1. E , M 2007-13.. &.. 1-2-3 8 .., 3 ..., 2 ... : : 2011 E , M

2. 1. : . http://www.ypepth.gr/docs/neo_sxoleio_brochure_100305.pdf9 2. : : 21 3. , : 34 4. 48 5. : 62 6. : 817. : 103 8. : 112 3. 4 4. , -, , - , . - , , , -, . , , . . - 2010 32.000 -, , - , - . (- 2011) -, - . . E 5 , M 5. E 6 , M 6. : , , - , . - , - - . , - . - , . . , , 1/3 - , , - . . - . , , , - . , .A , E 7 , M 7. E 8 , M 8. 1 ... : !1. . . , . , - . , , , .2. . , , . - , , , . , . , , , , .3. . , -, , .4. ! , , , . -, , , :- ,- ,- ,- , ,- .5. . - , , - . , - - . .6. , - . , . , , , .7. . - , , - .8. , -. . : , , , . , , .9. , . . , - . , , .E 9 , M 9. 1. , , . , - , . - . , , ... - , . , - , , , -, . , . - . -. , . . , -. - - . . - - . , (ET 2010) PISA, , - . . , -.2. -, 21 ( 2008), ( 2009) . : , , , , , , : .() . , , . , , , .E 10 , M 10. 1 () . - , , - . . () . , . () . - , , - . , - , . () , , , () - . , . - , , . , - . , ,: , , , , . : - 4 . - , . . / -.E 11 , M 11. 1. . , - , . - . - : 1. - . . . . - 2010 24 Mbps 1.350 . 2. , . - , . , - , , - , . (e-school, survey, e-data ). - . 3 . 3. . - (), . - 2010. 4. . - . - , , - . , , -. , . - . , - , , -. , 2010 . - . - e-book. 5. . , , . - . . 6. E 12 , M 12. 1 , , - (.. , ) . 2013 2010. 7. . , : , , . . 100 - .2. . - , . - , . : 1. . - : ) - , ) . 2. : - . : ) , ) , ) , ) . : , , . 200 50 150 . / - . 3. . - , , , -. : . , : - / /, , . . 4. . , , . E 13 , M 13. . - - . . 5. - . , , . : - , - , - . - , - . - 6. . - . . . - : 7. . , . , - -. , - . . . - - . 8. / . , . - . : - ( , , ) - . ( , - , ) - . - - , , - - (, , - ) , - . - - - .E 14 , M 14. 1 ... , , . - . :1. : , . , . : , - , . : - - , . , - - . - . , . . - . - - - , , , - - , - - . : . . , . , 2011. 2011-12 , . 2012-2013 . E 15 , M 15. - ( ) -. . - . . -. , - . - , , . .2. . : , , . : : , . - . - , , , . : - . .3. : . , . : - 2 , . . - , . - . - - . - . 180 , . -E 16 , M 16. 1 - .4. - , . : . , , - . , , , . 2006 : - 35% 2001-02, 57,7% 42,3% 76% 24%. - - , - ( ) . : - , : . . - .. .. . , . - . - . - . , - , - ( ) - . , .E 17 , M 17. 5. : , , , , . : . -. - , ()., - :1 1 1 2 2 2 60 30 . 2 1 - 2 ( - first certificate/lower). 2010, 10, 11 12 .6. . .6. : , - - . , , - : , - (). , , . 2010-2011 - 3 10 2013., , - : 1. 2. 3. .E 18 , M 18. 16. . , - : - . , - (..) . , - . - . . Braille. , . - . - . - 1. . , , , . . :() 575 . . 19 - (.. & , .. .. ). :1. . (3 - & , 1 1 ),2. & - 2011, .3. ,4. ,5. ,6. & - ,7. (, ,) (3 ),8. & (3 ),9. ,10. .E 19 , M 19. : 14 , ( ) ( 20 ..) - . 5 ( , , ) - 2,5 ..() ( ) 815 .. -. - . , . 16 10 .2. , - , . - , , , - . ( ) . 10, 11 12 . - : 5 -. . , , - , , , - . . , , -, , , . , !. -. . , , - 21 . , , . , , . : . .E 20 , M 20. 2 . : 2: : , , , . , , , , .O : . /, , / . / / , . , . - . - - - . , , , - . , , / . - . , , , , . - , / , . . , , , , .., , . , , , , , , . 1566/85 , , . : . , , . , , E 21 , M 21. (, , , .), , , , . : , , , ( ) ( ). ( ). , . : , , - ( ). : , , , , . - , . : , . : ( , , ,, ) ( , - , )., , : - . . . . , , , - ( ), . , , , . (.. ). : , , ..., , . (..