Φιλοσοφία Επιστ ΕΑΠ

( ) Popper2.1 ( )

, . .

2

, : , , , , , .

, , , , , , , , a priori, a posteriori, , , , , ,

16

KEAAIO 2: ( ) POPPER

, , , . , , . , .. , . 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5

2.1 ( )

17

To , , 1920. Hans Hahn ( ), Philipp Frank ( ) Otto Neurath ( ). , Moritz Schlick ( ) 1922 . O Moritz Schlick, , , 1906 Ludwig Boltzmann ( ). O Boltzmann Ernst Mach ( ). Schlick . Rudolf Carnap ( ), Gustav Bergmann ( ), Herbert Feigl ( ), Victor Kraft ( ), Friedrich Waismann ( ) Kurt Gdel ( ) Karl Menger ( ). , Hans Reichenbach ( ), Carl Hempel ( ) Kurt Grelling ( ), Jan Lukasiewicz ( ) Alfred Tarski ( ), , , . Frank Ramsey ( ) A.J. Ayer (), , , Language, Truth and Logic (, ). W.v.O. Quine (), , Two Dogmas of Empiricism (T ), . , Neurath 1929 Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis ( :

18


), Albert Einstein ( ), Bertrand Russell ( ) Ludwig Wittgenstein ( ). , Karl Popper ( ), , . Neurath . Popper Logik der Forschung (H ), , 1934 Schlick Frank[1]. , 1962, Thomas S. Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( ), , International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Rudolf Carnap. , , , 19 20, , . , , (. Neurath), : , , , . . Schlick, 1936, . , .

[1] T Popper 1959 The Logic of Scientific Discovery (H E A).

2.1 ( )

19

. , . . ( , , ) . , , , . (received view) , , . (. Friedman1991, Haller 1982). , , , .

2.1 : . . .

20


O

, , . .2.1.1

16, 17 18 , Fransis Bacon ( ), John Locke ( ), George Berkeley ( ) David Hume ( ) , , , . Fransis Bacon. Bacon, , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , . Bacon . , , ( ), ( ). Tycho Brahe ( ) 16 . , , , Johannes Kepler ( ) . Bacon , . , , , (idola tribus),

2.1 ( )

21

(idola specus), (idola fori) (idola theatri). , , , . , , , Bacon Novum Organum (N ), , ( ) ( ). Bacon , 18 , Immanuel Kant Kritik der reinen Vernuft ( ) : , () , , , , , . () . , , . .. , . , . . , Karl Popper. E David Hume, , , , , . . Hume , , . , -

22


, , , . , , . , . , , , . , , , , . Hume ; O ume, , , , (relations of ideas) (matters of fact). , , , ant 18 . . . .. (pVp), . . . , . , , , . . , . ,

2.1 ( )

23

(q) , . , . . (q), , , . , . a priori, , a posteriori, , , . Kant a priori , . Hume , .. , . , . .. , , . , a priori, . , Hume, ; , , , , , , . .. , , . , , . , ; E , . . , -

24


Hume, , . . , , Bacon, . ; N , ; , , , . Hume , . , . (constant conjunction) . , . , Hume, , , , . . . . Popper, , . Bertrand Russell , . , . , . Russell . . Kant, , , Hume, , , , 18 , , . . ( ) a priori. -

2.1 ( )

25

. , . .. , , a priori , Kant, . a priori , Kant, , , . a priori . 19 20 , . a priori, (. . 6). , , . , 19 , . 2.1.1 : . . . . . .

2.1.1 : . . . . . . . . . .

26


2.1.2

Gottlob Frege ( ) Bertrand Russell. , 19 20 . , Leibniz, . Frege , 19 , . . , , . Frege , Russell. Russell Frege , . (.. , ) (.. , ), . , , , . , . Frege o Russell A.N. Whitehead () Principia Mathematica. Russell . , . Russell . .. , Russell, . -

2.1 ( )

27

Kurt Gdel ber formal unentscheidbare Saetze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme, Principia Mathematica , 1931. Gdel , , , . . Russell Whitehead Principia Mathematica . , (/) , , .2.1.3

SaintSimon (), 18 , . , 19 , Auguste Comte ( ), , , Comte o . Comte , , : , , , , . O . , , , , . , 19 , Ernst Mach (. 6.3.1) , -

28


. Mach , , . . , Berkeley, . , Mach, , . . ( ), , . , , . , , , , . 2.1.3 : .

