ΕΜΠ- ΨΥΚΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΛΟΙΩΝ

.

2011

. . 02103027

1

. 1

. 3

4

1. 7

1.1 .. 8

1.2 .. 12

2. 16

3. 21

3.1 23

3.2 24

3.3 25

3.4 . 30

3.5 . 32

3.6 . 35

4. 38

4.1 39

4.2 .. 44

4.3 50

5. 53

5.1 . 53

5.2 . 57

5.3 .. 58

5.4 61

5.5 .. 67

2

6. 79

6.1 80

6.1 . 82

6.2 . 86

6.3 .. 87

6.4 . 88

7. 93

7.1 95

7.2 100

7.2.1 100

7.2.2 101

7.2.3 . 102

7.2.4 .. 104

7. 105

115

3

.

.

COP .

,

.

,

Marpol Protocol Montreal Protocol

.

.

, , ,

.

2%

.

R22, , 3%

.

, o ,

.

.

4

, .

.

2

.

, ,

.

: , , , , .

. H

.

,

.

16 ,

.

, ,

1.

Yakhchals (10)

5

(refrigeration bath)

. , .

19 ,

.

Frederic Tudor, "Ice King" ,

,

.

William Cullen

1756. Cullen

,

. 1758 Benjamin

Franklin o John Hadley,

Cambridge,

.

Oliver Evans, 1805. 1834

, Jacob Perkins,

. Perkins

, .

1842, , Gorrie,

.

(.., Air-condition).

,

.

,

. Gorrie

, .

6

, James Harrison

1851 Barwon

. 1854

-

1855. Harrison

. 1861

.

, ,

1870.

1882 William Soltau Davidson

, Dunedin.

.

(aqua ammonia)

Ferdinand Carr 1859. ,

,

.

1910.

2. Dunedin

(10)

8

1.

1.1

,

,

.

accommodation (, , , control room,

), (, ,

, ).

.

.

, , .

(provision

refrigeration) (cargo refrigeration).

(cargo heaters),

(preheating fuel system).

, ,

(cooling engine system ).

.

.

.

9

.

%

.

.

, ,

.

.

.

1.1 (4)

10

,

.

. ,

, .

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

1.2 (4)

11

1.2 (Refrigerated cargo ships -

Reefers)

,

,

.

. 9, ,

, , harbor work craft,

, , , , .

T

, .

.

,

1.3 (4)

12

, 25%

35%

. , fully

refrigerates ship or reefer. ,

partial reefer (

).

:

127 ,

94 , 157 .

,

.

, 20

. ,

,

1.4 (4)

13

,

.

Reefer ,

.

.

.

1.5 (4)

14

.

.

, ,

, , .

, ,

.

.

,

clip-on.

.

.

1.6 (4)

15

, .

.

Reefer 500.000 (14.200

) , 250

. Reefer

90.000 ( 2550 ). ,

Reefer,

40 250 .

.

17

2.

R12 R22 (HCFCs1)

,

.

,

.

(Cl) (3) .

.

Montreal chlorine free (HFCs2)

R22.

R22 2010/2015, 2030

1992.

1. HCFC: hydroclorofluorocarbon

2. HFC: hydrofluorocarbon

2.1 (17)

18

R22

R404A, R410A, R407C. (HFCs). ,

(

),

.

, ,

.

HFCs

. (Climate

Change) (Global Warming).

.

.

,

.

ICCP3

.

(GWP4).

, , ,

, (HCFC) (HFC).

R404A

.

3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

4. Global Warming Potential: .

19

R404A 2000. .

2.2 GWP 100 (17)

2.3 - (. . 17)

20

R22

.

GWP.

R407C R407A. R407C

R22 , GWP

R22

R134a R410A.

R407C GWP .

R22

.

. R407A

GWP R404A,

R407C. R407A

.

22

3.

,

,

. ISO 7547

.

.

(accommodation):

, , , , , ,

, ,

.

(Air-conditioning):

, ,

, .

(Ventilation): -

.

(refrigeration): ()

, , .

.

:

, .

23

.

, ,

( ) .