- , ). . . .E 22 , M 22. - - - .2 , , -, : , , , . , , . . : / . . . . - , , - ., - . . , , -- , , , - , -, - . , , - . : . :- ,- ,- ,- ,- ,- . , . :- ,- , ,- ,- ,- ,- . . :- , ,- ,- , , , , ,- . : : :- , , , - , ,- (, , )- . E 23 , M 23. - : - - , - . , , - , , , - .... 1. - , , , - , . , , - , , , , , , , - , , , , - . - : . : - . . : . 2. , . - . , , - . , , - , , , , , , . , , - , - . - , , , . - .. - . , :- ,- ,- ,- ,- .- E 24 , M 24. ,- . - / . 2. : , , (- ) , . - , . , - ( ), - (peer evaluation) . ( ) - , . , - - - - - , .. , , , . (.. , (projects), , .) .. -: ( , - ..) ( , ), ( , , .) ( ), (, , ..) ( , , ), , ... , : , , - . - , , . , - .. . , - .E 25 , M 25. - , - , . : , - , , (.. , , - ). . - . . - ( ) , - ., , , . , . 1. ( , , ) - . . , , - : , , . , - . , ( ): 1. , - 21 , , . , - , ( ) - , . 2. , - , , , . 3. , - . , , - , . 4. - 5. - . , , - - . , 6. - , , - .E 26 , M 26. , 2, : 1: 8:00 .. 3:00 .. - . 3:30. 8:00 .. 4:00 .. , . ( ), 5 - (. ) , / projects - - , , . , , - ( project) , - , . - , . , - - . 2: - . , . . - . - . , - . - . - , - . 3: - :1. 2. 3. 4. , 5. 6. 7. 8. - ( - ), . , - , - . , - , - ( ), , - . , - , - . , (!) 17 E 27 , M 27. , (18), - .4. - . - . - ( ) . -- , / .5. 2, , ( ).6. , (, ) - . . - , / projects, , , - . , . , - , .. - ( 2005-06 02,8% ), , -, ... - , . , - . ( 7 10), : (11% 13%), (6% 9%), - (6% 4%), - (14% 12%) (27% 16%). . , (28% 25%), (7% 9%). -- . - , .. 48 . 45 .E 28 , M 28. ( ) 2 - /// / 1) 48 28 48 28 & 48 9 -- 6 - - 7 - 6 2) 16 13 24 18 12 7 2 4 6 3) 24 12 26 13 24 12 4) , 17 16 18 18 6 - 4 4 ( & ) -- -7 ( 14) (1/2) - 4 - 2 - 4 - 2 E 29 , M 29. 5) 25 15 28 18 I8 7 ~7 -- ( 14)(1/2) 2 2 8 6 --3 6) 28 9 53 30 12 8 1 /- / --- 16 -- : /Projects, , ..7) & 16 6 20 8 16 - --3 --3 8) 3 6 A 3 174 105 214 135 E 30 , M 30. 2. - (-) 22.1. : - :. - .( - -- :. (- ), .. ).. - ( - , - - , , --, , ).. - .( , -- - ). , , - - .2.2. : - , - : . (.. , ). . ( ), - , , . . , , . . , .2.3. : : . (-) . . . . 2.2. 2.3. . E 31 , M 31. -, ( - ), , . . -- . . - /, .- - , ,,1 : .()23 :E 32 , M 32. , . ( /) 2 , /. / . , . 1 / , , , .- , ,,( . ) --2 345 1:E 33 , M 33. 3 . , . 1. , , , -. , , - , . , - , - , , - . , , 17 - Ratke Comenius, Herbart (19 ) Dewey (20 ) . : - , , , - , . , , (, 2010: 25). , , -, , , - (, 2010). , , , -, ., - , , - . . , , , . , , ( ,, , -, , , , . - ), - , -, . -, , , , - . , , , - ( ) . - , - ( , [ ], ), - . -, , E 34 , M 34. , , - ( , - 3 , ) , . - .2. , , . , , , , - , . , , - , . , , . - , , , .. (, 2010). - : - , , , , , -, , - , , , ( project) , , - . , , (, 2010). , , - (, , ), - . , , , , . , - , , , . , - , , . - , -: , , . , , , , , (, 2001: 295) , . , , , . - , , - . , , , -, . Comenius (1592-1670), , , - , , E 35 , M 35. . , - - . , , , . (-, 2010). , , - (Gudjons, 2008: 253-255) , , . -, - . , - , , . - - , . , , , , -, , . , . , - , : , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , . - . : , , , - (, 2010: 