ΆΛΟΓΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΜΑΞΕΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΤΗΤΑ

30 2006

E

-

2010

HRSES AND WAGONS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

PROCEEDINGS OF ONE DAY SCIENTIFIC MEETINGORESTIADA-GREECE SEPTEMBER 30, 2006

DITED BY

DIAMANTIS TRIANTAPHYLLOS-DOMNA TERzOPOuLOu

MINISTRY OF CuLTuRE AND TOuRISM

FuND OF CREDITS MANAGEMENT

FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECTS

ORESTIADA 2010

ISBN: 978-960-89968-6-1

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Deborah Kazazis

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PREFACE

The 19th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Thrace) began excavating the burial tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni in September 2002. The discovery of five Roman wagons and their draught animalsthe first of its kind in Greeceattracted the interest of both the public and the scholarly community from early on in the excavation process. The continuation and completion of research and the enhancement of the finds from the burial tumulus have been included in the Ministry of Culture and Tourisms Management Fund for Archaeological Projects (T.D.P.E.A.E.).

Four years after excavations began, on September 30, 2006, we organized a day-long Scientific Meeting in Orestiada on Horses and Wagons in the Ancient World. Our goal was to announce our initial conclusions concerning the wagons and horses in the tumulus and to approach the theme of wheeled vehicles in Antiquity with the aid of iconography, the ancient sources, and the archaeological finds. The present volume, which also includes a number of additional texts on the tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni, represents the fruits of this Meeting.

The Scientific Meeting would not have been possible without the financial contribution of the Regional Association of Municipalities and Communities of the Prefecture of Evros, the Prefectural District of Evros, the Municipality of Orestiada, and the Municipality of Kyprinos. Interest on the part of Prefect Nikos Zambounidis led to the Prefectural District of Evros funding the publication of the Proceedings.

The Scientific Committee for the T.D.P.E.A.E. Project Research, Protection, and Enhancement of the Burial Tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zone, Prefecture of Evros.

-

Diamantis triantaphyllosThe Technology of the Wagons in the Tumulus

of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni

-: .

KatErina trantaliDoUMikri Doxipara-Zoni. The Horses from the Tumulus.

Osteometric Data and Comparisons with Equid Remains

from Southeastern Europe Sites

an. -

anagnostis pan. agElaraKisArchaeological Anthropology at the Tumulus


-

mihail VaVEliDisAnalysis of the Metal Attachments from Wagons A and B

of the Tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni

/ CONTENTS

25-52

55-124

127-131

133-137

& - -

spyros paUliDEs mihail VaVEliDis &alExanDros ChatzipEtrosGeological-structural Study at the Archaeological Site

of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni Tumulus

& -

lias VoUlgariDis Konstantinos passialis &stErgios aDamopoUlosIdentification of the Wooden Finds from the Tumulus


:

ElEni manaKiDoUModels and Representations of Wagons during

the Archaic and Classical ages: Uses and Symbolism

.

panagiotis V. FaKlarisK (Horse-muzzle)

.

VassiliKi g. stamatopoUloULuxurius Harness from Macedonia

Joost h. CroUwElFour-Wheeled Vehicles in the Roman World

Joost h. CroUwEl

139-149

151-173

177-197

199-229

231-253

255-276

gErgana KabaKChiEVa The Big Mound of the Family Necropolis of the Ancient Villa Armira

gErgana KabaKChiEVa

Armira

,

Domna tErzopoUloUWagons, Mules and Muleteers in Funerary Stelai

of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki

279-296

299-317

/ ABBREVIATIONS

AE

.

.

. .

.

.

AA Archologische Anzeiger

V J.D. Beazley, Attic Black-figure Vase-painters. Oxford 1956

Achse Achse Rad und Wagen. Beitrge zur Geschichte der Landfahrzeuge

Acta RCRF Acta Rei Cretaria Romanae Fautorum

AEMTh

AF Archologische Forschungen. Deutsches Archologisches Institut.

AJA American Journal of Archaeology

AJPh American Journal of Philology

AM Athenische Mitteilungen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts

Antiquity Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of Archaeology

AntCl LAntiquit Classique

Archaeofauna International Journal of Archaeozoology

ArchCl Archeologia Classica

ArcheologijaKiiv Archeologija. Nacionalna akademija nauk Ukraini. Institut archeologii

ArcheologijaSof Archeologija. Organ na Archeologieskija institut i muzej (pri Blgarskata akademii nauk)

ARV2 J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-figure Vase-painters, 2 . Oxford 1963

ASAtene Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente

AttiMemMagnaGr Atti e memorie della Societ Magna Grecia

BAC Bulletin archologique du Comit des travaux historiques et scientifiques

BalcaiKz Balcai kzlemnyek

BAR British Archaeological Reports

BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellnique

BerRGK Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen KommissionBIABulg Izvestija na Arheologieskija Institut (Bulgaria)

SA Annual of the British Scholl at Athens

Bull.pigr. Bulletin pigraphique

Chiron Mitteilungen der Kommission fr Alte Gesichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts

CP Classical Philology

CSIR Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani

CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum

Dacia Dacia. Recherches et decouvertes archeologiques en Roumanie

Darenberg- Saglio C. Daremberg-E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et romaines daprs les textes et les monuments. Paris 1877-1919

Eirene Eirene. Studia graeca et latina

FA Fasti Archaeologici

GodMuzPlov Godinik na Archeologieski muzej Plovdiv Hellenica L. Robert, Recueil d pigraphie de numismatique et d antiquits

grecques. Paris. 1940-1965

Hesperia Hesperia. The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

JAnthArch Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

JASc Journal of Archaeological Science

JdI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts

JHS The Journal of Hellenic Studies

JIES Journal of Indo-European Studies

JPR Journal of Prehistoric Religion

IG Inscriptiones Graecae

Klio Klio. Beitrge zur alten Geschichte

KlnJB Klner Jahrbuch fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte

LSJ H. G. Liddell- R. Scott . S. Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon

MFRA Mlanges de l cole franaise de Rome. Antiquit

MM Madrider Mitteilungen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen archologischen Instituts.

Mnemosyne Mnemosyne. A Journal of Classical Studies

MonAnt Monumenti Antichi

Nikephoros Nikephoros. Zeitschrift fr Sport und Kultur im Altertum

Orpheus Orpheus. Journal of Indo-European, Paleo-Balkan and Thracian Studies

Palaeovertebrata Paleovertebrata. Montpellier, Laboratoire de Palontologie.

Paralipomena J. D. Beazley. Additions to Attic Black-figure Vase- painters and to Attic Red-figure Vase-painters 2. Oxford 1971.

Physis Rivista Internazionale di Storia della Scienza

PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

PPM G. Pugliese Carratelli I. Baldassarre (.), Pompei: Pitture e Mosaici

PZ Prhistorische Zeitschrift

RA Revue Archologique

RdA Rivista di Archeologia

RE Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopdie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1893- )

REA Revue des tudes Anciennes

RM Rmische Mitteilungen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts

SaalbJb Saalburg-Jahrbuch. Bericht des Saalburg-Museums

SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum

Seminarium Thracicum The Professor Alexander Fol Centre of Thracology. Papers and communications read at the meetings of the Seminar

SIMA Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology

Smith W. Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London 1842-1890.

Starini Starini.Spisanie za Balkanza Arkheologia

TAPhA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

ThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum

TIG Trends in Genetics

TrZ Trierer Zeitschrift fr Geschichte und Kunst des Trierer Landes und seiner Nachbargebiete

ZPE Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

/ AuTHORS

. ProfessorDepartment of AnthropologyBlodgett Hall, Room 102Adelphi UniversityP.O. Box 701Garden City, NY 11530-0701e-mail: [email protected]

431 00 e-mail: [email protected]

-- 541 24 e-mail: [email protected]


- 541 24 e-mail: [email protected]



. . . - 541 24 e-mail: [email protected]

. 6546 21 e-mail: [email protected]

. - 34116 36 , e-mail: [email protected]

. 2 68 200 e-mail: [email protected]

- 541 24 e-mail: [email protected]


Crouwel Joost h. Professor Emeritus of Aegean Archaeology at the University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam Archaeological Center,Turfdraagsterpad 9-BG 1,1012 XT Amsterdam,The Netherlandse-mail: [email protected]

Doz. Dr. Kabakchieva gerganaNational Insitute of Archaeology with MuseumSaborna str., 2Sofia - 1000 BGBulgaria e-mail: [email protected]

HORSES AND WAGONS

IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

I

25

-

1 . .. , , , , 60 . 7,5 . ( 1). (90-120 ..) , , - , , (. 1). - . , , 1 2 - .

1. Mladenova 1991. Kabakchieva 1995. Kabakchieva ( ).2. Kabakchieva 2008.

1 .

26

-, , , - - . , , , , . , , , , , , (), , - , , .

, - , , , -. , , , (. 2). , , , . (. 3) -, , . (. 4) , , 3.

3. 2003. Triantaphyllos Terzopoulou 2005. Triantaphyllos Terzopoulou 2006.

. 1 .

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- - .

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4. : Delebecque 1951, 174-86.5. , , , .58:

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6. , , E, .726: - . , - . .

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11. , , 144: ... - , , .

