Ψυχολογία Εμβρύων, Νεογνών Και Βρεφώνσύγχρονη...

:

40 , . - - ( Freud, Piaget, Vygotsky ..), (1,2,3,4,5,6). 1, 10 - .

-

, .

, , -

, , , -, - .. , -, . , - - , (7,8).

, DeCasper 3 - ., , - ( !) 6 (- ) .. - ( ,

, : *

.

: - , , 21 ( ). - , , .

: , - , , , .

Psychology of embryos, neonates and infants: current developmentalresearch**G. Kugiumutzakis

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe the current developmental psychological research findingson the abilities of human embryos, neonates and infants during pregnancy and first year. These researchfindings have led to many reversals of the psychological theories about the origin of the human mind, andprovide clear progress of knowledge. Although the common points of interest of paediatricians and de-velopmental psychologists are many, the relevant interdisciplinary dialogue has yet to begin.

Key words: Psychological birth, intersubjective mind, embryo, neonate, infant.

333311 REVIEW ARTICLE

, ,

A: [email protected] , , ,, 74 100, ,

Department of Philosophyand Social StudiesSchool of Philosophy,University of Crete

Correspondence:Giannis [email protected] of Philosophyand Social Studies,School of Philosophy,University of Crete, 74 100 Rethymno, Crete

2008;71:331-344

* 46 , , 13-15 2008.** Opening speech at the 46th Panhellenic Congress of Paediatrics, Corfu, June 13-15, 2008.

Pediatri Sept-Oct 08 14-10-08 13:26 331

) - , , ( 1). 7 - , - (9,10,6).

Piontelli (11,12) , , , 4 . - -, ... , - - (.. , -, , ..), . - , , ( ). , , Alice Luca - . x 12 (11).

, -

, .

, , -

. - . - . . , , - . -

333322 .

Paediatriki 2008;71:331-344

11.. -

1 - 2 3 (tabula rasa) 4 5

- 6 7 3 3 ,

, 8 9 -. -

-, - .10 ,

11.. 3 , , - , , - 2 (10).


. ( ) 1 1,5 -. - , -. - 2 . - . . -- . - - - (-, -..). , , - Molyneux Locke (4,13).

( ) .. - . -. -, ( ) - / , - - (14).

(, , ..) -. , (- , , ). . , -, , , - (15). , o , - . ,

. 2-3 (16,17,14).

, , -, . - , , - ( ) - , , , , . , . - , , , - 3 . ( 2), , , -, . , , - 3 - , - -. -, (16,17,13,4).

333333 ,

2008;71:331-344

22.. -, / . , - , 3 - , - (16).


, , - ,, (.. , - ..), 3 4. Wynn (18,19) 5 1 . , . , - 1 . - . - (1+1=2 - - 2 -) (1+1=1 , ). -, , , 1+1=1 2+1=2, 2-1=2 3-1=3 - - , - , 1+1 1 3, 2. - 4 , - ( ) 1/4 3/4 , , , --, 1 1 (20,21,22,23,4).

1980 2 3 8 (25,26) - , - ( 1 3). , - 2 .. 1 - 3 . -, .. 3 . , 8 3 (- ). (23,4) 5, 7 9 ( 3). 1 2 3,

2 3, . , , 5 9 - , . , 9 . , (1 3 ) , (2 3 ) (23,4).

,

, - - , -, 12 . , , Trevarthen (5,6,8) - - - - - (27).

4 ( ) , -

333344 .


33.. . 1 = -, 2 = (108 x 80 .),3 = , , ,4 = , 5 = , 6 = -, 7 = , 8 = , 9 = ,10 = , 11 = (23).

...


. , , , . . - - . , , - . . , . , - , - . ( ) . , ( ). , ( ). ( - - ) - - , - . - , , .

( ) ,

-. - . , - , - . , . - (), , - , , , . - , - . (,) (,

, ..) 6 - , 6 - , - , . -, - . - , , , - . , (, , -, ) .

- , :

) -

) - ..

) - , . , - , , -

) , .

, -, -. , , . . , . , (adagio, 0,9 ), ( 90% -), , , . - , ,

333355 ,

2008;71:331-344


, , ,, . ( ) 2 3 - (--), - (- -), . , . -, , , - , -, , , - -.

4 8 ( ) , -

-. - , - , , -. , , - , -. , - . -, , , -, , - , , .. - , . - . 5 , - , -- - - -

. 6 , - , , , - - - . - , , . ,, . , , ( ), (andante) - . , 5 , - . - . , . 6 8 , , - , , , - -, - . 7 8 , --- , - . 6 , - - , , - - .

