Σημειώσεις Ελληνικής Οικονομικης Ιστορίας 2 (Τ.Ο.Ε.) - 1922...

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Ακαδημαϊκές σημειώσεις σχετικά με την Ελληνική οικονομική ιστορια από το 1922 μέχρι το 1972. Γιώργος ΠρογουλάκηςΑπό την μικρασιατική καταστροφή στις παραμονές της μεταπολίτευσης.

Transcript of Σημειώσεις Ελληνικής Οικονομικης Ιστορίας 2 (Τ.Ο.Ε.) - 1922...

  • 1

    19221972

    2009

  • 2

    . 3. 56. 77. 113:19531972 180 188

  • 3

    1922

    25-

    27-

    - -

    1923

    24-

    1924 25-

    10 .

    1926 24-

    1927

    16- . 9 .

    1928

    12

    - . 1 = 375 .

    14

    19-

    - , 1932

    1929

    24-

    1931

    21- -

    28-

    1932

    15 - New Deal

    26-

    26- -

    1933

    Gold Blok -

  • 4

    1935

    26-

    1936

    6

    12

    4- .

    26- Gold Blok.

    1837

    677

    1939

    1- -

    1940

    14 - 28-

    1941

    6-

    27-

    -

  • 5

    .

    ,,.1922 (.,)

    1.,,.19281.070.000.150.000.1.220.0006.200.000.,1928,.1,,2.3,,,,.,,1922,,,.,,,4,.5,,.,1924, 1 ,1931.270.000:,.141.3 ,,,. 4,6,5%..1,2,1922,12(.(.),,1978,.33.,,)5 192260%86%.,1939.,,,1926,,,,.

  • 6

    .,,10.,7%2,5.,6.,.,2,57,51928,4,5.720%,.,:19244,1.8,,9.:,,,.,,,10..(;),1/3.,,.,,,.11,.

    6 ,.22..7 ,,.1178.1924,1939.8 ,2003,.251.9 1923,H.Morgenthau.10 ,,620,101:,.191.11 ,.,.

  • 7

    /

    ()

    %

    . 306 19,2 34 7,0 3 1,5 4 3,6 28 2,6 638 45,1 8 2,6 56 18,3 33 8,7. 107 35,4 1221 19,6 () 129 28,1 15 52,3 101 40,2 117 47,8 22 70,2 28 56,8 7 58,3 14 50,4 8 58,9

    ,1931.1928,.

    ,,,,,.29239519201928,133192.,,:,,12,,,..,13:,.14

    12 2002.13 . 14 1917,.,1913,157.,40.,45.62..

  • 8

    ,.

    ..15

    ,,1930,16,.17/,,,.2.,,,,.,,,18,,.19,,..,,.,

    1917:Mazower,2006,.363.15 Morgenthau,.379.16 1930,,:,.,.64.17 1881:,.70.18 . 19,.195.

  • 9

    (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2)

    - 471 1.560 40,8 4.600 129,9 6.160 170,7 - 943 2.628 77,9 191 3,5 2.819 81,4 - 253 675 18,8 127 19,8 802 38,6 49 33 1,7 8 1 41 2,7 11 44 0,8 16 0,9 60 1,7 2 2 0,1 91 4,9 93 5 - 1.729 4.945 140,3 5.035 145,6 9.980 285,9 110 208 7 208 7 1.839 5.154 147,3 5.035 145,6 10.189 292,9 ()..(),.().,20,.1,.196197.,1917,20,1912..100,21.,.1938150.,1,2.3,5.35%,...35,.22,

    20 1916,Entente.21 .22 ,.,().30,.

  • 10

    ,.:80%.2320,,24,20..25,.26,,,,.,,.,.,,,.:1.,,:).,,

    23 ,1987,.,.101.24 .1930.25 1211%:Aldcroft,.36.26 Mazower,2001,.30.

  • 11

    ,:.[1939].27,.,.,192832,,,780.0001.075.000,28.000.28

    , 1928

    % < 10 359.419 37,7

    10-49 468.103 49,150-99 85.803 9,0

    100-199 27.648 2,9200-500 9.534 1,0

    > 500 2.860 0,3 953.367 100,0

    ,1931.

    ).,77%,,29.30MazoyerRoudart,,.,1.000

    27 ,.,.71.28 ,.233.2919405,221,6:Close,2007,.27.30 ,.,.19.

  • 12

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    31 ,,200.200.32 .333.,.,,,.,,:,,.,.33 ,1931.34 ,.97.

  • 13

    ,35,.,,,,.366021914.19396.456,4.540,509569.,,.3730:10%1935,15%1938.,9080%.38..,,1926,(),,.39,.,.

    35 ,2005,.331.36 .1931,,.:,.[],(...),,...:,.193.37 ,.,.185.38 ,..,.78., 1939. 39 ,..,19384,77/6,35.,.,.78.30%.

  • 14

    ,,103%19101930,.80%.401.2.,,

    , 1938-39/1923-24

    %

    1,8 1,0 2,7 2,1 3,2 1,8 4,0 1,2 1,2 0,7 1,0 0,8 5,2 3,0 5,0 1,5 0,8 2,1 1,1 0,6 0,8 1,6 1,8 1923-24 (. ) 11.980 1938-39 (. .) 20.732 ,..66..),:12.19232420,80%..192832,2..,.,,,:

    40 ,2003,.29.

  • 15

    50100..,.1928,,,.,..

    (1928)

    /

    67 118 146 98 146 223 125 229 333

    ,1931.(:).,,.,1939,;41;42,..400,,

    41 .42 ,.,.234.

  • 16

    192043,,.,,.,:,,.44

    , 1924 & 1939 1923 1939

    % % 8.075 71,6 16.020 72,4 428 3,8 1.706 7,7 615 5,5 843 3,8 116 1,0 772 3,5 1.272 11,3 1.795 8,1 600 5,3 640 2,9 11.106 98,4 21.776 98,4

    178 1,6 356 1,6

    11.284 100,0 22.132 100,0 ,..,,.19288%:,1987,.,.75.):70%,.45,,.46. 43 ,.142.1936,105:,.41.44 ,.,.85.45 80%,1928,5,5..14..:,1987,.,.75.46 2000,,40%.

  • 17

    (. )

    0200400600800

    1.0001.2001.4001.600

    1923

    1925

    1927

    1929

    1931

    1933

    1935

    1937

    1939

    ,,.86.

    ( / )

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

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    120

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    47 ,2003.,.160.

  • 18

    ,.,.,,,.,.,:,19231931,4860.,19321939,50%90.,,.,,3013%.,49.,,,,.,,,.,1892.50,,,51.,,,,,.,,

    48 ,.,80%:MazoyerRoudart,..49 ,19281940:.50 ,.65.51 ,,.108.

  • 19

    (/)

    1929-30 1938-39 () 270 685 () 1.869 3.264 389 775 () 1.424 1.534

    () / () 6,9 4,8() / () 5,3 2,2

    :,,.78.

    0

    500

    1.000

    1.500

    2.000

    2.500

    3.000

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    1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938

    .,1929.

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    52 ,,.

  • 20

    ,,.531931,250.000,()35.000.,.541935,,.(clearing),,.1938.551.3.

    , 1925 & 1938 ( .)

    1925 1938

    % 889 1.033 16 563 949 69 9.229 12.494 35

    : ,,.147.,20,,.,,,.135,1938,330260.,..,,

    53 ,.142. 54 ..,.233301. 55 ,.,.125.

  • 21

    .,,.,,,/,.:,..,,.1938,,7001.200.56,1701928,,.,,.,,:,,,,.57.,.,...1.4.:1923.,,.,,,.

    56 ,,.78146. 57 ,:.

  • 22

    , 1938 (.) 8.558 2.971 2.700 1.546 1.414 22.636 7.165

    ,,.78,,.,,,193132.58,.,1937,.59,,.2.

    .

    .,,192760

    200,5001.000,,,,.

    .,193361

    58 ,.18.1930,,,..,,:,.,.89.59677/1937:),),),)60%:,1975,.184.60 ,1978,.79.

  • 23

    , 1920 1930

    1920 1930

    1 - 5 30.937 6.520 84.370 62.599 7.883 107.0916 - 25 2.326 993 27.539 4.423 1.459 44.330> 25 441 332 34.901 870 609 81.342

    33.704 7.845 146.810 67.892 9.951 232.763

    1920 1930

    ()

    ()

    ()

    ()

    ()

    () 1 - 5 91,8 21,1 57,5 92,2 12,6 46,06 - 25 6,9 42,7 18,8 6,5 33,0 19,0> 25 1,3 75,3 23,8 1,3 70,0 34,9

    100,0 23,3 100,0 100,0 14,7 100,0

    1920 1930

    100.762 329.500 / 4,4 3,4

    / 3,0 4,9

    / 0,7 1,4

    ().().().HP.,1987.,,,.29,,

    61 ,1993,.350.

