Συστάσεις για Προσεισμικές και Μετασεισμικές...

&

....

, 2001

, . , , . -2000, -2000, , , . , . ( , , ) , . , .

...

I1 ................................................................................. 12 - ................................................................................. 3

2.1 ................................................................................. 3

2.2 ................................................................................. 3

3 ......................................................................... 53.1 ................................................................................. 5

3.1.1 ................................................................................. 53.1.2 ................................................................................. 6

3.2 ................................................................................. 8

3.3 ............................................................................... 12

3.4 ............................................................................... 21

4 ........................................................................ 234.1 .............................................. 23

4.1.1 .................... 234.1.2 .......................................................... 234.1.3 ............................................... 234.1.4 ................................................. 24

4.1.4.1 ............................................................................... 244.1.4.2 ( ) ............................ 25

4.1.5 ................................................................. 264.1.6 .................................................. 26

4.1.6.1 ............................................................................... 264.1.6.2 ............................................................................... 264.1.6.3 ............................................................................... 27

4.2 .......... 27

4.3 ................................................................ 284.3.1 ....................................................... 28

() ............................................................................... 28() - ..................................................... 28() ............................................................................... 29() ............................. 29

4.3.2 ............................................ 304.3.2.1 ............................................................................... 30

II

4.3.2.2 .................................................................. 31(1) ...................................................................... 31(2) .................................................................. 31(3) .............................................................. 31(4) ........................................................... 32

4.3.2.3 ..................................................................... 32(1) ...................................................................... 32(2) ................................ 33(3) ............................................. 33

4.3.2.4 ........................ 334.3.2.5 344.3.2.6 ....................................................... 34

(1) ............................................. 34(2) ............................................... 35

4.4 ............................................................................... 354.4.1 ..................................................................... 354.4.2 .................................................................... 364.4.3 ............................................................................ 36

4.5 ............................................................................... 36

5 ............................................... 375.1 ............................................................................... 37

5.2 - .......... 40

5.3 ............................................................ 41

5.4 - ................................................................ 42

5.4.1 ........................................................... 42

5.4.1.1 .................................................................. 42

5.4.1.1.1 ............... 425.4.1.1.2 ................................ 43

5.4.1.2 ................................................................. 45

5.4.1.2.1 .............................. 46 ....................................... 46 .................................... 48 ................................................ 49 ................................................................. 50

5.4.1.2.2 .......... 53 ............................ 55

III

......................................... 55 .................................................................. 57 ............................................... 59 ............................................................... 62 ........................................................... 62 .................................................................. 62 ................................................... 63

5.4.2 - ................................................................... 645.4.2.1 ........................................................................... 645.4.2.2 .......................................................................... 64

5.4.2.2.1 ..................................... 645.4.2.2.2

........................................................................ 65 .................................................................. 67 ................................................... 69

5.4.3 - .......................................................... 705.4.3.1 ................................................................. 705.4.3.2 ................................................................. 71

5.4.3.2.1 71 ................................................................ 73 ................................................ 73

5.4.3.2.2 ..................................................... 73 .................................... 74 ................................... 75

5.4.3.2.3 ........... 765.4.3.2.4 .............. 78

................................................................ 80 ................................................ 80

5.4.4 - ................................... 805.4.4.1 ............................................................................... 815.4.4.2 ............................................................................... 81

5.4.4.2.1 .................................. 815.4.4.2.2 ......................................... 825.4.4.2.3 .................................. 84

5.4.4.3 ..................................................................... 85

5.4.5 ...................................................................... 86

5.5 .............................................................................. 885.5.1 ........................................................... 92

........................................ 92 (panels) ........................................................ 96 ................................................ 96

5.5.2 ........................................... 965.5.3 .................. 99

IV

5.6 ............................................................................. 101

6 .............................................. 1056.1 ............................................................................. 105

6.2 ............................................................................. 105

6.2.1 ............................................................................. 1056.2.2 .......................................................................... 1056.2.3 ........................................................................... 1086.2.4 - ............................................................................. 109

6.3 ............................................................................ 1146.3.1 ............................................................................. 1146.3.2 ........... 1146.3.3 ........ 116

6.4 ............................................................................ 1226.4.1 ............................................................................. 1226.4.2 ............................................................................. 122

6.5 ..................................................................... 1246.5.1 ............................................................................. 1246.5.2 ................................................................ 1256.5.3 ............................................................................. 1276.5.4 ............................................................. 1306.5.5 .................................................................... 1326.5.6 ................................................................ 1346.5.7 () .................................................. 1386.5.8 .................................................................... 139

6.6 .................................................................. 1436.6.1 ............................................................................. 1436.6.2 ............................................................................. 1466.6.3 - ............................................................................. 1486.6.4 ............................................................................. 150

6.7 ............................................................................. 1526.7.1 ............................................................................. 1526.7.2 ............................................................................. 1546.7.3 ................................ 1576.7.4 .................................................... 162

6.8 ............................................................................. 164

7 ............................................................................. 165

V7.1 - ............................................................................. 165

7.2 ( . 1989) ............................................................................. 167

7.3 ( . 1985) ............................................................................. 169

7.4 ( . 1989) ............................................................................. 170

7.5 ............................................................................. 170

7.6 ............................................................................. 172

7.7 .............................................. 173

7.8 , 1737.8.1 ............................................................................. 1737.8.2 ........................................................................... 1747.8.3 ............................................................................. 1747.8.4 ............................................................................. 174

7.9 7 ............................................................................. 175 ( . 1989) ................................................................. 175. ...................................................................... 177. ........................................................................ 181

7.10 ............................................................................. 184

............................................................................. 189

.................................................................... 190

11 , , , , .

, , , . , ( ) , , .

: ( ), , , / , , , / / - .

, ( - - , ) .

, , , , .

() , .

.

2 .

3 .

2 4 .

5 6 . , .

7 .

, . , , .

:

, . - .4. , - .6. , A. .- . 5. , - . , , - .5. , - . 7. , - . 3. , - . 6 , .

. . . . .... .

32 - 2.1

o , , .

.

, , , , .2.2

- (repair) : . (.. ) . , .

- (strengthening) : (, , .) (.. ). , . .

- (reconstruction) : , , . . , , .

- (restoration) : . .

- (rehabilitation) : . .

- (preservation) : .

- (conservation) : . , , .

- (intervention) : .