9 12 ( ) , -

, : ---. 9 , - .

333366 .



- - - , . ( ), , -, , . - , , , . , , - . , . -. , , , - - . -, , , , , , , , , . - - . , - , - (1,2,5,6,28,29,30,31,32).

-

12 . -: .

(33,4) - 2 10, ( -) 15 . -

-, :

1) -, - -, , . - .

2) , , ( ). - . , - , - . - - .

3) 2 10 , - : 3 6 .

4) , - -. - (C4), .

5) -, , , - ( ), - - .

6) , , ( ), -. -, - - -. , . - - .

333377 ,

2008;71:331-344


(33,4).

1970,

1 (12-30 ) - (34) . 4 -, , 45 . , - ( , , ) - ( , ). -- - 170 , 10 45 , - - . 4, - - -, , 20 , (29,2,4).

4 - 10 , , - - (. . 4), - - ( ,Piaget) (35), , - . - -. , , , (-) - (36:176). 10,

(macaques) . - () (37:77-82) - - .

- - , , , - .

, 8 ,

, --. van de Rijt-Plooij & Plooij (38,39) - , - - - . , - - . , , , , . , - , , , , ,

1. . .

11 33

3. . ...

2. . .

22

44.. 20 , . , - (Kugiumutzakis, 1985).

333388 .



, . , - . - . - , - , -, , - . - . - , - , , . . (sunny weeks), , , , , , - . 5 8 8 - .

.., , , .. - - . - - , . -

8 - - (40,41,42).

,

, , -, , .

,, ..; - , .. -; , - ; 3 ; (43) - - , - , , - . , - . - , . , - - (44,45,46).

- . , , , , ..

4. ...

44 66

6. . 5.

55

333399 ,

2008;71:331-344


. , , , , . , , . - - - (47,48,49,50,51).

(, .), , . - 4 7 , , - , - (52). , - - - 18 34 , . (53).

- , - - - .

, -

- - , - .

- - (54,55),

, (56) Freud (57) - (58,59). (60) (61) - .

, , - , -- , . - , :

) -, , , ,

) : 1. -

4 , -

2. - , , - Apgar 1 5 , ..

3. - - , - , /

4. , , - - (

334400 .


5 6 8 10 12 13 17 21 26 31 36 39 44 49 51 52 53 58

55.. ( ) ( ), , (38,39).


) - - .

- ( ), -/ . (.. diphenhydramine, trimeprazinetartate) , - - (54,62,63,64,65).

9 (54), - , - , , - . , - , .

- - . - , -. . - :

) . 10 - - , - 1980, - .

) (ageism), , , - . -, , , , - , - , - , - (66)1.

) , , - ,, (3), - , , , : (67).

) , .. - , , - .. - - 20-23 - (29). .

(3,58) , . , -, (68:1448b) ( ) , , - - . Locke tabula rasa Rousseau , 17 , , , (69). .

- . , , -

334411 ,

2008;71:331-344

1 220 .. 118 28 801 .. - 156 100 1391 .. 172 100 (66). , .. -, , (, , ..) . .. , , .. - , .. , - , 374 .. .


. - . , - . -, ( ) , , . , , ,, , , , ,, .. - , , - -, - - . - - - - - . - -, , - , . , , . - (, -, ) -, , , -, - , - -. - , () . , -- , - , - , - (70,71) , (4,6,8). , -

, . - -- (Freud) -- (Piaget). , , -, , , , , -. - . -- - : . -, , , , , (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,29,30,31,70,71).

1. Hobson P. The Cradle of Thought. London: MacMillan;

2002. ( . : ; 2006).2. Kugiumutzakis G. Neonatal imitation in the intersubjective

companion space. In: Braten S, editor. Intersubjective Com-munication and Emotion in Early Ontogeny. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press; 1998. p. 63-88.

3. . - . : - , . . . : - ; 1992. . 3-11.

4. . , . : , . . , - . . : ; 2007. . 235-294.

5. Trevarthen C. Descriptive studies in infant behavior. In:Schaffer HR, editor. Studies in Mother-Infant Interaction:Proceedings of the Loch Lomond Symposium, Ross Priory,University of Strathclyde. 1st ed. London: Academic Press;1977. p. 227-270.

6. Trevarthen C. (2007) : .: , . . , . . : ; 2007. . 353-410.

7. Murray L, Andrews L. . : ; 2000.

8. Trevarthen C, Aitken KJ. Regulation of brain developmentand age-related changes in infants motives: The develop-mental function of regressive periods. In: Heimann M,editor. Regression Periods in Human Infancy. Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum; 2003. p. 107-184.

