ΟΙ ΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΑΘΗΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟ ΜΑΘΗΜΑ ΤΩΝ...

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ΕΛΙΑΝΑ ΧΑΤΖΗΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΟΙ ΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΑΘΗΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟ ΜΑΘΗΜΑ ΤΩΝ ΘΡΗΣΚΕΥΤΙΚΩΝ (Εμπειρική έρευνα) ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΠΟΥ ΥΠΟΒΛΗΘΗΚΕ ΣΤΟ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΘΕΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟΥ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ 2005 

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ΟΙ ΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΑΘΗΤΩΝΠΡΟΣ ΤΟ ΜΑΘΗΜΑ ΤΩΝ ΘΡΗΣΚΕΥΤΙΚΩΝΕμπειρική έρευνα

Transcript of ΟΙ ΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΑΘΗΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟ ΜΑΘΗΜΑ ΤΩΝ...

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    2005

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    40 2.7 41 2.8 52 2.9 52 3: ,

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    ... (: 1979).

    P. G. J. P. Migne, Patrologiae Graeca Cursus Completus (Paris: 1844).

    SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

    OFSTED Office for Standards in Education

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    , 11, 854. PG 58, 690

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    2

    2.1 : , , , . . . , , . . , (attitudes) .27 , 27 Gordon W. Allport, Attitudes, in Handbook of Social Psychology Ed. by C. M. Murchison; Worcester (Mass.: Clark University Press, 1935).

  • , Ph.D. 32

    , . , 20 . Gordon Allport28 ( , Harvard) Leon Festinger29 . , , . attitudes. , aptitudo .30 , , , , . 2.2 : Zimbardo Leippe , , , . , 28 Allport, Attitudes, 1935. 29 Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford C.A.: Stanford University Press, 1957). 30 Roger Davies & Peter Houghton, Mastering Psychology (Houndmills-London: MacMillan Master Series 1991), . 49.

  • , Ph.D. 33

    .31 , . ABC32 affective (), behavioural () cognitive (). , , . , . . , .33 , , . 31 Mednick , , , . Bernstain, , , , , , . Philip G. Zimbardo, & Michael R. Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change and Social Influence (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991) . 30. 32 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 30. 33 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, .49.

  • , Ph.D. 34

    , , : , , . , , . , , . .34 , .35 , . .36

    34 . . Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 31, 54. 35 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 50. Colin Robson. 2000, . , , . Colin Robson, Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner Researchers (Oxford UK & Cambridge USA: Blackwell, 2000) 12th Edition, . 256. 36 Richard D. Gross, Psychology. The Science of Mind and Behaviour (London, Sydney, Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton, 1992), . 515.

  • , Ph.D. 35

    2.3 : , , . .37 ; .38 , .39 . , , , . , . , , 37 , , . Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 32. 38 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 52. 39 .

  • , Ph.D. 36

    , . , , Richard Lapiere40 1934. : , . 90% . , (250 ) (!) . .41 . , . . .42

    40 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 52. 41 , . Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 53 42 . J. N. isbet & N. J. Entwistle, (: 1978, ) . 126.

  • , Ph.D. 37

    2.4 : , , . , , , .43 , . , , .44 (cognitive dissonance theory) Leon Festinger 1957.45 , , . . . .. , , , . 43 . . Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 54.. 44 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 54. , , , . . Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 39, 43. 45 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 61.

  • , Ph.D. 38

    , , , . -. , , . , . , .46

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    46 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 61.

  • , Ph.D. 39

    .47 . , . : , , - , , - .48 , , .

    2.6 : , . .. , , , , .

    47 , . . . (: , 2001) . 92, 93. 48 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 54.

  • , Ph.D. 40

    .49 . Thorndike Skinner . . , .50

    , . . . , . .51 ,

    49 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 54. 50 , , , 4 (: , 1997), .17. 51 , , . 20.

  • , Ph.D. 41

    , . .52

    2.7 : . .53 , , 54: , . (communication models): . : ,

    52 20. 53 , . , . , , . . (: , 2001) . 92, 93. 54 , , - , (. 8 : , 1992) 4365.

  • , Ph.D. 42

    , , , .55 : , . . . .56

    , . . , , . , , . , .57 : . : . , - - 55 , , , 8, . 4365. 56 Beverly von Haller Gilmer, Psychology (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), . 417. 57 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 60.

  • , Ph.D. 43

    . , . . , . , , , . : - , ; Gilmer : , . . , , , . , .58 , . Gilmer , . , , 58 Gilmer, Psychology, . 416- 417.