53 3.1

3.1.1

, , , [4]. , [4] (. 1,2) :

VRVCVD

V. 1 VR, VC, VD

100 %VD VC VR

VRVCVD

V. 2 VC /VR, VD/ VC ,

[13,14] RC1=VC/VR (1) [11,13] RC2=VD/VC (2)

C

DC

VVV

( )%C

DC

VVV

6 H , , .

, R/h ,

.

: VR = VC = VD =

., , , , . . , : .

. . , , , ..3.1.2

(.3) [4,10]:

: (.. , ).

: (.. ).

: , (.. ).

V: , (.. ).

V : , .

[3], , , .., , , , ..

7V

Vc

.

Vc

.

T

:

T

:

Vc

V

.

Vc

.

u

.

u

.

u

.

u

.

u

T

:

,

Vc

V

u

.

.

.

Vc

.

T

V

:

,

Vc u

V

.

.

Vc

.

.

u

.

3.

83.2

: ( - )

. . .

.

, .

, ( ).

. , (.. , ).

.

:1 .

, - (.. ).

2 . . . . . , , ( , , ).

3 , . , .

94 , . ( ).

, , . . , , , , . , ( ) :S S S R R Rd k f k m d= =( ) ( : ) : Sd :

Sk : 5 % 50

f : Rd : Rk : 95 %

( 5 % )

m : , :S S S R R Rd Sd k f

Rdk m d= = ( ) ( : )

1

:Sd :

Rd :

f , m : , , f , , f. f , .

10

, f . ,

, m, ( ). m .

. : , . , . , , :

, .

, .

.

[3] m . , . [3,11]: . . .. . . .

11

, , , , [12]. , ., :

. , , (.. , .). , .

: Ru,rep Krep Eu,rep.

(Ru,monol, Kmonol,Eu,monol). ., [3] , :

[12] . , . .

.

monolu

repuR R

R

,

,=monol

repK K

K=

monolu

repuE E

E

,

,=

12

, .

3.3

:

1 , , , (, , ) . , (.. ), .

2 :

2.1 .

() , () , , ( ).

- - , , .

, ( )

, .

, .

, .

2.2 /

, ( / )

13

(, ) .

:- ( )

- - .

(,, ), , - .

( ) ( ) .

, ( ) , , , / , , , , , .

.

(.. ). ,

.

2.3

, , , , :

:- , - , ,

-

- - - , ( - , ).

:- - - - .

14

(6) - (,, ). .. , , . ( ).

( - ), (3) (fy) (ft), (ft /fy), . -, ( ) . .

, ( ).

-, : .

( , - , , ), :

, ( ) , , , /, , , , .

15

(, ) . . .

3 - 1 2, S R - ( SK RK, ) q, . : ( ,

)

,

. :

. . , , . .

16

4 - 1,2,3 : , -

. (..

) .

5 : ()

(q). . 1,50 2,00

:- , - ( ) ...

- - - - - - - ( ).

- .

- -.

17

6 . : / ,

. /

.

. .

: ( ) .

5 ( ).

. . . . / , , . : . / , () . / , , , 4 () Rd .

18

/ . , .

7 : / / :

- -

. :

8 8.1

. . . . -(-) . : . -. . , . .

19

8.2 . , , , . :

8.2.1 (

, )

(, , )

.

8.2.2

. , , .

, .

(, , // ).

, .

.

8.2.3 , . .

.

. . ,

.

20

8.2.4 . .

( ).

8.2.5 / . . . -

( ). . . ,

, . . .

9 / , , . /, : ( ) .

( ).

21

3.4. 1 CEB Fastenings to concrete and masonry structures, State of the Art Report, Thomas

Telford, London 19942 CEB Bulletin 233 Design of fastenings in concrete, Design Guide-Parts 1 to 3, Thomas

Telford, London 1997.3 CEN: Draft prENV 1998-1-4 Eurocode 8, Design provisions for earthquake resistance of

structures. Part 1-4: General rules - Strengthening and repair of buildings.4 UNIDO / UNDP Post - Earthquake Damage Evaluation and Strength Assessment of

Buildings Under Seismic Conditions, Volume 4, Vienna 1985.5 .., ..., - , ...... 240. 270, 271.

6 .., .., , 1990.

7 (...), ...381//24.03.2000

8 7, ///14/28.03.1997,

9 .., . , " "..... ..., 2000

10 Fema 273-1997, NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Pehabilitation of Buildings. Issuedby FEMA Washington D.C..

11 .., " ", " ", ...., , 1984.

12 Penelis,G.,Kappos,A.,(1996).Earthqake Resistant Concrete Structures.Chapman ahd Hall,London.

13 A.T.C.-3-06, Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations forBuildings, Chap.13 N.B.S. Spesial Publication 510, Washington D.C. 1978.

14 UNDP/UNIDO pr. Rer/79/015, Post - Earthquake Damage Evaluation and StrengthAssessment of Buildings under Seismic Conditions, Volume 4, Chap.3,Vienna 1985.

15 .., , . " ", ...., , 1984.

23

4 4.1

4.1.1

. , . , , , ( ). , , .4.1.2

. ) ()

, ,

) ( ) ., , , , , ., .4.1.3

(), , . . 0,01mm 0,02 mm, 0,50 mm . :) 0,25fctk, ,

(.. , )

) 0,75fctk, ( , , .)

) 1,00fctk, ( ) (.. ) ,

, fctk (5%) .

24

, , , , . , . ( ), . , .4.1.4

() , s, , , 0, , . , u, , , : u = 0 (1), , . . 0. , , . , fud, , :

4.1.4.1 , fud cd=0 4, (2), cd () () (. 4.1.5). , 0,4, 0,60. (2) :sfu cd=0 15, [mm, MPa] (3) , s f 0 sfu.

0,4cd

fd

sf

0,15 cd

25

s f, ( (2)). , , :

( ) fud n fud n, = 1 1 (4)fud,n n fud ( (2)) =0,15 ()4.1.4.2 ( 4.1.3):

( ) fud cd cdf=0 4 2 1 3, / (5), fcd: . , 0,4 0,65. (5) 2mm. ( ) , ( ) : 0 0,1mm 0 50% ( (5)), . 0,1mm 2mm, :

f

fud

f

fuds s in mm

=

4 30 5 0 3 0 03, , , , [ ] (6)

, . n

: ( ) ( ) ( ) fn fu

cd

cds s n

s

s f=

1

1 3

1 0 002 1, :/

(7)

s: f1(s): s

0 s(mm)0,1 2,0

0,4(f )cd cd2 1/3

fdfud

0,5fud

su=2,0 mm

26

4.1.5

, - - . , ( ) - - . . () () , , fsy, :

( ) R sy u mf= + 0 , (8),: =fsy+0: 0: u,m: ( 4.1.3), . , :

( ) fud cd cd ydf f= +0 4 2 1 3, [ ] / (9)4.1.6

4.1.6.1 , , . , ( m=1,50).4.1.6.2 , , , ( 1,50). , , .