  • 24

    .,,,,.62)192033.704,.,:,,,,....).,,4,4,2,6.,.:63,,,:,,,.64,,..)20:,,,,.:,.

    62 1926.:,:,.,.473.63 ,22.64 Hirschon,.168.

  • 25

    .,,,,.65,.:19242513222.000,6.000.66,192676.67,,,18.000.,240.,,.,192030,.

    1921 - 1939

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    1921

    1922

    1923

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    1927

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    1929

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    1933

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    :.1933.,.,.192.

    65 ,,.:Hirschon,.166.:,1987.66 ,.316.67 ,1987.171.

  • 26

    ),,,:,(192428),945,(192932),1935,,.

    1921 - 1938

    -20,0

    0,0

    20,0

    40,0

    60,0

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    100,0

    1921

    1922

    1923

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    ,1939..:,192868.,1935,,30,.)19211938,,2,5.,45%.,,,:,

    68 .

  • 27

    (. )

    1921 1921

    % 1938 1938

    % 13 1,3 67 0,5 36 3,6 620 4,6 60 6,0 509 3,8 182 18,1 3.669 27,1 245 24,3 2.347 17,3 161 16,0 2.949 21,8 165 16,4 1.020 7,5 6 0,6 433 3,2 7 0,7 40 0,3 40 4,0 515 3,8 159 15,8 229 1,7 1.150 8,5 1.007 100,0 13.552 100,0 1.007 2.483

    ,1939.

    , 1930

    02468

    101214161820

    Mitchell.

    18%.,,10%.69),,.1925

    69 ,.,,,,.

  • 28

    ,,PowerandTraction.:,15.70,.,Power1.945,71.721950,.,:10%5%.732.1.29

    0,0

    0,5

    1,0

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    1921

    1922

    1923

    1924

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    1938

    ,1939.20,192932.

    70 ,.179.71 ,.,.192.72 241 ( 1939), 189 : ,.257.73 1995,.86.

  • 29

    ,193274,,,,2/3.1932..,100.752.2. :),,.,).&(),,Power.,,.,,.,,,.,1939,3,2,,600

    745426/32,,,,:,.,.44.75 ,.,.197.

  • 30

    ,7,2.76.,,7,5,10.77.78,:,,,1945.791979,,.,1946,.3.

    , 1926 - 1938 (. )

    0100200300400500600700800900

    1.000

    1926

    1927

    1928

    1929

    1930

    1931

    1932

    1933

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    1936

    1937

    1938

    1939

    ,.,.2034.,29,80

    76 ,50.77 193915,8:,.,.11.78 2003,.515.79 ,.118228.80 193940%1929:,.,.2.

  • 31

    .,,19301939,,,,.1939,,17%1929,60%.81:,30,,,...,,:,,.1939,30%27%,.82,,.,,,.833.1.,.84,,.19313925%,,19311932,.

    81 ,.,.1821.82 1939,.83 ,.,.42.84 18781875,,1.310.,754.

  • 32

    , 1931-39 (. )

    -500

    50100150200250300350

    1931

    1932

    1933

    1934

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    1936

    1937

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    1939

    :,.,.284285.

    4.

    , 1931-39 (. )

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    85 19,1892.,,

  • 33

    5.

    , 1914-38

    0200400600800

    100012001400160018002000

    1914

    1918

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    1922

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    1928

    1930

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    (.)

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    .1922,,1924,,.,,.,.:,.123173.86 ,.326. 87 ..,.376.

  • 34

    :,,2025%.88,,.,,,.891939,,3016,5.,11.906.,:1928.6.1..1840,.91

    , 1900-27

    0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    1901

    1903

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    1911

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    ,.175180.

    88,.,.284285.89 ,.,:,.7882.90 ,.,.71271.91 (1839),1864.

  • 35

    1919,20.,,.19001927,,49..,191819271928,.40..92:,45%,,,,.93,,,,,.6.2.19281940)1927,1924,,.,,,.,94.95

    92 ,.5051.93 ,.53.94 ,,.,,:,.62.95 .

  • 36

    , , 1914-39

    0,0

    500,0

    1.000,0

    1.500,0

    2.000,0

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    1914

    1917

    1920

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    1929

    1932

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    1938

    / / (1914 = 100)

    1914,,1928.1932,,,.,1939,.,.202,.24.,.96,,:,,,.97)1929,.,.98:,,

    96 400.80.000.,5.000.,12.7.500..:,.77.97 ,.85.98 ,.7073.

  • 37

    1939

    (. )

    (. )

    %

    ()

    %

    () 1.292 3.960 28,2 21,7 1.205 7.427 26,3 40,7 596 13,0 440 516 9,6 2,8 229 577 5,0 3,2 176 1.181 3,8 6,5 (1) 127 2.975 2,8 16,3 (2) 108 357 2,4 2,0 4.173 16.993 91,1 93,2 4.579 18.238 100,0 100,0 ():.():().(1):1927.(2):1932.,.,.218.230.,,.99:,850,8%.100)193930,.90%90%.,,55%.192829,.,,.,,,.70%75%

    99 ,1986,.58.100 ,.119.

  • 38

    .,,,,.1017.,,.,.7.1..).1922.1926,:3/4,.102,1932,,.

    101 ,,.,,.,:,,,.,,.,:,.,.87.102 ,.161.

  • 39

    ""

    ()

    1914 ()

    1924 10 88% 7% 7,95% 2.470 2001924 11 $ 88% 7% 7,95% 616 501925 10 $ 85% 4% 4,70% 645 461928 4 91% 6% 6,53% 1.492 801928 17 $ 91% 6% 6,53% 1.302 701928 4 89% 6% 6,74% 1.492 801931 4,6 87% 6% 6,89% 1.619 97

    :,1995E,1969.,,,,.103),,.,192831.)1932,,.194072.104,105.106

    103 ,1995,.89.104 ,.,.169174.105 .106 1963,:...,1969,.9.

  • 40

    7.2.:

    , 1923-38 (. . . 1914)

    -600,0-400,0-200,0

    0,0200,0

    400,0600,0

    800,01.000,01.200,0

    1923

    1925

    1927

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    1933

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    /

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    )19231939,,.107,,.,,.,,.,,,.),,,,,30%.108,,2/3.

    107 .108 ,..

  • 41

    , 1923-38

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    1923

    1924

    1925

    1926

    1927

    1928

    1929

    1930

    1931

    1932

    1933

    1934

    1935

    1936

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    1938

    :. :.,10%,(1928)1%.109),,30%,19322022%.Keynes,.1101939,,.,.1118.,.

    109 ,1993,.62.110 ,.,1926,.,:,1989.111 Mitchell.

  • 42

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    112 ,(,):,.,.12,Mitchell.

  • 43

    0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0

    ,,,,,,:192238,.:192538,,:192438,,:192237,,:192235,,:192438,,:192738,..Mitchell,J1.

    , 1922-39 (. , 1914)

    0

    500

    1.000

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    2.500

    3.000

    1922

    1924

    1926

    1928

    1930

    1932

    1934

    1936

    1938

    ..,2007,6.

  • 44

    , 1922-39

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    70,0

    1922 1939

    ..,..,.1132),,:,19398%.:1.)1920194057,2.,.,192224,301934,25.,:15,15,5,20.1143019,115.

    113 azower2001,.131.114 Mitchell.115 31,8 1865: , . 39.

  • 45

    ,192239()

    0,0

    5,0

    10,0

    15,0

    20,0

    25,0

    30,0

    35,0

    1922

    1924

    1926

    1928

    1930

    1932

    1934

    1936

    1938

    .,:14,12..,:,..,1939,:11,60.,.116,.,,.),14.:65.,,57.1172530,.

    116 Mitchell.117 .,.,.55.

  • 46

    , 1928

    ()

    % 0 - 14 1.988 32,115 - 64 3.835 62,065 361 5,8 6.184 100,0

    ,.,.35.4,4,:4,7,3,2.,,,20%,40%15.,19201940,4,2.1182.

    % , 1937

    /

    0,13 1,3 15,3 0,8 0,13 1,0 11,9 1,1 0,18 1,2 13,2 1,4 0,09 1,4 11,7 0,7 0,17 1,7 11,8 1,5 0,16 1,2 11,3 1,4 0,13 6,0 10,9 1,2 0,11 1,5 10,0 1,1

    Mitchell.30.

    ,,.

    118 .,().