2.1.4

18 David Hume , (perceptions) . O , , , , , , , . , .

2.1 ( )

29

, . . , , Hume, . , .. , , . , . , , .. , , . , , , , . , Hume, , . ( ), , ; , . (Hume 1975, . 22) Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding ( ) : , [ ], ; , , , : ; . ; . : . (ume 1975, . 165) , -

30


, . , , , . (universals /particulars), , , , . . 20 Ludwig Wittgenstein ( B) , Hume , Kant , 18 , . Kant , . ant , . Wiitgenstein, , , , . Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus ( ) Philosophische Untersuchungen ( ), Wittgenstein , , . , Wittgenstein, , , ( ) . , Wittgenstein, . . , , , . , . , Tractatus, -

2.1 ( )

31

. (Tractatus, 4.21). Wittgenstein , , , , . . , , . , , ( ), ( ). Wittgenstein, , , . : : , , , , , . (Tractatus, 6.53). O : , . (, , , .) (Tractatus, 6.54). Wittgenstein . , , , Wittgenstein : , Wittgenstein, , .

32


. Wittgenstein , . , Tractatus , , Wittgenstein, , . , , . Rudolf Carnap The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language ( ), Erkenntnis (Vol. II, 1932), . , Carnap, . , , . , . , , , Carnap, , , , , , , , , , , . , Carnap, . . , , Carnap Martin Heidegger Was ist Metaphysik? ( ;) 1929, , , . : [ ] ( [ ];

2.1 ( )

33

, ; ; ; : . ; . , []. : ; . ( Carnap 1959, . 69) , Carnap, , Fichte (), Schelling (), Hegel (), Bergson (), . . , , . Carnap , Principia Mathematica, , , . Carnap , , , , ( ). , , . , , Carnap , . . , . . Carnap , , . , , -

34


. . , , , , . (Carnap 1959, . 79) o Carnap Nietzsche () , , . , , , , , (emotive) (cognitive) ; Carnap , , , : , , , . . . , , , , . , Reichenbach The Old and the New Philosophy: A Comparison ( : ), . . , Kant, , , . Reichenbach , , (context of discovery) (context of justification). , Reichenbach, , -

2.1 ( )

35

, , . , , . , , , . , , (. Friedman 1991). . , Reichenbach , . . , , ; 2.1.4 : . , . , . .

2.1.5 To

. , . , , , , .

36


Wittgenstein Tractatus ( 4. 024), , . Waismann Wittgenstein (Waismann 1983, . 227, 240), . o Wittgenstein . , , , , . , , . , , , . , , . . , , , , , , . , Schlick: () . () ; () , , , ... ( Hanfling 1981, . 19) . ,

2.1 ( )

37

, . , Wittgenstein , . o .. , . . , : , . .. , . , , . , , , . .. ; ; . , , . , O. Hanfling (1981a), , , , , . , . . ,

38


, . , . Satz, . sentence proposition. sentence , proposition . , , Mary draws a circle . , . , (proposition) . : , . , , , . , . , , . , , . ; ; , , . , . . , , , . , , , , , .

2.1 ( )

39

, , . Schlick , Carnap Ayer (factually meaningful statement). . . , . , , , . , , , , , . , , . . Schlick .. . Schlick , , , , , , . ( ) corpus , , . . , . , , , .

40


. , , . , , , . , . . Carnap (1936, . 425) .. , . , : Schlick , , , , , . .. . . . Ayer , , , . .. , . , Ayer , . (yer 1971, . 15): O , . , Ayer, , , . -

2.1 ( )

41

, , (. .. Hempel 1965, 4), . Carnap . , , (particular sentences), . , , . , , (Carnap 1936, . 425). 3.2. . Carnap, , . .. , , , . , . , Carnap, . , . . Carnap, , . , , . Waismann , . , Waismann (Waismann 1960) , , . , .. , . .. . -

42


. . Waismann . . : , ( , . 122). Waismann ( , . 128). , , . : . , , , . , , , , . , . . , , . .. . , , . Schlick () , . ,

2.1 ( )

43

, .. . Schlick , , . Schlick , , . , . Carnap, The Logical Structure of the World (H ), Der Logische Aufbau der Welt, . ( ) , Russell . . , , , Neurath. O Neurath, Berkeley Locke Schlick, Passmore (1966, . 375), , . , , Neurath , , . . Neurath , : 3:17: [ 3:16 : ( 3:15 )] (Neurath 1959, . 202) [2][2] O .