27

4.1.6.3 , . , -- ., , . , , -- . , (4.1.4), (4.1.5), 1:3 ( ). , . , , .4.2

, . . -. , (=sfyk, s fyk ). , :

() , . :l

ff ta

yk

ctk

c

s=

(10)

, fctk , c (=1,50) ts .

() (sfyk) (. 4.3).

28

() , ( L), , .

, , (i) ,

,(ii)

(iii)

, () , (10) () (sfyk) , .

4.3

, (, ) / . , (, ), (, )., , ( , ) 1 ( ). , .4.3.1

() (11), .

() - , , , ( ):

1 , .

29

(i) , db, , :

: =8db =5db

: =3db(ii) ,

, , . , (i).

() , Fud, db, :

( )F d f fA f

ud b cd yds yd

= + 1 30 1 1 3 13 3

2 2, , . (11)

, =3 ed

ffbcd

yds: fcd: fyd: e: , -- , :F d f f

A fud b cd yd

s yd= 1 30

32

, (12) , , :F d f f

A fud b cd yd

s yd= 2

3(13)

() , . . , , :

( ) ( )F d f f A fud b cd yd s yd= + 1 30 1 1 3 13 1 3

2 2 2, , . (14)

, =s/fyd s . ,

( )F d f f A fud b cd yd s yd= 2 21 3 (15)

30

4.3.2

4.3.2.1 / (.. , , ,.). , . , . , , , ( , . [1]):(i) (ii) , (iii) , , , ., . . ., , , . 4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3 :(i) ,

( )

(ii) , .

(iii) , .

, [2]. , . , . , . , CEB ., , .

31

, .

4.3.2.2

- :1 2 3 ( ), 4 , . , :N NSd Rd (16)1 , , :N

A fRd s

s yk

s,= (17)

,s: .

, (17) fyk: . ,

. , 80% .

s: (=1,20)

2 . , c, : c = 1 2 (18)1: (=1,80) 2: (=1,0, 1,2 1,4, , )

3 ( ) :

NN

Rd cRd c ucr,N

c,

,=0

(19)

32

NRd c,

0 , :

N k f hRk c ck ef,, ,0

10 5 0 5= (20)

[k1=7,5 {0,5/mm0,5}, fck: , hef: , ]ucr,

:ucr,=1,0 ucr,=1,4 c (. (18)).

4 , . , :() , , , , .() , . .

4.3.2.3

- :1 2 3 ( ) , . , :V VSd Rd (21)1 :V

k A fRd s

s yk

s,=

2 (22)

k2=0,60s: fyk:

33

s: , :s=1,20 f MPa

ffykyk

uk 800 0 80 , (23)

s=1,50 f MPaffykyk

uk> >800 0 80 , (23)

2 , () () () :

VV

Rd cRk c ucr,V

c,

,=0

(24)

V k dl

df cRk nom

f

nomck,c

,02

0,50,2

0,511 5=

(25)

k2=0,5 [0,5/mm]dnom: lf: ( 8dnom)fck: c1: (

)ucr,V=1,0 , c: (=1 2=1,80)

3 , . :V

k NRd cp

Rk c

c,

,

=3 (26)

,k3= 1,0 hef

34

, , (22) (24) 3: : =0,80 : =0,70

4.3.2.5

, . , :NNVV

NN

VV

Sd

Rd

Sd

Rd

Sd

Rd

Sd

Rd

+

1

1

1 20,

(27)

(27) Rd 4.3.2.2, VRd 4.3.2.3.

4.3.2.6 , ( ) . . , .

(1) :(1) (2) (3) . , .

(1) 4, :N A fyd s yd= (28)

3 , .4 , .

35

,s fyd: .

(2) , , :N f l dbd bk e b b= / (29),fbk:

( )le: db b: (=1,50) , . , .

(3) . , :N l fcd e ck c= 4 5, / (30)fck:

,: , c: (=1,50).

(2) , 4.3.1, .4.4

.4.4.1 , . , , :() ,()

36

() . . , . , , 15 . , 5 . ., ( 10), . 5. , , . , .4.4.2 ( . 4.3.

4.4.3 , 4.2 4.3 .

4.5 1. CEB Fastenings to concrete and masonry structures, State of the Art Report, Thomas

Telford, London 19942. CEB Bulletin 233 Design of fastenings in concrete, Design Guide-Parts 1 to 3, Thomas

Telford, London 1997.3. CEN: Draft prENV 1998-1-4 Eurocode 8, Design Provisions for earthquake resistance of

structures. Part 1-4: Strengthening and repair of buildings, Brussels

37

5 5.1

, , - . . M, . . 1.1 - 1.2 , [22] [24]. . , , / [2,27]. , , , . [9]: ,

. , ,

.

1-2 mm, , .. , , , ... 0.5 mm, . C , . (.1.1, 1.1) [8] C. D , , , .

38

( ) . (.1.1) [8] D. . 1.2 , . D, , .

() () ()

() () ()

1.1. () () ()

39

1-2 mm

h =0

C

h

h

D

0.5 mm

1.2

40

5.2 -O

Rres Kres , Ro , rR rk . :rR = Rres/Rork = Kres/Ko rR , , 1.1 [24]. rk :rk = 0.8 rR [24] (.1.1) Rres Kres .

C D 0,95 0,75 0,45 0,15 0,85 0,65 0,35 0,00

1.1 rR

(rg) (rR) . [24] :

==

=n

iiRoiR

n

iiRog VrVr

1,,

1,

/).(

:i .rR (.1.1).VRo . VRo VRd3 (=Vwd+Vcd) , VRo . , , rf :

1/Rgf Krr =:KR [23]. KR= 1,0 - KR= 0,8

41

1 [7]. [24]: rf /0,80 . 0,80 >rf/0,50 . 0,50 >rf .

5.3

/ o . o . , , . , , . . , (k) : :

kk

=

:

kr

=

r , ,V, N . :kk 1,0 kr 1,0 , :kk kr . / . , .