79). , , - , , - . , , , , , ( ) . , , , -, ( ) , -, , . , , . , - , . - , , , , . , , , , , - , -E 36 , M 36. . ( ) (, 2010). - 3, . , - . , - , , , . , - , , , - , , , , , , - , . , , - , , , , , , , (, 2010). - . - . , , , project, . , , , , , ( ) .. , : , , , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , , , , , - . , - , ( ) , - . - . . . E 37 , M 37. , . - : , , , , , (, 1981: 307-320, , 1998: 35-37). , . - , - . , , . (, ), . - , , . , - , - . , , , , , -. , , , - , . , , . , - , - , , . ( ) - . . - - (. ), , , , , ( - ). - , . , . , 19 , - . , - , -. , (, 2010). . , V. , . , - .E 38 , M 38. 1 : , .2 : 3 , . , , , , , , , , , , .. , -, , , .3 : , . , , .4 : - , , . - , - .5 : .6 : , , .. 2 , - . , . , , , , V. , , - , - . . , , , . , - , , , . , , - , - (, 2010 & , 2001). - - , - : ) , - , , , -. ) , . , , - , - . ) . - , , E 39 , M 39. , - , , , . , , - . Allport The Nature of Prejudice 1954, , , , (,2001). . ( project) project , (, 2006). / / / , - , - . project , , -. project , - . , , project - / , ( ), , , - . project. , ( & , 2001 , 2006, 2010). project, project. - : ) , , ., ) , ) project. , - , . . - , , - project. . , , -, , . , - , , , , . . , , , . , , - , , , , , - , , project, E 40 , M 40. , , , , ., - project, , . project - 3 , project, -, . , , . , . , , . -, , , / . -, , - . , , , - . project, , , , - , . , , , , , - , - , - project. , - , project, , . project , project . - . , , , , . - - , , . project - project. , , - , , , , ., project, , -, .., , ., project, , - , , . , - project project, , - , , . project - -, . , , - , , ,, - . E 41 , M 41. 19 20 . , , - . , , , (, 2009: 211-212) ( & , 2011). , . , . , , (Johnson & Johnson, 1998). , , - , 10 15 . - . , : , , - , (Johnson et al., 1993). -, , . , - , (Johnson et al., 1993 Putman, 1998 Jacobs et al., 2002). -. , . - ( & , 2011). - ( , - , , - , , , , ). , ( , , ) ( , - , , -). . , , , , . , , , , , - ( & , 2011 Dishon & Wilson OLeary, 1984). - . . : , , - , , - , , E 42 , M 42. , , , , . , , - , , . 33. -. , , , , . , , - . , , , , , , , . - , , , ... -. : - , .. , , , , , , , , ., . , , , , - , . - , . , , , . , . , . , , . - , , . , - - , . (, 2010). , - . , , - (1 = 1000 ), , - , , , , , -E 43 , M 43. , - . , , , - , , , , , , , .. , , . ( , , ), ( - , , ) ( - .). - , , (, 1981, 1998: 22-34, 87-89). - . - (.. ). , (.. ). , - () (.. , - , . , , . , , - (, ), .. - ( ). - , , - (, 2007). , , . -, /. , - (.. ). -, , , . , , - , (, 2007). / , , . , , - - . (case study) , , .. -, , . ( , ..) ( , , , ..). , , . , , (, 2010). - , , -, .E 44 , M 44. - . - , . - 3 .4. . , , , , . , - - . , , - , . -, Haspas, , ,, , , . -: ( , , - - , , ). ( , -, ). , (Vogel, 1979: 41-43, 2010: 145). , - , . -. - , - . - . , . . , , . - Bacon Ratke , (, 1981). . - , . , , Haspas, E 45 , M 45. , , - . - , Dewey (, 1981, -, 2010). , . , , , , , - , -, . - - , , -, , - , , , , . , -, , , . , , - . - , , (Chatzidimou, 1980, 2010). , . (2001). : . : ., . (1981). . : ., . (1999). . : ., . (1981). . : ., . (1998). . . : ., . (2009). . : ., . (2001). , . : , . (.), , 65 - . . : , 279-302., . (2007). . : , . (.), - , , 121-140. (2003). () () . 