44


Neurath , ( ), , . , . . Neurath, , , , , () (). .. , Neurath. O Carnap , . . . . , , . , . . .

2.1 ( )

45

2.1.5 : . , . , . .

2.1.5 . H .

1. . , ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 1. , . o ( ) . 2. , , . ,

46


. , . 3. , Frege Russell . 4. , , . 5. , . .

2.2 POPPER

47

2.2 Popper

Popper , . .

, : Popper , , Popper.

Karl Popper 60. . 2.2.1 :

48


2.2.2 2.2.3

Sir Karl Popper 1902. , , , , . Cantebury University College London School of Economics . , . The Open Society and Its Enemies ( ) The Poverty of Historicism (H ) , Logik der Forschung ( ), 1934 . 1959 (The Logic of Scientific Discovery) . , , Rudolf Carnap . Karl Popper 1994.2.2.1 :

Karl Popper , , , . , . Popper, . .. , . ,

2.2 POPPER

49

Alfred Adler ( ). Popper , , , . . , . , : . , , . , , , , , (Popper 1988, . 21). Freud () (Popper 1983, 18). Freud, Die Traumdeutung (H ), . , , Freud . , , , . Freud . Freud . Freud , , . Popper , . , , ,

50


. . . , . , . , Popper . , , , ad hoc . ad hoc, , , . , Popper, . . Einstein .. , , . , , . [ ] . . . , , , , Popper, . , , , Adler , Freud , . , . . -

2.2 POPPER

51

, Popper, . (Oedipus Effect) . , , . Popper . , . , , (Popper 1983, . 175). , . . Popper , , , . [3]. Popper . , , , . : . , . ( , ,

[3] Popper Popper 1983, . 191192. Popper 1992, . 167180.

52


) . , . , ( , ), ( , ). . . , 2.1.3, . ( ) , , , , . Popper . , , . Popper . .. 72 , . . , . Popper, , . , , , , , , . . : 1. . 2. .. .

2.2 POPPER

53

3. , . : . (Popper 1994, . 101) , : (Popper 1992, . 115). , , Popper, , , . , , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . , .. , , , , , . . Popper (Popper 1959, 31, 35, 4146). Popper Bacon. E Bacon , Popper . , Popper, (anticipations)

54


, . , . , , , , , Bacon. (Popper 1959, . 279) E Popper, Bacon, , . [] Bacon ! : (Popper 1994, . 86). Conjectures and Refutations ( ) : [] , . , , Royal Society ( ) . , , . : . , , ! , , . ! . () . , , , , . (Popper 1963, . 46) Popper , 4.1, , 50 . Popper .

2.2 POPPER

55

[] : . () [] , . (Popper 1994, . 53) , Popper . 2.1.1 . [4]. . . , , , . , , , . , , , , . Popper . , . , , Popper o,

[4] O , 2.2.2 K. 3 DuhemQuine.

56


. , . Popper . . . , , Popper , , . .. , . , . , , Popper , , . , , ( ) , , , . , , . , : ( ). (Popper, 1963, . vii) , Popper , , , . . , , , . , 3 , , .. Duhem () Quine (), , , , . , . , , , . Popper,

2.2 POPPER

57

, . , . . . (Popper 1994, . 94) , , .

2.2.1 , , , Popper, , : . , . , . , . .

2.2.1 : Popper .

2.2.2

, , . . , . , , ; -

58


. , . Popper, Neurath . , . , , , , . Neurath, , . , o , , . , . Neurath : . tabula rasa. , . (eurath 1959, . 201) Popper Neurath . , , . [ Neurath] , , : ( ) . Neurath , , . , , -

2.2 POPPER

59

. ( Neurath ) , . (Popper 1959, . 97) Popper , . . . , Popper . , , (, ) , , . , .. , , Popper, . Popper . , , . . , , , . , , , , . . . , , . . , . , . , . (Popper 1959, . 111)

60


2.2.2 Popper: . , . , . , . .

2.2.3

, , . . , , , . , , . Popper (Popper 1983, . 217), , , Ersatz : , , , ( , . 222). Popper , , , , , , . , (confirmation) , (corroboration) . (degree of corroboration) (degree of confirmation) (probability), . O Popper

2.2 POPPER

61

. , , , . , . : . , , . Maxwell (), , Fresnel () . , Popper, Maxwell Fresnel, , , Fresnel. , Popper, , , . Popper . , , . () (/) [ , , ], , , . , . , , . (Popper 1983, . 222) [ ] , Popper

62


. , Popper, , , . , , , . . , ! ad hoc . ( , . 223). , Popper , , , . , , , . . ( , . 222) 2.2.3 : .

