Τα πετρελαιοειδή στο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον. Επιπτώσεις...

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    1. ............................................................................................................................... 2

    1.1. - ............................................................................................... 2

    1.2. () ................... 3

    1.3. ...................... 5

    1.4.

    ........................................................................................................... 7

    2. ............................................................................................................................. 8

    3. ........................................................................................................ 10

    4. .................................................................................................................... 15

    5. ........................................................................................... 17

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    1.

    1.1. -

    ( ).

    () .

    .

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    , , ,

    (, 2013).

    ,

    : , , ,

    . 140

    (, 1992).

    4-26 .

    : 1)

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    , 3) (CnHn)

    , 4) (

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    II ( ): (gas-oil,

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    ,

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    (vacuum gas-oil).

    IV: .

    V ( - LPG): , .

    VI: , .

    . ( , 2002) ( , 2005)

    ,

    (, et al., 2004).

    1.2. ()

    , (92.5%)

    , ,

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    (, et al., 2004):

    . ,

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    . ,

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    (, 2013).

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    1: : (International Petroleum

    Industry Environmental Conservation Association, 2000)

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    1.3.

    ,

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    , (spreading,

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    12

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    12 . ,

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    ,

    (chemical bio-degradation and sedimentation).

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    ( & , 1988).

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    (, 1988).

    1: . : (International Tanker Owners Pollution

    Federation, 2009)

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    1.4.

    ,

    .

    (Wang & Fingas, 2003) (, et al., 2004).

    : (GC),

    / (GC/MS),

    (HPLC), (IR),

    (SFC), (TLC),

    (UV) ,

    (Wang & Fingas, 2003).

    (GC).

    ( GC-MS),

    (PAH )

    (Wang & Fingas, 2003). ,

    ,

    (Wang, et al., 1999).

    MARPOLMON P (Marine Pollution

    Monitoring System) no 13

    (IOC Intergovernmental Oceanogaphic

    Commission, 1984).

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    2. .

    , .

    .

    ,

    . ,

    (, 2008).

    .

    .

    .

    , ,

    (,

    et al., 2005).

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    (, 2000).

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    (, et al., 2004).

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    .

    .

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    (Greenpeace

    International, 2006).

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    2: Exxon Valdez. : (Wikimedia

    Commons, n.d.)

    ( ..

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    ,

    . , ,

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    , Exxon Valdez ,

    ,

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    ( & , 2000).

    3.

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    :

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    (, 2010) (, 2005)..

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    1. Booming and Skimming:

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    2. :

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    4. :

    .

    .

    5. Sediment relocation and Tilling:

    (tilling)

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    6. :

    ,

    .

    (, 2010) (,

    2005)..

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    .

    .

    :

    1. :

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    2. A :

    .

    3. :

    .

    4. Surface Film Chemicals:

    (, 2010) (,

    2005).

    ,

    ,

    .

  • 13 18 50/_5/.

    (secondary

    treatment options) .

    "

    " (Office of Technology Assessment, 1991).

    .

    :

    o (bioaugmentation),

    ,

    o (biostimulation),

    , /

    (..

    (surf-washing),

    , ..) (, 2010) (, 2005).

    :

    o

    o

    o ,

    o

    o

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    o .

    :

    o

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    o

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    (, 2010).

    (CleanMag)

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    6 10 .

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    ,

    , .

    :

    ,

    . CleanMag ,

    .

    ,

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    30%, 20% - 30%

    (, 2013) (, n.d.).

    4.

    (, et al., 2004)

    (, 2013) (International Petroleum Industry

    Environmental Conservation Association, 2000).

    . (..

    )

    .

    , .

    .

    .

    ,

    , URS New

    Zealand ltd. (Risk Assessment Plan)

    (Maritime Safety Authority of

    New Zealand).

    (URS ew ealand, 2004)

    . ,

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    ,

    .

  • 16 18 50/_5/.

    ,

    , ,

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  • 17 18 50/_5/.

    5.

    Greenpeace International, 2006. .

    []

    Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org/greece/Global/greece/report/2006/8/591349.pdf

    [ 3 5 2014].

    International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association, 2000. A guide to

    contingency planning for oil spills on water. IPIECA REPORT SERIES, Volume 2.

    International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, 2009. TOPF Handbook 2009/10 The

    International Tanker Owner Pollution Federation Limited. s.l.:s.n.

    IOC Intergovernmental Oceanogaphic Commission, 1984. Manual for Monitoring Oil and

    Dissolved/Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Waters and on Beaches, Procedures

    for the Petroleum Component of the IOC Monitoring System (MARPOLMON P). Manuals

    and Guides, pp. 1-20.

    Office of Technology Assessment, 1991. Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills: An Analysis of

    Oil Spill Response Technologies. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

    URS ew ealand, 2004. Risk Assessment Plan, s.l.: URS ew ealand.

    Wang, Z. & Fingas, M., 2003. Development of oil hydrocarbon fingerprinting and

    identification techniques. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Issue 47, p. 423452.

    Wang, Z., Fingas, M. & Page, D., 1999. Oil spill identification. Journal of Chromatography A.

    Wikimedia Commons, n.d. Birds killed as a result of oil from the Exxon Valdez spill. Photo

    courtesy of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. [Online]

    Available at:

    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/EVOSWEB_013_oiled_bird3.

    jpg/320px-EVOSWEB_013_oiled_bird3.jpg

    [Accessed 3 5 2014].

    , 2002. . 3054/2002 ( 230 ') -

    . s.l.: .

    , 2005. . 3423/2005 - ( 304 ') -

    . s.l.: .

  • 18 18 50/_5/.

    , . ., 2004. .

    50/4 . : .

    , ., 2000. , . ' . :

    Gutenberg.

    , . . ., 2008. :

    . : ,

    .

    , ., , ., , . & , . ., 2005.

    . : .

    , ., 2013. :

    . Chania: ,

    .

    , . ., 2010. :

    . : , .

    , ., n.d. CleanMag - Oil Spill Technology. []

    Available at: http://www.cleanmag.gr

    [ 3 5 2014].

    , ., 2005. :

    . :

    , .

    , ., 1992. :

    . : .

    , ., 1988. - ,

    , . : & .

    , . & , ., 2000. . []

    Available at: http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=125760

    [ 3 5 2014].

    , . & , ., 1988. . : University

    Studio Press.