6 15,1 - 1.553 4.106 2,6 1,9 8,0 408 3.259 8,0 1,5 6,3 , , . 341 2.256 6,6 1,0 4,4 446 6.830 15,3 3,2 13,2 508 4.893 9,6 2,3 9,5 62 5.318 85,8 2,5 10,3 . & . 990 6.749 6,8 3,1 13,1 190 1.642 8,6 0,8 3,2 216 950 4,4 0,4 1,8 4. . - 580 5.367 9,3 2,5 5. 2.787 19.243 6,9 8,9 6. 3.946 19.563 5,0 9,0 . 554 2.391 4,3 1,1 218 459 2,1 0,2 - 2.636 12.525 4,8 5,8 538 4.188 7,8 1,9 7. 6.602 24.830 3,8 11,5 8. - - 1.551 4.608 3,0 2,1 9. 6.889 18.240 2,6 8,4 10. & 5.685 9.257 1,6 4,3 3.042 5.589 1,8 2,6 2.643 3.668 1,4 1,7 11. - 2.217 8.710 3,9 4,0 882 4.250 4,8 2,0 1.335 4.460 3,3 2,1 12. 4.293 17.077 4,0 7,9 13. . 64.470 216.631 3,4 100,0 14. 597 8.508 14,3 15. . 61.679 225.139 3,7
-
119
,5060.,:,..V:1.195372,,64216,7,68,8,.6,6%,8%.,.1970,,.,,20.:,,...,,,..,,,.,,.306195372,,:,19721/3,1530%.(37%)(32%),,
306 Eichehgreen2007,.28.
-
120
2 A
(. . 1958)
1953 1972 1972% () 9.467 67.436 () % 14,7 31,1 6.768 45.162 67,0 2.699 22.274 33,0 , 743 7.471 11,1 , 134 1.030 1,5 1.167 7.815 11,6 1.037 5.613 8,3 , 776 13.843 20,5 4.087 22.504 33,4 439 635 0,9 1.084 8.525 12,6
60:1928%,.3072.
, : 1951 1971 ( .)
% 1951 1961 1971 1951 1961 1971 2.879 3.628 4.667 37,7 43,3 53,2 () 1.378 1.852 2.540 18,1 22,1 29,0 () 302 380 557 4,0 4,5 6,4 () 94 103 120 1,2 1,2 1,4 1.130 1.085 1.019 14,8 12,9 11,6 3.622 3.674 3.081 47,5 43,8 35,1 7.631 8.387 8.767 100,0 100,0 100,0 ():.
307 2119%,1920%,1821%:,.37.
-
121
, 1971/61 (%)
0,05,0
10,015,020,025,030,035,040,0
),.40,308.,,30%.309,,,,60.3101970,,30%.,195171,4735%,,,:,6035%,30%,25%,.,,1970,.,
308 ,.93.309 Sivignon,.446.310 ..
-
122
:19651971()
.,10.000.,.,1954500,1970,.311),,50:195519771,2,10%1961,.20,.312 311 ,.71.312 19001930,460:.
310
117
/38
7
93
53
-
123
: 1955-77
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
1.400
.,. 1);,:(,,)15%.3%,.313
: 1961 - 1970
1961
1961/70
%
8.388 829,8 9,9 356 56,1 15,7 352 54,7 15,5 1.896 286,6 15,1 212 23,8 11,2 477 45,7 9,6 1.096 85,2 7,8 1.852 132,1 7,1 689 45,8 6,6 483 25,1 5,2 - 970 33,0 3,4
313 :,30%6170.
-
124
: 1968 - 1973
(.)
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- 95,2 26,9 4,9 1,4
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314 ,1.224.000711.000513.000.315 (),:,.81.
-
125
1955 - 1977
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,1961,.,,.5),,.,.Kotzamanis,60,.3161956,126.,40.317,,.196170,3,8%.318
316 ,.197.317 ,.147.318 ,.
-
126
1968 - 1977
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100
1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
. 6)60.,196877237,20%195677,.1974,.1976.3193.:3.1.(,).,.320
319 195677,196877...1977,,25%,,.,.320 ,.106.
-
127
: 1952 - 1972
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,008,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
16,00
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
91953,.50%(15.00030.000.),.321.,1944,BrettonWoods.,17%.(),,195415%6%.,:11954,30.322,,.2687/53,,,.323
321 ,.391.322 ,.416.323 ,.413.