  • 47

    ,,22.119,1928,,(...).120192832:,..121,,,:192840%.(),:30100.1223.),5.000,19281/3.,123700.00010%.:193033%,50%,,124.125

    119 ,1977. 120 ,.165.121 ,.207.122 ,.285.123 .124 : Bairoch,.282.125 192027%:.

  • 48

    , 1920-40

    ()

    %

    1920 1.192 5.000 23,8 1928 1.752 6.200 28,3 1940 1.757 7.300 24,1

    :45194010.000.

    )1928,,.10.000,.:19401920.,.),,.:1940,57%,28%,9%2.126,,().127,,:,,.1281932,129

    126 ,.16.127 Morgenthau,.339.128 .299.

  • 49

    50.000 1940 ( )

    1920 1928 1940 1940/28

    () 292 452 481 1,06 129 16,5 131 251 205 0,82 101 18,0 169 236 191 0,81 117 17,7 52 61 62 1,02 7 16,6 30 41 54 1,32 14 20,8 22 49 50 1,02 28 36,2 () 696 1.090 1.043 0,96

    ():10.():27%10.

    ,1301930Siemens.131:,,...,.132),,1013.,,1/3.133.

    129 1926:,.114.130 ,.28.131 .303.132 ....321.133,1987,.230.:271940.,,,,.,.459.

  • 50

    ,,280,10.,,.(;):193126.000,12.300..134:

    , 1928 ( .)

    () () 1.293 75 376 263 480 1 95 167 6 26 63 41 26 15 1 7 1 5 - 6 5 429 29 12 122 19 4 242 - 106 3 1 30 2 17 51 - - 23 2 6 13 1 185 25 11 85 13 16 33 57 2 6 48 85 2 25 52 4 44 41 3 330 18 170 2.740 145 426 607 556 162 683():.():.,.,.39.(

    134 ,.441.

  • 51

    ,),:),44%.,192034%.,,.,.)330.000.,,135,,.136,,,.

    1928

    () %

    () % [()+()] /

    () [()+()] /

    () () 82 5,0 64 5,9

    1,6 8,2

    - 1.259 76,9 332 30,6 () 1 0,1 143 13,2 () 131 8,0 382 35,2 165 10,1 165 15,2 1.638 100,0 1.086 100.,,5.000.,,,

    135 1924,:,.260.136 ,.47.

  • 52

    ..,:,,,50%.137:138:1822,(),.,.,.,,.),,,.139,

    137 ,,.138 ,:Hering,.,.853..139 .,,.(1915).,,,,.1920,,.,.,,.:M.LlewellynSmith:,2002.

  • 53

    ,.,:.,,,.,193536,..,.,.,,,.140;,,,Hering,1924.141,142,1832,5%.143..),,.:1923,1928,1935,1936,

    140 4229/29.141 ,,700.000,:,.47.142 , :.143 1935(9,6%),.

  • 54

    .,.;1930:

    ,,...;144

    )1932.,192832,.,,,41936.,,281940.4.,,,145.146,:.147.,291941.:

    ......

    144 ,.,.42.145 36,,4%.146 4,,(...),,,:,.,.553.147 :,.23.:,.529.1939,920.000,880.000,95.000:,.,.113.

  • 55

    .,.148

    ,,. ,,20;30 148 ,.,.20.

  • 56

    1942

    - .

    .

    1943 .

    1944

    1-

    Bretton - Woods 44 -

    12-

  • 57

    .,.:,..1491.1.1.,194142,,.,1.400,400.000.150,.,,30%.400.000.42,,1530%.151,,1/3.,.

    149 1975,.209.150 ,.18.151 Mazower,1994,.53.

  • 58

    :),,,.),,,.),.152,.153),:.,.,,154,.,.155

    152 ,1993,.69.153 ,,78014.000:Close2003,.116.154 Mazower,..,.49.155 P.Mohn,,42:Mohn,.107.

  • 59

    ..,,..,.,; (281942,)

    , 1939-1944

    05.000

    10.00015.00020.00025.00030.00035.00040.00045.00050.000

    1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

    :.2005.

    ,.156500.000,BBC1942,260.000,250.000,194144.157,,.1581939

    156 Hionidou,,,.,,,,:Hionidou,.159.157 Mazower1994,.67.158 :,2007.

  • 60

    14.000,28.00045.00019411942:45.000,.,25159,.,,:,,,.,.,.(),160,161100.,,.162,.163,,.

    159 19401.124.000:..160 ,.102.161 19411942,530:,..,.66.162 ,.219.163 ,,,.:Mohn,.20.

  • 61

    ,.:,,164,165,,.,,...():.166,,.,1948.,19411944,300.00060.0007%.167,,:1/4,515%.168,,.,,.169 164 ,...:,.,.164.165 .,,,,.,...:,101941.,1993,.93.166 ,.377.167 ,.61.168 1984,.133.169 2006,.46.

  • 62

    ,,:,.1.2.191942,..170,Mazower,171.,.172.,,.,19421945670.000:17390370.,PaulMohn.,.,1.000.,Mohn700,.,900.000,.17442,,,.1942

    170 ..251.171 Mazower1994,.72.172 Hionidou,.136.173 1998,.,.52174 Mohn,.64.

  • 63

    :,,.2.

    ( 1938-39, )

    1938-

    39 1941-

    42 1942-

    43 1943-

    44 14,7 0,6 0,7 0,4 0,8 1,3 1,4 0,4 0,8 3,0 1,5 1,8 2,0 15,3 2,7 3,9 6,4 0,6 2,1 3,2 6,0

    ,,. ,.211.

    194144.175,,:,.,,,.,:,,.184410.,15.2125;176,,16.

    175 3,8,521.794,650.,,:Etmektsoglou,.560.176 ,.486.

  • 64

    1941 1 1 1 1942 16 123 157 1943 136 1.319 1.573 1944 8.276.320 1.633.540.989 2.305.984.911

    ,.210.

    ( 1941 - 1944)

    -100

    -50

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    1941

    1941

    1941

    1941

    1942

    1942

    1942

    1942

    1943

    1943

    1943

    1943

    1944

    1944

    44,370,8.,.,,1,6(,1972)700(.500).,.,,.19421943,.,2942.,,,,,.,,(,.198).21939,8,3,.,.199).,,20;30

  • 65

    .177,,1.500,,825.178,,,.1944186,7,179().1803.,,.,,.,.181:,.3.500194144.182,,.. 177 ,.,.163.178 ..,.159.179 ,.103.180 ,.264.181,15,.,,,....,,:,.,.92.182 ,.63.

  • 66

    .1.300,:,,,,,,,.183Mohn,184,,:.,,,.:,,,.185,,300.000.186.1941457.962:1871945,15%.194144.1884.;

    183 Mohn,.102103.184 ..185 2007,.201.,1/4Wehrmacht:Etmektsoglou,.472.186 2007,.199.187 1954,42.,1951.188 ,,:1998,.,.242.

  • 67

    ,,.,,,.,,.189:.,.121944.,,,.,,..:1.:19431.1.().,,,,.,,190.,,,

    189 [],,,,1500,5001500.,400.,:,.,.2334(1944).190 ,.

  • 68

    .1911944,,.192,,.41942,193,.194,ChrisWoodhouse,,.195,1944,.196,,,.197,:

    191 ,.,.202.192 ,(19311939),.193 1998,.,.177.194..,.193.195 Woodhouse,91.1961998,.,.85.,211967,,:,20/8/1943.197 .,.158.

  • 69

    ),,.,,.,.198),.19421943,.199,.1.2.,.200,,,:,,.,.,,

    198 :2003,.23.199 ,.127.200 ,,.

  • 70

    .201,,,41,,.,,.),,.202,,,.,500.000.203,Woodhouse,:..,,,,.204,,.,,1943,:1.600.205)().,.:,[!],206.42,:

    201 20 1941, . . : 1998,.,.83.202 ,..,.104.203 500,:..,.331.204 Woodhouse,.224.205 .,:,.,.54.206 1998,.,.120.

  • 71

    12.000,.207,435.000.208,.Woodhouse,...209)()42,.210,,,4,.211,,:.,,.212,.,.5/42,,

    207 ,.,.242.208 1998,.,.363.209 Woodhouse,.188.43,,,,,.210,,5/42(),.,.211 1998,.,.131.212 5/32,,:..,.265.

  • 72

    .213,43:,,1942.214,,,.1.3.,.,,,,.,.51943,80.000,,.2152.:216

    ),,,.,: 213 , . , . 375. 1998 . , . 354. 214 1998,.,.307.215 Woodhouse,.208,.123.216 ,1943.,,2004.

  • 73

    18/6/43.8/9/43.9/10/434/2/44.10/10/43...29/2/44.10/3/44().,,.18/4/44,31/3/4424/4/44:.(10.000)..17/4/445/42..21/5/44...15/8/44.31/8/44.26/9/44.,Scobie.,.,.201943:18/6240.[]..217,,(,),,.,,..218 217 ,,..,,.218 . ,.327330.