30

0,35 . - 0,02-0,04 . 1,02 1,18 ., - 0,03-0,035 . 0,012-0,015 ., - 5 9, - 0,035-0,06 . - 12. 0,05-0,06 . - . Newstead

. 253: , , , ... , , , , .

12. ( , 426) .

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31

, 13. (. 8) , , -, (. 9). 0,075-0,09 . , , 14 (. 10). 0,105 . . , - , 15. , 0,80 . 0,90 . .

13. Leighton 1972, 76.14. , 145: . -

. . , , .

15. , -, , , plaustra, , , Neupotz - 278 . . Knzel Knzel 1993, 473-505.

. 8 .

32

-, 1,61 1,65 ., - , , (. 11). , , , . (., 838) , . , , , - . - , 0,82-0,83 ., , ,

1,40-1,50 . . , (. 12). , , , . - 16. - - - 17,

16. , 145: . , . 146, .

17. , , , . 70: - , . , . . 37: , , , - , .

. 9 .

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. 11 .

33

. , - Ivan Venedikov , . - - , Sesselwagen18 19. - , - -

, , , , , , . 20.

- , (. 13). : 1,54 x 0,94 . : 1,23 x 0,99 . : 1,67 x 0,88 . : 1,40 x 0,90 . - 4-5 , - 1960, 1,50 x 1,00 . . , -, , 21. , , - ( ) (. 14). - 0,25-0,30 . . , , , (. 15). (. 16), -

18. Weber 1978.19. , 52: , ,

.20. , 253:

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21. , - , , - . , - , . B. .

. 12 .

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. 14 .

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. 15 .

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22. : , , .

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24. : .

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37

25. -, . -, 0,01-0,02 ., , , 0,01-0,02 ., , (. 23). 0,50 . 0,05 . 0,37 . . Langdon26 - 14 . 19-20 Rring27, Wardartal , - .

, -, . - , (. 24). , -. , . ( ), , - 28 (. 25). 1,45 . 1,08 . , - (. 26). , , - -

25. Littauer Crouwel 2002, 352-3. 26. Langdon 1986, 155.27. Rring 1983.28. : , , .

. 22 - .

. 23 - .

38

29 (. 27). , - , , 30, (. 28). , - (. 29). , 31 , , . - - -32. - - 33, - 34. . , , , -, , -

29. ( ) . Venedikov 1960, . 54, . 184. Radnoti 1961. Boube-Piccot, 1980, 87, 89, . 14-15, . 25.

30. - . Vigneron 1968, 220-34. Toynbee 1973, 173-4. Hyland 1990, 243-7.

31. : , , , , , .32. ( 268-274)

, .33. , , , . 730: -

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34. 146: , , , -. 147, . , , , , -. : , , .

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39

35. (. 30). . . (I. 269) . ( 1, 178) , . -, , .

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35. Schwab 2003, 133.36.

(), , .

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40

), () , . - 37 (. 31). , - 38. - 39. - , , - , - .

-, 40, - -. , .

7000 .. - , - -, 4 .. - - . - 3 , 2 .. - .

37. , 147: -, . , , -. , , . 148: - , , , -, , , . 56: -, .

38. Vigneron 1968, 51-79, . 14-28.39. 1986.40. eshekov 2008.

. 31 .

41

. 3 .. , - . - .

2 .. cross-bar . , . . 15 14 . .., 1200 .., 900 .., 8-7 . .. , - , - 8 . .., - .

, - , , , , Ha C-Ha D (700-500 . .). 7-6 . .. , - . - 1 .. - . . 7 . .. .

- 8 . .. . - , , , LH IIIC (. 1100 ..) 41. - , 42.

41. Crouwel 1992, 30: The first type of chariot documented in Geometric Greece may then regarded as the direct descendant of the last type of Bronze Age chariot in the area. From this it follows that the Rail chariot must have continued in use during the Dark Age of Greece. 33: As in the case of the Rail chariot, a local origin is most likely for the High-front type. There are again no prototypes outside Greece. Both the body and the (usually four-spoked) wheels suggest a development in Greece itself.

42. Greenhalgh 1973. , - 8 . .. . Crouwel 1992, . 3, 3. 7, 1-2.

42

8 . ..43 - 44. 2 .

La Tne (5-1 . ..), - , , - , - , .

- , : - - . , , , , 45. - , - . , , , , .

, -. . - , , - . , , . - 46.

47. 480 ..48 (. 32). -

43. Snodgrass 1964.44. Piggott 1983, 190-4.45. , V, 29, 146. Stead 1965. Piggott 1983, 140.47. , 34: , , .

1994, 276-9. Crouwel 1992, 55-6, . 19: 4, 22: 1-2, 25: 1.48. 1967, 15-7.

43

- - . , , 49. , - 50 51. - , , , 52. - 8 7 . ..53 - 54. , - . , - - .

49. Piggott 1983, 29, 122- 3, 138-49, 184-8, 199-207, 228- 9.50. Powell 2000, 41-5, 123.51. , Elisavetinskaya Stanitsa Alexandropolsk. Rolle 1979, 113-21. Rolle 1980, 25, 122. Minns 1971, 50-2, 87-8.52. , IV, 71-72.53. Karageorgis 1973.54. Piggott 1983, 190-3.

. 32 -.

44

55, , 56, - . , , - . Tolbuchin - - 57. 58 - , . , , - . - 20 . 1960 Ivan Venedikov Siskovci - 59. , -.

- - , , , . , , (79 ..), , -60. Kozrmisleny ( - ) , , 61. - 62.

, , . - 63. -

55. Mller-Karpe 1962, 66. 1978. 1994.56. 1985, . 224, 281, 295, 391, 443.57. Panajotov 1989, 171.58. Strelcha 5-4 . .. Kitov

1979. Vratsa, 4 . .. - .

59. Venedikov 1960. , .

60. Mineiro 1989.61. Kiss 1989.62. Visy 1997.63. , 51: , -

. ,

45

. , . , . - carpentum64, essedum65, covinnus66, birota67, cisium68 - rheda69, petorritum70, pilentum71 carruca72. , - - (carrus), , plaustrum, sarracum, angaria calbula. 73 - , Angaria-492 ., Raeda-330 , Currus-198 , Vereda-99 , Birota-66 .

- , - . - . , -. reda - . , - . , - 1,58 . x 1,25 .,

37: . , , , -. , . , . , V, 9, 2: .

64. . -. -. , , -. I, 34, 8 - I, 49, 7-V, 25, 9.

65. , . (Bell. Gall. IV. 33) (V. 21, 29). , . . Cisium , Esseum .

66. , essedum. (Epigrammata XII, 24) , carruca essedum.

67. . . , .

68. , . . , . , - cisiarii. . Smith.

69. rheda , . - . . , , 8-10 . 330 .

70. petorritum rheda, . Horatius, Satirae, 1.6, 100-104.

71. Pilentum -. V, 25, 9. . Claudius Claudianus, De nuptiis Honorii et mariae, 286-287.

72. carruca . , rheda. , . . carruca dormitoria , . Daremberg - Saglio.

73. Codex Theodosianus V. De cursu Publico angariis et parangariis (. Th. Mommsen P.M. Meyer), Berlin 1905, lib. 8.5.8.

46

- - (. 33). - -74. - , . - (. 34). - - , carpentum.

- , - , - - -. - , , . . . , , - . , . - - .

74. , 52: . (1, 199) , (6, 4, 11) - , , .

. 33 , , .

. 34 .

47

. - . -, . - , . - , , , . - .

, . . 2, 68 200 , e-mail: [email protected]

49

DIAMANTIS TRIANTAPHYLLOS

THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE WAGONS IN THE TUMULUS OF MIKRI DOXIPARA-ZONI

The members of a wealthy landowning family were successively buried (90-120 A.D.) in the Mikri Doxipara-Zoni burial tumulus. Excavation brought to light four burial-cremations, five wagons with two horses each, two burials of auxiliary horses, two pits-hearths, and two funerary altars for grave offerings.

The text undertakes to present some preliminary remarks for the wheeled vehicles from the burial tumulus. The five wagons in the Mikri Doxipara-Zoni tumulus, as well as the large number of Roman chariots and wagons from nearby Bulgaria, comprised human achievements following upon many centuries of technological development. The most significant stages in the course of development and some of the problems that have occupied specialist scholars are presented with brief comments in the text.

The metal fittings, the iron tyres, the hubs, nails and couplings, parts of the iron frame and other bronze decorative and functional fittings from the yokes and bodies of the five wagons in the burial tumulus were preserved. Many sections of the draft animals harnesses were also preserved. Two wagons preserved imprints from their wooden parts, including the draught pole, the spokes, the felloes, and the bed-floor of the body. Four of the vehicles are four-wheeled (, , , ), and one () is a two-wheeled (cart). Isolated fittings from wagons found in the field northeast of the tumulus definitely are from one (or more) wagons and horse burials outside the tumulus proper. Wagons and have preserved imprints from the felloes and 12 spokes. Their visible length is calculated at 0.35 m. and their thickness at 0.02-0.04 m. The tyres have an interior diameter ranging between 1.02 and 1.18 m., a width of 0.03-0.035 m., and thickness of 0.012-0.015 m. In accordance with the rosettes and the bronze corner revetments found in the four corners of the wooden sides of the vehicles, which must not be far from their original position, the net dimensions of the body of the four wagons was approximately calculated: Wagon : 1.54 x 0.94 m.; Wagon : 1.23 x 0.99 m.; Wagon : 1.67 x 0.88 m., and Cart : 1.40 x 0.90 m. For three of the wagons, the length of their draught pole was calculated as follows: Wagon : 1.60 m.; Wagon : 1.69 m., and Wagon E 2.10 m. Axle length for Wagons and is approximated at 1.61 and 1.65 m.