9. DeCasper AJ, Fifer WP. Of human bonding: newbornsprefer their mothers voices. Science 1980;208:1174-1176.

334422 .



10. DeCasper AJ. ; : , . . - . : - ; 1992. . 49-63.

11. Piontelli A. Twin pregnancies. In: Piontelli A, editor.Twins. From Fetus to Child. London: Routledge; 1992. p.115-116.

12. Piontelli A. Twins. From Fetus to Child. London: Routledge;2002.

13. Butterworth G, Harris M. Principles of DevelopmentalPsychology. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994.

14. Berk LE. Child Development. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 1989.15. Gibson EJ, Walk RD. The visual cliff. Scientific American

1960;202:64-71.16. Bower TGR. The object in the world of the infant. Scientific

American 1971;225:31-38.17. Bower TGR. Development in Infancy. 2nd edition. San

Francisco: Freeman; 1982.18. Wynn K. Childrens understanding of counting. Cognition

1990;36:155-193.19. Wynn K, Bloom P, Chiang WC. Enumeration of collective

entities by 5-month-old infants. Cognition 2002;83:B55-62. 20. Bijeljac-Babic R, Bertoncini J, Mehler J. How do 4-day-old

infants categorize multisyllabic utterances? DevelopmentalPsychology 1993;29:711-721.

21. Gao F, Levine SC, Huttenlocher J. What do infants know aboutcontinuous quantity? J Exp Child Psychol 2000;77:20-29.

22. Kobayashi T, Hiraki K, Mugitani R, Hasegawa T. Babyarithmetic: one object plus one tone. Cognition 2004;91:B23-34.

23. , . . - 2003;9:24-54.

24. Hauser MD, MacNeilage P, Ware M. Numerical represen-tations in primates. Proc Nat Acad Sci, USA 1996;93:1514-1517.

25. Antell SE, Keating DP. Perception of numerical invariancein neonates. Child Dev 1983;54:695-701.

26. Starkey P, Spelke ES, Gelman R. Numerical abstraction byhuman infants. Cognition 1990;36:97-127.

27. , , . H : . : , . . . .. : ; 2007. . 489-523.

28. Kaye K. Toward the origin of dialogue. In: Schaffer HR,editor. Studies in Mother-Infant Interaction, London:Academic Press; 1977. p. 89-117.

29. Kugiumutzakis G. The origin, development and function ofthe early infant imitation [dissertation]. Uppsala (Sweden):Uppsala University; 1985.

30. Reddy V. How infants know minds. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press; 2008.

31. Papastathopoulos S, Kugiumutzakis G. The inter-subjecti-vity of imagination: The special case of imaginarycompanions. In: Braten S, editor. On Being Moved. FromMirror Neurons to Empathy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins; 2007. p. 219-233.

32. Trevarthen C. . : , . . - . : - ; 1992. . 13-32.

33. Mazokopaki K, Kugiumutzakis G. Infant Rhythms: Expres-sions of Musical Companionship. In: Malloch S, Trevarthen C,editors. Communicative Musicality: Narratives of ExpressiveGesture and Being Human. Oxford: Oxford University Press;in press.

34. Maratos O. The origin and development of imitation in thefirst six months of life [dissertation]. Geneva: University ofGeneva; 1973.

35. Piaget J. Play, Dreams and Imitation. 2nd ed. London:Routledge & Kegan; 1962.

36. Kugiumutzakis G, Kokkinaki T, Markodimitraki M,Vitalaki E. Emotions in Early Mimesis. In: Nadel J, Muir D,editors. Emotional Development. Oxford: Oxford Univer-sity Press; 2005. p. 161-182.

37. Ferrari PF, Gallese V. Mirror neurons and intersubjectivity.In: Braten S, editor. On Being Moved. From Mirror Neuronsto Empathy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins;2007. p. 73-88.

38. van de Rijt-Plooij HHC, Plooij FX. Infantile regressions:disorganisation and the onset of transition periods. Journalof Reproductive and Infant Psychology 1992;10:129-149.

39. van de Rijt-Plooij HHC, Plooij FX. Distinct periods ofmother-infant conflict in normal development: sources ofprogress and germs of pathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry1993;34:229-245.

40. Bornstein MH. Sensitive periods in development: structuralcharacteristics and causal interpretations. Psychol Bull1989;105:179-197.

