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1. Paula FIndlen : , 1

2. Steven ShaPIn 17 39

3. Owen hannaway . Andreas Libavious Tycho Brahe 89

4. lOnda SchIebInger Maria Winkelmann . 129

5. SOPhIe FOrgan , :

171

6. MarSha rIchMOnd . Balfour Cambridge, 1884-1914 211

7. () : 267

8. rObert SeIdel Lawrence Berkeley 313

9. Peter galISOn carOlIne a. JOneS , 345

10. SharOn traweek : 373

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1. Critical Issues in Sci-ence and Technology Studies Institute for the Advanced Study of Sci-ence, Technology and Society 2001. HPS and STS: the Links Yearbook 2002 . - , , - , ( , . -, , , , - .. , . , . , . , . , - , , 2006) - , . 107, 2003, .44-59.

xi

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, - , , -, . , , , - (J. Alberto Coffa): , - 1800 2. , , - - -- - -- , - -, 1960.

, - , , , - , , . , 19 , - . , - (Cantor), (Cauchy), (Bolzano), (Weierstrass), (Dedekind) - , - -, , (Hilbert) -, (Frege) (Russell), , , , , - a priori , a priori -

2. J. Alberto Coffa, The Semantic Tradition: from Kant to Carnap to the Vienna Station, Cam-bridge University Press, 1991.

xii

. - .

, , . , , ( , (Brouwer)) - , - , .

, . -, , . , (Poincar) - , . , , - , .

. , , - , - . - , , - . , - - , - . , - , .

xiii

, .

- , - - . - , - , . , , - . , - -. , (Carnap), (Reichenbach), - (Feigl), (Hempel), , . , - .

2.

, , .

- -. , - -- - -- . , , The Origins of Modern Science - (Herbert Butterfield) 19493, The Mechanization of the World Picture (E.J.Dijksterhuis) 1950 - (Alexandre Koyr), 1930 1950, , tudes Galilennes tudes Newtoniennes . -

3. .

xiv

. 17 . - . .

. , - , - , - . - . , - - - .

, - , , . - , , - , - , - (Pierre Duhem W.v.O.Quine)4, (N.R.Hanson) - , , - . , - .

4. , , - ( 1916 55 ) - ( 2002 ) , , , , , .

xv

. 5 (Thomas S.Kuhn), 1962, , - . , , , . - , - . .

, - , - , - - . , - (Imre Lakatos), (Paul Feyerabend), - (Larry Laudan), -, .

- , . - , , - . - -- -- - - . - , , . , - , -

5. .

xvi

. - ( - , , ), ( , - - ) ( - ). - , - , . , , , -, (Bayes) , , , - , - , - . , - , - - , , (Ian Hacking), (Bas Van Fraassen) (Nancy Cartwright). , , -, .

Representing and Intervening6 , 1983, - . , - - ( ) , - . - ,

6. , .

xvii

, , - . ' How Experiments End (Peter Galison) 1987. , - , - , , . , , - , -.

3.

- -, Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Theory (Barry Barnes), 1974, Knowledge and Social Imagery (David Bloor), - 1976. , , , -, , . - - . - , - , .

, , - . - . - , - , . - . , , .

xviii

, - - , - - . - - - . -. , - , . Constructing Quarks (Andrew Pickering), 1984, Leviathan and the Air Pump (Stephen Shapin Simon Schaffer), 1985, Galileo Courtier (Mario Biagoli), 1993, . , , - , , . - - .

, , . , - Laboratory Life (Bruno Latour) (Steve Woolgar), 1986, , , . - - . .

xix

, - , - . - , , - bona fide . - . , . .

4.

, , . ( ), - , , . - , - - ( ) - . -, , - , - .

, - , -, - . - , . ( STS, -

xx

Science and Technology Studies Science, Technology and Society) .

- - . , , , -. , - - , , - , . , - , - .

, . - , . , , . -, - - , . , - , . , - , -. , - , , .

- , -

xxi

. , , -, , . , , - - . , , - , , . .