  • 74

    ,,,2530.000.219,,,.220,,.221,,,.222,,.223),43,.224,,445/42,.225),,44,,,.,..,1944.,.,,:,,Scobie,. 219 [1944]:2000,.,.59.220 44:,.3032.221 .,.328.222 Woodhouse:.152.223 16.8.43.,,:,.118.224 Woodhouse,.268.225 150: 1998,.,.183.

  • 75

    ..,,(...)Scobie.226),,.,.,.,,.,,:1121943151944,,850.227,61,19411944,725,1,6%.353,[]372..,,.,169(0,84%):10861.228,,1.000.229,.,:

    226 Woodhouse,.316..227 ,.215.228 Kalyvas,.266.229 ..60800:,.67.

  • 76

    ,,..230

    230 .408..,,2.000,.:1998,.,.95.

  • 77

    1944

    18-

    1 . 1 = 50 () ., 1 = 606 .

    3-

    . 5.1.1945

    1945 8

    4- 1 = 2.000 ., 1 $ = 500 .

    1946 18 1 = 20.080 ., 1 $ = 5.020 .

    1947

    2-

    12-

    - 400 .

    5- " "

    30- 23 GATT

    24-

    - 27

    1948

    1949

    28-

    -

    21-

    30% 50%

    1950 25-

  • 78

    1951

    1- 1 = 42.000 ., 1 $ = 15.000 .

    1952

    27 , , , ,

  • 79

    :1944,

    ChurchillEden,7/11/44231),.,.(ML).232,.,16165%.233,,.234,50,235.,:,,.236

    231 1998[],.,.140.232 ,.53.233 ,.49.234 :,1945.235 1=50,.()19402.000.111.236 ,.123.

  • 80

    )..,,.:237,3,.,,,,,..,,.,545,.,..238,,.,.239Churchill237.1.500,1.200.,.2.000.240..,,1.634..

    237 Scobie,,.,,:.,(,.74)..,,:,,,Scobbie,,:,1998[],.,.197.238 12/2/45.239 1998[],.,.114.240 .., . 106.

  • 81

    , '44 - '45

    020406080

    100120

    2/12

    /194

    4

    9/12

    /194

    4

    16/1

    2/19

    44

    23/1

    2/19

    44

    30/1

    2/19

    44

    6/1/

    1945

    13/1

    /194

    5

    20/1

    /194

    5

    27/1

    /194

    5

    .,19001960..

    ,.,.

    , 1945

    17,0 1,2 15,0 2,5 15,0 5,9 13,0 3,4 25,5 10,0 85,5 23,0 - 12,5 47,5 (, ) 2,0 29,5 14,5 77,0

    ,.65.,(,,),.,(),2%

  • 82

    30%.,,.,,,.,,,241,,.,242,..243:1.,,.244,.,1945,,..245.,,,,,

    241 ..242 .,,22006.243 .,,:1996,.243.244 1998[],.,.202.245 :Richter,.199.

  • 83

    31/3/461936.55%,35%..1/9/46.68%..28/10/46()7/9/4724/12/47,..8/1/48.29/8/495/3/50.44%,19%10%..9/9/51.,,37%.7%,44%,10%.16/11/52.49,2%,167260..,1.192.246,,,3146.(55%),.247.,4.000,.248,,.1947,

    246 2000,.,.176.247 ,,.,461.121.000,,,,1.664.000.,,543.000,32,6%.194667,25%(.79).248 ,.47.

  • 84

    ,,..,.1949,.374015,,,40.249,,.,.,,1952,,,250.,,.2512.,,.,.,1946,1950.,.,.252

    249 1525:2000,.,.50.250 ,.,.321.251 ,.393.252 101591946.,,:,.267.

  • 85

    ,,1945.,,2,,.,,..253,,:,,,,,,.,.254.255,,,,,.256 253 :,.213.Richter,.257262.1992,.2925.254 P.A.Porter,:,,.(...),.96.255 Close2003,.65.256,.246.

  • 86

    3.

    1945 - 1953 (. )

    UNRRA 1945 - 1947 416

    TRUMAN 1947 146

    MARSHALL 1948 - 1953 () 946

    84

    1.592

    649

    2.241

    ().Marshall694..

    ,.271,345,350.,.1960,,.,,2,2,,/1952,80%.1821.257(UNRRA),TrumanMarshall.,,,.258,50..5043,.259,UNRRATruman,,Marshall.

    257 .,.,.94.258 ,.211.259 ,.249.

  • 87

    706.000(,)()018 2..696.000

    340.000 713.000(,,20/4/49)(),,150.000:.,1949,,700340.,Marshall.260,195053,,.4.:4.11948.,.,,,.195230,.4.125,,,.,,

    260 .333.

  • 88

    1 : 1948 & 1952

    (. . 1958)

    1948 ()

    1952 ()

    () / () 1952%

    %

    1. - - 12.676 16.301 1,3 28,6 - 11.941 15.254 1,3 26,7 461 695 1,5 1,2 274 352 1,3 0,6 2. 147 452 3,1 0,8 3. 4.762 7.673 1,6 13,4 100,0 - - 1.194 2.210 1,9 3,9 28,8 928 1.499 1,6 2,6 19,5 - 1.076 1.407 1,3 2,5 18,3 258 380 1,5 0,7 5,0 , , . 148 291 2,0 0,5 3,8 209 380 1,8 0,7 5,0 () 296 392 1,3 0,7 5,1 21 52 2,5 0,1 0,7 . & . 376 763 2,0 1,3 9,9 100 90 0,9 0,2 1,2 156 203 1,3 0,4 2,64. . - 343 486 1,4 0,9 5. () 1.751 2.442 1,4 4,3 6. 2.845 3.855 1,4 6,8 . 356 573 1,6 1,0 68 190 2,8 0,3 - 2.073 2.614 1,3 4,6 348 478 1,4 0,8

    7. 3.360 5.893 1,8 10,3 8. - - 1.119 1.533 1,4 2,7

    9. () 5.675 6.576 1,2 11,5 10. & 6.350 5.614 0,9 9,8 2.723 3.062 1,1 5,4 3.627 2.552 0,7 4,5 11. - 1.869 2.154 1,2 3,8 827 853 1,0 1,5 1.042 1.301 1,2 2,3 12. 3.312 4.087 1,2 7,2 13. . 44.209 57.066 1,3 100,0 14. 237 703 3,0

    15. . 44.446 57.769 1,3 (),(),(),,19481953,1967.

  • 89

    / 1951

    0

    2.000

    4.000

    6.000

    8.000

    10.000

    12.000

    1990(GearyKhamisdollars).Maddison,.48.

    .:1952,6114,,34.3%.261,,4.125;:4,5600,,.262,.,Maddison,,,,.,,,,5:1.15%.263

    261 .262 .263 200620,6%.25,7%:Eurostat.

  • 90

    1

    (. . 1958)

    1948 1952 1952% () 6.256 8.967 () % 14,2 15,7 3.536 6.435 74,0 2.720 2.532 29,1 , 533 863 9,6 , 44 258 2,9 1.118 1.817 20,3 100 810 9,0 , 1.845 911 10,2 2.085 3.014 33,6 214 426 4,8 317 868 9,7

    ,,19481953,1967..20%,10%,10%.,,.,,,,..4.2.1)1950,4.770.000.364,7.,,,60%

  • 91

    & 1938 & 1952

    (. .)

    (. .)

    1938 1952 1938 1952 25,8 18,5 19,0 2,2 10,0 6,2 40,6 36,2 8,5 4,3 48,9 41,3 74,2 48,8

    ().2642)1950,,.,2/3,.2653).,.,30%.,1950,.4),35%.,,48%,(,)..

    264 1.367.000,215.000,48%..265 ,.

  • 92

    ROCKEFELLER,1948571949,,,,.:96%,.,40,13,.:,..1947201.,160.70%:,.:39/,(64%)(36%),,(),(65%),15%. 2,5%. 64. ,,,,. 4.3.

    (1939 = 100)

    1947 67 62 118

    1948 73 65 148

    1949 88 79 178

    1950 110 100 210

    1951 125 114 240

    1952 124 111 256

  • 93

    , 1952 ( KW / )

    0

    500

    1.000

    1.500

    2.000

    2.500

    3.000

    1)1950,,19521938.,:106kw,158,323.2.543.83%,.,.,,.,1950,.2662)193050,:,20%3,5.,.193851:,

    266 1995,.87.