  • , Ph.D. 44

    . ( ). , . , , .59 . . , . , .60 , . , .61

    59 , , , 8, . 4365. 60 Robert Stephen Feldman, Elements of Psychology, (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1992) . 489. 61 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, 20 , . , , Aronson, , . Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 56.

  • , Ph.D. 45

    : . , . . , , .62 : , , . . , , , , .63 . . , . , . Gilmer . 62 , , , 8, . 4365. 63 Gilmer, Psychology, . 417.

  • , Ph.D. 46

    .64 . , . . Leventhal (1970) , . Aronson (1980) . , McGuine (1969), . . , Eagly Wanen, , , . , , , .65 , Owen Hargie, . , 64 Gilmer, Psychology, . 418. 65 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 59.

  • , Ph.D. 47

    , , . , .66 . , , , . , .67 , .68 , . , , .69 , , , .

    66 Owen D. W. Hargie, The Handbook of Communication Skills (London: New York: Routledge, 1997), . 363. 67 : ) . ) . ) . ) . ) . 68 , , , 8, . 4366. 69 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 30.

  • , Ph.D. 48

    , . , . Davies Houghton70, , , . , , .

    , . O Gerrit Oonk , , , .71 - . . , , . ,72 . 70 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 55. 71 Oonk H. G., European Integration As a Source of Innovation in Education. A Study of the meaning of internationalisation and its Results in Secondary Education in the Netherlands. (Almere: PlantijnCasparie, 2004), . 76. 72 Gilmer, Psychology, .418.

  • , Ph.D. 49

    : . . : (reinforcement), (association) (imitation modelling) .

    , 2.1. , (classical contitioning) , .73 (Social judgment theories): . , , . , , . , , ,

    73 , , - , , 8, . 4366 .

  • , Ph.D. 50

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    2.8 : . , , , , , , . , , .78 77 , , , 8, . 4366. 78 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change . 34.

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  • , Ph.D. 53

    . . (Scaling techniques) Likert, Thurstone, Guttman Osgood. . . . . , . , . , . . , . , .82 . Thurstone scales (1928, 1929): Thurstone 1929 82 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 1, 2.

  • , Ph.D. 54

    . hurstone, method of equal - appearing intervals . , , . 20 . 5 . . Thurstone : ) . ) 1-11. 11 1 . ) . ) , . ) , .83 . . 84

    83 Hugh Coolican, Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990), . 138. 84 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 3.

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    , . , , . , . , , / .85 .86 Likert scale (1932)- : hurstone . , . 30 . . , Thurstone, .

    . , 85 , , , 8, . 4367. 86 Coolican, Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, 139.

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    . 5 . : , , , , .87 5, 4 . . .88 , Coolican89, . . , : : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. , .

    87 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 3. 88 Coolican, Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, .139. 89 Coolican, Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, .139.

  • , Ph.D. 57

    . Likert . . . Likert , .90 Thurstone Likert . Likert 5 , Thurstone .91 Guttmans scalogram (1950) - Guttman: O Guttman , . .

    90 Coolican, Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, .140. 91 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 5.

  • , Ph.D. 58

    Guttman , ` . Guttman . . , , .92 Guttman : . . 1. 2 . , . , . Guttman . , , . Guttman , 92 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 5.

  • , Ph.D. 59

    . , , .93 Osgood Scale (1957)- he semantic differential : , , . , -, -, -. (factors).94 , . , 2. Osgood . Osgood , . 93 Zimbardo & Leippe, The Psychology of Attitude Change, . 4,5. 94 Davies & Houghton, Mastering Psychology, . 51.

  • , Ph.D. 60

    . Likert, Osgood . Osgood .95 Likert .

    : , , . . . . , , , , . , . , : .

    95 Coolican, Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, . 142.

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    . .

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  • , Ph.D. 65

    . , .99 . . . , .

    3.2 : , William Kay, .100 .101

    99 . . , , (: , 1995) . 190. 100 William K. Kay, Reason and Emotion: a problem in religious education. A british perspective Lumen Vitae, vol XXXVII, No 1, 1983 . 93. 101 , . , , , , ( : 1997) 2 ,.

  • , Ph.D. 66

    , , : , , .102 Bloom, , . . , .103 104 , . , , . 102 , , . 93. 103 , (: 1950) . 60. 104 , . . (: 2000).