42

M . . . / , . [22,24] . . . , , :kk = kr = 1,0 :) .) ( , ).) . . , .

5.4

5.4.1

. , () (). .5.4.1.1

, , .

5.4.1.1.1

,

43

. , . , . , , . :kk = kr = 1,0

5.4.1.1.2

, . . 1.3 [56] , , . : , . . . . . . . . . , , 1.3 . ( ) . , .

44

1

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

4

2

1

10

1

8

7

536

9

18

7

3

5

6

9

101

2

1.3 ,

1.4 [56] . , , . . . .

45

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1

3

6

24

1

7

-

41

25

1.4

[17], :

( )dcctmyk

tots NAffA 7,03,11

,

ctots AA 0025,0, :

.

,

totsA

c d () fctm , .5.4.1.2

, . .

46

. , . .

5.4.1.2.1

:() .() .() 30% .() . , .

: 1-2 mm (.1.5) (FRPs). (FRPs) [40].

1.5

(.1.6) (FRPs).

47

8/ 50 mm

L 20X20X450

mm

L 20X20X4

1.6

(FRP), . , FRPs. . - (.1.7). ( 1.7).

h:d < 3d

h()

() 1.7

() ()

48

(.1.7) (.1.8)[27,28]. .

h

d

h

d() ()

1.8

.

(FRPs) . , . , ( ). , . , . , (-) . . 30mm. ( ) . , .

49

. , ( ) (.1.8). 200-400 C, . 1.9.

1.9

, - . . (h/d 3) (.1.8). , . , (.1.10). , by pass .

50

1.10

, :() 50505 mm() 25X4 mm 10 .() 150 mm. 100 mm.() , .() ( ). . 400 mm 418. 300 mm . .

, . . -

51

. 1.11 .

c

f* c

f c

0,85fc

0 co cu *co *cu 1.11

, [26], .fc* = fc co* = 2 co cu* = 0,0035+0,1 wd:fc* ,fc .co* ,co *-* - (co=0,002).cu* ,cu .=min(1+2,5 wd , 1,125+1,25 wd )

=s.n . [19]. : () s . s= 0,9. () n =s.n=1,0.

wd . , wd f fd,c (. f fd,c ).

[15]: :

52

7,0* 6 rcc fff += (MPa)2

*

*

Eff oc

cu

= :

cfdf

r fDtf

,2=

258,6371,0872,0 ++= rco fff (MPa)

ff

c EDtfE 344,1.61,245 2,02 += (MPa)

fr .tf .D .f

.cfdf ,

, .

*cf *cu (. ), . bh

:

bh

hbD

22

22

+=

( ) 50%. :

cfdf

cfdf

r fDtf

Dt

af,,

2 ==

. , , (1/r) ( [24], [3]. :

. . . : :

53

ffuffdwf DEtV /cot2,

=

ffuffdwf bEtV /cot2, =:b .

. ( = 300).f , . 2,5. =ffu / 0,005 - ffu / = 0,01.

2, , .

, .

, .

[24], . :kr =kk =1.0 (s) 50% : s =1,5 s = 1,72. ( ), , . .

5.4.1.2.2

, [34,35,36,37]. . (.1.12) ( .1.13) ( ).

54

1 2

3

4

5

9

4

7 5

9

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

-

1.12

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1.13 ,

.

55

() (d 80 mm) . . . , . .() . , , (d 100 mm) . ( ).() , . , .() . . . .

:

.

(.. ).

( ).

.

6 mm (.. ), , .

, .

(). , . (.1.14) [4]. 1.14

56

[8] . , 12/100 mm, . (.. 4 ) . , (. ).

( ).

(), . . . 6

. ( ) .

[18]. , .

1

5

4

2

3

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

()

()

4

5

2

3

1

h/2

h/2

(1) 12/10(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

6

1.14

57

, ( .. ), . 30-50 mm .

.. , . 1.15 [20]. . , . (.1.16), .

.

.

.

.

.

. ,. . ( .. L 50105 mm)

. ( .. L 50X10X5 mm)

.

1.15

58

2

1

2 1

2 1

-

1. 2.

1.16

1.17 [56] . .

2 1

4

5 5

4

-

1

2

-

3 4

5

5

6

2

C

C - C

5

4

1

C

3

3

3

3

3

3 7

4

5

76

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

1.17

59

, - . [10,11,12,20] . . 1.18 [10] :

4

6

1 22

3

55

1

11

. 1.18

1 : . 2 : . 3 :

. 4:

. 5: . 6: . 1,2 6 [2,10], 3,4 5 .

60

f, , , :max Nf = 8 f2t t uo: - .f2t .uo max f. :u / r uo (.1.19) Nu-Nr , :

tfNN

ut

ruo

28

=

t

8/75

swswswsw

swswswswuo

uo

1.19

61

[24] , , (). ( ) . (s) :

cr

s

ss

s shEA

2.=

: SA .s ( ).

2 .hs 45 (.1.20).scr

0,15 mm. uo (n) .

=s

saru h

AnNN 14 [kN, mm]

(24), :

+= 1020s

saru h

AnNN [kN, mm]

5

5

10

h s

2 hs

1.20

62

uo (.1.19) [10,12]. :

ywd

t

sw

sw

fftA 2.

swA swa

ywdf f2t f2t = fctk0,95 8/75 mm [1,10].

- ( ). . [2,3].

( ) [24] :kr = 0,80kk = 0,70 :) , .) .) . [8,36] . , kr, kk . :kr= 0,80 1,0 kk= 0,70 1,0. , . kk= 0,70 .

63

, kk = 1,0.

:

, 50 mm. , 80-120 mm. , 120 mm .

(.. 75 mm) [18] . (.1.21) .

5 20 mm

5

1.21

: [17]. 8/75 mm.

S500s :

csd AA min,=

%)12,0,(max ..min,min, w= [2]..

min,W

[17]cA .

(S) :)800,6(min min mmhS

64

minh . .

.

(c2 2Ac1).

.

, .

5.4.2

.5.4.2.1

, , , , . .: kr = 1,0 kk = 0,9 ~1,0 kk = 1,0.5.4.2.2

, .

5.4.2.2.1

() . , . . . :

65

() () . 300 mm, .() .() (.1.10).

5.4.2.2.2

. , . . , . 1.22 [56]. , b . c d . d 1.22, . 1.23 [56].

66

2

1

1

2.

b.

1

22

33

4

1

2

4

3

1

3c.2

1

2

1

2

2

5

d.