  • 94

    : 1930 - 1951

    1930 ()

    1951 ()

    1951/30 %

    () 67.892 81.433 119,9

    () 232.000 296.000 127,6

    () 9.951 22.937 230,5

    () 392.500 436.375 111,2

    () / () 3,4 3,6

    () / () 0,1 0,3 () / () 5,8 5,4 () / () 39,4 19,0

    HP.

    : 1938 & 1952

    0,05,0

    10,015,020,025,030,035,0

    - -

    1938%1952%

    ,,.3):,,,.,15%,23%,28%,41%.10%(14%),,,.

  • 95

    , : 1951 (.)

    ()

    ()

    ()

    () () / ()

    () / ()

    () / ()

    (1) 7.631 82 297 22,9 0,04 3,62 0,28

    2.807 40 220 0,08 5,50

    1.187 14 43 0,04 3,09

    3.637 26 33 0,01 1,19 565 9,5 58,2 3,2 0,10 6,13 0,34 186 2,9 26,6 1,2 0,14 9,17 0,41 217 4,2 22,7 1,3 0,10 5,40 0,31 79 1,3 7,9 0,4 0,10 6,08 0,31 51 1,0 7,2 0,3 0,14 7,20 0,30 (2) 1.098 18,9 122,6 6,4 0,11 6,49 0,34 [(2) / (1)] % 14,4 23,0 41,3 27,9 [() / (1)] % 7,4 11,6 19,6 14,0

    6,5(3,5),(3428%),,,.,1%,.26,,,...,,.4)38%,62%,.

  • 96

    , 1950

    -

    -

    -

    79,2 52,4 42,9 58,4 44,2 55,5 37,2 56,0 46,1 31,2 62,7, 2,2 3,1 0,8 2,0 1,3 3,2 1,7 1,7 3,1 0,2 2,7 0,9 2,0 1,2 2,2 2,6 1,9 3,2 1,0 1,6 0,5 1,6 3,8 4,3 4,9 3,2 2,5 4,1 2,9 1,6 5,0 4,4 3,9 8,5 25,2 34,7 17,6 29,0 21,6 30,4 27,1 27,7 29,1 18,3 1,7 4,0 3,7 3,0 4,3 4,7 7,6 8,3 4,2 1,5 3,3 1,3 5,1 5,6 9,0 6,7 4,9 13,4 0,1 4,8 19,7 3,8 2,4 3,9 6,2 4,6 9,4 4,1 3,6 4,2 7,5 13,4 3,7

    ,80%,.:18%,,,830%.,,4%,().4.4.:

    - , 1950

    .

    (.)

    (.) ()

    ()

    (.) 1938 2.634 15.760 2.700 48 1952 2.594 22.071 () 100 1954 7.638

    (),()2.750.,().

  • 97

    ,:22,,..,1949,.,,.4.5.

    : 1937 1948

    1937 1948

    ( 1938)

    1.876 32.764 2.414 33.225.... 2.700 39.136 3.413 43.180..., 4.123 72.118 3.017 57.774 1.278 37.717 1.390 44.924 6.105 21.368 7.108 27.282 16.082 203.102 17.342 206.384.,,1949.,,.,193748,40,641,2,38.,,.,:30%,90%.

  • 98

    4.6.:

    : 1938-52 (. )

    0500

    1.0001.5002.0002.5003.0003.5004.0004.500

    1938

    1939

    1946

    1947

    1948

    1949

    1950

    1951

    1952

    :,,,.

    ,.402.,47,5.,.267,950.,5%1949.:142.268,15%Marshall,.269,.,30,,.270,,100Liberty,,,.,,:100Liberty,1/3,25%,17,3,5%.271

    267 ,.396.268 1951:269 ,.87.270 .391.271 ,.396.

  • 99

    49,5.,.,.:,.,[],,$112..500.272;,.,,273:1952,30%.274:1953,.275100Liberty,.,,276..:Marshall,1952..,,.,.,

    272 ,1953.62100,.12:,.401.273 ,.392.274 ,.402.275 . 276 ,.401.

  • 100

    1950,,..1.

    ( ., . 1951)

    1946-

    47 1947-48

    (1) 1948-

    49 1949-

    50 1950-

    51 1951-

    52 1952-

    53

    () 4.138 5.703 5.643 6.781 6.710 6.583 6.670 (1) 2.000 2.019

    () 2.198 3.688 4.239 4.684 5.014 5.597 6.208

    () 1.735 1.792 1.409 1.095 367 119 245

    () 3.933 5.480 5.647 5.779 5.381 5.716 6.453

    205 233 -4 1.002 1.329 867 217

    () / () 0,95 0,96 1,00 0,85 0,80 0,87 0,97

    () / () 0,42 0,31 0,25 0,16 0,05 0,02 0,04

    () 27.893 28.362 30.396 30.004

    () / () 0,24 0,24 0,22 0,22(1):11947301948.:,.227.,.337.,.1946,,.277,,..25%49,.,,1/3,7%. 277 .

  • 101

    , 1951/52

    23%

    66%

    11%

    ,.,..1/4,0,15%.,,.2.1950,.:),,1944,,),,,),,,,,.,.2.1..194445,1,9

  • 102

    , : 1944-52

    (1)

    (1)

    (2)

    (3)

    (4)

    18/11/1944 () 606 151 3.967 1 4/6/1945 2.000 500 25.378 831,2 9 25/1/1946

    (1) 20.080

    (1) 5.020

    136.000 91,6 18 1947 193.113 47,9 26 1948 226.600 23,1 32 1949 226.473 6,4 34 1950 226.500 14,5 39

    1/6/1951 42.17015.060 226.187 9,9 43 22/12/1951

    42.3001952 () 187.552 0,6 44 () / () 70 100 47 44

    (1).,,:,.328.(2):.(3)194546,,.259.194752,,.290.(4)..(1):,.1947.,,.,.(),.1951.111949,10.000.,22.080.,.15.020.(10.000+5.020),42.080.(22.000+20.080).,:,.238.,8,8..45,,,,20,,1/3,.,.

  • 103

    (.)

    0

    500

    1.000

    1.500

    2.000

    2.500

    1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952

    ,.295.,1946, , .278, , , .,52,.,,:89,,2794845,1952.;.103,,:47,44.,89,,.280

    278 ,.294.279 ,.118.280 ,.251.

  • 104

    : 1946-52

    0,05,0

    10,015,020,025,030,035,040,045,050,0

    1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952

    .

    ,1950,.281.,.,.282,,.283.2.2.,.,.1952,,.284,

    281 ....: ,.,.122.282 ,.51.283 2008,.45.284 1950,..

  • 105

    ,

    -10,00,0

    10,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,090,0

    1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952

    % 0

    %

    :.,,,.,.300.

    (0,6%),1%.,12.2852.3.,,.1952.,,.,,.

    .(),.285 ,:,.84.:(.,.445).

  • 106

    (. $)

    1950 1951 1952 . 23,7 23,7 0,1 128,5 448,3 154,2 474,5 180,1 316,0 85,1 352,8 102,3 374,9 115,0 244,8 319,8 320,3 135,9 308,5 12,4 309,0 12,4 144,6 8,8 193,6 12,4 145,3 12,4 57,8 8,8 EPU () 70,8 114,9 42,3 . 23,4 22,8 3,6 / % 24,1 27,3 47,0 ():.:

    1930-34 1952 1930-34 1952 1930-34 1952

    30,0 19,3 16,7 6,9 13,3 12,4

    17,3 19,3 16,0 12,3 1,3 7,0

    17,6 24,7 11,0 9,6 6,6 15,1

    15,8 15,7 12,2 11,4 3,6 4,3

    27,5 20,8 16,5 9,7 11,0 11,1

    24,5 17,9 14,1 10,1 10,4 7,8 ,,.,,,,.,.,

  • 107

    .,:/4,0(1938)2,3(1952).286,,.287.,,288.,,babyboom.:

    , 1928 - 1951

    1928 1928%

    () 1940 1940%

    () 1951 1951%

    () 1951/28 802 12,9 1.124 15,3 1.378 18,0 1,72 251 4,0 278 3,8 297 3,9 1,18 61 1,0 62 0,8 79 1,0 1,30 47 0,8 54 0,7 65 0,9 1,38 33 0,5 39 0,5 51 0,7 1,55

    1.900 30,6 2.350 32,0 2.807 36,7 1,48 6.204 100,0 7.344 100,0 7.632 99,9 1,23

    ():.,.1947.1951121.

    )1928401.140.000,194051,,288.000.,167.000,.

    286 .287 1938.1952,:.288 ,,,..(,.44),.

  • 108

    40:.

    ,,..,,.289,,.:,500.000,290,291

    , 1951 ( .)

