Μετερεωλογικοί Οροι

download Μετερεωλογικοί Οροι

of 12

description

Βασικοι Μετερωλογικοί όροι

Transcript of Μετερεωλογικοί Οροι

  • : . . - . - . , , . , , , . . . '0' ( ) '100' ( ) . 100 0 100 (C). '32' , 212 180 , (F). (K) '0' (-273C), ( - . : C=5/9(F - 32) K=C + 273. 58C (136F) . -89C (-128F) .

    - . ( ). ( ). - - ( ), , , , , , , . . Celsius (C). Kelvin Fahrenheit (F). Kelvin Celsius 273 ( 0 -273 C ). Fahrenheit Celsius 1.8 32 .

    ( 2m) , . :

    , , , , , ,

    , , , , , .

    . . . .

    , 75% . 6.5C , , . ( l-2km) . , . , () , , . ( 12km ) . .

    50km . (3,). ( 25km) , . . .

  • -- : ( ), ( ) (, ). . , () 0 100C. To ( 0.3-0.4% ). 2.5cm . ( ) . . ( ) . , .

    : ( ,

    g/m3), 1kg ( g/kg). ( , %)

    ,

    .

    . , . .

  • ( 2m) : , , , , ( ,

    , ,

    . . - : ( ) . . 0% 100% . ( ) , . . , , . , . ( ) . ( ), , . 15C 50% 5C, 80% 12C. 100% 15C. .

    , . , ().

    , . , . , O2 CO2 . , , . 10% . . , , 1500 .

    , . , . , , , . 1 , . , , . , . , . , . , . (.. , ), 2002. , .

  • (): .

    , . . , , . ( ). ( ) , . ( ). , , . ( ), ( , ) . . , , :

    . 0.1 10 km , . .

    . . 10 cm s-1. .

    . , . . , ! . . (Cloud Condensation Nuclei/ CCN) CCN .

    Lamarck 1802 ( ). Lamarck, ("International Cloud Atlas," World Meteorological Organization, 1956). Howard 1803, 4 : cumulus () , stratus () , cirrus () nimbus , ( , cirrocumulus, cirrostratus). , nimbus, nimbo, ( , nimbostratus, cumulonimbus). , , altum, . 10 ( ). , .

    Cumulus 2 km 2 km 2 kmCumulonimbusStratusStratocumulusNimbostratusAltostratus 2-4 km 2-7 km 2-8 kmAltocumulusCirrus 3-8 km 5-13 km 6-18 kmCirrostratusCirrocumulus

    Cumulus: () , , , , . . . . , , .Cumulonimbus: () . . . . , , ( ). . , , . , ( 30 ) .Stratus: () , , . . . , , .Stratocumulus (): , , . (stratus) . 100 km .

  • Nimbostratus (): , , - . . . , .

    Altostratus (): , , , . . , .Altocumulus (): , , , . . .

    Cirrus (): , . ( ) .Cirrostratus (): , ( ) , . Cirrocumulus (): , - .

    . . . , , , . , (lenticularis). , .

    . , , . , . ( / radiation fog) () {advection} , . , (stratus) 500 m .

    , . .

    - - : , . , . .

  • : , . . . , millibar (mb) (in Hg). 1013,25mb = 29,29inHg. 1084mb 870mb.M bar (=1000mb) 100.000Newton 1. 1Newton 1kg ' 1m/s. 1bar mb S.I. Pascal. 1Pascal 1Newton 1. mb hectopascal 100Newton 1 mb. " 1012mb 1012hpa. , . 1013,25mb/hpa. , 10mb 100. . 500mb 5,5km Everest 300mb. 50km 1mb. , mb (millibar) hPa (hectoPascal) 10kgr 1m2. . . ( ) 1013hPa 870 1085hPa. 900hPa 1km, 500hPa 5.5km 200hPa 12km. , , , , . (). . '' , , . . ''. () ( ), ( ). ( ), 45 0C. ( 5hPa) . , (12 ), . (24 ) .. . . , . ,

    1mb () 9m . , , . . ( ) . , ( !), , , . , . , ( ). , , . , 1017mb 1011 , 1020 1014. , 80 mb ! 4mb . 4mb 27 (4 9). , 4 mb . , = (MSL = Mean Sea Level), . ( 1mb 9), . , 1013 , : 944, 961, 1012, 999, 1003 .

    : 500 : 1mbar=8.45m ( ) 750 : 1mbar=8.60m ( ) 1000 : 1mbar=8.74m ( ) 1250 : 1mbar=8.82m ( ) 1500 : 1mbar=8.97m ( ) 1750 : 1mbar=9.07m ( ) 2000 : 1mbar=9.17m ( ) 2250 : 1mbar=9.26m ( ) 2500 : 1mbar=9.35m ( ) 2750 : 1mbar=9.49m ( ) 3000 : 1mbar=9.62m ( )

    ... chalet 1750 - 817mbar.A 1750 1mbar 9.07 . 1750 9.07 mbars . 193mbars. O 1010mb .

  • : , . . , . ( ) . 18 12 . (.. , ).

    , , , , : 0,05mm. (Drizzle) '' . , . , , () . . . , . () . . . '' , , , , .

    : ( ) '' . , , . .

    (Foehn): .

    : () . , . , , , , , . , , .

    : (, , ). . , . , . , ( ) .

    o (Trough): (Trough) . .