The wooden yokes from Wagons B and , which were placed on the horses necks, are not well preserved. On the yoke from Wagon B, bronze terrets with square plaques are preserved; on top of them are decorative discs in silver displaying scenes of riders and horses. On the yoke from Wagon is preserved part of one end faced in lead sheet, and some of the bronze terrets. Remains of organic materials, primarily wood and leather, were found on two yokes. Two wagons (A, E) preserved in good condition their lead revetments to protect the curved parts of the yoke.

50

The length of the yoke on Wagon A was 1.45 m.; that on Wagon E, 1.08 m.

In northern Thrace, which today belongs to Bulgaria, chariots and wagons have been discovered in quite a number of tumuli. Some of these wheeled vehicles are dated to the Classical and Hellenistic periods, but most are Roman in date. During this period, workshops that made chariots, wagons, and heavier vehicles for agricultural work must have been operating in the large cities of Thrace. This tradition continued during the Byzantine age and the modern period, down to the mid-twentieth century.

The wagons found in neighboring Bulgaria are divided into two categories, wagons with a seat and wagons with suspension. The wagons from Mikri Doxipara-Zoni appear to belong to the former category, i.e. they had a seat at their rear for one or two people. Four of the wagons were open, with four wheels (, , , ) and are close to the wagon type called the rheda, which was an open four-wheeled vehicle drawn by two or more draft animals. Since they are small and richly ornamented, it is hard to accept that they were employed for transporting agricultural loads. The two-wheeled cart was probably covered, belonging to a type of closed vehicle known by the name carpentum.

We conjecture that the dead were transported to the site of their cremation and burial with the tumulus wagons, together with all the other objects required for the funeral ceremonies. In primarily rural regions of Thrace, wagons were a valuable asset for the families of the deceased, and today attest to the wealth of a large number of residents in the Thracian hinterland.

51

, . 1985. , . .

, . 1994. (8-5 . ..), . .

, . 1967. . .

, . 1978. , , 156-81.

, . 1994. , . 15 , 1975-1990. . , 17-22/4/1990. , 179-88.

, . . 2003. - , 17, 1-12.

, . b. 1986. , 46, , 1-57.

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Delebecque, E. 1951. Le cheval dans l Iliade: suivi d un lexique du cheval chez Homre et d un essai sur le cheval pr-homrique. Paris.

greenhalgh, p. a. l. 1973. Early Greek War-fare. Cambridge.

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Kabakchieva, g. ( ). Antike Villa Armira in Thrakien. Die neuen Ausgrabungen und Projekte, Akten, Internationale Tagung Antike Villen und Palste, Brickneudorf, sterreich 2008.

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52

langdon, J. 1986. Horse, Oxen and Technological Innovation. Cambridge.

leighton, a. C. 1972. Transportation and Communication in Early Medieval Europe AD 500-1100. Newton Abbot.

littauer, m. a. J. h. Crouwel 2002. Selected Writings on Chariots and other Wheeled Vehicles, Riding and Harness. Leiden and Kln.

meshekov, y. 2008. Types of vehicular means of transport found in the territory of Bulgaria from the 2nd to the 3rd century A. D, based on archaeological finds, R. T. Ivanov (ed), Archaeology of the Bulgarian Lands, . . vray-Sofia, 50-65 ( )

mineiro, p. 1989. Studio di un carro romano dalla Villa C.D. di Arianna a Stabia, MFRA 99, 171-209.

minns, E. h. 1971. Scythians and Greeks. New York.

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mller-Karpe, h. 1962. Die Metalbeigaben der frheisenzeitlichen Kerameikos-Grber, JdI 77, 59-129.

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Loculusplatten der 3. und 4. Jarhunderts n. Chr. Rom.

55

-: .

, , , 1, . , (.1), 2 , 3. , .

, 4 - 5. 6. .

1. , , - .

2. ( , , , , , - - 60 ., 7,50 .- ) ( ) . , , -. ( : Triantaphyllos Terzopoulou 2005, .). .

3. , , - , , , , . - . : Kosmetatou 1993. Reese 1995.rantalidou 2005.

4. . , , .

5. : rantalidou 2005, 34. O -, , : Trantalidou 2006, 96-120.

6. 2006. , .

56

7

8 , , 9 . . , . , , .

7. , ( ) ( - ) ( - , ) (- ). , , - . , , .

8. , , - - ( , , ), - ( , ), .

9. , , , ( 2003, 2004 ) . 15 , .

. 1 ( - . ).

57

10 (.2)

, . . , . . . , (.1).

: . . . 11. , , , . .

10. . - Trantalidou 2005, chariot vhicule.

11. . 2/5 .

. 2 ( - . ).

58

, 12 4 7 , (18) , (6) , , 12 17-21 . ( 6 , ) .

, , , , , , 4/5 , . 13 , , , , , , , . .

: . . . , . . 4/5 . 11 . (. 114). , , .

, ( ), , , 4/5 , , , , , , , , .

(.3)

15. , , , , . 16

12. 4/5 . .13. (5/5)

. , , . 14. 1-9 . .15. , -

.16. , ( -

) .

59

. , 17, .

, : , , - - - , -. , . .

: ( ) ( ) . , , , , 4/5 , ( 9 , - -) , , , , , ,

17. ( ) .

. 3 ( - . ).

60

, , , . . 18.

: , , , . , . , , , . , , .

2/5 ( -), ( , ) .

() (. 2). , () .

: , , , , 4/5 . ( ) . , .

, , , . , . , (. 3) . , , 19.

: (.4)

. , .

18. . - :

1990, 50. 19. -

(Baker Brothwell 1980, 111-7) , - , (Chaix Mniel 2001, 90-1). Dorlands pocket medical dictionary. 1997 (. .. ).

61

, . , , .

: ( , .. , , , , 4/5 ) . ( , , , , , , ), , 3/5 ( , ) ( ) ( ). .

: 20. , , . (. 4).

20. , , - 158,0 157,0 . .

. 4 ( - . ).

62

, (3 8 ), , . (, , , , ) . , .

: (.5)

, , , , . , , (. 5). , , . , , 21.

21. ( 120,0- 100,0- 125,0-145,0 .) ( Cervus elaphus,

. 5 ( - . ).

63

: . , , , , , ( ), , 22. , , , .

. , 9 . , ( -1/5-, ), ( 4/5), , , , .

: . ( ) , . . ( ) . 1/5, (3/5), (2/5), . , , .

, , . .

: (.6)

, , () (), , -. , , . , , .

: . , . , . .

398,0 403,0 .) , ( , - .) .

22. , .

64

, , 23, ( ) ( ). 1/5 , 2/5 , 3/5 , , 4/5 . 24.

: . . . . . : 17. . (1/5 ), (3/5), (4/5) , ( ). V V. , ( ) (. 6).

23. , .24. : , ()

, . 19 20 .

. 6 ( - . ).

65

: (.7)

, 25, , , , , . ( ) - . . . . , .

: . , . , , , ( (.7) ). , 1/5, 2/5, , , 4/5 .

25. , .

. 7 ( - . ).

66

: . , . 5 . , 3/5, , , 4/5. , ( ), . .

: (.8)

( , ) . -. , . .

: . . , . , , , ,

. 8 ( - . ).

67

4/5 , 3/5 , 2/5 1/5 , . . .

: . . . , , 1/5. , , (3/5), . . , . , . , 1/5. , , . , , 4/5. , . .

26

27 28 (. 1-11) , 20 29. , , .

, , 30,

26. . , , - , .

27. , (Payne 1990) . . , . . -. ( ) .

28. , .29. : von den Driesch 1976. Desse .. 1986. -

: Einsemann 1980. Einsemann 1981. Einsemann .. 1988. Dive Einenmann 1991. -: T 1989. 1990. 1998. , Kiesewalter 1888.

30. . - . , , -, http://www.mikridoxipara-zoni.gr/ -, . .

Triantaphyllos Terzopoulou 2005.

68

1: , . 1. 2. 3. 4. Neapol Skifski 5. Dereivka 6. O 7. Balatonaliga 8. Dunajuros Koszider 9. Cserpel - Hros 10. Budapest - Albertfalva 11. Gyr 12. - 13.

: . , : . , .

2: , .

: . , : . , .

69

, , , (. 12-19) , , 31 32 :

1. , , , . 2. , ( 33 Kanligeit34 ), - 35

31. -, : Trantalidou 2005. Trantalidou 2006.

32. -, , , , , , - . , - (Renfrew 1987. Renfrew 1998).

33. , (Ezero, Karanovo, Michali: Bknyi 1978, 50. Bknyi Bartosiewicz 1977, 399) , ( 3 Ezero I: Becker 1986), ( , . : Hanar 1955, 28) (Watson 1979, 29) , . . (: (von den Driesch Boessneck 1990) ( V: Gejvall 1969), (MI: Sloan Duncan 1978) -, (Boessneck 1962; Hinz 1979). , .