1. , Popper, ; 2. ; 3. Popper ad hoc ; 4. Popper; 5. , , ; . 1. , . .

YNOH

63

2. , . , , , . 3. ad hoc , , , , Popper, . 4. Popper, Bacon, . , . 5. , . , .

, . . Popper . Popper . . . , .

64


Ayer A.J., (1971), Language, Truth and Logic, Harmondsworth: Penguin. E: , , . . , : , 1994. Carnap Rudolf, (1936/37), Testability and Meaning, Philosophy of Science, vol. 3, no.4, 420468, vol.4, no.1, 140. Carnap Rudolf, (1959), The Elimination of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language A.J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism, Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, . 6081. Carnap Rudolf, (1967), The Logical Structure of the World, Berkeley: The University of California Press. Feigl Herbert, (1970), The Orthodox View of Scientific Theories: Remarks in Defence as well as a Critique M.Radner S. Winokur (eds), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. IV, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, . 316. Friedman Michael, (1991), The ReEvaluation of Logical Positivism, The Journal of Philosophy, vol. LXXXVIII, no. 10, 505523. Haller Rudolf, (1982), New Light on the Vienna Circle, The Monist, vol.65, no.1, 2535. anfling Oswald, (1981a), Logical Positivism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Hempel Carl, (1965), Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science, New York: Free Press . Hempel Carl, (1970), On the Standard Conception of Scientific Theories M.Radner S. Winokur (eds), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. IV, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, . 142163. ume David, (1975), Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, L.A. SelbyBigge (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press. Neurath Otto, (1959), Protocol Sentences A.J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism, New York: Free Press. Passmore John, (1966), A Hundred Years of Philosophy, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Popper Karl, (1959), The Logic of Scientific Discovery, New York: Harper & Row Publishers.

B I B I O PA I A

65

Popper Karl, (1963), Conjectures and Refutations. The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Popper Karl, (1983), Realism and the Aim of Science, W.W. Bartley III, (ed.), Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. Popper Karl, (1988), Science: Conjectures and Refutations E.D. Klemke et al (eds.), Philosophy of Science, Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. Popper Karl, (1992), Unended Quest. An Intellectual Autobiography, London: Routledge. Popper Karl, (1994), he Myth of the Framework, (ed. M.A. Notturno), London: Routledge. Reichenbach C., (1963), The Old and the New Philosophy: A Comparison The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, Berkeley: University of California Press, . 303326. Russell Bertrand, (1910), Principia Mathematica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Waismann F., (1960), Verifiability, Anthony Flew (ed.), Essays on Logic and Language (First Series), Oxford: Basil Blackwell, . 117144. Wittgenstein L., (1953), Philosophische Untersuchungen, Oxford: Blackwell. : , . . , : , 1977. Wittgenstein L., (1961), Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. : Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus, . . , : 1978.

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, (1998), , : . . Brown Harold I., (1977), Perception, Theory and Commitment, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. E: A, , : , 1993. . Carnap Rudolf, , : . (, ) R. Carnap Philosophy and Logical Syntax. Chalmers A. F., (1978), What is this Thing Called Science?, Milton Keynes: The Open University Press (2nd ed.). : , : , 1996. , , . Feigl Herbert and Brondbeck May (eds.), (1953), Readings in the Philosophy of Science, New York: AppletonCenturyCrofts. . Hanfling Oswald (ed.), (1981), Essential Readings in Logical Positivism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. . Kraft Victor, (1953), The Vienna Circle, New York. E: , : , 1986. . Losee John, (1980), An Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press. : , : , 1993. , , . Popper Karl, (1983), Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press. . Popper.

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Schilpp P.A.(ed.), (1963), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, La Salle, Ill.: Open Court. R. Carnap. Schilpp P.A. (ed), (1974), The Philosophy of Karl Popper, in The Library of Living Philosophers, La Salle: Open Court. K. Popper.

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A posteriori: . a posteriori, . priori: . a priori, . : . : ( ) . : . . , : Popper . . : . , : Popper . : , . , : . , : . .

API

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: , . , , . : , , . : . : . : . / : 20 . : . : . . : . : , . : , , . : , . : .

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: . : . : . : . : .

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