(1) (2) ..(3) (4) (5)

D - DD

DC

C

-

-

C - C

1.22 .

67

2

3

6

2

55

5 5

43

6 4

1

2

2

1463 2

-

-

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) -

1.23 .

.

[24] . ,

68

.:kr = 0,80kk = 0,70 1,0 :) , .) .) . , . kk = 0,70. , k=1,0. . . . (Vn) , . Kres n . Vres Vn :

dnres

res

res VKKKV

+=

dnres

n

n VKKKV

+=

:Vd . res , :Vn =Vd-VR,res , , . VR,res . [11].

( )2

25,07,01

5,0,

5,11)1()1(125,0

s

w

R

resRR n

VVV d

+

= +

:VR .w .

69

1 ( ).

: = / .

n , .

d :cww

dd flb

N..

=

s :wd

ds lV

Ma

.

=

bw , lw . . ( ) :VR,res = VR , / : Vsd VRd2 = kr monolRdV 2

( )nwdowdmonolcdrmonolRdrRdsd VVVkVkVV ++== 33 :

monolRd

monolRd VV 32 , monolcdV .

n

wdo

wd VV , .O .

n

wdV Vsd, :),(min sdowdmonolcd

r

sdnwd VVVk

VV

50 mm, 80 mm.

.

[17].

S500s :

csd AA min,=

%)12,0,(max ..min,min, w= [2]

70

..

min,W

[17].cA .

(S) :)800,6(min min mmhS

minh .

. . . ( ) 10 , 90, . T .

5.4.3 -

, . . .

5.4.3.1

, ( ) ( ). 1.24 [56]. . . . :kr=kk=1,0

71

43 2

1

5

42

1

3

2

4

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1.24 5.4.3.2

, ( ) .

5.4.3.2.4

, . [30,32]. [33]. , 50-100 mm, . , , . ( ) . . , , .

72

1.25 , . ( G1) ( G2).

1 2

3 1

G F

1

3

7

-

1

3 3

65

-

73 16

13 6 1 6 3

63 15

G 2

G 1

F

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( )(6) (7)

1.25 .

1.26 1.27 .

()

()

2 4

3 1

1

2

5

4

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1.26 () , ()

73

()

(b)

2 3

1 4

2

1

5

(c)

1

2

(d)

1

2 6

7

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

1.27 . .

, [24]:kr = 0,9 , kk = 0,85 kk = kr = 1,0 - . [2]. , - [29,32,34,35].

, [17]. . [24] . .

5.4.3.2.2

(FRP), , . . . (.1.28)

74

. , . .

()

1.28

, , . . . , , , . [52] , , . .

. ( ), . , [2,3].

, :

75

max (200mm,140/bl, 200tl ) bl tl mm.

, . 4 mm 2% [54]

.

, . , .

d/ = 0,40 (57). .

, (.1.29).

1.29

. , . , , .

. .

(Mdo/do) .

, [6,15]: ( )

, , . ( ) , , , () .

76

- , .

, ( ) (FRP) , () . , lim,f 50% . lim,f = 6/. ., =2c 3,5 / 201 =s / [17] =2c 3,5 / 6=f / [2,3]. . (lb) . , [15].

-

, (.1.29) . , - (G+2Q) (.. ).

5.4.3.2.3

, , 1.30 [56] .

77

1

1

2 3 4

56

1 - 1

3 4

5

1 2

1 - 1

1 2

3 4

1

1

342

2 1

6

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

1.30

. 1.31 1.32, [13] , ( 1.32,)., - (G+2Q). . :

fdwdcdRd VVVV ++=3 fdV . fdV , , wdV . . , , .

1.31

78

() () () 1.32

, (tf), :

dEV

tfef

fdf

,2,1 =

ef , [15]:

( ) ( )[ ]006,0,/1065,0,/17,0min 56,03/233,03/2, ffcmffcmfuef EfEf =

cmf () ( MPa), f GPa fu .

5.4.3.2.4 ..

. , . . , o. 1.33 [56] . , . . 1.34 [8,56] . .

79

5 1

5

2 4 16

2

F

2

4

3

15

6

F

-

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1.33

: min 312 : min 218 : min 8/200

()

()

() ()

1.34 ) ( )) ( )) ())

80

[24] .: kk = 0,75 H

kr, = 0,90.

H kr,v = 0,80.

. (.).

, .5.4.4 -

, , , . :() .() , , .() .() . , , . (.5.1: ), (, ...). . , , .

81

5.4.4.1

, . , . . , , . ( ). , . . [5,25]. :

. . .

, , . .

5.4.4.2

-. . , .

5.4.4.2.2

. . . 1.35 [56], . , . , .

82

5.4.4.2.2

[4]. 1.36 1.37. , . , . , . . [16] .

34 5

2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

76

1

6

7

7

7 4 1

5

3

CC

2

5

37

C - C

- -

1.35

, . .

83

(min 20X4)

(min 20X4)

(min 100100X4,5)

>0,70 >0,70

>0,70

+...

()

()

1.36 ,) , )

>0,70

(min 20X4)

(min 100100X4,5)

+...

>0,70

. 8/50

()

>0,70

()

(min 100100X4,5)

(min 20X4)

+...

. 8/50

1.37 ) )

84

, , . / 200 mm . S500s 8/50. , . 1.37. / .

5.4.4.2.2

(FRP) . 1.38 , [56]. , , .

7

5

15

4

.

3

25

4

1

. - (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1.38

, , .

85

[41], , . . 1.39 . .

1.39

(FRP, . , . , [57]. , , , .

5.4.4.3

/ :kr= 0,9 k r= 0,8 / 1.40 . -, [8].

86

S1 f yd S2 f yd

S2 f ydS1 f yd f cd

1.40 5.4.5

.. , .. . [56] 1.41 1.42. (.1.41) , ( ) . . (. 1.41). (.. ) , .

87

5

41

5

2

5

1

b b

- b - b

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1.41 , .

(.1.42) . , . , /, /. .

1.42 , .

1-

2- 3- 4- 5-

88

, , ( ) . - .5.5

3 ( ) 1.43 -, . (s) . , . (s) . [31].

(s)

(s )

b.

d. ,

c.

a.

1.43

(a) . (b) , .

89

(c) , . (d) , , . (s) , . . , , . , , . . , , [2,22,38]. . :

(.1.44). .

(.1.44). .

. .

. .

. , .

, . .