34. , Kanligeit Kirklareli, . , , Ezero V/V -, , : 2600-2300 .. (Benecke 2006). - , . , . , Mirnoe (Chiinu, Moldova) , 6 .. Cri (Sakarovska, Moldova). . (Prut) . , Dereivka - , ( Bell Beaker) - . Demircihyk, Lidar Hyk ( ), orum-Tepe Tlintepe ( 5 , 4, ). - Kirklareli Kanligeit. , - , . , , . - 1700 .. ( V, . ., 127, 131: -, . ., 184, 861; 716-19 , - ), 500 (Benecke 2006).

35. 20 , : :

1. , .

70

( 1), , , , , , .

: 1. , Tarpan36 (Equus ferus ferus, Gmelin 177437) Equus ferus przewalskii38. 2. , -,

.2. / .3. / / , . 4. , , , .5. . 6. , - . 3 ( ). 7. - . . kurgan: , -- : Pazyryk, Bashadar, Ak-Alakha-3. : Bknyi 1968. Anthony 1995. Gimbutas 1991. Benecke 1993. Levine 1999, . Zeder .. 2006, 146-7 - -.

36. Tarpan ( , , ) 1887 1919. , , Konik. Hucul pony, , . , , , - . , - , , - .

37. O Gmelin , . , Equus caballus 1758, Tarpan. E. caballus ferus. 2003, E. ferus. 12 Antonius 1912 (Equus gmelini), - (Bibicova 1967, Gromova 1949) - . cab. gmelini.

38. , Takhi, . - . Poliakov (1881). Nikolai Przhevalsky (18391888), . , - Equus caballus. Equus caballus przewalskii. 66 -, 65, 65 . , () Przhevalsky (Jansen .. 2002). 2005 1500 248 - . . przewalskii , , 350 . , , , , (Einsemann Mashour 2005).

71

Dereivka ( 2), ( , Sredny Stog39, 4 ..40).

, , , 41 : .1.

39. Sredny Stog 1000 .40. H Telegin (1986) 1960-61. 3703 2255

(63,27% ) . Bibicova (1967, 1969) . 7-8 , ( ) - Dereivka, irghiz , ( kurgan- ) , Altai, przewalskii tarpan. Bibicova Dereivka (. ) Pazyryk, , Altai, Kazhakstan. , , , , , , przewalskii tarpan -. , (Telegin 1986, 83). , - , (Levine 1999, ). : 318 , , - DNA. 652 , 93 mtDNA , 17 . / - ( 2 przewalskii, C1 .). ( ), , , 77 (- ) -. , - (Jansen .. 2002)., , : 4500 .., 2000 .. Krivoe Ozero ( Sintashta-Petrovka) (Anthony 1995). , 1250 .. , o - ( 1986. Renfrew 1998. Linduff 2003). , 6 , Sintashta ( , 1700-1500 .., , 1968 1986). , , . - Bota, ( , 3600-2300 .., -) , , (Olsen 2003). - Bota Dereivka (Einsemann Mashkour 2005).

41. , ( -) . .: Lebedynsky 2003. , , - 9 . .. 13 . .., , - .

72

42 ( Neapol Skifski43 Kamenskoe gorodie44 45: 46, 47, 48 49). .2. (- 50) 51

42. ... - , : -...: , 3,6.

43. , , 3 . ..- 3 . .. - (3 2 . ..) ( ). - 3 . .., . 1874, - , Simferopol (Zaytsev 2004). ( , : , 3, , 7) , , - 7-3 . .. (Lebedynsky 2003).

44. , . 5 . .. 2 . .. 12 , Kamenskoe gorodie, , . Kamenskoe gorodie , .

45. Maslennikov 2000.46. , Bug ()

6 . .. 4 . ..: ... . : , , ...: , 3, , 17. 300-500 (Kryzhytskyy .. 2003).

47. , . , (-), 3 . .., 7 . ..: , : - : . -, : . , ... (, 3, IV, 5). , 5 . .., (Arsenyeva 2003).

48. To , Kerch ( - , , , -), , ( ), 7- 6 . .: - : , : (, 3, V,4). E 6 . .. (olstikov 2003).

49. H , , 4 , ... - ...: , 3, IV, 5. 6 . .. . - , , , 4 . .. ( Vinogradov 2003).

50. ... , , , , , ... : , ... (, 3, III,1,2; 10).

51. , . - , . . , -

73

12 ( )52 Zimnicea53 (Muntnie, ). .3. Csepel-Hros ( Bell Beaker 2800-1900 .54) 55, Dunajvros-Koszider, Albertfalva56 Balatonaliga57. , , -.

. Magdalenska gora58. 59 , , , , , (, , ). 60 121,1-149,4 ., 136,15 . 10 61.

. (62

Nova Zagora, , 1 3 . .. V. Ignatov (Brunwasser, . 2007. A Ride to the Afterlife, 60, 5, Archaeological Institute of America: www.archaeology.org/0709/ abstracts/chariot.html) , , .

52. 1967-1970 1 .. , - . (1971). . , . 3 ( ) (Haimovici 1983).

53. Zimnicea - , - , 4 . .. 1 . .. ( 1967-1970) .

54. , , - .

55. . (Bknyi 1974, 230-96, . Benecke 2006, 98). Kirklareli-Kanligeit, , - , Benecke (2006), .

56. 1951-1954. 17,10%. , (Bknyi 1974, 351). , . . - , , (Bknyi 1974).

57. 1951. , 18.28% , (Bknyi 1974, 344).

58. (Bknyi 1968). , , , .

59. (Bknyi 1974, 230-96). -, . , .

60. , , - . (Bknyi 1968, 22).

61. T Vertault ( , 3 -2 . ..), , 120-137 ., ( 130 .). 110 .

62. Payne 1990, 103-6 ( 1970). , 13-17 135,0-140,0 . ( -

74

63, , , , , , , , 64, A 65, .

66:

1. - , (. 2, 3, 12) - Zimnicea67. - - przewalskii. , - Zimnicea68, . 69.2. , , (. 7, 13) .- ( ), - ( ) Zimnicea70. .3. (. 7, 13) - . () . , 71, Zimnicea, Dunajuros Koszider72, Magdalenska gora73. -74. , , .4. -, -, -, -, . -, .-

, - ).63. Gejvall 1969, 36, 86 ( VII, , ). -

, 145 ., - VI, VII, . , Benecke (2006) - .

64. (. , . ). 65. (. , . ).

, . , . - .

66. . ( : Bknyi 1968). 23 Neapol Skifski, 15 .. .

67. Haimovici 1983, 96-7. (2, 3, 5, 8).68. Haimovici 1983, 96-7 ( 3).69. T , -

(Gromova 1949. 13019 Bknyi 1968, 18 ).70. Haimovici 1983, 98-9 ( 4, 2, 8, 11).71. Bknyi 1968, 22, 55. ,

307,0 375,0 . 330,86 . 280,0-335,0 304,53 .

72. Bknyi 1974, 534.73. Bknyi 1968, 55.74. Haimovici 1983, 98-9 ( 1, 2).

75

Zimnicea75 Cserpel Hros76. , , ( ) 77. 5. (. 8, 15) .- . , (Neapol Skifski, Peresadowskoe gorodie, Kamenskoe gorodie, , , , , M .78), Zimnicea79 Magdalenska gora80 Dunajuros Koszider Balatonaliga81. Cserpel-Hros. .- Albertfalva82, 17 -. , 83. 6. , , , , - . . , , .- , - 84 (. 10, 16). 7. (. 11, 17,18) - Zimnicea, 85.

:

( , ), -.

75. Haimovici 1983, 100-1 ( 1,9- 2, 8, 11)76. Bknyi 1974, 54177. , Magdalenska gora .78. Bknyi 1968, 56-8. , 198,0

245,0 220,62 . 174,5 236,5 . 197,75 .

79. Haimovici 1983, 98-9 ( 1, 3, 7, 11).80. Bknyi 1968, 56 (. 4, 43, . 5, 29).81. Bknyi 1974, 536.82. Bknyi 1974, 537.83. , , / , -

Kamenskoe gorodie, , , (Bknyi 1968, 56-8) Zimnicea (Bknyi 1968, 56-8).

84. Bknyi 1974, 548. Bknyi 1968, 21. , 234,0 294,0 . -262,85 . -. - : 214,0-291,0 237,38 .

85. -, - ( - - --. .

76

1. .

1.1. 86. 87 (.1).

1.2. , , . , .

1.3. , , . , , . ( , - ) . Zimnicea 88. 1.4. , 89 (. 8), . , , , (. 9).

, , ()90. , 91. (, , ) 92.

86. , . 87. , (2)

. .88. Haimovici 1983, 79.89. .

(Mniel 1992, 78, chevaux de Vertault). -, , , , .

90. , , ., .

91. , . (. , 166-172) , () , , . - . , , , ( ...: , , 1258), , , (, , : , IV, 61; ., -, 191; , V, 113) (Georgoudi 2005). .

