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31

11

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:

, ,

:

/

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.

.

.

, ,

TRUEFALSE. ANDOR

.

:

A B

F F T

F T T

T F F

T T T

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.

rains(Monday,Athens)

rainsAthens(Monday)

rainsMonday(Athens)

rains(Monday,Athens)rains(Tuesday,Sallonica)

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(: ,,,).

... ... .

.

.

.

.

.

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,

.

!

!

.

.

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(scope) .

(bound). (free)

({}, [], ()) . .

x *(x)z ((z)(x,z))]

x ,z ((z)(x,z))

x(x,y) x

y

x [Friend(x, y) Loves(x,y)] y

x y [Friend(x, y) Loves(x,y)]

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wff

(,,).

(,,).

1. wff. 2.wff.(A), [A], {A}wff.

3.wff. ,, x A x A, wff.

4. wff. ,, v, , A B

wff.

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wff

()(5/15) (wff);

(1) x ( Student (x) y (Student (y) Loves (x,y) ) )

(2) x ( Student (x) y (Student (y) (Loves (x,y) ) ) ) )

(3) x ( Student ( x) y (Student (y) Loves (x,y) ) )

(4) x (Dodecahedron (d) Dodecahedron (c) (Small (b) Cube (a) ) ) )

(5)(Dodecahedron (d)

Dodecahedron (c) (Small (b) Cube (a) ) ) )

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wff

wff ,

. .

A B

F F T

F T T

T F F

T T T

A B ~

F F T

F T T

T F F

T T T

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wff

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wff

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wff

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wff

(tautology):

. ..

(contradiction):

. ..