Από Το Αυτοκρατορικό Πρόγ

download Από Το Αυτοκρατορικό Πρόγ

of 23

description

Από_το_Αυτοκρατορικό_πρόγ

Transcript of Από Το Αυτοκρατορικό Πρόγ

  • 1

  • 2

    :

    1839-1876..3

    1. .3

    2. ..5

    3. Hatt-i Humayun.7

    : - -8

    1. -8

    2. -9

    : -.11

    1. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani13

    : 14

    : ..15

    1. 1902.16

    2. ..17

    : ,

    ...........................................................................................................................18

    1. ..18

    2. ..19

    3. 20

    4. .21

    22

  • 3

    1839-1876

    19 , 1. . .

    ,

    (1803)

    (1830)

    .

    ().

    ,

    . Muhammad ibn Abd al

    Wahab (17031791)

    Muhammad Ali (17691849)

    2.

    .

    - .

    ,

    3.

    .

    19 Selim III (17891807)

    Mahmud II (180839)

    4. ,

    1 . . , 1800-1923, (1800-1878) 2006, .

    19-22 2 Propaganda and mass persuasion: a historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present / Nicholas J. Cull,

    David Culbert, David Welch. Abc-Clio 2003 . 280-283 3 Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004 . 64

    4 The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1a: The central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the

    First World War, Cambridge University Press 2008 . 364-365

  • 4

    .

    Mahmud II

    . ,

    ,

    .

    5. Sheikh-ul Islam

    , Bab-I Meshihat6

    1838

    Basvekil, 7.

    .

    .

    1826.

    8.

    - 9.

    1835

    Mahmud II ,

    ,

    , 3 1939,

    - .

    Mahmud II .

    ,

    1828

    10.

    5 Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004 . 85-89

    6 Feroz Ahmad. The making of Modern Turkey. Routledge 1993. 25

    7

    8 Propaganda and mass persuasion: a historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present / Nicholas J. Cull,

    David Culbert, David Welch. Abc-Clio 2003 . 280-283 9 Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004 . 85-89

    10

    Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922, Cambridge University Press 2005, 65-68

  • 5

    ,

    1839

    (- ) (Hatt-i Sherif Gulhane). 3

    1839 Abdul Majid Khan

    , Topkapi.

    11.

    ,

    Mustafa Resid12 ,

    :

    , .

    .

    ,

    13.

    , Mahmud II. , 14. . , , 15. , , Mustafa Resid (1800-58), Kececizade Fuad (181569) Mehmed Emin Ali Pasas (181571) 16.

    11

    MEHRDAD KIA, The Ottoman Empire, GREENWOOD PRESS 2008, 115-116 12

    Stanford Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume II:

    Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808 -1975, Cambridge University Press 1977. 58-59 13

    MEHRDAD KIA, The Ottoman Empire, GREENWOOD PRESS 2008, 115-116 14

    Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004 98-100 15

    The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge

    University Press, 2006. . 13-14 16

  • 6

    Mustafa Resid (tanzimatgtlar)17. (1834-1836) (1836-1837). Metternich Palmerston18. , , . , , , , . , 19. , , 20. . sharia, 21. 22. , .. -23, . , Metternich , , .

    17

    Stanford Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume II: Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808 -1975, Cambridge

    University Press 1977. 59-61 18

    19

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 553-554

    20

    . . ,

    , 2003. 322-323 21

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 553-554

    22

    23

  • 7

    Hatt-i Humayun

    ,

    , Hatt-i Humayun24. -

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    25.

    24

    Mehrdad Kia. The Ottoman Empire, Greenwood PRESS 2008. 118-19

    25

    , 101.

    : International, 2006, 60-63

  • 8

    - -

    -

    -

    19 . -

    26

    . - ,

    , ,

    .

    Mahmud II (180839), -

    ,

    27.

    - ,

    , ,

    28.

    millet

    ,

    . -

    ,

    29.

    26

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 448-49

    27

    28

    29

  • 9

    - 19

    ,

    30. -

    .

    , ,

    .

    , , 31.

    . Sinasi,

    Ziya Pasa Namik Kemal.

    - ,

    . -

    . Ali Fuat

    Pashas , .

    -

    inasi Namk Kemal

    ,

    32.

    -

    , . inasi

    - ( ).

    . 1856 Namk

    Kemal, 33.