41. Brazelton TB. Touchpoints: Your Child's Emotional andBehavioral Development. N.Y.: Viking; 1993.

42. Sadurn M, Rostan C. Regression Periods in infancy: a casestudy from Catalonia. Span J Psychol 2002;5:36-44.

43. Barr RG, Hopkins B, Green JA. Crying as a Sign, a Symptomand a Signal: Clinical, emotional and developmental aspectsof infant and toddler crying. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press; 2000.

44. Lim KW. Infantile colic: A critical appraisal of the literaturefrom an osteopathic perspective. International Journal ofOsteopathic Medicine 2006;9:94-102.

45. Michelsson K. Why do infants cry? The Lancet 2001;358:9290:1376-1377.

46. Newman JD. Neural circuits underlying crying and cryresponding in mammals. Behav Brain Res 2007;182: 155-165.

47. Kirkland J. Crying and Babies. Helping families cope.London: Croom Helm; 1985.

48. St James-Roberts I. Infant crying: normal development andpersistent crying. In: St James-Roberts I, Harris G, Messer D,editors. Infant crying, feeding and sleeping. Development,problems and treatments. N.Y.: Harvester Wheatsheaf;1993. p. 7-25.

49. St James-Roberts I. Explanations of persistent infant crying.In: St James-Roberts I, Harris G, Messer D, editors. Infantcrying, feeding and sleeping. Development, problems andtreatments. N.Y.: Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1993. p. 26-46.

50. Varallyay G Jr. The melody of crying. Int J Pediatr Otorhino-laryngol 2007;71:1699-1708.

51. Wolke D. The treatment of problem crying behaviour. In: StJames-Roberts I, Harris G, Messer D, editors. Infant crying,feeding and sleeping. Development, problems and treat-ments. N.Y.: Harvester Wheatsheaf ; 1993. p. 47-79.

52. Cecchini M, Lai C, Langher V. Communication and cryingin newborns. Infant Behav Dev 2007;30: 655-665.

334433 ,

2008;71:331-344


53. Martin GB, Clark RD. Distress crying in neonates: Species andpeer specificity. Developmental Psychology 1982;18:3-9.

54. DeLeon CW, Karraker KH. Intrinsic and extrinsic factorsassociated with night waking in 9-month-old infants. InfantBehav Dev 2007;30:596-605.

55. Zaiwalla Z, Stein A. The physiology of sleep in infants andyoung children. In: St James-Roberts I, Harris G, Messer D,editors. Infant crying, feeding and sleeping. Development,problems and treatments. N.Y.: Harvester Wheatsheaf;1993. p. 135-149.

56. . . , . . : ; 1962; . 571-572.

57. Freud S. The Interpretation of Dreams. Harmondsworth:Penguin; 1976.

58. . : . : , . . - : , .: ; 1995. .663-711.

59. , . . Freud E, Freud L, Grubrich-Simitis L. . . : - ; 2006. . 8-11.

60. Foulkes D. Childrens Dreaming and the Development ofConsciousness. London: Harvard University Press; 1999.

61. Kugiumutzakis G. Book review on Foulkes D (1999).Childrens dreaming and the development of consciousness.J Child Psychol Psychiat 2000;41:950-951.

62. Karraker KH, Young M. Night waking in 6-month-oldinfants and maternal depressive symptoms. Journal ofApplied Developmental Psychology 2007;28:493-498.

63. Messer D. The treatment of sleeping difficulties. In: StJames-Roberts I, Harris G, Messer D, editors. Infant crying,feeding and sleeping. Development, problems and treat-ments. N.Y.: Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1993. p. 194-210.

64. Messer D, Richards M. The development of sleepingdifficulties. In: St James-Roberts I, Harris G, Messer D,editors. Infant crying, feeding and sleeping. Development,problems and treatments. N.Y.: Harvester Wheatsheaf;1993. p. 150-173.

65. Stevenson J. Sleep disturbance in children and its relation-ship to non-sleep behaviour problems. In: St James-RobertsI, Harris G, Messer D, editors. Infant crying, feeding andsleeping. Development, problems and treatments. N.Y.:Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1993. p. 174-193.

66. De Mause L. . : -; 1974.

67. . . - , . : -; 1985.

68. . . . , .,. . . : ; 1936.

69. . . , ,: . : ; 1980.

70. Braten S, editor. On Being Moved. From Mirror Neurons toEmpathy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins; 2007.

71. Trevarthen C, editor. Brain Circuits and Functions of theMind. Essays in Honor of Roger Sperry. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press; 1990.

334444 .



Ψυχολογία Εμβρύων, Νεογνών Και Βρεφώνσύγχρονη...

Documents

Transcript of Ψυχολογία Εμβρύων, Νεογνών Και Βρεφώνσύγχρονη...