, - . , , - , . , - . - . , - , . , (theory ). , .

5.

, , - (Claude Lvi-Strauss), (Michel Foucault), (Louis Althusser), (Jacques Lacan), (Jacques Derrida), - , , , 1960. - , .

xxii

, -, , , - . , , , - , , -, - . - . , - . - - (identity politics).

, - , . , - - . , , , - . - , , - 1960.

6. 1960

1960, - . -, , , , , . - , - . ,

xxiii

-, - . - , , - . - .

(Ferdinand de Saussure) (Cours de Linguistique Gnrale7) 1916. - - , . , - - , - . - , (langue) (parole), , . , , , . - - - . - , , , - .

- - . , - (Annales)

7. .

xxiv

, . , , - - , , - . , (Roland Barthes) - - - . - ( -, (Gilles Deleuze) ), , , : , 1960 - .

- , - . , , , (Jean-Paul Sartre). . , , - , . - , - - , , - .

. - , , - , - (Gaston Bachelard),

xxv

, . , , , - , . - (Georges Canguilhem), - , . , - (Jean Cavaills), , - , - 8. Sur la Logique et la Thorie de la Science, -, -. , -, , - .

- , , 1960. -, , , - , - - - . , - - , , , - . , -

8. Autrement dit, il y a une objectivit, fonde mathmatiquement, du devenir mathmatique. Jean Cavaills Philosophie Mathmatique, Hermann, 1962, . 28.

xxvi

- . , , - . - . - .

- - . . - , -, , , -. , . . , . , , - , - , . , - crivains - . , .

7.

. , , - , , , .

1960, , ( 68, ), ,

xxvii

. , , . - , , - .

-, , - (Roman Jacobson), . , - , , , - , - , o , , , , , -, - , - , - 1960 . , , , , . - .

. - -. , - . . - . , . - ,

xxviii

. -: Il n y a pas d hors texte, .

- , - , , , . cole Normale Suprieure, , agrgation, - . - . , , , , - , , . , . , , - , - , .

- , . - 1960 - , , . (Johns Hopkins) 1966, - . 1970 (Richard Macksey) (Eugenio Donato) -: (The Structuralist Controversy: the Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man).

xxix

- , , -. , . -, - . , - , -. - , .

. , - , , - , , - . , -, , - , - . 9. - , , , , - .

, , , -. , , , -, ,

9. : - : , , 1999, - , , , .

xxx

. , , - -, , , , - , -, , , - - , 19 20 , , - , . , ( ) , - , , La condition post-moderne: rapport sur le savoir, 1975 (Jean Franois Lyotard), , ( ) - - .

, , - , , , , - . , - 1960, , - , , - - . - , , - .

xxxi

8.

- . , , - , - , -, , - - . , , , - , - . , . , - , , - . - , , , 1960, - , , , - . , - (John McDowell), , - . - .

, ,

xxxii

. , - - , - - , - . , - , , - , , , - ( ) - - . , -, - 10.

. - - , - . , - , - - - , - , -, ,

10. , Science in Context 6 (2), 1993 . 569-616 ( . , , 2002) ( -) Physics as Self-Historiography in Actu: Identity Conditions for the Discipline, .

xxxiii

. .

- - . - , , -. , , , , - . , , . -, , .

- , - , -, . - . , - , -, . - . , , , , - . , , - . , , , - - , . , ,

xxxiv

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, , , , . -, - , , . - , -, , , , . - , . -, , - , , , - , - , , , , - , , -, , -, , , , - . - , , . , .

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xxxv

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, - . - - . . - , - ( - ) . - , - . , , - , - , , . - - , , , , . - , , - , .

xxxvi

. - , , , , . ( ) . . , - . , - - . , , - , , - .

, , - . , , , (Peter Machamer), (John Beverly), , - . - , - .-

xxxvii

T i - -. - . - -, -, , . - - . , , , , , . . . - . . , - . . - . . Ursula Klein - . Hans-Jrg Rheinberger - Max Planck - . , .