92. : 1. 5 . 12 ( , 3,5 -4 , 130-135 .) , (14 ..), (Antikas 2005, . 13). 2. (, , ), : 207 ( , - ). 4 . 5 7 ( 3) ( ). ( 2) 5-8 , - , - -

77

Zimnicea, ( ) . , , ( ), ( ) , 93.

2. :

2.1. 94 95 .

, 3-3,5 ( ), 5 . , 96.

(. 2-5), :. -, 10 . -, 10 ( ). E- , 5,5 . - , 3,5 . B-, 3-4 . -, 3,5 . , , , , 7,5 .

, 3,5 , , 10 . 6 97.

. , , , , (Malama Gardeisen 2005, 170-1). , ( 437-357..) ( , , , , .). 3. ( , , 8-4 . ..) , . , , ( 1999, 446).

93. Haimovici 1983, 90-1.94. Silver 1969, Barone 1976.

, .95. , , . 96. 25 55 (Levine

1999 . Chaix Mniel 2001, 110).97. ( 5 . .. - )

4,5/ >5/ 5-7/ >5/ 5 . , - ( >4/ 5-8/ 5-7 (2 )/ 10-15/

78

Zimnicea 4-12 , 98.

2.2. -, , . , , . , , 99. 3 100. Zimnicea, 2 8 101.

3. :

3.1. : , , P2, (. 4). , , . , (.. ), ( , ) () 102.

3.2. . ,- ( - -), , . - 103.

, , 104

(Malama Gardeisen 2005). 98. Haimovici 1983, 90.99. Trantalidou 2005, . 1, , -

. , . 100. (Malama Gardeisen 2005, . 22).101. Haimovici 1983, 80-5;

: , (, 3, IV, 8).102. Anthony Brown 1991. Brown Anthony 1998.

( / ), , - . , - Malayan (, 2000-1900 ..) - , , , Dereivka (4200-3700 ..). , , Botai (3400-2700 ..) - .

103. Levine 1999, 46-53, . 19 24.104. . Dorlands pocket medical dictionary,

1997 (. .. ).

79

. , , (Spondylitis deformans)105. Zimnicea, 11-12 . , (Spondylosis chronica deformans Spondylosis anchylopoetica )106.

3.3. . , 107.

5-7 , . , , , 108. Zimnicea, , 109.

, , 15 110 Zimnicea111 .

4. (. 1-19).

4.1. , Kiesewalter, 134,31 155,1 .112. : -: 147,0; : 152,0/ -, , : 135,9; 153,6; 135,58 -/ -, : 141,41-135,5/ -, : 136,41- 143,57/ -, : 137,7-134,31/ -, : 155,1-144,35/ .

105. Malama Gardeisen 2005, 175 ( 264, 1).106. Haimovici 1983, 88, . 11, 12. 6. Magdalenska gora -

( 9 , . Behterew) , . 29, V (Bknyi 1968, 14-5) .

107. . 24. Magdalenska gora , . 29, V (Bknyi 1968, 50-1) - IV. ( - , ), .

108. Malama Gardeisen 2005, 172 ( 258, 1).109. Haimovici 1983, 88.110. Malama Gardeisen 2005, 174 ( 262).111. Haimovici 1983, 88.112. Trantalidou 2005, .2. -

, , , , , .

80

142,5 .113, (. 19), .

6 135,0 ., 4 141,41-147,0 . - 152,0-155,1 ., .

: 135,0 , przewalskii 132,0 . 150,0 .

Dereivka, Kiesewalter, 126,0 144,0 . ( 136,0 .) Brauner (1916) 137,0 ( , 76,2%), 138,0-142,0 ( , 19,0%), 143,0-147,0 ( , 4.8%)114.

KirklareliKanligeit 130,0 145,0 . , , 115.

, , 116. , 140,0 (2), 150,0 (2) 160,0 (1)117.

113. , .114. Brauner 1916. , o ()

Khazan 128,0-152,0 . Csepel-Hros 135,0 . (Bknyi 1974, 241-6, . 3). ( ) 120,0-128,0 . (1,7%) (1,2%) 152,0-160,0 . (Bknyi 1968, 9). 136,15 137,12 .

115. Benecke 2006. : Becker 1986.116. 100,0-110,0 .. 120,0-140,0 . 140,0-160,0 .. Malama Gardeisen 2005, 177.117. , , ,

( 145 .) ( ). , . Malama Gardeisen 2005, 177. Bknyi (1974, 257-61), , (.. Soloha, 5 .., Ermitage), . . , 20000 50000 Bknyi 1974. , , - . , - . - . - - - . , , , - . Bknyi (.. Albertfalva, Gyr), , . - 145,0-155,0 . 2 . .. . -.

81

Zimnicea , Kiesewalter, 129,5 145,6 .

, , . , , 140,0 . , , . , Altai.118 , .

(, ). , . . ( ).

. , 119.

, , , , - , , , , 120.

4.2. - , , . , , , x 100 (. 15, 16) 14,57 14,17 (. ), 9,47 10 (. ), 12,3 18,1 10,3 14,0 121.

118. - (gighiol, XIII Histria) (Haimovici 1983).

119. Haimovici 1983, 88. , Zimnicea, - Noua ( ), Stnceti Brad, -. , 2 - 4-6 . .

120. Furet 2005.121. ( )

: 12,7- 16,2 14,513 10,0- 12,5 11,35 (Bknyi 1968, 25).

82

, 122.

, .

, , , , . ( , ), . .

5. , 123 -, , , , 124.

5.1 , .

5.2. , , . . , , .

, 125, , , , , .

122. Bknyi 1974, 250 Ivanov 1954. , -, 39,73, 58,90 1,37% 146 -, 77,94 22,06% 136 (Bknyi 1968, 27, 32). - . .

123. .124. : . 4; , 3, III,2.125. N 2000.

. , - . 34, 116 36 . , .e-mail: [email protected]

83

.

A II . - 630.0

A I

~550.0 A II 583.0

A I (- )

205.0

E I 186.5

A I ( -) 390.0

A I . - ~167.9

E I

118.6 E II 121.4

E I 87.7

A II

39.4 B I 32.7 E I 36.4 E II 28.4

A I : ( )- 7.04

E I : -/

79.8

E II 82.6

. 1: -. . .

84

.

II P2 41.4

AI

( ) 2

44.2II 40.0

EI 36.8II 37.3

EI 2

( )39.7

II 40.0

AI

2 ( 2 . )

39.6II 30.0

II 31.3 II 2 32.4

BI

P329.0

II 28.3

AI

3 ( )

29.8II 34.8

EI 32.6II 32.9

II ( ) 3

30.8

EI 29.8II 32.9

A I 3 ( 2 . ) 24.5 B II 3

( )64.5

II 56.2 B I

P4 27.8

II 28.6

AI

4 ( )

27.8II 34.9

EI 29.1II 35.0

EI ( ) 4

29.8

II 34.6 A I

P455.9

A II 68.6 B I M1 26.7

AI

1 ( )

28.5II 28.8

II 26.7

EI 28.9II 29.4

85

EI ( ) 1

29.9

II 30.3 B I M2 29.5 A II

2 ( )

31.8 II 27.7

EI 32.6II 31.6

EI ( ) 2

29.2

II 30.7 B I M3 29.1 II

3 ( )

30.5

EI 22.4II 31.2

A II ( ) 3

44.0

EI 27.5II 28.6

AI

99.4II 92.8

B I 95.9 II 101.7 I

( )98.9

II 101.9 II

187.2

A II 183.7

EI

( )175.4

II 184.8

EI

( )180.4

II 182.3 A II

~89.7

B I 72.7

II ( ) 86.7

II ( ) 84.1

. 2: -. . .

86

.

II ( ) 2

32.7 E II 32.1

E II 2 ( ) 35.7

A II 2

53.1 II 45.8 E II 54.5

E II : - 2 ~119.0

E II 3 ( ) 29.0

II ( ) 3

24.1 E II 29.0

E II 4 ( ) 29.0

II ( ) 4

26.7 E II 28.9

E II 1 ( ) 27.3

II ( ) 1

26.8 E II 25.7 II

170.5

E II 84.0

E II 2 ( ) 25.7

II ( ) 2

26.7 E II 26.9

E II 2 ( ) 30.4

II ( ) 3

34.3 E II 29.4 A II

3143.2

II 116.2 E II 124.0

A II : - 3 140.0

A II

297.7 E II ~309.9

II , 2-4 ( ) 87.1

87

II , 2-4 ( ) 88.7

II , 1-3 ( )

174.2 E II 195.5 A II , 1-3

( )189.0

E II 183.3

II ( ) 87.1

A II ( -) 495.0

A II -

~436.0 E II ~387.0

E II ( - ) ~215.0

E II (2-3 ) ~297.0

. 3: -. . .