90

1.44 () ()

, . . . , .. . , , , :) , , .) , , .) , . , .

91

. 1.45 [53] . , , 1.2 [22]. , .

( 10 rad)

2. panelsHigashi (1980)

1.

4.

6. Sugano,Fujimura 1980

7. Higashi, Kokusho 1975Sugano, Fujimura 1980Higashi 1980Hayashi 1980Aoyama 1984, Others

8. ( & )

0,29 Vw

0,45 Vw

0,62 Vw0,64 Vw

0,60 - 1,00 Vw

3.Higashi (1980, 1984)

5. Sugano,Fujimura 1980

1

2

3

456

7

8

0,50 1,00 1,50

Vo

Vw

-2

1.45

Vu/ Vu,m Vu/ Vu,f K/ Km K/ Kf / m / f

0.50~1.0 3.5~5.5 0.75~1.0 12.5~25.5 0.85~0.95 0.90

.. 0.20~0.80 1.20~4.20 0.15~0.85 3.5~20.5 0.70~3.95 0.70~3.80 0.60 3.50 0.35 7.30 0.50 _

0.35~0.65 1.70~3.70 0.05~0.30 1.60~6.50 0.50~4.35 1.45~4.25

1.2

92

Vu , , .V u , K , . f . m ( ) .

, :() .() .() .() .() .() (

). . , , . , . .5.5.1

. . . , .

: . (panels). .

(. 1.46) [53].

93

1.46 () ()

, , , , . , . 1.47 , , . , . , . . ( ) . . : . , . ( ) . . .

94

. , .

b

b -

b - b

4

2

5

2

6 4

42

5

4 6

5

1

1

3

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1.47

, [45,46,47] .

. 1.48 [22] .

, .

.

95

. , , .

Vm

V

c

b

b

V

0.6 Vm0.5 Vm

a

a

1.48

. , , . , ., 20cm , ( ) . 5-7 mm , . . , . . , ..

96

. . , , .

(panels) (panels) . 1.45 1.2. . (.1.46). , . , , . , . , .

, . , . , - . .., . , , , .

5.5.2 .

97

(. .1.45). . . . . . , . .. , (.1.49) [22].

1.49

, (.1.49). , (.1.50) [22].

98

()

..

1.50

:) . 1.49 [22].) . , . . , , [22] (.1.50), .) . . (- ) , . , .

99

5.5.3 .

, (. .1.45). / . . , (.1.51) [31]. . , , , . , . , K. . :) . ( ).) , . ( ). .

100

1.51

101

5.6

1. . ., (1983), , 6 , .

2. ., (2000), .

3. ., (2000), / - ,.., .

4. ..., (1987), ,.

5. ., ., ., ., (1996), , 12 , , , .

6. ., ., ., ., (1999), , 13 , .

7. (), (1999), , (...), 2184//20.12.99.

8. ., ., (1990), . , .

9. ., (1999), - , 13 , .

10. ., (1981), , 5 , .

11. ., ., (1983), , 6 , .

12. ., (1984), , : , ...., , .

13. ., (1998), , ., .

14. ., (1999), : , 13 , .

15. ., (2000), -, . . , 275.

16. ., (2000), ., , .

17. , (1995), , .

18. , (1997), -97 .. 14/19164, 28-3-1997, 315/17-4-1997.

19. ., (2000), , ., 1, .

20. ., (1985), - , 7 , .

102

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105

6 6.1

, , . , , .

(, , ). , . (.. , , , , ...) , .

, .

,, ( ). , ... , ,, .

6.2

6.2.1

( ) . , [12]:

. ( ).. ( ).. ( ) .. ( ) .

6.2.2

[12]:

. .. .

106

. .. .

:. , (. 6.2.1):

- , .

- .

- .

- .

. , (. 6.2.1): ( ) 0.60m . ( ), ( ):- ( ) ( ) .

( ) ( )

( )

( )

( ) ( ). . . .

. 6.2.1 [12]

107

- . .

- . ( ..).

- . , , , .

. ( ), (. 6.2.1): , (), 0.40 0.60m . ( ) . , :

- .

- .

- .- .

. , (. 6.2.1): ( ), () ( ). .-

, .-

( ).

- , .

- , , . , .

1.0 2.0m , . () .

108

, , . . , , ()., . :

( ) , , .

() .

. :i. ().ii. .iii. .iv. ( ).

( ) .

, " " .

6.2.3

:

. ( . - ).

. .. .. .

109

. (: ).

. (: ).

:. .. .. .

, , , . , , , . , , , . . . . . , . , , 20 , . , , ' (, ) , , () . ', ' . .

6.2.4 -

110

() . ( . 6.2.2):. , , ( )

() ( ).

. (), , ( ) .

. ( ) , , .

. , , . () . , , . . , (. 6.2.3, 6.2.4). (. 6.2.2f, 6.2.4). . , . , . , , , (. 6.2.2a,b). , . . , . , . . ' . , , , .

111

. . ( ), , . . , :

. : q = 1.5.. : q = 2.0.. ( ): q = 2.5.

, . q , .

112

( ) ( b )

( c )

( d )

( e ) ( f )

( g ) ( h )

- -

1.00 m(2,00 m)

0,15 m

1,00 m H(2,00 m L )

0,15 m

< 3,00 m

>0,50 m

5 mm

l = 800 mm150 mm

150 mm

50 mm

110 mm

30m

m

8 0m

m

200

mm

805 mm

30

0 800 mm

805 mm

10 mm

. 6.2.2 , [5], [6], [12]

113

50100

50100

50100

50100

50100

50100

50100

. 6.2.3 [5], [12]

32-34

cm

32-34 cm

100

479 mm 26( l = 500 mm)

-

26( l = 500 mm) 100

479 mm

. 6.2.4 , - [12]

114

6.3

6.3.1

, , , , ( ) . . . ( ) (.. ).

6.3.2

(, ) ( ) , , , . :

. ( ').

. .

. , .

. ' .. (

).. .

:.

, , , , (. 6.3.1).

. , (. 6.3.2b). .

. , ,

115

(), (. 6.3.2a).

. 6.3.1 [6,12].

s

( ) ( b ). 6.3.2 ()

(b) [11], [12]

116

6.3.3

, . , ' ( ) . . . , ' . , . , . , , , . ( ), . , , [12]:. / : .- .-

( ).

- , .

-

117

, .

- ' .

- , ( - ).

- , .

. . .- .-

.-

( ).

- , , ( ).

- .

- ( ).