  • (Adiabatic variations): . ( ), ( ) (Jet Stream): . , . , '' ''. 60 , 120 - 160 350 . . (Clear Sky): 0,2 . (Sun radiation): . (Actinometer): , . (Extremes values): . (Trade winds): . . (trade winds) (antitrade winds). (Halo): ( ) ( ) . (Halcyon Days): . . . (Turbulence): . / (Inversion): ' . . ' . . . . . , , ... (Anemograph): . (Windvane): . (Beaufort scale): . 1-12. . (Anemometer): . (Wind): . (Gradient Wind): ( Corriolis) . (Wirlwind): . . . (Updraft): . (High / Anticyclone): ( ), . . . . . (Absolute Temperature): (-273 ). (Greenhaus effect): .. , , .. . (Lighting): . . (Discontinuity): . (Cloud Atlas): , . (Atmosphere): O . . (Atmospheric pollution): . (Atmospheric pressure): . . 1,05 1 cm , . (hPa), (milibars) (in Hg). 1013,25 hPa. (Land and Sea breeze, etc.): . . . , ... (Col): . (Mist): , 1-2 . (Haze): O 2 .

    (Gradient): . (Pressure gradient): H . (Barograph): . inches . (Trough): V. (COL): . . . (Wedge or Ridze): , . (Barograph): . (Barometer): O . (Barometer aneroid): . . . . . (arometer mercurial): A () . . (Vernier): . (Biometeorology): .

  • (Thunder): , , . (Rain): . (Light Rain): . (Rain gauge): M . (Rain recorder): , .

    (Geostrophic wind): O ( ) . . . . (Terrestrial Radiation): .. ( ), . (Linesquall): 150 ., , . (Terrestrial magnetism): . , 10 12.

    (Duration of sunshine): , , , , . / (Diffusion): , . (Eddy): . (Wind shear): A . (Dew): , , .

    (Evaporation): , ( ( . (Evaporimeter): . (Exosphere): , . / (Discontinuity Surface): , , , . () (Etesian winds): . - , . 2 . (Amplitude of Element): .

    Van Allen (Van Allen belts): .

    (Solar Constant): -. (Sunshine Recorder): . : . 8 24 0,2mm . : .

    (Martime air masse): . (Theodolite): , , . . (Caloric): . 14,5 15,5 C. (Lapse-rate): . 0,6 , 100 . (Thermograph): . (Temperature): . 6,5C / 1000 -56,5 C, 11000 . 11 20 -56,5 C. 20 32 1C / 1000 (Thermometer): . (Warm Front): , . (Thermopause): . (Thermospere): , 400-500 . . (Gale): . 8 .

    (Ionosphere): , 400-500 . . , . (Isallobars): O . (Isobars): , (Millibars). (Isotherm): . (Contours): O , .. 60 . . . .

  • (Downdraught): . BUYS - BALLOT: : '' . (Standard Atmosphere): 15C, 1013,2 , 6,5C 11. . -56,5C. (Katabatic Winds): Foehn. . (Lapse Rate): . '''' C / 1000 m C / 1000/ (Thunderstorms): . . , , . (Smog): () . (Thunerbolt): ! (Climate): 30 . (Climatology): . (Knot): 1 /. (Dust): ' , , , .. (Dustdevil): . (Saturation): , , . (Blue of the sky): . (Hurricane-Typhoon): !

    (Squall): . . : .

    . : . (Mistral): (Eye of Storm): (Air Mass or Anticylon): "'' . (Nacreous Clouds): 25 . , . (Mesopause): . (Mesospere): E 80-85 . -90 C . (Convection): . (Advection): . (Meteograph): , , . (Meteorology): . . (Instrument Shelter): , 1,20 . ' . . . (Front): . . (Monssons): , .

    (Nephoscopes): , , . / (Calm): ' . . (Noctilucent Clouds): , . 80 . . .

    : . 1 C 100 , .

    (Ozone): . 15-35 . (Shower): , 10 . . (Fog): . .O : E : O , . . . ' , . 3000 . , . . , ' , . , . : . , . .

  • : . . , . ( ) , . : . . : . . (Air pockets): . . (Runway Visual Range - RVR): H . / METAR (Visibility): H , . . (Ceilometers): . (Coriolis): , CORIOLIS. , . (Ceiling): '' 5/8 ''.

    (World Meteorological Organization): 1950 , . . . / (Hoar Frost): ( ). (Horse Latitute): 30. , . (Polar Air Mass): . (Pyrheliometers):

    (Radisonde): . , , . (Gust): . .

    (Aurora): . . . . (Dew Point): . / (Tornado): . (Corona): . ( ). . . (Stratosphere): 50-55 . 35 . . 35 . ' 50-55 . +15 C. (Condensation): . . (Occluded Front): ' . (Synoptic map): . (Occlusion): , ' , . ''''. , . (Ridge): ' ' . , V (Relative Humidity): , . . (Fracto nimbes): . (Cumulonimbus): , , . . . . . 15 ... (Statocumulus): . . .

    (Tiros Satellite): M . . . (Tramontana): . . (Tropical Air Mass): . (Tropopause): . . , . -50C -80C. (Troposphere): . 10 . 20 . . . . (Tropical Cyclones/Typhoons/Hurricans): E . . . . 12.

  • (Humidity): . . (Wet bulb): . () . (Hygrometer): . (Hydrograph): . (Precipitation): , , . , , . (Water vapor): To . .: , , .. (Water Cycle): . (Super Saturation): . 100%. (Depression): . (Cloud ceiling): .

    (Hail): . . (X) (Low): ( ). (Weather Map): . . (Forecasting Map): . (Milibar): 750,1 mm 0C 45.

    (Drizzle): 0,5 mm. (Hygrometer): . (Cold Front): . '