    , 1.367 17 765 124 425 34 13 12 450 26 96 298 14 14 - 75 2 15 53 1 2 , 11 10 , 220 16 112 74 12 5 - 138 4 24 103 2 4 387 10 58 308 5 4 176 3 60 112

    2.839 77 1.077 1.046 461 177

    289 1942,77,194610.(86%)(85%),.,:,2008..290 ,1951.291 1951(24%10).30%:.

  • 109

    ,;,,(),;,,,.292,,,.),51109,19281951,;;:44,2%,37,2%..,,,,.2,74,2,84:.1),:8%,23(192851).,,.2),,,:430450,5%.3),,,7517.,10%:641928,601951.,,,,.50,,,

    292 :19001960,2005,,,.:,(2006),.

  • 110

    1929 & 1951

    ( .)

    1929 1929% 1951 1951%

    1 - 10 358 37,6 483 37,011 - 30 334 35,1 474 36,331 - 50 137 14,4 193 14,8

    51 - 100 84 8,8 121 9,3101 - 300 34 3,6 32 2,4301 - 1000 4 0,4 3 0,2

    > 1000 1 0,1 1 0,1 952 100,0 1.307 100,0

    ,19281952:123157.1928,1952,.4),,845.0001.050.000.,:,.29340,.,,.,.1950,.II:1952,

    293 ,19391945,140325.(,).,,140190:1/3:,.58.

  • 111

    :.,,.294),.,:1/4,1/3.,,..,.,,,,.295)52:,().,,.,,.,....:.(...,,,..):,,,:.,:()...:,,...

    294 .:.,,2002.295 ,.25.

  • 112

    ,..,,.,():.,.,.,...,1947(),570:..

  • 113

    1953

    8-

    9-

    50% - Bretton - Woods

    27-

    1954

    1

    .

    1956

    .

    1957

    25-

    - EURATOM

    1959

    :

    1961

    9-

    - , 20

    13-

    1962

    14-

    1965

    1967 21- 18-

    14,3%

    1968

    - 10 :

    1970

    3-

  • 114

    1971

    15-

    - Bretton - Woods

    18- - (Smithsonian Agreement):

  • 115

    :19531972IV:

    0,000,501,001,502,002,503,003,504,004,50

    1820 -1870

    1870 -1913

    1913 -1950

    1950 -1973

    1973 -1998

    1990. Maddison,.216.194873,,.,,296,297.,,.298JeanFourasti(lestrenteglorieuses) 296 ,,(1948),(195053)(1962).297 1956,1968.(),.68,.298 ,2%:Maddison.

  • 116

    ,,,,195073,4%,,3,5%.299,BrettonWoods,.,BrettonWoods:

    : 1951

    ( = 100)

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    70,0

    80,0

    1990. Maddison.),,.300,,.301,,.

    299 1,5%191350:Maddison.300 Maddison,.131.301 Eichengreen2007,.5.

  • 117

    ),,.,302,.,,,.,1980,,1/4.303),,.:,,,.,.,.:Keynes,Desai.3046%50,4%194873,2,8%.305,,,.,.

    302 Hobsbawm,.344.303 Berend,.218.304 .323.305 Beaud,.316.

  • 118

    2 : 1953 & 1972

    (. . 1958)

    1953 ()

    1972 () () / ()

    1972 %

    %

    1. - - 20.596 35.196 1,7 16,2 - 19.490 33.424 1,7 15,4 761 794 1,0 0,4 345 980 2,8 0,5 2. 557 2.917 5,2 1,3 3. 8.767 51.623 5,9 23,8 100,0 - - 2.399 7.821 3,3 3,6 15,2 1.654 7.779 4,7 3,6 15,1 - 1.553 4.106 2,6 1,9 8,0 408 3.259 8,0 1,5 6,3 , , . 341 2.256 6,6 1,0 4,4 446 6.830 15,3 3,2 13,2 508 4.893 9,6 2,3 9,5 62 5.318 85,8 2,5 10,3 . & . 990 6.749 6,8 3,1 13,1 190 1.642 8,6 0,8 3,2 216 950 4,4 0,4 1,8 4. . - 580 5.367 9,3 2,5 5. 2.787 19.243 6,9 8,9 6. 3.946 19.563 5,0 9,0 . 554 2.391 4,3 1,1 218 459 2,1 0,2 - 2.636 12.525 4,8 5,8 538 4.188 7,8 1,9 7. 6.602 24.830 3,8 11,5 8. - - 1.551 4.608 3,0 2,1 9. 6.889 18.240 2,6 8,4 10. & 5.685 9.257 1,6 4,3 3.042 5.589 1,8 2,6 2.643 3.668 1,4 1,7 11. - 2.217 8.710 3,9 4,0 882 4.250 4,8 2,0 1.335 4.460 3,3 2,1 12. 4.293 17.077 4,0 7,9 13. . 64.470 216.631 3,4 100,0 14. 597 8.508 14,3 15. . 61.679 225.139 3,7

  • 119

    ,5060.,:,..V:1.195372,,64216,7,68,8,.6,6%,8%.,.1970,,.,,20.:,,...,,,..,,,.,,.306195372,,:,19721/3,1530%.(37%)(32%),,

    306 Eichehgreen2007,.28.

  • 120

    2 A

    (. . 1958)

    1953 1972 1972% () 9.467 67.436 () % 14,7 31,1 6.768 45.162 67,0 2.699 22.274 33,0 , 743 7.471 11,1 , 134 1.030 1,5 1.167 7.815 11,6 1.037 5.613 8,3 , 776 13.843 20,5 4.087 22.504 33,4 439 635 0,9 1.084 8.525 12,6

    60:1928%,.3072.

    , : 1951 1971 ( .)

    % 1951 1961 1971 1951 1961 1971 2.879 3.628 4.667 37,7 43,3 53,2 () 1.378 1.852 2.540 18,1 22,1 29,0 () 302 380 557 4,0 4,5 6,4 () 94 103 120 1,2 1,2 1,4 1.130 1.085 1.019 14,8 12,9 11,6 3.622 3.674 3.081 47,5 43,8 35,1 7.631 8.387 8.767 100,0 100,0 100,0 ():.

    307 2119%,1920%,1821%:,.37.

  • 121

    , 1971/61 (%)

    0,05,0

    10,015,020,025,030,035,040,0

    ),.40,308.,,30%.309,,,,60.3101970,,30%.,195171,4735%,,,:,6035%,30%,25%,.,,1970,.,

    308 ,.93.309 Sivignon,.446.310 ..

  • 122

    :19651971()

    .,10.000.,.,1954500,1970,.311),,50:195519771,2,10%1961,.20,.312 311 ,.71.312 19001930,460:.

    310

    117

    /38

    7

    93

    53

  • 123

    : 1955-77

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    140

    1955

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    1973

    1975

    1977

    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1.000

    1.200

    1.400

    .,. 1);,:(,,)15%.3%,.313

    : 1961 - 1970

    1961

    1961/70

    %

    8.388 829,8 9,9 356 56,1 15,7 352 54,7 15,5 1.896 286,6 15,1 212 23,8 11,2 477 45,7 9,6 1.096 85,2 7,8 1.852 132,1 7,1 689 45,8 6,6 483 25,1 5,2 - 970 33,0 3,4

    313 :,30%6170.

  • 124

    : 1968 - 1973

    (.)

    %

    4,0 1,1 0,3 0,1

    4,1 1,2

    , 4,4 1,2

    - 95,2 26,9 4,9 1,4

    , , - 58,1 16,4 4,9 1,4 6,2 1,7

    172,4 48,6

    354,5 100,0 2),:19561977,.314,,70,,.3),,:,.(77%),.4);,,315

    314 ,1.224.000711.000513.000.315 (),:,.81.

  • 125

    1955 - 1977

    12%

    7%

    14%

    51%

    16%

    ,1961,.,,.5),,.,.Kotzamanis,60,.3161956,126.,40.317,,.196170,3,8%.318

    316 ,.197.317 ,.147.318 ,.

  • 126

    1968 - 1977

    0102030405060708090

    100

    1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

    . 6)60.,196877237,20%195677,.1974,.1976.3193.:3.1.(,).,.320

    319 195677,196877...1977,,25%,,.,.320 ,.106.

  • 127

    : 1952 - 1972

    0,00

    2,00

    4,00

    6,008,00

    10,00

    12,00

    14,00

    16,00

    1952

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    91953,.50%(15.00030.000.),.321.,1944,BrettonWoods.,17%.(),,195415%6%.,:11954,30.322,,.2687/53,,,.323

    321 ,.391.322 ,.416.323 ,.413.