%.

3.1

.

, ,

.

3.1 (3)

:

1.

2.:

, ,

3.:

oC oC

35 70 -20

27 50 22

24

50%

.

3.2

, :

:

, , , (

):

1 2m2

1 1.5m2

1 5m2

: 4

, 2 ,

: 3

: 2

, : 4

: 2

25

3.3

.

, Watt,

, Kelvin

, W/m2K,

, m2,

(+200mm)

g , W/m2K,

g

g ,

m2

, Kelvin,

3.2.

3.1 &

26

3.2

(3)

:

, k (W/m2K),

. 3.3

.

() ,

43

& 28 17

&

18

&

, 13 42

&

11 17

&

6 0

&

)

2 0

) 1 0

)

6 0

2 5

27

3.3 (3)

, k (w/m2K)

()

,

,

0,9

,

0,8

0,7

()

0,6

, 6,5

, 3,5

,

2,5

,

0,9

28

3.3

.

k W/m2K

=80 W/m2K (20m/s)

=8 W/m2K

(0,5m/s)

d , m

, W/mK

ML , m2K/W

Mb , m2K/W

=1.2 1

=1.45 2

3.2 (. . 3)

29

3.4 (3)

( 1 & 2)

m2K/W ( R)

5

20

200

0,11

0,15

0,16

5

20

200

0,17

0,43

0,47

5

20

200

0,18

0,47

0,51

*

0 0,09

*

(0,2).

(0,9)

3.3 (3)

30

3.4

.

, , .

s watt.

(3.3).

, m2 (

)

k

(

+35oC)

16 ,

29

12 ,

32

Ag , m2

Gs m2

350 W/m2

240 W/m2

31

s .

.

45.

. Gs

.

Gs,

.

.

.

27C.

3.5

(3)

(W)

55

80

/

140

250

.

.

(watt)

32

.

3.6,

.

3.6 (3)

W/m2

.. 15 8

, 20 10

.. 40 20

0,3W/l, .

.

, ,

.. .

1C KPa .

+2 C.

3.5

.

,

, ,

.

33

:

1.

(. .3.1)

2. (.

.3.1)

3. 0,008m3/s

.

(,

, ) 100

.

.

,

, .

(,

, )

,

34

10C ,

, 25C .

.

, , (common

day rooms) .

,

20% .

0.02 m3/s

10 . .

, ,

15 .

,

10 . ,

ferries

30

. , ,

.

.

.

.

35

(accomodation spaces).

3.6

.

.

(non-return

flap). , ,

.

.

.

2

2K.

, ,

+33C.

+35 C.

+36 C

38 C.

0,00009m2K/W.

cooling effect 1,20 kg/m3.

.

-

36

,

, 55dB

.

.

35%

.

.

,

.

37

3.7

(3)

(

) kg/m3

W/mK

160

50

2600 1,05

500 0,14

, 700 0,16

Chipboard 600 0,14

400 0,12

1000 0,13

600 0,08

300 0,052

140 0,04

210 0,05

Fiberglass 6m 15 -100 0,04

Fiberglass 20m 40-200 0,05

35-200 0,05

400 0,06

, 0,045

0,08

0,4

1,8

39

4.

4.1

.

accommodation

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

(exhaust) (supply).

4.1 (*)

40

:

(),

( ), ,

.

(supply fans) .

punkah,

,

, .

, o

. 5

(exhaust fans) : ,

, , , ,

,

. , ,

(exhaust fan).

4.2

(*) 4.3 punkah (*)

41

accommodation .

.

(mushroom vent)

.

.

.

** (bosun store). 4,5

.

4.4 (*)

42

(8)

43

(Ball Valve Vent eads).

, .

, Ball Valve Vent eads.

( ,

) (

) (louver vent).

.

.

.

, ,

.

**:

4.5 Ball Valve Vent Head

( )

(*)

4.6

(*)

44

4.2

,

accommodation.

2

.

(enclosed space).

.

4.7 (8)

45

mushroom ventilator

(N08) .

.

.

mushroom ventilator (M02,

M03).

mushroom ventilator

.