. .

xxxix

- , (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989). , - - . - . , - , - . . - , .

(laboratory) . laborare, , -. - , 17 18 , elaboratory (Holmes, 2003). laboratorium Tycho Brahe

xl

1590 laboratoire 1620 (Crosland, 2005).

17 La-boratorium Portatile Jo-hann Joachim Becher. . - chemical cabinet , (Homburg, 1999). 19 - , - - (Gee, 1989. Hom-burg, 1999. Knight, 2006).

physical cabinets, - . - . physical theaters (Klein, 2008). - , , - .

. 18 , . , Johannes Hevelius 1640 . , - Gottfried Kirch - Maria Winkelmann - , Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg. , Brahe - - .

xl

xli

, , , -. - - . , . - . , , , , . - , .

- . , , , . -. 18 - , -. - - (Ferrari, 1987. Findlen, 1984. Find-len, 2006).

; - , - . - , - , . -, - . 19 , , -

xlii

. , - Alexander Koyr 19 , - 19 .1

20 -. - . - - , -. 1930 - (big science), , . - . -, , - . , , - - .

- , : - ; - - ; , - . - -

1. , Charles Darwin Julius Sachs (Cha-darevian, 1996).

xlii

xliii

, . .

. 1970 - (Woolgar, 2003). - - , - .

, , - - , - . , - , . - - - - .

Bruno Latour Steve Woolgar Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (1979) - (laboratory studies). -, , - - Roger Guillemin Salk . - , , - Latour Woolgar - . , - - - . , ( )

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(La-tour Woolgar, 1979, . 129)

Laboratory Life - in situ - . 2 . - - , .

- - , , - . Steven Shapin Simon Schaffer Leviathan and the Air-Pump , - (1985, 6). - Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) , Alfred Schtz, (1985, 6). ; - , .3

- (Kraeling and Adams, 1960),

2. , , , . . Woolgar, 1982.

3. . Baltas, Machamer and Pera, 2000.

xliv

xlv

. , . - Shapin, - - (Shapin, 1991). (Shapin, 1998, 5). , Sophie Forgan - , , - (Forgan, 1989).

-, . , - . - - . - , , .

-. - ; , - - ; - ; - , ;

1970 Owen Hannaway , - 1990 . - . - ( )

xlvi

. - Peter Galison Emily Thomson, , , - , (Galison Thomson, 1999)4.

, Osiris Sven Dierig, Jens Lachmund Andrew Mendelsohn , , (2003). - - . , - . - .

Dora Weiner Michael Sauter . , 19 . , - . Jean-An-toine Chaptal, , . , , - , , - . , , -

4. . Cahan, 1989. Forgan, 1994, 1999. Forgan and Gooday, 1996. Gieryn, 2002, 2006. Hoffmann, 2002. Inkster and Morell, 1983. James, 1994. Lafuente and Saraiva, 2004. Latour, 1995. Les-lie, 2008. Picon and Ponte, 2003. Powell, 2007. Pratt, 1985. Shackelford, 1993. Smith and Agar, 1998.

xlvii

- (Weiner Sauter, 2003).

- (Powell, 2007). , - . -, - Thomas Gieryn (truth spot), (2006: 29). , Gieryn Latour Woolgar - , , .

- , - . . -, - . -, . , - .

- - . -. , - 1930. - , . -

xlviii

, - .

:

- . - , Maurice Cro-sland (2005, 238). 16 , - . - , , - , , , - . 17 , - David Teniers, Pieter Bruegel Hans Weiditz (Hill, 1975). - , - - (Smith, 2006).

. - (Klein, 2008). , 1603 Wolfgang II von Hohenlohe - Weikersheim. - , - . Laboratorium , (Smith, 2006).

17 , , - - . - , - 18 . -

xlix

(Crosland, 2005. Klein, 2008). . , , - , - . - . , - (apothecaries) (Klein, 2008). ;

Owen Hannaway - (1986) . - . - ; 17 . Tycho Brahe - Uraniborg 1590 , Fredrik II. - Andreas Libavius 1660. Libavius . , , - Uraniborg.