  • 128

    3.2.:,

    : 1956 - 1977 (, . . )

    1956 1966 1977

    (1841) 7.090 44.005 295.858 (1907) 3.459 19.204 89.667 (1841) () 648

    6.972 33.904 (1905) () 360 (1918) 163 4.135 29.499 (1937) 215 723 12.268 (1916) 25 165 1.913 (1924) 140 1.655 (1924) 159 1.435 2.860 5.927 11.960 75.503 474.986

    8.227 30.943 136.333 (1927) 2.274 4.185 53.098 7.322 34.795 498 12.584 318 5.563 10 32 1.732 10.665 90.297 8.201 29.899 10.511 62.164 364.301():1958.1972.1960.,.489,611,746,,1972.261939,.(),.,,(),

  • 129

    .,324,,.325,.,.,,..1952,:,,1964.3261966,.,327,.,,:,,.,,,.,.3.3..195310,300.,,7%.328.,,

    324 ,:,.,.37.325 ,.,.39.326 ,.Hilton:,.103.327 ,.283.328 ,.319.

  • 130

    /

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    ,195610%,3,2%.197255%.

    1956 - 1972

    0,00

    2,00

    4,00

    6,00

    8,00

    10,00

    12,00

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    .,195672,.100.1956,,1972282,47%:,,4%.

  • 131

    3.4.;

    1954 & 1972 (%)

    0,05,0

    10,015,020,025,030,035,040,045,0

    ()

    .

    .

    (

    )

    19541972

    ():. ():. . ,,.,,,329:,,330.60,,1/3,30%,.331,3638%,,195472,3015%.,, 329 .330 .331 ,.558.

  • 132

    .80,.,1955,,.3323.5.

    0,0

    20,0

    40,0

    60,0

    80,0

    100,0

    120,0

    140,0

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    ,..

    1972,.,60,25%,7080%.333:,,,,.,.,

    332 2008,.57.333 ,.305.

  • 133

    ,.334,,.,.3354.:4.1.),336,1960.337:1.000,20.0001960100.000.1960,,,700.000.1970,,1/5.338

    334 ,.301.335 ,,..336 MazoyerRoudart,.441.:,,.,,1619.,19714,2,35,8:,1974.337 ,,,.,.338 .

  • 134

    1938 - 1972

    0

    20.00040.000

    60.000

    80.000

    100.000120.000

    140.000

    1938

    1945

    1948

    1951

    1954

    1957

    1960

    1963

    1966

    1969

    1972

    :(195070),.:,,.,,.339

    : 1971

    339 ,60,,20%,12%:.

  • 135

    ),,.,,.,70,,4%.,,:37050.,.

    1950 & 1970

    ( / )

    0100200300400500600700

    19501970

    C1C2Mitchell.),,,:,,2,519701950.,,50%.,340,.

    340 ,,,:MazoyerRoudart,.449.

  • 136

    ).,.,341.342

    T

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    .

    ),.19587.000700.000.34360%,,,.1/4.,.,1970,2,560

    341 19724,1%:.342 196720%,,40%:.343 .1958.

  • 137

    4.2..

    1928 & 1971

    1928% 1971% 1971 () % 1971 () %

    < 10 37,7 21,8 13,7 43,0 10-49 49,1 57,3 60,5 48,8 50-99 9,0 15,9 19,4 6,5 100-199 2,9 4,1 5,2 1,4 200-500 1,0 0,9 1,1 0,3 > 500 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 953.367 1.036.600 750.820 285.780 (.) 15.901.488 35.862.940 30.352.300 5.510.640 (.) 34,6 40,4 19,3

    1971:.1971():.1971():.

    ),.,/,34419281971,.(

  • 138

    :,,.,.346.,,.5.

    , : 1953 - 1972

    (. )

    0,0

    5,0

    10,0

    15,0

    20,0

    25,0

    30,0

    35,0

    1953

    1955

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    1950, ),.:,,,,,.,,

    346 :,,.,.738785,1978..:G.Baur,:17180,2003.

  • 139

    X

    1950 & 1970

    0,0

    5,0

    10,0

    15,0

    20,0

    25,0

    .

    19501970

    Mitchell..,.,.1970,(,,,)580,6,6%,1201950.

    1970

    (1950 = 100)

    1970 (1950 = 100)

    /

    :

    1950 - 1970 86,6 172,2 2,0 120,9 322,2 2,7 . 141,1 428,6 3,0 131,3 469,7 3,6 125,6 515,8 4,1 119,5 361,7 3,0 158,4 559,5 3,5

    B1D1Mitchell.1950,1946,.

  • 140

    ),,.,,,347,,.5.1.

    (g. Watt)

    0,00

    2,00

    4,00

    6,00

    8,00

    10,00

    12,00

    14,00

    1953

    1955

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    60,,348,,1972.197397%76%.349,20,350,.

    347 .348 195668415:1991,.433.349 1995,.99.350 1922.

  • 141

    1953 (. Kw)

    1972 (. Kw)

    () 738 11.183 () 220 1.817 () 8 1.040 () 637 4.814 () 480 6.570 () / () 0,86 0,43 () / () 0,04 0,57 () / () 0,65 0,59

    ()(),.

    .,,,.,68%,:1972,,10.,73.351

    (G Watt / . )

    0,000,501,001,502,002,503,003,504,004,505,00

    .

    19501970

    Mitchell.,:195010%.197030%.

    351 ,1973.

  • 142

    5.2.,,,.,70,.5.2.1.

    0,0

    5,0

    10,0

    15,0

    20,0

    25,0

    30,0

    35,0

    1952

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    %

    %

    %

    :. 1958. .,:,1952723%10%..352,,1950,25..353,,.354

    352 1993,.22.Pagoulatos,.62.353 ,.25.354 L.Bergeron,LaRvolutionIndustrielleAnglaise,P.Lon(.),HistoireEconomiqueetSocialeduMonde,,3,.330,1978.

  • 143

    .,,,,:,.3555.2.2.

    : 1953 & 1972 ( ., . 1950)

    1953 1972 1953% 1972%4

    - - 1,5 5,4 21,3 17,9 14,1 2,3 4,8 32,6 15,8 3,7 - 0,6 2,9 9,2 9,5 1,6 0,5 1,9 6,5 6,3 2,9 , , . 0,1 1,3 1,7 4,2 5,9 0,7 3,4 9,9 11,1 21,6 0,3 2,0 4,3 6,6 6,3 0,1 1,5 1,0 5,0 8,1 . & . 0,5 4,3 6,9 14,4 7,0 0,1 1,7 0,7 5,7 10,8 0,4 0,8 5,1 2,7 1,4 7,0 30,2 100,0 100,0 .,,,1977:,1993,.7475.,.,,.:,,,,,.,,.:,,.,,,, 355 1993,.113.

  • 144

    ,,.5.2.3.,,,.,19581969:/,.

    : 1969

    108.879

    9.558

    3.438

    1.077

    10.699

    0-4 5-9 10-19 20-29 30

    ,,1958,.,7:1972,,.,,(...),.,,(...)70,

  • 145

    ,,...356

    : 1969

    30 (1)

    5 (2) (1) / (2)

    () 122.979 1.658 107.508 () 168.458 1.454 143.223 () 344.782 183.832 54.412 () 15.734.639 10.104.781 1.617.721 () 127.412.461 78.938.209 18.722.132

    () 78.467.185 47.793.311 11.367.664

    () 48.945.276 31.144.898 7.354.468 ()+() / () 4,2 111,8 1,8 60,8() / () 2,8 110,9 0,5 219,1() / () 46 55 30 1,8() / () 1.036 47.611 174 273,4() / (+) 95,4 168,1 37,2 4,5

    ..,,.,,,.357:)110/,,,.

    356 R.Hirschon,.165.357 .

  • 146

    )/60,270.)/:.)80%..,.,ICAP19632000,.5.2.4.1970::,,,.,,,.1970,3011,..358,,.359,,.360,

    358 30,,.94.(...)1971.359 ,.192.360 ,,.,,,:2005,.,.54.

  • 147

    ,.,1967,,.361,,,:571969,5,1,10,8.,:30.,630..,,120.400.,..,,..,75.325..10,20.,,.,(19692.200).,.,90,.5.3.,,,.2687/53,,.,:2687,19561973,540.150,400.12.

    361 ,..

  • 148

    2687 : 1958 - 1973

    (. .)

    0

    5.000

    10.000

    15.000

    20.000

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    2687

    :.

    ,19587315%2687.,,/.2687,362,.363,70,,364.,.,,Pechiney1961.116.,36520%

    362 ,.241.363 ,.52.364 22006,.19.365 ,.543.

  • 149

    2686: 1956 - 1973 (..)

    0,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,0

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    2687.1970,.366,:3679,3kw/h,2662kw/h.368,196730%.369,;6.),.,,370:195519722001.470.,,1315%,,.:.