    Namk Kemal ,

    ,

    34. -

    ,

    vatan, . vatan

    ,

    30

    Feroz Ahmad. The making of Modern Turkey. Routledge 1993. 29-30 31

    . . , , 2003. 322-323 32

    Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004 117 -121 33

    34

  • 10

    35. -

    .

    -

    . - 1865,

    36.

    .

    187637.

    .

    .

    35

    36

    37

  • 11

    -

    Abdulhamid II . , 1875 1879, 188138. 1875-1878 . , . , . - -, Namik Kemal, - 39 Abdulhamid II

    . 30

    -.40

    - ,

    ,

    41.

    .

    .

    -

    42.

    - .

    - -. ,

    43. .

    , ,

    44.

    38

    The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge

    University Press, 2006. . 48-49 39

    Rauf Abdul. PAN-ISLAMISM AND THE NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE OF BRITISH INDIA (1897-

    1918).2007. 22

    40 Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004 128-130

    41 Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 453-54

    42 The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge

    University Press, 2006. . 48-49 43

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 453-54 44

  • 12

    45.

    Abdulhamid II -:

    -, -

    46.

    -

    .

    ,

    .

    - 47.

    -

    .

    .

    -.

    -

    .

    ,

    . Basra

    ,

    - 48. , -

    Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.

    45

    46

    47

    48

  • 13

    Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

    Jamal al-Din al-Afghani ,

    19 .

    , ,

    49. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Karbala

    50.

    .

    . ,

    187851

    Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

    , 1892. -

    52. al-Afghani

    .

    Nassir al-Din, ,

    . al-Afghani

    , 189753.

    - Jamal al-Din al-Afghani ,

    , .

    , Abdulhamid II

    .

    -

    , al-Afghani -

    , 54.

    49

    , 18-19 50

    51

    52

    SEVER AYTEK. PAN-ISLAMIST IN ISTANBUL: JAMAL AD-DIN AFGHANI AND HAMIDIAN ISLAMISM, 1892-1897. , 2010. M. S., Department of Middle East Studies. 55-56

    53

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 453-54 54

    54

    SEVER AYTEK. PAN-ISLAMIST IN ISTANBUL: JAMAL AD-DIN AFGHANI AND HAMIDIAN ISLAMISM,

    1892-1897. , 2010. M. S., Department of Middle East Studies. 55-56

  • 14

    , . ,

    , 55.

    , 1905 Port

    Arthur. 56.

    , ,

    ,

    57.

    , .

    ,

    , . Celal

    Nuri, ,

    58.

    ,

    .

    . Abdullah

    Cevdet, ,

    59.

    55 DEMRAG YELDA. Pan-Ideologies in The Ottoman Empire Against The West: From Pan-

    Ottomanism to Pan-Turkism. THE TURKISH YEARBOOK VOL. XXXVI. 148-149

    56

    57

    58

    59

  • 15

    Abdulhamid II

    .

    Abdulhamid II

    .

    -60

    , 61,

    , 188962. ,

    , , 63.

    .

    ,

    , , La Jeaune

    Turquie64. .

    , (1859-1930),

    . 1895

    , 65.

    jeunew Turks, 66.

    ,

    . 1896

    60

    Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004 . 139-144 61

    62 Kieser Lukas Hans. Turkey Beyond Nationalism, Towards Post-Nationalist Identities, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 2006. 7 63

    Lewis Bernard. , I ,

    . 399-401 64

    Ilchev Ivan. ? (1821 -1923), 2011. 175

    65

    Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004. . 139-144 66

  • 16

    ,

    67.

    .

    .

    68.

    Abdulhamid II69. 1897

    70.

    1899 ,

    ,

    71.

    ,

    .

    , .

    1902

    72

    1902 , . , , 73. . 1905 74. 75.

    67

    Lewis Bernard. , I , . 403-405 68

    69

    Ilchev Ivan. ? (1821 -1923), 2011. 175 70

    Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004. . 139-144 71

    72

    73

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 605 74

    Lewis Bernard. , I ,

    . 412 75

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 605

  • 17

    . . , , . 76. , . .

    1902 .

    77.

    .

    78.

    .

    1905-1906.

    , 79.

    ,

    80 .

    81.

    1907

    ,

    82.

    .

    .

    76

    Lewis Bernard. , I , . 414 77

    . . , , 2003. 322-323 78

    Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004. . 139-144 79

    80

    81

    82

    Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009. 605

  • 18

    ,

    ,

    ,

    , .

    83.

    19

    , , .

    1908

    .

    ,

    .

    1908 84.