. -, Brahe, - , -, . , - Libavius - . - .

l

Brahe , Hannaway , - . Uraniborg , - . - , -, Brahe . - -, .

-, Brahe . , , . , , , - . - .

, Libavius - , - Brahe. - , - . , . , - . - Libavius, .5

- - . - , . , ,

5. . Latour, 1995

li

. .

Hannaway, Steven Shapin 1988 -. 17 ; Shapin, Hannaway, , - . Robert Boyle , - Robert Hooke . Boyle . , 17 .

-, , (salons) -,6 , . , (Klein, 2008). , Shapin , - .

Boyle, , - Katherine, Ranelagh. Boyle - . , Boyle . . . - Boyle

6. . Johns, 2006. Stewart, 1999. Levere, 2002, salon . Schiebinger, 1989. Sutton, 1995. Terall, 1996.

lii

. .

, Robert Hooke, Boyle , - . Hooke , , . , - Boyle . Boyle Hooke ;

- Shapin Simon Schaffer Boyle Hobbes (1985). , - 17 , - . - , -, . , , - . , .

17 18 . - - , - .7 Shapin - , - . Sophie For-gan 18 .

7. . - 17 : Golinski, 1989.

liii

- . o .

Forgan , . , , - . - , . - . , 19 - - .

- . - 18 . - - .

, - , - . 19 , , -. - . , 18 .

Forgan, - - Shapin. , . -. 19 ,

liv

- , . , , , , - .

Paula Findlen - Ulisse Aldrovandi. - Aldrovandi , . Findlen - : ; , . Aldrovandi . . , -, , .

Aldrovandi - , ; , Findlen 50 150 , - , 1576. - . Al-drovandi - - .

Findlen Aldrovandi. , . ; Leon Batista Alberti, -

lv

, - . -. . - , . - , . . , , - .

- ;8 Findlen - Aldrovandi. - . , , Vnus Hottentotte, . - , Vnus Hottentotte 1815 - . 26 , Georges Cuvier Muse de l Homme (Fausto-Sterling, 1999). - .

- , - 16 17 - .9 Londa

8. - . , 2006.

9. Deborah Harkness Jane Dee, John Dee. Dee -

lvi

Schiebinger Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720), - Gottfried Kirch. - . Schiebinger. - Winkelmann , - - .

Winkelmann, , Christoph Arnold, . , . 17 Winkelmann Gottfried Kirch, , . Kirch - .

Kirch, 1710, Winkelmann . Winkel-mann -, . , . - , . - , , , -, , .

, . (Harkness, 1997).

lvii

Winkelmann - . -. , Winkelmann , , - . - , . - , .

17 , - , . Winkel-mann - . , - , , . , Caroline Her-schel (1647-1693) Wil-liam, , . Maria Eimmart Elizabeth Hevelius, 17 18 . Winkelmann, Christine Margaretha, - , Christfried. -, , - , - . - 18 19 .10

- , 20 ; Marsha Richmond

10. . Kidwell, 1989. Lankford Slavings, 1990. Mack, 1990. Ogilvie, 2000.

lviii

19 - , , , . 1870 . - - . .

, , Margaret Rossiter , , . , , - 1870, , - Vassar College (1865), . . - - - - . - (Rossiter, 1984).

, Richmond, - Balfour (1884), , , . - . - . .11 , Girton Newnham , -

11. , . Forgan, 2003, Friedman, 1992, Spain, 1992.

lix

Eleanor Sidgwick.12 , Balfour -

, -. - Balfour, - Adam Sedgwick , . Balfour , - , . - - . . Richmond , - - .

19 Virginia Woolf - , 20 . , , Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford . - , - . - - , - .

. , - , - - , .

12. Girton Newnham - . Dyhouse 1995 Tamboukou, 2000.

lx

. - , , - . , , - , - -. - . , - .