  • , Ph.D. 67

    H . .105 , .106 . Piaget .107 Piaget , , . . Piaget

    105 , , . 94. 106 Adler (1870-1935), . . , , . 110-111. 107 Walter E. Conn, Cognitive and Affective Fountation of Moral Development: Lean Piagets Analysis of the Emergence of Concrete operations and Will in Childhood, Lumen Vitae vol. 37 No 4 (1982) p. 374.

  • , Ph.D. 68

    108, William Kay. . , Piaget Kay . Piaget , , . , . , , , . , : , . .109 , . , , 108 Conn, Cognitive and Affective Foundation of Moral Development, . 374. 109 B, , .65-67.

  • , Ph.D. 69

    .110 , . , , , , ...111 . , . , .

    , , , . . 112. , . 110 , . 111 , , . 115. 112 , , (: , 1990) . . .) . 207-208.

  • , Ph.D. 70

    . , William Kay, .113 , . .

    , . . , , .114 , , . , , , , . , :

    113 ay, Reason and Emotion: a problem in religious education. . 90. 114 . , . , , 2 (: , 1980) . 29, 31.

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  • , Ph.D. 73

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    - . Piaget, Kohlberg. , . , Piaget .

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    118 , , , 1 ( : 1994) . 22.

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    119 .

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  • , Ph.D. 76

    , .

    , James Rest . Research on Moral Judgment in College Students, Rest , .122

    . 19 . , . , 123. . , . 122 . Rest - . Andrew Garrod, Approaches to Moral Development. New Research and Emergency Themes (New York and London: teachers College, Columbia University, 1993) .5. 123 , (: , 1978), . 116.

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    . , . . . . , , .124

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  • , Ph.D. 78

    125, .

    , . , . , . , .126

    : , , . . .

    125 , , . . , . . , (: , 1996) .116-117. 126 Learning to Teach Religious Education in the Secondary School. O : ; ; ; Angela Write & Taira Mohammed Learning to Teach Religious Education at Key Stage 4 in Learning to Teach Religious Education in the Secondary School ed. By Andrew Wright & Ann Marie Brandon (London and New York: Routledge-Falmer, 2002) . 141.

  • , Ph.D. 79

    . . , . , , . , , , . , . , . . . .

    . .127

    127 , , . . ,

  • , Ph.D. 80

    , . . , .

    . . , (: , 1996) .116-117.

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    -

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  • , Ph.D. 82

    .128 , .129 , . , , , . .

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    128 , Leslie J. Francis, . . 129 John D. Nisbet & Noel J. Entwistle, (: ,1978) . 18.

  • , Ph.D. 83

    , , . , , , . . . , . .130 . . . , . . , .

    130 , , , 8, . 4363.

  • , Ph.D. 84

    , . . .131 : ; , . , . , . Waterhouse, .132 .133

    131 Alfons Otto Schorb, & Franz Joachim Bakker, The Attitude of Teachers to the Use of Television. Methods and Materials (Counsil of Europe: 1968), . 6. 132 , , . 98-99. 133 . , , , . .Schorb & Baker, The Attitude of Teachers to the Use of Television, . 6.

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    , . , , , . , , . , . , 134 . , .135 , . 134 , , . 82-83. - . : . , . N , , (: 1996) .29. 135 , , (: 1979) ( ...) 30, 640. , , , , ... 27, 476 Patrologiae Graeca ( PG) 51, 327.

  • , Ph.D. 86

    Elliot Aronson . . O Aronson , .136 . 137 , .138 . , . , . , , ,

    136 Aronson Zimbardo. ronson , . , 49%. Philip G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 13 (Stanford University: Harper Collins Publishers, 1992), . 612-613. 137 , ..., 18, 42-MG 61, 189. , . , ... 18, 336-PG 61, 265. , ... 29, 414 - PG 47, 524. 138 . , , ... 30, 620-701 , ... 63, 764-772.

  • , Ph.D. 87

    . , , . , , , , . , , . , .

    4.3 : 139 , , , . , . , , .

    139 Robert F. ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning or SMATS n SMUTS (Second edition; Belmont, California: David S. Lake Publishers, 1984).

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    , , , . , , . Mager, Developing attitude toward learning, .140 , , , . , , , . , .141 , .142 , . Mager 140 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 7. 141 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 3. 142 , , .13.

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    , .143 , , , .144 , , , .

    , . , , , . , , , , .145 . , . 143 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, 8. 144 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 5. 145 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 11.