-
128
3.2.:,
: 1956 - 1977 (, . . )
1956 1966 1977
(1841) 7.090 44.005 295.858 (1907) 3.459 19.204 89.667 (1841) () 648
6.972 33.904 (1905) () 360 (1918) 163 4.135 29.499 (1937) 215 723 12.268 (1916) 25 165 1.913 (1924) 140 1.655 (1924) 159 1.435 2.860 5.927 11.960 75.503 474.986
8.227 30.943 136.333 (1927) 2.274 4.185 53.098 7.322 34.795 498 12.584 318 5.563 10 32 1.732 10.665 90.297 8.201 29.899 10.511 62.164 364.301():1958.1972.1960.,.489,611,746,,1972.261939,.(),.,,(),
-
129
.,324,,.325,.,.,,..1952,:,,1964.3261966,.,327,.,,:,,.,,,.,.3.3..195310,300.,,7%.328.,,
324 ,:,.,.37.325 ,.,.39.326 ,.Hilton:,.103.327 ,.283.328 ,.319.
-
130
/
0,0
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1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
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1966
1968
1970
1972
,195610%,3,2%.197255%.
1956 - 1972
0,00
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8,00
10,00
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1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
.,195672,.100.1956,,1972282,47%:,,4%.
-
131
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1954 & 1972 (%)
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-
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0,0
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1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
,..
1972,.,60,25%,7080%.333:,,,,.,.,
332 2008,.57.333 ,.305.
-
133
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334 ,.301.335 ,,..336 MazoyerRoudart,.441.:,,.,,1619.,19714,2,35,8:,1974.337 ,,,.,.338 .
-
134
1938 - 1972
0
20.00040.000
60.000
80.000
100.000120.000
140.000
1938
1945
1948
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
:(195070),.:,,.,,.339
: 1971
339 ,60,,20%,12%:.
-
135
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1950 & 1970
( / )
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340 ,,,:MazoyerRoudart,.449.
-
136
).,.,341.342
T
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
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1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
.
),.19587.000700.000.34360%,,,.1/4.,.,1970,2,560
341 19724,1%:.342 196720%,,40%:.343 .1958.
-
137
4.2..
1928 & 1971
1928% 1971% 1971 () % 1971 () %
< 10 37,7 21,8 13,7 43,0 10-49 49,1 57,3 60,5 48,8 50-99 9,0 15,9 19,4 6,5 100-199 2,9 4,1 5,2 1,4 200-500 1,0 0,9 1,1 0,3 > 500 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 953.367 1.036.600 750.820 285.780 (.) 15.901.488 35.862.940 30.352.300 5.510.640 (.) 34,6 40,4 19,3
1971:.1971():.1971():.
),.,/,34419281971,.(
-
138
:,,.,.346.,,.5.
, : 1953 - 1972
(. )
0,0
5,0
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20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1950, ),.:,,,,,.,,
346 :,,.,.738785,1978..:G.Baur,:17180,2003.
-
139
X
1950 & 1970
0,0
5,0
10,0
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25,0
.
19501970
Mitchell..,.,.1970,(,,,)580,6,6%,1201950.
1970
(1950 = 100)
1970 (1950 = 100)
/
:
1950 - 1970 86,6 172,2 2,0 120,9 322,2 2,7 . 141,1 428,6 3,0 131,3 469,7 3,6 125,6 515,8 4,1 119,5 361,7 3,0 158,4 559,5 3,5
B1D1Mitchell.1950,1946,.
-
140
),,.,,,347,,.5.1.
(g. Watt)
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
60,,348,,1972.197397%76%.349,20,350,.
347 .348 195668415:1991,.433.349 1995,.99.350 1922.
-
141
1953 (. Kw)
1972 (. Kw)
() 738 11.183 () 220 1.817 () 8 1.040 () 637 4.814 () 480 6.570 () / () 0,86 0,43 () / () 0,04 0,57 () / () 0,65 0,59
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.,,,.,68%,:1972,,10.,73.351
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Mitchell.,:195010%.197030%.
351 ,1973.
-
142
5.2.,,,.,70,.5.2.1.
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
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1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
%
%
%
:. 1958. .,:,1952723%10%..352,,1950,25..353,,.354
352 1993,.22.Pagoulatos,.62.353 ,.25.354 L.Bergeron,LaRvolutionIndustrielleAnglaise,P.Lon(.),HistoireEconomiqueetSocialeduMonde,,3,.330,1978.
-
143
.,,,,:,.3555.2.2.