, - , . , - - . - , . . , -, - - . , - . - .

-

, , , . , - , -

lxi

, , - , - (Galison, 1997). , 1930 1940 - - .

, 1928 George Gamow . , James Chad-wick, Gamow . , John Cock-croft Ernest Walton , . , 1920. , Chadwick 1932, Joliot-Curie 1934 Enrico Fermi Ot-to Hahn Lise Meitner .

, , - , - . , , - -. - , . , 1950 .

Robert Seidel, Lawrence Berkeley , -

lxii

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, 48% . , - , - . - Lawrence - . 1940, 22% , 40% 38% - . , - .

, . 1930, , - . - , - - - .

Seidel , , - . - 1980 . Peter Galison Caroline Jones . - , -

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. - - . , 1940 -, Albert Kahn Associates Austin Company - . , , Oak Ridge Los Alamos . , 1960 - - , . 1970 , . - - , -, .

- ; 1970 - ; Galison Jones -, , .

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, , Albert Einstein , , , , - . , , , Traweek. - . - . - .

... . , Traweek - - . - 16 17 , - . - - , . -, - .

: - , , -

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Paula Findlen*

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2 . Studio Aldrovandi, Aldrovandi 1603, , , Piazza Santo Stefano, . , Aldrovandi - , -, .2 di Vassi .

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Catarina Sforza - Aldrovandi - , ( ) Aldrovandi . , Aldrovandi - , - . , , , , .4 -, Aldrovandi . , Aldrovandi , Francesca Fontana, . - Aldrovandi - , -

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, . Aldrovandi , - . .5 , Aldrovandi , , . . Montaigne , .6 , - Aldrovandi .7 - . -, -, Aldrovandi, , .

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8. BUB, Aldrovandi, . 110 ( Ippolita Paleotti ) (...: studiosa ) . 136, XXIV, . 21- . 35 [ms. 136, XXIV, cc. 21v-35v] ( Aldrovan-di lavinia Fontana , Prospero). - Olmi Prodi Gabriele Paleotti, Ulisse Aldrov-andi e la cultura a Bologna, . 224 Fontana, . Cantaro, Lavinia Fontana, bolognese. Ipolitta Paleotti, . Masetti Zannini, Motivi storici della educazione femminile, . 38.

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5 . Steven Shapin -, .10 -

10. Shapin, The House of Experiment, . 378 ( , . 39-88) , A So-

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7 , - - . , . - , - . .14 - (the republic of letters), -. , ( ) .

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- - . lorenzo lotto 18 ( 3). ; - 1599 Ferrante Imperato - ( 4). - , Imperato . - , . (1599), Imperato , -, .19 , Sforza Aldrovandi, - . , Aldrovandi, .

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20. Shapin The House of Experiment. - Owen Hannaway laboratoty design - ( , . 39-128).

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4 Ferrante Imperato (1599). , , - . , Imperato . - , . : Ferrante Imperato, Dellhistoria naturale (, 1599).

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- - -. , - leon Battista Alberti - , : - -, (libaria cella)22 ( 5). , , Alberti -

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. , -. , Mark Wigley - Alberti .23 - Alberti, , -, Isotta nogarola , , Alberti .24 , -

23. Wigley, Untitled: The Housing of Gender, . 347. Alberti, , . Jarzombek, On Leon Battista Alberti , . Smith, Architecture in the Culture of Early Humanism.

24. Isotta nogarola Alberti: - (...: libraria cella ). , - Alberti.

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5 Alberti. - Alberti . Alberti - , . : Visual Arts Services, Stanford University.

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- . Books on the Family ( 1434-37) Alberti , , . , , Alberti , , Giannozzo . Giannozzo , , . , , , .

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, Stephanie Jed, - .26 -, , , , Alberti, . , -

, Alberti, , -, . . King, Book-lined Cells, . 74 , , Women of the Renaissance, . 198.