    366 ,.94.367 1999,.45.368 ,.96.369 ..,.91..370 ,.32.

  • 150

    (%) 1955 - 1972

    0,05,0

    10,015,020,025,030,035,040,045,050,0

    1955

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    () / ()

    () / ()

    () / ()

    ()/():. ()/():. ()/(): ,:,1/3.371),,:.,..,:,.40%,195070. 371 Mitchell,,1972,,.,.,88%.,,..

  • 151

    1962 - 1972

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

    X+MM-X

    +:.:. :.,,,,.

    1954 & 1972

    0,0

    5,0

    10,0

    15,0

    20,0

    25,0

    .

    19541972

    ),1972,.:,1958,40%,

  • 152

    : 1958 & 1972

    % % 1958 1972 1958 1972

    0 15,7 10,0 23,9 25,1 1 0,2 44,8 15,8 2 10,8 8,7 22,4 13,9 3 , 10,8 9,9 1,2 4 0,1 3,0 1,5 5 9,0 9,7 3,0 7,3

    6 21,1 17,1 3,0 26,6

    7 30,1 41,1 2,3 8 2,4 3,1 6,2

    100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 .().6070%.,.,,..,1976620%,380%.37%.372..373

    372 1988,.29.373 Hobsbawm,(.358),60,,.,,,,:..,.31.

  • 153

    6.1.::16,,.,,,.374,.,.,.,,6070,.,,,,.375.,60,,.376,,,..,,,,.,.,.

    374 P.Vilar,Oretmonnaiedanslhistoire,1974,.177.375 1997.376 .

  • 154

    1955 - 1972

    0,0

    50,0

    100,0

    150,0

    200,019

    55

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    () / ()() / ()

    ()/():.()/():.:(),.,,.195572,,,1961,..197172150%80%.;15%,3%.:60,,..6.1.1.,:)1972,,,:28%1955,66%1972.,,

  • 155

    ,

    0,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,0

    1955

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    .,.377,,.

    (. )

    1954 - 1972

    0,05,0

    10,015,020,025,030,035,040,045,0

    1953

    1955

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    =.1=2,83. ,,.402428.),,.:19541972,1973

    377 2005,.,.849.

  • 156

    (. / ) 1954 - 1972

    0,0

    2,0

    4,0

    6,0

    8,0

    10,0

    12,0

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    ,.,,...

    15%.378,,.37960:1972,,1954.380,,,:71954,511972,3811/10.1965

    378 ,.434.379 Libertys,,,().,,:..,.451.380 ,1962,.Meynaud20(),5080,:Maynaud,.,.473.381 195761:1960,19.000,13.000.

  • 157

    ,2.840.,64.1.600.,75%.382

    (. )

    () 1945 1952 1957 1962 1964 1964 Athens Hilton 1963 1962 1962 6,0 1969 2,9

    Motor Oil 1972 90,0 1963 (Petrola) 1973 45,0 1956 8,6 1956 35,0,.79.,.,(),..383).,,.,384

    382 ,.393.1998,.11.383 ,,.136.,.96..384 1936,

  • 158

    (.) 1952 - 1972

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    300019

    52

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    .100.0001953,2,51972,2.500150.000.,60,,.7.,,.,,,.,,.:1953196620%,25%.,,.,.

    .Hulot,J.Tatti(1953):Sutcliffe,.158.

  • 159

    0,0

    5,0

    10,0

    15,0

    20,0

    25,0

    30,0

    35,0

    1952

    -53

    1954

    -55

    1957

    1959

    1961

    1963

    1965

    1967

    1969

    1971

    .

    1953 & 1972

    0,05,0

    10,015,020,025,030,035,0

    .

    19531972

    Mitchell,G5J1. .,,,,...,,:,,.,

  • 160

    1959 & 1972

    0,0

    1,02,0

    3,04,0

    5,0

    . -

    .

    19591972

    .

    : 1972

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    .

    Mitchell,G6.,,,.(),197215,6,5%.20%,.,,,

  • 161

    ,..8.

    : 1955 - 1972

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    70,0

    1955

    1956

    1957

    1958

    1959

    1960

    1961

    1962

    1963

    1964

    1965

    1966

    1967

    1968

    1969

    1970

    1971

    1972

    1998.:19551968,1969.

    : 1955 & 1972

    1955 1972 12,5 20,1 1,6 2,7 2,2 3,3 16,7 28,2 0,5 1,0 10,5 35,2

    :1998.

    ,,,.

  • 162

    60:/19627293%,56%.385:1972,110,150,.:,,.,:,.IV:1.

    , &

    1940 - 1971 (%)

    0,0

    10,0

    20,0

    30,0

    40,0

    50,0

    60,0

    1940 1951 1961 1971

    )60,

    385 /:1998,7.

  • 163

    '50 - '70

    ( )

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    195119611971

    ,1961.:,,80%19511971.70

    : 1971

    0,000,050,100,150,200,250,300,35

    Mitchell.,.100.000:2,530%,,550.000

  • 164

    120.000.386,5070:35,,197110.000,14%,13%.),.1971,,.:,,60%,,,1.000195118,1411.,,.,(),,50%70%.,,,.,:70%,30%,.,,1520%,.,Burgel[70],,,.387,,,,,

    386 50.000:,,.387 Burgel,.14.

  • 165

    1971

    : 1971

    ( %)

    ()

    ()

    , , 15,4 37,5 12,2 50,7, 50,1 1,3 70,2 0,5, , 29,3 52,5 11,5 28,8 5,2 8,7 6,1 20,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 () 1.674 634 688 215

    4,4 8,0 1,0 2,3 51,8 20,4 18,7 10,1 10,1 0,8 57,3 3,2 33,6 70,9 23,0 84,3 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 () 1.686 653 684 217():...1,3;3882.:)1961,.389,70%,30%,.,.

    388 ,1974. 389 ,1965.601.0001.050,800,441:..,337,.3.

  • 166

    : 1961 (% )

    0,020,040,060,080,0

    100,0120,0

    ,.;1,550700.,,1.300.,,500.000.390

    1945 - 1972

    0

    50.000

    100.000

    150.000

    200.000

    1945

    1948

    1951

    1954

    1957

    1960

    1963

    1966

    1969

    1972

    .

    ),,,,50.,:19461958

    390 .

  • 167

    ,19591972,.:19451972,,,1.416.000.1972,.45%,,.

    1946 - 1962

    05000

    100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000

    1946

    1948

    1950

    1952

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    ,,/.3914662:30%.,,,.,1958:200.000,.392 391 ,,.392 .(.163)194850,:(1953),

  • 168

    1960 - 1972 ( ., 1958)

    0,0

    5,0

    10,0

    15,0

    20,0

    25,0

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    ).60,,,197210%.19681972850.000,,393.

    1954 - 1972

    0,02,04,06,08,0

    10,012,014,016,0

    1954

    1956

    1958

    1960

    1962

    1964

    1966

    1968

    1970

    1972

    .

    (1956)(1957),70.000:..,..,.31.393 ,,,.95.

  • 169

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  • 170

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  • 171

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  • 172

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  • 173

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  • 174

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  • 175

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  • 176

    : 1951 - 1971

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    405 1983,.520.

  • 177

    19/2/56:.(48,1%),,().(47,4%165)..11/5/1958:.41,1%17124,4%108.31,3%89.29/10/1961:.50,8%176,33,6%100,14,6%24...22/5/1963:..3/11/1963:.()42,4%138,39,4%13214,3%28..3,7%2..16/2/1964:.52,7%171,35,2%107,11,8%22.15/7/1965:,.,..,,..(...)(...).1966,..14/4/1967:.21.4/1967:..1952corpus.,,1952671.700.406):4071),.,, 406 ..,.581.407 :Meynaud,.,.381.

  • 178

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  • 179

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  • 180

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  • 181

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  • 182

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  • 183

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  • 184

    ,.,,,.1973,10%.

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  • 185

    MARSHALL (. $)

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  • 186

    Marshall.,.CIAAllenDulles,,.

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  • 187

    ,,.

  • 188

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    .,:(19752000),2002..,,1991.___,1995..,,2006..,(19091993):,,,(19091993),2007..,,1997..,,20,.1,2002..,,2002..,,1993..,:18761976,...PorterA.P.,:,2006..,:,,,2006..(.),:,1995..,:,18332002,2004..(.),,2007..,,19091936,1987.,1995.RichterH.,,1997..,,19241935:,1988..,1944,2008..,:80,1992..,,2001..,,20,.1,2007..,:,http://www.uadphilecon.gr/UA/files/135728901..pdf.,,2005.SivignonM.,:,1992..,,1997,.30..,...,:,2002..,,2004.

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    .,1929,1989.___,2008.WoodhouseC.,,1976.