88

/ -

Ht. Lo Bo Lpo Bpo Lm L at 2cm. II P2 51.3 32.1 25.0 7.9 6.4 II P2 47.5-42.5 37.0 26.4 34.3 II P3 72.1 29.9 28.4 12.4 7.3 25.2 12.6 II P3 74.1 35.6 28.3 11.8 12.5 26.5 12.0 I P3 84.1 34.1 29.5 12.6 5.2 28.5 12.3 A P4 80.9 29.4 26.8 11.3 5.7 26.7 II P4 74.1 35.6 28.3 12.0 8.7 26.5 II P4 64.7 30.4 28.6 12.1 5.8 24.1 11.4 II P4 61.6 29.1 28.6 11.4 6.2 26.6 10.9 P4 90.4 31.7 29.4 14.4 5.1 25.7 8.0 A M1 68.7 25.2 25.0 10.4 4.5 23.9 II M1 62.2 26.8 26.4 10.8 6.2 22.8 11.3 M1 71.5 25.3 26.1 11.3 7.3 24.4 11.8 II M1 82.4 22.5 23.1 12.6 5.1 25.4 13.9 M1 85.0 ant.-

82.6 post.27.4 27.7 18.8 5.6 30.5 7.2

A M2 76.8 25.9 26.4 12.0 4.1 22.9 B M2 61.8 24.9 26.7 11.0 4.5 23.0 11.0 I M2 52.3 -37.7 25.7 23.2 11.6 5.1 12.8 27.2 I M2 91.2 27.5 27.9 13.9 5.0 26.4 13.6 M2 92.2 ant.-

87.8 post.28.9 29.0 14.9 6.5 21.0 14.4

A M3 84.7 ant.-60.0 post.

25.6 24.6 10.8 4.1 26.9

A M3 72.7-77.8-60.7

21.6 17.7

II M3 77.3-62.4 28.8 24.6 14.8 4.5 28.3 14.7 II M3 72.1-60.0 27.8 24.5 10.7 5.6 29.9 14.7 I M3 92.6-67.2 31.7 26.2 14.2 5.3 30.2 13.5 M3 89.7 ant.-

65.0 post.31.3 25.6 14.1 5.2 30.4 14.0

Ht: Lo: ( ) Bo: ( ) LPo: Bpo: Lm: ( ) 1/2 L at 2cm: , 2 . .

. 4: -. . .

89

/-

Ht. Lo Boa Bpo LFa LFp L at 2cm. A I P2 41.7 33.4 14.8 A II P2 22.8 32.6 14.1 15.2 7.4

P3 61.1 21.9 7.6 12.1 9.6 14.5 P3 71.1 25.4 16.4 17.4 7.2 22.7

P3 71.1 28.5 7.7 12.1 7.7 22.2 A I P4 62.6 28.0 16.4 16.6 7.6 14.4 B P4 93.9-90.1 30.9 14.5 8.9 12.8 27.6 B P4 77.6 32.6 17.8 20.6 9.1 15.1 30.0

P4 75.9 26.2 15.9 9.6 6.3 24.6P4 64.9 24.1 17.3 7.4 12.7 26.6

A I M1 72.3 ant.-61.6 post. 25.6 14.4 14.4 7.9 10.0

B M1 89.0 29.7 12.2 7.1 10.1 29.7 B M1 90.0 31.6 18.5 8.9 14.4 28.0 A I M2 68.6 25.5 16.8 14.4 7.1 7.7 B M2 84.9 29.2 17.2 7.7 10.5 21.2 B M2 90.7 30.5 17.3 7.6 10.5 27.4 A M3 70.0-47.1 34.4 14.4 12.0 11.8 A M3 32.7 14.6 7.8 8.6

A I M3 72.2 ant.-59.4 post. 31.8 12.4 11.9 12.9 11.8

B M3 81.8 34.4 15.6 8.5 9.5 34.3 B M3 85.8 34.9 15.6 8.5 9.9 34.6

M3 72.3 ant.-67.9 post. 30.8 14.3 7.3 11.6 24.2

Ht: Lo: ( ) Boa: ( ) . Bop: ( ) . LFa: LFp: L at 2cm: , 2 . .

. 5: -. . .

90

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B II

104.0

II 87.8

EI ~132.0 44.0 II 94.1 54.1

( ): 1. 2. 3. 4.

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B IA

78.0

II 118.4 ( ): 1. 2.

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AI 4 125.8

6 116.8

II 3 92.0 4 101.5

BI

3 115.8 67.5

4 109.4 ~65.6

5 105.4 62.9

II 6 110.1 II 3 111.9 : 1. () 2. 3.

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B I 6 46.1 : 1.

91

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AI

240.0 199.0

II 46.6 B I 221.0 191.0 184.3 40.2 20.7 : 1. () 2. 3. 4. () 5. ()

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A I

370.0 320.0 84.7 55.0 65.8

BI 298.0 156.8 82.2 55.4 46.4 64.7II 95.7 61.2 47.1 III 95.0 59.7

I 90.3 58.8 75.5II 94.5 86.4

AI 370.0 II ~335.0 320.0 65.4

I 355.0 330.0 74.4: 1. 2. ( - ) 3. 4. 5. ( ) - 6. 7.

. 6: -. . .

92

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A

~290.0 ~297.0 74.1

~46.4

~305.0 ~280.0 46.9 ~72.3

B

I 273.3 88.2 35.9 70.5 72.3

271.6 257.3

II 298.5 292.7 279.5 97.0 34.4 74.0 78.0

290.5

III ~286.0 284.8

I 300.0 269.9 85.9

II ~303.0 256.9 101.4

294.5

A I ~269.2 296.3

82.7

II ~310.0 76.8 76.7 : 1. 2. 3. 4. () 5. 6. () 7.

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

44.0

II 87.3 55.0 44.5

~79.7

BI 74.3 41.10 43.1

III 49.5

65.3 32.6 42.4

77.9 47.7

II 47.1 : 1. 2. 3.

93

. 7: -. . .

-

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

38.2

II ~367.0

~358.0

B

I 405.1 329.0 347.0 79.4 75.7 39.4 75.3 62.8

305.8

II ~337.0

~344.0

III 78.3

335.0

I 86.1 72.1 38.6 II 352.0 346.0 70.1 64.2

E II 342.0

AI 76.5 61.8 II 77.0 76.2

I 71.0 62.5II 352.0 84.4 77.6 38.7 65.3 64.6

: 1. 2. ( - ) 3. 4. () 5. 6. 7. () 8.

94

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A I

~43.1

BI 39.1

III 46.7 O : 1.

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

239.8

II ~254.4 247.7

B

I ~213.2 ~226.7 II ~232.2 III 223.8 232.3

II 48.1

A I 211.3 210.8 229.3 45.9 25.9 30.8

217.0 214.6 209.8 ~41.5 41.5 30.7 44.9

I 246.9 : 1. 2. 3. Kiesewalter 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A II

()

43.0

BI 45.3

III 47.7 I 41.0

B

II

()

47.7

III 48.2

46.1

: 1.

95

. 8:

-

.

.

o

(

),

,

.

/

12

34

56

78

910

A

I

42

.8

~

198.

0

BI

38

.1

~305

.9

II

47.7

~1

92.5

112.

6

I

~6

0.1

AI

~4

15.0

49

.0

~4

30.0

69.0

62.1

II

~400

.071

.064

.514

2.8

42.6

109.

0

: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

96

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

~400.0 ~360.0 105.6

~337.0

II 423.0 379.0 116.3 52.1

BI ~310.0 100.4 II ~380.0 40.7 92.5 III 117.5

I 375.0 346.0 II 367.0 321.0 119.9 45.0

E I 379.0 112.3 86.6

AI ~384.0 ~333.0 40.8 90.3

II ~375.0 ~357.0 ~87.6 50.0

50.0

I ~410.0 ~370.0 43.4 II 40.1 92.0

B I 49.7 : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

65.0

67.5

II 76.7

BI 65.6 62.6 II 74.8 71.0

I 68.4 64.7 II 71.2 66.0

AI 59.9 52.4

II 67.2

67.4

I

70.4 69.8

68.6 68.4

II 71.5 72.2

73.8 71.3

B I 69.4 68.0 : 1. 2.

97

. 9: -. . .

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

~362.0 ~355.0 91.8 43.0 74.8 48.7 62.3

~375.0 ~362.0 43.3 74.1

II ~376.0 ~360.0 46.6 44.5 78.6 47.9

~370.0

BI 324.0 330.0 71.3 34.5 71.8 45.0

II 375.0 341.0 100.2 74.5 51.0

375.0 341.0 100.9 40.0 72.2 51.4

I ~354.0 ~337.0 94.2 40.5 68.0 II ~356.0 350.0 94.9

E I ~337.0

AI ~346.0 ~326.0 89.5 32.8 66.5 40.7

II ~324.0 ~311.0 94.7 41.0 56.0

~70.0

II 70.3 B I ~365.0 ~341.0 99.6 42.1 74.3 : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ( ) 8.

98

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

117.0 47.8

117.0

II 119.5 60.1

B

I 115.6 47.5

II 118.1 56.9

115.8

III 104.3 I 117.1

AI 112.2 II 105.2

I 109.0

111.5 : 1. 2.

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A

~291.0 ~286.4 ~282.9

286.6

II 50.0 49.6 49.8 31.1

297.9 292.1 286.1 55.6 51.0 57.4 34.8

BI ~243.0 II ~277.9 274.3 48.7 52.1 34.4III ~243.0

I 269.5 266.8

279.0 45.3 46.3

E II 274.0

A II 264.8 260.8 257.2 46.8 32.4 25.1 46.1

265.0 260.8 260.2 32.4 26.5 46.1

B I 44.0 : 1. 2. 3. Kiesewalter 4. 5. ( ) 6. 7. 8.

99

. 10: -. . .