25. Alberti, I libri dealla famiglia, Rene neu Watkins The Family in Renaissance Florence, . 209.

26. Jed, Chaste Thinking, . 86. Jed, , Alberti 80.

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, - Alberti -, . Giannozzo - , . , , -, .27 , Alberti , , -. - . , , . - , Alberti - . - , - . , , , . , , . - , , .

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27. Mark Wigley Untitled: The Housing of Gender, . 348.

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Architecture Andrea Paladio (1570), , . Alberti. 1570, Benedetto Cotrugli .28

, ludovico Beccadelli - , Antonio Giganti. Giganti - Beccadelli , Aldrovandi . - Giganti - 29 ( 6). -, , Giganti - . Aldrovandi, Giganti Beccadelli, , .

-, Alberti, , - . , - , - . - , , . Aldrovandi, . 1610 , - , - ,

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17

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6 Studio Antonio Giganti (1586). - - . , - , Alberti, . : Biblioteca Ambrosiana, , .S.85, ., f.235r.

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- Vicenzo Scamozzi, Paladio. Idea of Universal Architecture (1615), Scamozzi . - : , -. , -, , , . Aldrovandi , - . Scamozzi - , , : .31 -, Alberti On the Art of Building .

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30. Archivio di Stato, Bologna ( ASB), Senato, Instr, C, b.33, n.48 Scappini Torricelli, Lo Studio Aldrovandi in Palazzo Pubblico, . 93-94.

31. Scamozzi, Lidea della architettura universale, . 254, 256.

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, Richard Goldthwaite.32 , Aldrovandi - . , Aldrovandi , - , . - - , -, Aldrovandi - .33 - . Alberti, - .34 .

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in alpabeticum ordinem non exiguo labore ac studio digesta), cc.309r, 409r, 441r . 148 (Ulyssis Aldrovandi. Bibliothecarum thesaurus secundum titulos librorum variasque materias ordine alphabetico in duadecim tomos distinctus. Opus sane perutile ac necessarium omnibus cuiscumque professionis hominibus et praesentim iis qui in conscribendis diversarum rerum historiis operam suam impendunt), I, cc.430v-432r. . 1528 . 1583. Giuseppe Olmi -.

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20

: 1560 Porta San Vitale, -.36 Aldrovandi , , - - .37 Aldrovandi , , . Richard Goldthwaite, , .38

Alberti - . -, (villeggiatura) .39 Aldrovandi - - , .40 , Aldrovandi - , Paleotti . -

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, - - Reinhard Bentmann Michael Mller, .41 Aldrovandi - , , , - .42

, Aldrovandi . - Ten Days of True Agriculture and the Pleasures of the Villa, Agostino Gallo Letter in which He Celebrates the Villa Alberto lollio, .43 , Aldrovandi - , , . Aldrovandi - . Alberti On the Art of Building, Aldrovandi - - .

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nithology (1599), , - Calepinus (?), , Adages Aldus Manutius, Avicenna Commentary on Galen Franciscus Valesius. Aldrovandi , , . -, BUB, Aldrovandi, . 136, XXXII, cc.292r-296r. - Fanti, la villeggiatura, . 39-40. Aldrovandi - . . Scamozzi, Lidea della architettura universale, . 266 , Ackerman, The Villa, . 110-111.

43. BUB, Aldrovandi, . 147. cc.13r,62r.

: ,

: : , 1. : 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 19607. 8.

: -

1. Paula Findlen: : , Alberti

2. Steven Shapin: 17

3. Owen Hannaway: . Andreas Libavius Tycho Brahe 4. Londa Schiebinger: Maria Winkelmann . Winkelmann : Winkelmann :

5. Sophie Forgan: , : 6. Marsha Richmond: . Balfour Cambridge, 1884-1914 Cambridge 1880 Balfour Balfour Balfour Cambridge (The Tutorial System) Balfour 1896-1897

7. : () : : : Mediziner-Viertel ,

8. Robert Seidel: Lawrence Berkeley

9. Peter Galison Caroline A. Jones: , /

10. Sharon Traweek: : : , : Einstein, Feynman,