4.8

(8)

46

4.9 03 (8)

47

(8 *)

48

4.1 (8)

20,9% .

mushroom

ventilator.

20.9%. ,

( , )

.

.

(m3/H)

(times/H)

(m3)

(mmaq)

Bosun store M01 Mushroom 8.100 5 Supply 1.618 15

Pump room M02 Mushroom 37.100 15 exhaust

2.473 85

M03 Mushroom 37.100 15 exhaust 85

s.gear room

& emcy fire

P.room

M05 Mushroom 7.320 5 exhaust 1.457 35

4.10 (*)

02

08

03

49

4.2 (8)

.

Bosun store

M01 Mushroom - 900

N01, N03 Mushroom 700 900

N02 Mushroom 1000 900

Pump room 02, 03 Mushroom - 4500( )

08 Mushroom 1500 2400

Mid deck store N04, N05 louver 300318 1400

N06,N07 louver 300318 900

Fire control station N09 louver 300318 1400

Fire control station N10 louver 300318 900

s.gear room & emcy fire P.room 12,13 Mushroom 500 900

4.12 Mushroom Ventilators

(*)

4.11 Mushroom Ventilator

(*)

50

4.3

.

,

( )

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

4.13

(*) 4.14

(*)

51

-

.

4.15

(*)

52

(4 *)

54

5.

5.1

,

. ( 5.1)

(tdb) 35C 60%

27C 100%.

.

. 21C,

, 100%

. 21C

100% .

,

( 5.2)

. 10C

() 21C

50%.

.

(zone heater).

.

.

.

55

5.1 (1)

56

32,2C,

.

.

, 40%

60% .

.

.

,

.

.

25mm,

1,5 W/m2/oC .

5.2 (9)

57

5.2

,

.

-5C 50%

21C , 10%.

. 21C

, 10%

.

21 C 10%

,

.

( 5.1) .

100%

+7C. zone heater

21C 40%.

.

. Accommodation

, .

.

.

,

.

(

) (5.1).

58

,

H , kW

Q , m3/s

ti , C

t0 , C

1.2 kg/m3 20 C.

5.3

(8)

59

, -20 C 0 C.

, accommodation, 18 C

24 C.

5.3

.

.

.

.

,

.

accommodation. accommodation

(

).

.

.

(5.2):

,

Q , m3/s

60

H , kW

ti , C

te , C

5.4 (15)

61

. 2/3

.

5.3 5.4

accommodation .

214 215 ( )

. 205, 206, 207 208 (

)

louver vents .

5.4

.

.

% ,

100% .

100%

.

100%

.

.

: () , () , ()

.

62

5.5 (2)

63

(.5.5)

.

.

.

, .

.

.

(.5.5)

.

.

.

,

.

.

(.5.6)

.

.

,

. .

64

5.6 (9)

65

5.7.

,

.

.

.

.

.

5.7 (2)

66

5.9 accommodation (8)

5.8 (

) (9)

67

1 (8 *)

68

5.5

.

upper deck accommodation

( ). ,

1.

(.5.10).

.

.

,

, ,

.

accommodation.

1

2.

2

50% . 2

,

.

accommodation.

. ,

.

69

2

(8 *)

70

(8)

71

3

(15 *)

72

4 (

8)

73

(

6)

74

5

.10

(6)

75

5.11a 5.11b,

Freon R404a

R407c .

R404a R407c

,

(AHU) 149Kw

154Kw.

,

.

304kg 535 kg (

). 75%

. 5.1

.

5.1 R404a R407c

R404a R407c

, C 36 36

, C 40.3 38.9

, m3/h/unit 39 59.5

, m.w.g 3.91 3.95

, lit/ 52 80

76

5

.11a

R

-404a (6)

77

5

.11b

R

-407c (7)

78

-

-1

5C

80

6.

6.1

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

,

2,8W/cm2.

50C,

.

80C

.

.

1,5m/s.

6.1 -

(12)

6.2

(6)

81

3m/s.

.