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

AI

61.4 49.7 62.1

II 65.2 51.0 62.2

64.6

BI 54.3 55.9 II 61.5 60.4 54.9 III ~63.9

I ~55.0 59.2

AI 57.5 61.8 II 56.9 54.8

: 1. 2. 3. 4.

100

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AI

()

91.8

II 94.5 37.5 35.3 50.5 48.5 45.7 56.5

I

81.3 54.1 49.1 34.3 45.9 43.1 47.8

81.4 52.5 49.8 34.2 45.8 43.4

III 94.2 57.8 53.4 37.5 50.6 47.3 53.3 I ~85.2 49.6 33.1 44.8 42.3 53.0

AI

()

~84.5

II 91.8 52.1 41.2 35.0 45.6 41.7 60.8

I 74.1 II 52.7

I

~81.0

80.5

II 84.1

: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I ()

49.9 49.6 42.4 49.9

45.2 50.4 45.1 45.0 50.6

II 49.7 52.8 47.2 34.9 46.1 49.6

~38.5

III ~49.5 I 49.3 44.1 42.1

II

()

50.9 53.2 46.4 34.8 42.7 45.3

55.0 43.3 46.1

III 51.7 57.1 47.2 46.8

: 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 5. 6.

101

/

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I

()

24.1

II 57.0 66.7 26.1 49.1 47.6 III 62.3

I 61.5

II 55.9 26.8 49.9 50.9 II 50.6 II

()

61.5 55.6

III 66.2 29.4 52.1 51.6 I 49.2

: 1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5.

. 11: -. . , .

102

1 2 3

- 92.8 - 101.7 97.45 84.1 180.4 -

187.2 183.4

,

, , 75.0

, , I 165.0

, 81.3 84.1 166.1

Budapest - Albertfalva, , 74

Dunajuros Koszider, , 92 79

Kurgan 149.0 - 175.0 163.0

Zimnicea, ,

92.0 - 100 94.94

75.0 - 83.0 78.33

166.0 - 178.0 173.5

Dereivka, ,

170.0

Magdalenska gora,

E. przewalskii 182.0 - 193.0 185.5

E. cab. gmelini, 153.0

E. cab. gmelini, Tavrichekoe 171.0

1. 2. 3.

103

. 12: . : Bibikova 1967 (Dereivka: , , 20), Bknyi 1968 (Magdalenska gora: , ), Bknyi 1974 (Dunajuros Koszider: , Budapest - Albertfalva: ), Haimovici 1983 (Zimnicea, ), Payne 1990 (: ), T ( -: 1- 2 . .., : 2 . .., : ).

4 5 6 7 8 9

387.0 - 436.0

411.5 97.0 45.8 - 54.5 51.13 88.7 87.1 183.3 -

189.0 186.0

182.2

90.0

160.0

34.7 82.7 78.2 168.3

83.0 - 107.0 96.2 54.0 -

64.0 58.4

50.0 - 57.0 51.8

83.0 - 95.0 88.4

79.0 - 86.0 82.23

167.0 - 180.0 171.31

434.0 93.0 53.0 88.0

78.0 75.0

398.0 - 413.0 409.5

76.0 - 90.0 83.0

51.0 - 55.0 53.0

96.5 - 102.0 99.5

393.0 46.0

400.0 79.5 45.0 91.0

4. - 7. 5. 8. 6. P2 9.

104

1 2 3 4

-

342.0 - 405.1 366.36

70.1 - 84.4 78.82

61.8 - 75.3 68.35 9.72

,

333.0

,

300.5 - 315.0 307.75

77.5 Cserpel - Hros, ,

80.0 - 88.5 83.5373.0 - 81.5 77.32

Zimnicea, ,

317.0 - 363.0 334.85

77.0 - 88.0 81.92

69.0 - 80.0 75.23

11.01 - 12.68 11.87

, ,

307.0 - 344.0 339.2

74.3 - 79.8 77.38

69.6 - 76.3 73.25

11.55 - 12.44 12.02

Neapol Skifski,

318.0 - 375.0 332.6

80.0 - 85.0 82.20

74.0 - 84.0 77.25

11.2 - 12.26 12.01

M, ,

314.0 - 370.0 339.2

80.0 - 83.0 81.25

76.0 - 79.0 77.75

10.54 - 13.23 11.97

Magdalenska gora,

313.0 - 332.0 325.66

79.0 - 80.0 79.33

69.0 - 73.0 71.66

10.24 - 10.86 10.55

: 1. 3. 2. 4. , %

105

1 2 3 4

-

273.3 - 303.0 288.0

76.8 - 101.4 88.66

72.3 - 76.7 73.52

11.52 - 13.13 12.32

,

275.0

Cserpel - Hros, ,

96.0 72.0 - 85.0 77.42

Zimnicea, ,

277.0 - 310.0 294.60

87.0 - 105.0 94.85

72.0 - 79.0 74.33

11.55 - 12.96 12.44

Neapol Skifski,

278.0 - 315.0 294.1

92.0 - 103.0 96.8

76.0 - 85.0 80.42

11.53 - 13.19 12.49

Magdalenska gora,

262.0 - 280.0 271.25

70.0 - 72.0 71.75

10.71 - 11.78 11.24

: 1. 2. 3. 4. , %

. 13: : Bknyi 1968 (Magdalenska gora, Neapol Skifski, , M: / Hallstatt, ), Bknyi 1974 (Cserpel - Hros: ), Haimovici 1983 (Zimnicea, ), Payne 1990 (: ), Gejvall 1969 (: ), T ( -- : 2 . ..).

106

1 2 3 4

-

337.0 - 423.0 345.0

87.6 - 117.5 108.42

86.6 - 92.5 90.35

10.58 - 12.31 11.51

,

390.0 - 406.0 398.0

111.2 - 126.0 118.0

Zimnicea, ,

380.0 - 420.0 397.14

111.0 - 123.0 117.28

89.0 - 101.0 95.09

9.25 - 11.31 10.31

Magdalenska gora,

367.0 - 380.0 375.0

85.0 - 89.0 87.0

8.71 - 9.60 9.07

: 1. 2. 3. 4. , %

1 2 3 4

-

337.0 - 423.0

87.6 - 117.5 108.42

86.6 - 92.5 90.35

10.58 - 12.31 11.51

, 282.2

,

390.0 - 406.0 398.0

111.2 - 126.0 118.0

Zimnicea, ,

380.0 - 420.0 397.14

111.0 - 123.0 117.28

89.0 - 101.0 95.09

9.25 - 11.31 10.31

Balatonaliga, Balaton,

363.0 - 385.0 374.0 98.0 73.0

11.57 - 12.46 12.01

, ,

328.0 - 350.0 338.41

93.0 - 95.0 94.0

67.0 - 73.0 71.4

10.67 - 12.17 11.68

Neapol Skifski,

342.0 - 345.0 343.75

93.0 - 96.0 94.5

71.0 - 71.0 71.0

11.48 - 12.20 11.74

M, ,

347.0 - 380.0 361.4

94.0 - 95.0 94.5

72.0 - 76.0 74.0

Magdalenska gora,

367.0 - 380.0 375.0

85.0 - 89.0 87.0

8.71 - 9.60 9.07

: 1. 2. 3. 4. , %

.14: . : Bknyi 1968 (Magdalenska gora, Neapol Skifski, , M: / Hallstatt, ), Bknyi 1974 ( Balatonaliga: ), Haimovici 1983 (Zimnicea, ), T ( -, : 2 . ..., : ).

107

1 2 3 4 7

-

211.3 - 254.4 225.3

41.5 - 45.9 43.7 44.9

14.14 - 14.57 14.35

19.12 - 21.72 20.42

, . 225.0 226.0 48.0 47.5 14.42 21.23 , 209.0 50.6 46.7 15.11 24.21 Cserpel - Hros, - ,

204.0 - 206.0 205.33

44.0 - 52.0 48.93

47.5 - 52.0 50.63

16.01 - 16.99 16.93

21.35 - 23.52 22.72

Dunajuros Koszider, -,

204.0 - 206.0 205.33

44.0 - 52.0 48.93

47.5 - 52.0 50.63

16.01 - 16.99 16.93

21.35 - 23.52 22.72

Balatonaliga, Balaton,

207.0 - 219.0 214.66

45.0 - 48.0 46.5

46.0 - 47.0 46.66

14.74 - 15.98 15.25

21.73 - 22.01 21.87

Budapest - Albertfalva, -,

216.0 - 245.0 233.45

45.0 - 55.0 50.0

46.0 - 52.5 44.91

12.44 - 15.45 14.43

20.0 - 22.91 21.48

Zimnicea, ,

211.2 - 232.0 221.69

46.0 - 54.0 50.70

47.0 - 53.0 49.61

14.95 - 16.60 15.85

21.49 - 23.89 22.86

Dereivka, ,

206.0 - 234.5 221.05

47.0 - 56.0 52.86

47.0 - 55.0 51.18

13.8 - 17.6 16.06

21.5 - 25.2 23.75

, -, .

199.0 - 231.0 219.0

43.0 - 52.0 49.0

50.0 - 52.0 51.0

14.28 - 18.13 15.24

20.97 - 23.95 22.68

T, M-, .