, . . 6.3.3 .- () (b) ( ).

- (c) . , ( ).

- (d) , (

118

). . 6.3.4 .-

(. 6.3.4a). . , = t/2h = t/h, .

- - , (shear wall). :i. (.

6.3.4b).ii.

- (. 6.3.4c).

iii. ( ) (. 6.3.4d).

. . 6.3.5 .- ,

, b (bending). , 6.3.4a.

- , . , . ( ) , ' . f (flexure), s (shear).

- , , , f.

. 6.3.6, : : : F : :

119

(. 6.3.7), - . . . (.. ), .

.

b.

c.

d.. 6.3.3

[5], [10], [12]() (b): (c ): (d):

120

h

t

.

c.

d.

b.

. 6.3.4 - [5], [10], [12]() , (b, c, d)

bb

b

ss

ss

ff

fff

f

f f f f

b : s : f :

. 6.3.5 [5], [10], [12]

121

(-)( +-)

(+) F(-)

( )

. 6.3.6 , [5], [10], [12]

s

. 6.3.7 [5], [10], [12]

122

6.4

, .

6.4.1

( , ) (,, ) : . ,

( , ...).

. .

.6.4.2

(, ) . . , , . , , : , ,

, , , , , , , ,...

, .

() .

( ) .

' (.. ), (. 6.4.1).

123

( ) (, , , , ).

, ( , ...).

, .

, .

. 6.4.1 ' [4], [6], [10], [12]

124

6.5

6.5.1

: (t

125

. . , .

: , .

: . [11]:

1 / Rd 0.80fwc,0

= 4-8 1-2

.

fwc, h fmt fwc, v 2 fmt 0.50 fmt

fwv fmt + 0.40 x 0.750

6.5.2

: H . (. 6.5.2), , , [11].

:1: , . 2: .

0,wcRd

wc f1f =

)(1 +=

126

3: , ( ). .

. 6.5.2 [11]

: :- - - ( , ). 30 mm .

: . .

: . .

: . , , , . , [11]:

1 / Rd 0.80

)fkf(1f f,wcRd

overall,w +=

127

k = 1 2 fw,f

6.5.3

: . . , (>10mm) (. 6.5.3) (. 6.5.4) .

:1: . 2: . 3: , 15cm. , . 40cm, 60cm . 4: . 5: 212 214 . 6: 26 . 7: . 8: , .: , , () (. 6.5.5). (-), . .. , . , , (. 6.5.6).

: :- - -

: .

)(f32f hvydc ===

128

: . .

15 cm

15cm

212 2126/50

. 6.5.3 [3], [4], [6], [10]

7 cm7 cm

165 cm

40 cm

50 cm

7 cm

16 16 L =35 cm

. V 4 6 cm

. V, ,

40 cm.. , , 6 .

. 1: 4. 6.5.4 [1], [2], [3]

129

28/50 cm

. 6.5.5 [4], [6], [10], [11]

. 6.5.6 [4], [6], [10], [11]

: . , [11]: (.. )

, . ' 50%

, 2/3

2/3 (l : ) ( . 6.5.7) :

()0 = 0

nv = nh = n, Bvu = Bhu = Bu, Dvu = Dhu = Du,

, , ' :

(*)

++

+ l32

2D

n32

2B

n32h

32

2B

n32

2D

n32

1hV u

hh

uv

vu

hh

uv

vRd

sdsd

)DB(h

1n15.0V uusd +

+ l

(**)f)h(

3l

a(*)f

4kB

c

ct

s

sy2u l

(**)ffA2(*)

ff5.1kDmc

wcct

cs

ccsy2u

130

(**) fcc fct fwc a A k c = 1.50s = 1.25m = 3.00

h

l

h

V s

hu

uhDu

Dv

v u

"h"

"V"

O

. 6.5.7 [7], [11]

6.5.4

: , (. 6.5.8). (. 6.5.9 6.5.10).

:1: . 2: . 3: . 4: . 5: (. 6.5.9). , ( 6. 5.10).

: :-

131

- - - (. 6.5.10)

: .

: .

6.5.8 [4], [6], [11]

. 6.5.9 [2], [4], [6], [10], [11]

132

. 6.5.10 ( ) [2], [4], [6], [10], [11]

6.5.5

: () , . :- ( - ) (. 6.5.11)- (. 6.5.12)- ( . )

- :1: . 2: 1 2 ( . 6.5.11) 3 ( 70cm - ). 3: . .

133

4: - . 5: .: , . (. 6.5.13). . , . .

: :- - -

: .

: .

- . , , . . .

. 6.5.11 [4], [6], [10], [11]

. 6.5.12 [4], [6], [10], [11]

134

. 6.5.13 [4], [6], [10], [11]

6.5.6

: , , , , ... . . , , :

1 (6.5.14).

: 1: . 2: . 3: - . 4: ( 2cm) . 5: , (min 416 6/20) .

135

6: . 7: .

2 cm

2 cm

. 6.5.14 1 [4], [6], [10], [11]

2 ( 6.5.15). , . ( ), , . , . .

: 1: 2: . 3: - . 4: .

136

5: . 15 - 20cm. T (min 416 6/20) . 6: . 7: .

-

. 6.5.15 2 [4], [11]

3 . ( 6.5.16).

: 1: . 2: , , . 3: . 4: , (. 6.5.16). . 5: . 6: .

137

( )

. 6.5.16 3 [4], [6], [11]

4 ( 6.5.17) , ., . , , . , , .

: :- - - - -

: .

: . , .

138

410/100 cm

410/100 cm

0 .60

20/100 cm

10 cm 10 cm

. 6.5.17 4 [6], [10], [11]

6.5.7 ()

: . . . , .

: 1: . 2: . , , . 3: (, , min 412, 6/15, ), , .. ... . 4: . 5: , (,), . , (. 6.5.18).

139

10-15 cm

10-15 cm

412 + 6/10

. 6.5.18 [4]

: :- - - -

: .

: . , .

6.5.8

: , - . . . , ..

140

. . :- ( , , 3-5cm) (.6.5.19).- ( 8/25, , 10cm, ) (. 6.5.20).- ( 8/25, 5cm, (400Kg/m3) , 4m2 2020cm 48 6/10) (. 6.5.21).

3-5 cm

1-5 cm

1 m 2

50 cm

. 6.5.19 [2]

: 1: 2: , . 3: (.. , (. 6.5.22), ...). 4: .