    ,

    1878

    ,

    85.

    , ,

    .

    ,

    86.

    ,

    .

    -

    , ,

    83

    Somel Aksin Selcuk. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. The Scarecrow Press Inc. 2003. 315-317 84

    Erik j. zurcher, , . 2004. . 147-149 85

    86

    , 150

  • 19

    87. -

    , .

    - 1911-1912

    .

    1913

    , .

    88

    2 1914

    .

    .

    , ,

    ,

    89.

    ,

    . 1912

    1917 90

    . Abdulhamid II

    , ,

    91.

    92

    .

    .

    87

    , 101.

    : International , 2006, 107-109 88

    89

    j. zurcher, , . 2004. . 167-169 90

    , 186-191 91

    The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. . 100-102 92

    j. zurcher, , . 2004. 174

  • 20

    ,

    . ,

    . 1911

    ,

    , 93

    .

    ,

    ,

    , 94.

    ,

    95. ,

    96.

    ,

    97. ,

    .

    , , 1904 ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    98

    93

    , 188 94

    The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge

    University Press, 2006. . 100-102 95

    96

    97

    , 101.

    : International , 2006, 107-109 98

    j. zurcher, , . 2004. 188

  • 21

    ,

    .

    ,

    99. ,

    100.

    ( )

    1917

    101.

    , , . , . , 102. , , , , , . Ziya Gkalp, , , 103 , , - , 104. , .

    99

    j. zurcher, , . 2004. 186-191 100

    101

    102

    Karpat. H. Kemal. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. 309-312

    103

    , 101. : International , 2006, 107-109 104

    Karpat. H. Kemal. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. 327

  • 22

    Aksakal Mustafa. The Ottoman Road to War in 1914, The Ottoman Empire and the First World War. Cambridge University Press 2008. Cologlu Erol. Ottoman Propaganda And Turkish Identity, literature in Turkey During World War I, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 2007. Mehrdad Kia. The Ottoman Empire, Greenwood PRESS 2008.

    THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ISLAM, VOLUME IA THE CENTRAL ISLAMIC LANDS FROM PRE-ISLAMIC TIMES TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR, Cambridge University Press, 2008. Gbor goston, Bruce Masters. Encyclopedia of the OTTOMAN empire, Copyright 2009.

    The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Stanford Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume II: Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975, Cambridge University Press 1977. ktem Kerem. Creating the Turks Homeland: Modernization, Nationalism and Geography in Southeast Turkey in the late 19th and 20th Centuries, University of Oxford 2003. Deringil Selim. The Well Protected Domains, Ideology and Legimatation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 1999. Somel Aksin Selcuk. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. The Scarecrow Press Inc. 2003. Gingeras Ryan. Sorrowful Shores, Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 19121923, Oxford University Press Inc 2009. Kent Marian. The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Deakin University, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. Kayal Hasan. Arabs and Young Turks, Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 19081918. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 1997. Zurcher J. Erik. The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building, From the Ottoman Empire to Atatrks Turkey, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 2010. Zurcher J. Erik. . 2004. Quataert Donald, The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922, Cambridge University Press 2005.

  • 23

    Propaganda and mass persuasion: a historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present / Nicholas J. Cull, David Culbert, David Welch. Abc-Clio Ilchev Ivan. ? (1821-1923), 2011 Lewis Bernard. , I , . Lewis Bernard. , II , . Kieser Lukas Hans. Turkey beyond Nationalism, Towards Post-Nationalist Identities, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 2006. Feroz Ahmad. The Young Turks, The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics 1908-1914, Oxford University Press 1969. Feroz Ahmad. The making of Modern Turkey. Routledge 1993. LAITIN D. DAVID. Nations, States, and Violence. Oxford University Press 2007. SEVER AYTEK. PAN-ISLAMIST IN ISTANBUL: JAMAL AD-DIN AFGHANI AND HAMIDIAN ISLAMISM, 1892-1897. , 2010. M. S., Department of Middle East Studies Rauf Abdul. PAN-ISLAMISM AND THE NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE OF BRITISH INDIA (1897-1918).2007. DEMRAG YELDA. Pan-Ideologies in the Ottoman Empire against The West: From Pan-

    Ottomanism to Pan-Turkism. THE TURKISH YEARBOOK VOL. XXXVI.

    Karpat. H. Kemal. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. . . , 1800-1923, (1800-1878) 2006. . . , , 2003. , 101. : International, 2006.