210.0 - 227.0 218.0

50.0 - 55.0 52.5

45.0 - 51.0 48.0

14.02 - 16.12 15.16

20.81 - 24.22 20.46

, . -, .

207.0 - 230.0 217.0

46.0 - 50.0 48.42

47.0 - 51.0 49.28

14.13 - 16.43 15.59

21.62 - 23.36 22.60

M, . -, .

214.0 - 233.0 224.0

49.0 - 52.0 50.25

47.0 - 52.0 50.25

13.57 - 15.69 14.99

21.68 - 23.36 24.24

Neapol Skifski,

208.0 - 245.0 218.0

47.0 - 57.0 51.0

46.0 - 56.0 53.0

13.37 - 16.66 14.64

20.94 - 23.37 21.35

Kamenskoe gorodie,

213.0 - 225.0 218.0

45.0 - 52.0 49.0

44.0 - 51.5 49.0

14.15 - 16.44 15.17

21.22 - 23.25 22.07

Magdalenska gora,

211.0 - 219. 215.0

46.0 - 49.0 48.0

46.5 - 47.0 46.75

13.98 - 14.21 14.25

21.80 - 22.37 22.15

E. przewalskii 213.0 - 226.0 219.047.5 - 53.0 50.75

48.0 - 53.0 50.75

14.60 - 16.43 15.61

22.12 - 24.53 23.15

III: 1. 4. , % 2. 7. , % 3.

. 15: . : Bibikova 1967 (Dereivka, E. przhevalskii), Bknyi 1968 (Magdalenska gora, Neapol Skifski, Kamenskoe gorodie, ), Bknyi 1974 (Cserpel - Hros, Dunajuros Koszider, Balatonaliga, Budapest - Albertfalva), Haimovici 1983 (Zimnicea), Gejvall 1969 (), T ( -, , ).

108

1

23

45

67

-

264.

8 -

297.

927

0.62

44.0

- 56

.649

.146

.1 -

57.4

49.4

69.

47 -

10.0

9.73

32.4

- 51

.042

.82

31.1

- 46

.336

.65

17.6

7 -

18.6

618

.16

,

227.

0 -

254.

723

1.4

Zim

nice

a,

,

253.

0 -

277.

026

5.78

47.0

- 54

.050

.80

46.0

- 53

.049

.54

11.1

9 -

13.1

312

.10

38.0

- 48

.043

.36

35.0

- 39

.037

.018

.07

- 20

.37

19.1

3

Bal

aton

alig

a,

Bal

aton

,

264.

0 -

265.

026

4.5

48.0

- 51

.049

.75

50.0

10

.94

- 13

.25

12.0

943

.0 -

45.0

44.0

36.0

18

.11

- 19

.31

18.7

1

,

Y

,

25

2.0

- 27

3.0

264.

448

.0 -

52.0

50.3

47.0

- 51

.048

.45

11.1

1 -

12.8

312

.49

15.0

4 -

20.6

116

.66

T

,

M

,

25

1.0

- 27

1.0

259.

8145

.0 -

52.0

49.0

646

.0 -

51.0

48.8

10.7

4 -

12.5

512

.03

17.7

6 -

20.7

119

.01

,

,

25

5.0

- 26

9.0

261.

1447

.0 -

51.0

49.2

848

.0 -

50.0

49.1

611

.32

- 12

.20

11.7

5

18

.21

- 19

.37

19.2

1

M

,

,

25

1.0

- 28

3.0

267.

7148

.0 -

53.0

50.6

648

.0 -

53.0

49.8

111

.30

- 12

.54

11.8

3

18

.02

- 19

.92

18.8

0

Nea

pol S

kifs

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251.

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294.

026

6.73

47.0

- 52

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.91

47.0

- 53

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10.9

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14.0

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.44

16.6

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19.3

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Kam

ensk

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,

234.

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272.

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6.55

45.0

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.549

.0 -

50.0

48.5

11.3

9 -

13.7

612

.46

17.7

8 -

20.0

18.6

8

Pili

smar

t -

I,

,

243.

0 -

245.

024

4.33

43.5

- 49

.045

.33

45.5

- 52

.047

.66

10.6

1 -

14.4

011

.94

39.0

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.541

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.0 -

37.5

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617

.75

- 20

.16

18.5

5

II

I: 1.

2.

3.

4

.

, %5.

(

)

6.

(

)

7.

, %

.16:

.

:

Bk

nyi

196

8 (N

eapo

l Ski

fski

, O

, K

amen

-sk

oe, T

,

,

M

:

/

H

alls

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)

, Bk

nyi

197

4 (B

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Pili

smar

t -

I:

), H

aim

ovic

i 198

3 (Z

imni

cea,

), T

(

-

,

: 2

. .

.).

109

1 2 3 4 7

-

81.3 - 94.2 88.06

37.5 - 57.8 50.3

42.3 - 47.3 44.36

33.1 - 50.5 37.92

39.68 - 66.05 58.06

,

80.9 47.6 43.2 44.25

,

80.0 - 90.8 83.63

Zimnicea, ,

78.0 - 91.0 86.04

52.0 - 58.0 54.63

40.0 - 48.0 44.18

40.44 - 46.15 42.73

59.75 - 66.66 63.55

Magdalenska gora, 76.0 47.0 42.5

E. przewalskii 74.0 - 84.0 78.1746.0 - 55.0 49.64

41.0 - 46.5 42.10

-: 1. 4. , % 2. 7. , % 3.

1 2 3 4 7

-

74.1 - 91.8 82.66 52.1 35.0 49.67 56.75

,

75.8 - 87.4 81.60 52.6 44.5 69.39

,

85.0 - 85.0 85.0 44.0

Zimnicea, ,

75.0 - 87.0 81.70

52.0 - 59.0 54.73

39.0 - 46.0 42.20

40.22 - 47.61 42.94

Magdalenska gora, 71.0 51.0

E. przewalskii 68.0 - 81.5 73.7247.0 - 53.0 49.93

39.0 -44.0 41.94

-: 1. 4. , % 2. 7. , % 3.

.17: . : Bknyi 1968 ( Magdalenska gora: / Hallstatt), Dive & Eisenman 1991 (Phalanx 1 Equus przhevalskii), Haimovici 1983 (Zimnicea, ), Payne 1990 (: ), T ( -, : 2 . ..).

110

1 2 3 4 7

-

38.5 - 49.9 46.56

49.3 - 52.8 50.52

42.1 - 50.6 48.05

,

45.5 - 45.6 45.55

46.1 - 49.7 46.4 47.2

Zimnicea, ,

43.0 - 49.0 46.0

48.0 - 56.0 52.05

45.0 - 52.0 49.64


-: 1. 4. , % 2. 7. , % 3.

1 2 3 4 7

-

50.9 - 51.7 51.3

53.2 - 57.1 55.1

45.3 - 46.1 45.7

,

50.6 - 46.8 48.7 45.6

, 45.0 54.0

Zimnicea, ,

44.0 - 55.0 47.33

48.0 - 55.0 51.77

43.0 - 49.0 46.50


-: 1. 4. , % 2. 7. , % 3.

.18: . : Bknyi 1968 (Magdalenska gora: Hallstatt), Haimovici 1983 (Zimnicea, ), Payne 1990 (: ), T ( -, : 2 . ..).

111

.

, ,

5 .. 135.0 - 140.0 Antikas 2006, fig.6 Antikas 2005, 147

, ,

4 .. 140.0 - 160.0 Gardesein 2005, 169

, , ,

4 .. 136.24 Antikas & Alifakiotis 2002, 77

Zimnicea, ,

129.5 - 142.8 Haimovici 1983, tables 6 -7

-,

134.31 - 153.06 T 2005

, ,

126.71 - 146.72

, 4,

. 19. . .

112

. 1: : . . - . . 1: , . .

.

. 2: : . ( ). . . ( ). ( ). , , , .

. 2: : . ( ). . . ( ). ( - ). , , - , .

113

. 3: : . . .

. 4: , . . . , , , . .

. 3: : . . -.

. 4: : . . - . , , -, . .

114

. 5: . . .

. 5: . . .

. 6: , : , , , , . . , , , , . , ( ) .

. 6: : : , , , , . . , , , , -. , ( ) .

115

. 7: , . , . .

4,5-5, .

E

. 8:

,

.

,

,

.

. 7: : . , - . - . 4,5-5 , .

E. 8: : . , , .

116

. 9: , . 62,5 . , .

. 9: . . 62,5 . , .

117

KATERINA. TRANTALIDOU

MIKRI DOXIPARA-ZONI. THE HORSES FROM THE TUMULUS OSTEOMETRIC DATA AND COMPARISONS WITH EQUID REMAINS

FROM SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE SITES

The text offers a brief description of the remains of fifteen of the sixteen living grave goods in the burial tumulus, together with the data on taphonomy and osteometry (pls. 1-11) in order to form the core of a database that for the present is missing from the Greek bibliography.

At the same time, to incorporate (or not) the osteological material in some geographical zone of origin, not in accordance with the well known pictorial and literature testimony (which certainly provide assistance), but on the basis of skeletal morphology, we carried out a comparison (pls. 12-19) with the published biometry for the last surviving wild horses and the archaeozoological material from sites in the Balkans (the nearest region), central Europe, and the Black Sea steppes.

The horses were buried in seven g

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