,

Q m3/h

L kg/m3

Cp (o,24 kcal/kg oC)

t oC

6.3

(6)

82

6.4 (6)

83

6.2

,

, .

11 12

.

.

,

6.5 (2)

84

.

, V W. 4-

.

.

-

.

,

.

-

.

6.6 - (2)

85

.

. ,

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

6.7

CMO 26

, R22 (6)

86

6.3

, .

.

. 3

6.8 (2)

87

,

.

6.4

,

. , ,

.

.

6.9 (2)

88

.

.

.

.

.

, .

.

.

.

32C condensing water temperature,

+5C evaporating temperature,

Refrigerants R22,

R404A, R407C, R507

6.10 ( AHU) (*)

89

N-1

N-2

N-5

N-6

01

02

03

04

08

15

CONDENCING UNIT

6.11 (6)

90

6.11 (6)

91

6.5

.

.

.

/

- -.

. ()

.

.

. ,

IN ANGLE EXECUTION IN STRAIGHT EXECUTION

6.6 (2)

92

6.7 (2)

94

7.

,

,

, .

,

. ,

. ,

.

, Shaobo Hou1,2 Huacong Li1.

. Shaobo Hou Hefei Zhang1

.

.

Hou, Li Zhang

, ,

.

Pinch Point, 6C.

()

, .

(COP)

,

.

1.School of power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China

2.College of Engineering, Guangdong University, China

95

.

.

7.1

1 2

-

.

2

,

3

.

4

, T4,

, P4. ,

4 7

T7. 4-7

.

,

,

4 7. , 7

8 . 8

.

,

. () .

7.1 -

(5)

96

()

()

.

.

.

.

7.2

(5)

AC:

SHE:

T:

C:

97

.

P4 P3/P4

P3 .

.

.

.

.

. ,

, ,

4-7.

18-30gr kg .

, 45-75gr/kg ..,

, 30-50gr/kg ...

.

,

.

. ,

,

.

98

. 7.3,

.

C

D.

.

,

.

, ,

.

7.3

(16)

99

7

.4

(16)

100

7.2

7.2.1

:

, d g/kg

Pvap Pa

B Pa

:

, h kJ/kg

T C

d g/kg

( AHRAE)

:

, Ps Pa

ts C

101

7.2.2

.

. wc ,

:

, n

wc/c

c . 7.1

.

, .

c=30

.

7.1 (14)

102

7.5

. ,

.

7.2.3

,

,

7 P7 7. 7

, 3/7

3.

,

.

.

7.5 (14)

103

.

.

. ,

.

wt ,

.

7.6 (13)

104

7.2.4

,

Pinch

Point pinch point 6C. H

pinch point ,

, .

,

.

pinch point .

7.7 -.

.

.

(tubes)

.

7.7 (10)

105

.

.

7.3

, q1,

:

, mw,

.

, q2,

:

:

106

COP :

( cooling water

system wm)

COP

.

4/3, ,

wet

.

7.8 -

(13)

107

.

1.6 2.5,

20 30oC 15 27 oC.

300Pa

, 300Pa , 600Pa

.

7=30C,

Twet 20 30 C, COP

.

3=wet

Wc

T4.

7.1 COP 7=30C (5)

108

Hou, Li Zhang

7.1 COP

, 7=30C.

, 3 COP.

3=30 0,8 0,9

COP 68%!

7.2 COP 7=25C.

7.1 7.2

COP.

3

2. COP 7=25C (5)

109

c=2.2 nc=nt=0,90

3=wet=20-30oC,

P3=Patm+Pvap-300 Pa , Pvap= 2347,7 Pa (7.11)

P4=2.2P3 (7.12)

P7=P4-300 Pa (7.13)

4=T3*(P4/P3)(n-1)/n , ,(11) (7.14)

7=30C

pt=[(7ncnt)/(2T3)+1/2]/(-1) ,(11) (7.15)

wt 8 (7.5)

wt=)=(n/(n-1))*(Rda+0.001*d7*Rvap)*T7*(1-pt^((n-1)/n))

T8=T7*(pt^((n-1)/n)) ,(11) (7.16)