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    , , , . , , , , , . , . , , . , . , , . . , . , , ,

  • , Ph.D. 91

    , .146 . , . , , .147 Robert Mager , . . , .148 . , . 146 David arold Hargreaves & David Hopkins, The Empowered School. The management and practice of Development Planning in The School Development Series, (Great Britain, Trowbridge, Wilts: Dotesios, 1991) 147 Gephard, W. J., Components of a Human System for Evaluating Teaching (Phi Delda Kappas: 1980, Edided by Duckett, W. R. ) . 126,127. 148 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 11.

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    . .

    , , .149 Robert Mager, , 150. , , .151 , , , .152 , , , ,

    149 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 8. 150 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 9. 151 , , , . , (: , 1988), .15. 152 , , . 28.

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    .153 , . O .154 , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , . , . , 153 , . , , . 28. 154 Schorb & Baker, The Attitude of Teachers to the Use of Television. . 3.

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    . , , , , . , , . . . 155, . , . . .156 . , . .157 . 155 , , . 34-35. 156 , , . 49. 157 , , . 35.

  • , Ph.D. 95

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  • , Ph.D. 96

    . , . Mager 65 ,158 , , . , . , . , .

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    158 ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 35-39.

  • , Ph.D. 97

    .159 , . Roger Mager160, , . , , . , .161 ,

    159 : : , ;- ; - ; - ; - ; - ; - ; ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 39. 160 : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; ager, Developing Attitude Toward Learning, . 39. 161 . , (: , 1993), . 33.

  • , Ph.D. 98

    . , . . . , . .162 . , , . ,

    162 : , , . , , . , , , . Gephard, Components of a Humane System for Evaluating Teaching, . 124-125.

  • , Ph.D. 99

    . .163 Flanders. , .164 , .165 . , , - . .

    163 . 50 . . . John Zahorik, Research on Teaching as a Basis for the evaluation of Teaching, in Observation and the Evaluation of Teaching, pp. 46-49. 164 Flanders : , , , , , , , , , . John Zahorik, Qualitative versus Quantitative Approaches to Observing Teaching, in Observation and the Evaluation of Teaching, p. 51. 165 , , ... Robert B. Ingle Techniques for systematic observation Observation and the evaluation of teaching, pp 107-108.

  • , Ph.D. 100

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  • , Ph.D. 101

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  • , Ph.D. 102

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  • , Ph.D. 103

    . . .172 , , . , , , , , .173 , , .174 Piaget Werner . Piaget , .175 4.7 : , . 172 , , , 8, . 4367. 173 Oppenheim, Questionnaire design and attitude measurement, p.160. 174 L. W. Anderson, M, , 8, .4371. 175 L. J. Keil, , , 8, . 4368-4369.

  • , Ph.D. 104

    , . . - , . . , .176 , : ) . . . . , .177 ) , . 176 L. J. Keil, , , 8, . 4371. 177 Oppenheim, Questionaire design, p. 121.

  • , Ph.D. 105

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    4.8 : 1913 , . , . 178 Oppenheim, Questionaire design, pp. 123, 133. 179 Oppenheim, Questionaire design, p. 75. 180 L. J. Keil, , , 8, . 4370-71.

  • , Ph.D. 106

    . Lewis 1913 . Burt 1931, o Shakespeare 1936, o Houslop and Weeks 1948-9, o Garrity 1960-1961, o Williams and Finch 1968, Povall 1971, Keys and Ormerod 1976 o Harvey 1984.

    . Khan 1948 Ormerod 1975.

    Crabb 1940, . Rallison 1939 1943 , , . , .

    Jordan, 1937 1941, Thurstone 50 .

    Hashim o 1948, . .

  • , Ph.D. 107

    , Francis, 1987 , , .

    , , .

    4.9 : . Sheffield 1961 . .

    1968 Colin Alves . 15000 . .

  • , Ph.D. 108

    . , .

    O . E. Hyde, . .181

    1976 Brian Gates , .182

    Rees 1967, , .183

    . Cox Wright 1971 . 1968 181 . E. Hyde, Religious Learning in Adolescens, University of Birmingham, Institude of Education, Published by Oliver and Boyd. 182 rian E. Gates, Religion in the Developing World of Children and Young People, PhD Thesis (University of Lancaster: 1976). 183 R. J. Rees, Background and Belief. A Study of Religion and Religious Education as seen by Third Year Students at Oxford (London: SCM Press, 1967).

  • , Ph.D. 109

    57,5% 77,3% , , . , 1971 28,5% 45,6% .184

    , 80 . 1981 , , . . , , .185

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    184 dwin Cox D.S Wright, Changes in Attitudes Towards Religious Education and the Bible Among Sixth-form Boys and Girls, British Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 41, 1971. 185 , ., (: , 1998), . 78, 108,109.