141

2020 cm

50 cm

8/25

48, 6/10

10 cm

10/15

40 cm

30cm

. 6.5.20 [2]

5 cm 8/25

1 4 m 2 48 , 6/10 2020 cm

. 6.5.21 [2]

142

5: . 6: . 7: .: (.6.5.23).

:- - - -

: , , . , , .

: , , . .

: , . .

50 cm 50 cm

50cm

d50

c m

100

410

6/5

. 6.5.22 [4], [6], [10], [11]

143

# 8/25 8/15 6/150.20

l > 6,00 m

. 6.5.23 [4], [6], [10],[11]

6.6

6.6.1

: 10mm. ( ) (t

144

6: ( , ) (. 6.6.1).

min 5 mm

. 6.6.1 [2], [4], [11]

7: . . . , . 8: . . 0.1MPa, . . , . . 10-20 ( ) , . , . , . 9: .

- :- (. 6.6.2)- ( )- -

145

- , : () (): :- - - ( )- ( , .. (silica fume))- - ( )- ( ): , , ( ). ( ). , , . , . . , .

. 6.6.2 [11]

146

: :- + - ( ): . , . . , , ...

: , , ( ). , , , . , , . , .

: .

: . , :Rw = Rw, o

6.6.2

: .

: ( ).

- : .

: , . :- 50 lt m3 , 20% 60%, .- 150 lt m3 , 200% 400%. .. , , , :

147

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

-(Kg)

(Kg)

(Mpa)

75 25 0 1.33 90 30 60 22.5 27.5 1.66 100 13

- 105 lt/m3 . , , . . , , . .

: ( 300.000 ). , . , , (.. , ...). , (, ...). . , .

: , (T, 1982) , .

fwc,s fwc,0 ' .f 0 ' . (, 1995) , :

Vmf Vw , fgr , Tomazevic, Sheppard(1982), Tomazevic, Apin (1993), Bettio et al. (1993) , :

201ff

00f

0,wcs,wc

+=

]MPa[fV

V25.11ff0,wc

f 2/1gr

w

inf0,wcs,wc

+=

148

Ggr G0.6.6.3 -

: (. 6.6.3). , . (.6.6.4). , .

: 1: ( ) . , . 2: () , ( ). . 3: ( ) . 4: ( , ). 5: ( ) ( ). , .

:- - - -

L10

0

. 6.6.3 [11]

[ ]30gr0,wcs,wc )G/G100(013.01ff +=

149

. 6.6.4 [7], [10], [11]

: . .

: . .

: , . , (, ). [8], [11]:() , . , , . , , . ' , , "".() , , . .

150

, ( ). :

WtWt

WtRd

WV ffff 2**75,0*75,01**

32

*1 +++=

+y

Wt

XWt

RdWX fff

++=*75,01**

32

*1

+y

( )

Wt

y

Wt

XyWt

RdWC ffff 2

**75,0*75,01**

32

*1 ++

+++=

6.6.4

: , ( 6.6.5) ( 6.6.6) ( , ...).

: 1: . () . 2: . 3: (.. ) (.. - / ) .

151

:- - -

45

d bd h d h = d b + 5 mm

. 6.6.5 [7] ( )

. 6.6.6 [7]

152

: ( ) , . , .: , , ( ), .: [11]:0 = s / Ah

, Vh = Ah d , Vw = Aw t

6.7

6.7.1

:- - - . , . .

6.7.1.1 . [9]:- (.. , ...)- , - (.. )

sy0w

hwv

mt0w

hwc

f)101(VVf

f)101(VVf

+

+

153

- (.. )- (, ...)- (.. )- , - - - (.. , , ..) - - (.. )- ( , ...)

6.7.1.2 , . , . , , , . , .

6.7.1.3

, :- ( , ) - , , / , ( .. ) -

6.7.1.4

:- - - , ,

154

. . .6.7.2

: , , . . ( ). , . :

( ) , , ( ) (. 6.7.1). (. 6.7.2).

( 410 )

0.20

m

0.20

m

0.30 m

0,35

. 6.7.1 .. [4], [6], [10], [11]

. 6.7.2 .. [4], [6], [10], [11]

( ) (. 6.7.3) (.6.7.4) ( ).

155

1

2

1

2

1 - 1 2 - 2

. 6.7.3 [9]

( ) (. 6.7.5). , .

= 0,50 m = 0,50 -1,00 m

2 - 3

6.7.4 [7]

156

6.7.5 [7],[11]

:, , : 1: . 2: (. 6.7.6). . . 3: ( ) , .

1 4 52 3 6 1 4 6352

( )

. 6.7.6 [9]

157

: , . ( ) .

:- - - -

: , . , . .

: . , , .

: , . . , , .6.7.3

: 50 ( ) . , , , , . () . . ( ), , . , .

158

75 250mm , (..

159

d

d

d

d

e e

1 1

aa

d

d

d

cb

a

b

d a

e

b

d

-

1 - 1

. 6.7.7 . ( , ), ( , ) [9]

160

d h = 100 -150 mmd b = 20 mm

6.7.8 ( ) [7], [11]

6.7.9 [7], [11]

161

: 1: . , . . 2: () . 140mm . . , , , . 3: . ( 600-800 Kg ). 4: ( ). 5: , .

:- , , - ( )- - - ,

: ( ) . . , . , , . , .

: () . .

: , DIN4128 . 100 500 KN. DIN, 3% . , 3m.

162

6.7.4

: (6.7.10). , , ( 6.7.11). . , .. . ( ), . .

. 6.7.10 [11]

163

: 1: . 2: . 3: .

:- - : . ,

: . . .

: . .

6.7.11 [9]

164

6.8

1. . , , ..., , 1978.

2. . , , ..., , 1978.

3. ..., - , ...,, 1978.

4. ..., , ' ...,, 1978.

5. UNDP/UNIDO, Manual for building construction under seismic conditions in the balkanregion: Design and Construction of Stone and Brick - Masonry Buildings,UNDP/UNIDO, Project RER 79/015, Vol. 3, Vienna, 1983.

6. UNDP/UNIDO, Manual for building construction under seismic conditions in the balkanregion: Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete, Stone and Brick - MasonryBuildings, UNDP/UNIDO, Project RER 79/015, Vol. 5, Vienna, 1983.

7. , ., , ..., , 1986.8. ,

, ..., , 1987.9. , ., - , ,

. - - . ... ..., , 1994, . 271 - 293.

10. , ., , , , 1997.

11. , .,

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