8 h8

h8=1,006*t8 , kJ/kg , t8 C (7.17)

q2 (7.8)

q2= h3- h8

(7.10)

COP= q2/wm

(7.9) wm

wm=wc/nc-wt*nt

110

q2 & wm, (KJ/Kg da)

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 300

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

t3, oC

q2

wm

7.4 q2 wm, T7=30,nc=0.9, pc=2.2

q2 .1(kj/kg da) q2 .2(kj/kg da)

wm .1(kj/kg da) wm .2(kj/kg da)

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

2.6

2.8

3

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

T3 oC

CO

P

7.3 COP 7=30C, pc=2.2 nc=0.9

COP .1 COP .2

111

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

T3(oC), 7=25oC

CO

P

nt=nc=0.80

nt=nc=0.86

nt=nc=0.88

nt=nc=0.90

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

T3 (Twet), oC T7=30oC

CO

P

nt=nc=0.80

nt=nc=0.86

nt=nc=0.88

nt=nc=0.90

nt=nc=0.80 .2 nt=nc=0.86 .2 nt=nc=0.88 .2

nt=nc=0.90 .2

nt=nc=0.80 .2 nt=nc=0.86 .2 nt=nc=0.88 .2 nt=nc=0.90 .2

112

Hou, Li Zhang.

wt COP.

.

0,8 0,9

t8=-8C.

24C.

. ,

.

1..:

2..: Hou, Li Zhang

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

t3, oC

t, o

C

t8

t4

7.7 t8, t4, T7=30,nc=0.09, pc=2.2

t4 .1(kj/kg da) t4 .2(kj/kg da) t8 .1(kj/kg da) t8 .2(kj/kg da)

113

COP

3,5. COP

nc ,nt 7. 7

. 7

COP,

.

,

.

Matlab. nc080.m COP

nc=nt=0,8. nc086.m, nc088.m,

nc090.m COP

nc=nt=0,86, nc=nt=0,88, nc=nt=0,90

. COP

.

t7=input(' t7(oC)='); T7=273+t7; P2=101325; gama=1.22;

Rda=287.04/1000; Rvap=461.5/1000;

Cp=1.006;

7. statheres.m

Statheres; nc080; hold on; nc086; nc088; nc090;

6. COP.m

114

hc=0.90; nc=1.25; nt=1.25; pc=2.2;

for i=1:1:11; t3(i)=i+19; Pvap(i)=133.322*exp(18.538-(3962.21/(t3(i)+232.86))); B(i)=P2+Pvap(i)-300; P3(i)=B(i); P4(i)=pc*P3(i); P7(i)=P4(i)-300; pt(i)=0.454; t7(i)=T7-273;

d3(i)=621.98*(Pvap(i)/(B(i)-Pvap(i))); h3(i)=1.006*t3(i)+0.001*d3(i)*(2501+1.805*t3(i));

T8(i)=T7*(1-hc*(1-(1/pt(i))^((1-gama)/gama))); t8(i)=T8(i)-273; h8(i)=1.006*t8(i);

P7vap(i)=133.322*exp(18.538-(3962.21/(t7(i)+232.86))); d7(i)=621.98*(P7vap(i)/(P7(i)-P7vap(i))); h7(i)=1.006*t7(i)+0.001*d7(i)*(2501+1.805*t7(i));

T3(i)=273+t3(i); T4(i)=T3(i)*((pc)^((nc-1)/nc)); wc(i)=(nc/(nc-1))*(Rda+0.001*d3(i)*Rvap)*(T3(i))*(-1+((pc)^((nc-1)/nc)));

wt(i)=(nt/(nt-1))*(Rda+0.001*d7(i)*Rvap)*T7*(1-((pt(i))^((nt-1)/nt)));

wm(i)=(wc(i)/hc)-(wt(i)*hc);

q2(i)=h3(i)-h8(i);

COP(i)=q2(i)/wm(i);

end

plot(t3,COP,'y')

8. nc090.m

115

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diplomatiki ergasia_maria roussou_old DIPLOMATIKI_update.pdf

DIPLOMATIKI_maria roussou.pdf

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