  • , Ph.D. 110

    186. , Leslie Francis, , . , Leslie Francis, . , 1993 Francis Montgomery187, Eysenck Eysenck 1985 , 614 11 16 . , , . , , .

    186 Leslie J. Francis & Jeff M. Lewis, Who wants R. E? A Socio-psychological Profile of Adolescent support for Religious Education, in Christian Theology and Religious Education ed. by Jeff Astley and Leslie Francis, (SPCK: 1996), . 224. 187 Leslie Francis and A. Montgomery Personality and School related attitudes among 11-16 year old girls, Personality and indivisual differences (1993).

  • , Ph.D. 111

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  • , Ph.D. 112

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  • , Ph.D. 113

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  • , Ph.D. 117

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  • , Ph.D. 118

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  • , Ph.D. 119

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  • , Ph.D. 120

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  • , Ph.D. 121

    195 , , .

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    195 . . . , , . Donald Horder Religious Education in Secondary Schools in New Movements in Religious Education Ed. By Ninian Smart & Donald Horder (London: Temple Smith, 2000), . 181. 196 p

  • , Ph.D. 122

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  • , Ph.D. 123

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  • , Ph.D. 124

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  • , Ph.D. 125

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  • , Ph.D. 126

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  • , Ph.D. 127

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  • , Ph.D. 128

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  • , Ph.D. 132

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  • , Ph.D. 134

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  • , Ph.D. 136

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  • , Ph.D. 137

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  • , Ph.D. 139

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  • , Ph.D. 140

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  • , Ph.D. 142

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  • , Ph.D. 144

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  • , Ph.D. 145

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  • , Ph.D. 146

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  • , Ph.D. 147

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  • , Ph.D. 148

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  • , Ph.D. 149

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  • , Ph.D. 150

    0

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    20

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    50

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  • , Ph.D. 151

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  • , Ph.D. 152

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  • , Ph.D. 153

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    30

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    10

    20

    30

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    50

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  • , Ph.D. 154

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    208 , , . . Michael Grimmitt, . . , , , , , . Michael Grimmitt, What Can I Do in R.E.? A Guide to New Approaches 2nd edition (Great Wakering Essex England: Mayhew-McCrimmon LTD, 1978), pp. 157,158.

  • , Ph.D. 155

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    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

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  • , Ph.D. 156

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  • , Ph.D. 157

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  • , Ph.D. 158

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  • , Ph.D. 159

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  • , Ph.D. 160

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  • , Ph.D. 161

    0

    10

    20

    30

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    50

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    %

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  • , Ph.D. 162

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  • , Ph.D. 163

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  • , Ph.D. 164

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  • , Ph.D. 165

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  • , Ph.D. 166

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    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    %

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  • , Ph.D. 167

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    %

    21: , , . , , 78,2%, 59,4%, 55,6% 52,4%. (Chi Square =17.072, df=3, p < .05) .

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    %

    21: , . , , 77%

  • , Ph.D. 168

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  • , Ph.D. 169

    0

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  • , Ph.D. 170

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  • , Ph.D. 171

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  • , Ph.D. 172

    05

    1015202530354045

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    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

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  • , Ph.D. 173

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    2 , (Chi Square =51.971, df=3, p < .055).

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    101520253035404550

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  • , Ph.D. 174

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    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

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    25:

    , 25, . 25 , (Chi Square =14.553, df=3, p < .055).

  • , Ph.D. 175

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

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    %

    25:

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    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    %

    25:

  • , Ph.D. 176

    25, . , .

    36:

    f % f % f % f % f %

    16 7,8 13 6,4 37 18,1 54 26,5 84 41,2

    36, 41,2%, . , . 67,7% . 26 , (ann Whitney U = 4120.000, p < .05).

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    %

    26:

  • , Ph.D. 177

    26 , . 26 , (ann Whitney U = 4120.000, p < .05).

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    %

    26:

    , . 26 , (Chi Square = 35.168, df=3, p < .05).

  • , Ph.D. 178

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    %

    26:

    26, 79,8%. 51,8, 41,8% 28,5%. 26 , (Chi Square = 28.094, df=3, p < .05).

    0

    1020

    30

    40

    5060

    70

    %

    26:

  • , Ph.D. 179

    , . , 58,1% , 37,9% , 32,6% 15,4% . 37:

    f % f