: 1953 & 1972 ( ., . 1950)
1953 1972 1953% 1972%4
- - 1,5 5,4 21,3 17,9 14,1 2,3 4,8 32,6 15,8 3,7 - 0,6 2,9 9,2 9,5 1,6 0,5 1,9 6,5 6,3 2,9 , , . 0,1 1,3 1,7 4,2 5,9 0,7 3,4 9,9 11,1 21,6 0,3 2,0 4,3 6,6 6,3 0,1 1,5 1,0 5,0 8,1 . & . 0,5 4,3 6,9 14,4 7,0 0,1 1,7 0,7 5,7 10,8 0,4 0,8 5,1 2,7 1,4 7,0 30,2 100,0 100,0 .,,,1977:,1993,.7475.,.,,.:,,,,,.,,.:,,.,,,, 355 1993,.113.
-
144
,,.5.2.3.,,,.,19581969:/,.
: 1969
108.879
9.558
3.438
1.077
10.699
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,,1958,.,7:1972,,.,,(...),.,,(...)70,
-
145
,,...356
: 1969
30 (1)
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() 78.467.185 47.793.311 11.367.664
() 48.945.276 31.144.898 7.354.468 ()+() / () 4,2 111,8 1,8 60,8() / () 2,8 110,9 0,5 219,1() / () 46 55 30 1,8() / () 1.036 47.611 174 273,4() / (+) 95,4 168,1 37,2 4,5
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-
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-
147
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361 ,..
-
148
2687 : 1958 - 1973
(. .)
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
2687
:.
,19587315%2687.,,/.2687,362,.363,70,,364.,.,,Pechiney1961.116.,36520%
362 ,.241.363 ,.52.364 22006,.19.365 ,.543.
-
149
2686: 1956 - 1973 (..)
0,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,0
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
2687.1970,.366,:3679,3kw/h,2662kw/h.368,196730%.369,;6.),.,,370:195519722001.470.,,1315%,,.:.
366 ,.94.367 1999,.45.368 ,.96.369 ..,.91..370 ,.32.
-
150
(%) 1955 - 1972
0,05,0
10,015,020,025,030,035,040,045,050,0
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
() / ()
() / ()
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()/():. ()/():. ()/(): ,:,1/3.371),,:.,..,:,.40%,195070. 371 Mitchell,,1972,,.,.,88%.,,..
-
151
1962 - 1972
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1954 & 1972
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-
152
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% % 1958 1972 1958 1972
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-
153
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-
154
1955 - 1972
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1957
1959
1961
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1965
1967
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1971
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-
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1955
1957
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1954 - 1972
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1955
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-
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(. / ) 1954 - 1972
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1954
1956
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-
157
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-
158
(.) 1952 - 1972
0
500
1000
1500
2000
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300019
52
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
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1966
1968
1970
1972
.100.0001953,2,51972,2.500150.000.,60,,.7.,,.,,,.,,.:1953196620%,25%.,,.,.
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-
159
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1954
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1957
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1953 & 1972
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Mitchell,G5J1. .,,,,...,,:,,.,
-
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-
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:1998.
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-
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-
163
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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1971
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-
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-
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-
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-
182
)(GoldExchangeStandard).:(1)/,(2)(3).,,,,.,.,,:,,.,1931,(,Eichehgreen),,.1928,()1=375.,192831,.,,..:375(1931)473(1932)596(1933).,19323315%.,,,.
-
183
,.
2. BRETTONWOODS,1944,.,,.,,35.414,BrettonWoods,,.BrettonWoods,.1960,,.,,.151971,,:,().,,.BrettonWoods,415.,(3835).,,,1973., 414 1=31,1. 415 .
-
184
,.,,,.1973,10%.
3.TRUMANMARSHALL,51946,ChurchillFulton,.,.,,..211947,...12Truman,.Truman.400...
-
185
MARSHALL (. $)
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
,MarshallPlan,.,,,.,.
MARSHALL
27%
25%15%
12%
21%
Marshall13.R.Griffiths2%,2,5%16.:3,1,62.700,,100.
-
186
Marshall.,.CIAAllenDulles,,.
4.19531972,,,1961..,..,,.,,(...),,..,,,:1961..,.,,416,.1961.
416 ,:(...),,:,.,.487.
-
187
,,.
-
188
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189
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190
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192
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193
.,:(19752000),2002..,,1991.___,1995..,,2006..,(19091993):,,,(19091993),2007..,,1997..,,20,.1,2002..,,2002..,,1993..,:18761976,...PorterA.P.,:,2006..,:,,,2006..(.),:,1995..,:,18332002,2004..(.),,2007..,,19091936,1987.,1995.RichterH.,,1997..,,19241935:,1988..,1944,2008..,:80,1992..,,2001..,,20,.1,2007..,:,http://www.uadphilecon.gr/UA/files/135728901..pdf.,,2005.SivignonM.,:,1992..,,1997,.30..,...,:,2002..,,2004.
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195
.,1929,1989.___,2008.WoodhouseC.,,1976.