303/13-03-2003, 304/13-03-2003., . (2010). & . : ., . & , . (2009). , . : - ., . (1981). , , . : ., . (20062). Project . : ., . (2009). . , - . : ., . (20102). . : ., . & , . (2001). project . : , .. (.), . . : , 115-130.E 46 , M 46. , . & , . (2001). . : , .. (.), - . . : , 131-140., . & , . (2011). . : - ., . (1998). . project . : Guten- berg.3, . (1981). . : .Chatzidimou, D. (1980). Die praktische Relevanz des sokratischen Prinzips. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang.Dishon, D. & Wilson OLeary, P. (1984). A technique for creating more effective schools. Florida: Learning Publications, Inc.Gudjons, H. (200810). Pdagogisches Grundwissen. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt.Jacobs, G., Power, M. & Loh, I. (2002). The teachers sourcebook for cooperative learning. Practical techniques, basic prin- ciples and frequently asked questions. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press, Inc.Johnson, D. & Johnson, R. (1998). Teaching students to manage conflicts in diverse classrooms. In: Putman, J. (ed.), Co- operative learning and strategies for inclusion. Baltimore: Paulh . Brookes Publishing, 167 - 184.Johnson, D., Johnson, R. & Holubec, E. (1993). Cooperation in the classroom. Minessota: Interaction Book Company.Kelly, A. V. (1974). Teaching mixed ability classes. London: Harper and Row.Memmert, W. (1995). Didaktik in Graphiken und Tabellen. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt.Putman, J. (1998). The process of cooperative learning. In: Putman, J. (ed.), Cooperative learning and strategies for inclu- sion. Baltimore: Maryland. Paul. H. Brookes, Publishing, 17 - 47.Vogel, A. (1974). Unterrichtsformen I. Ravensburg, Workshop Schulpdagogik, Materialien 12.Vogel, A. (1979). Unterrichtsformen I. Ravensburg, Workshop Schulpdagogik, Materialien. E 47 , M 47. 4 . [ - ]1. , . - , , , . , , . , - 21 , - . -, . , , - , , - . , , -, ( ) - . , - -, . - , - , / . www.epimorfosi.edu.gr2. 1. " " , , - , .2. - / , - , debate .., - project .3. , , ..4. - , , , .5. , (---) - , .E 48 , M 48. 6. , - , .3. -4 . , :. , .. .. . , - , : - , , , , , , , ..). - , , - , , , , ( ), , Project, - , , , , , .. ( , - , , , - ..).. ( , -, , , , - ).4. - , (200) - (Blended Learning), (face-to-face) 55 145 . -, ( - , , , .). , 2010 , -, -, ., :. : 3 54 (1/3 -).. 146 (2/3 ). (40-60 ), : ( ), , .5. 5.1 8.400 - - 02, - 04,- 05, - 06, - 07, - 60, - 70 ,, , . - .5.2 : 15 2011 3 2011. E 49 , M 49. : 60, 70 1 3 2011 (19 .)6. :1. : 2. : 3. ( )4. . : , 5. ... 6. . : 7. 8. . , , 9. 10. . 11. 12. , / . - , . 1. . 2. : " " (. , ) 3. : " " (, ) 4. : " " ( - . . , ) 5. : " " (. , ) 6. 7. 8. . 9. 40 DVD . -, . .7. - , . . - .8. 3 , -. 3 , . / - . , -, . / - .E 50 , M 50. 9. , .41 2 3 (7 .)(7 .) (5 .) 15/6 17/6 16:00- 20:159:00- 15:45 9:00- 15:45 16/6 2 3 2011 (18 .)1 2 3 (6 .)(6 .) (6 .) 5/9 6/9 7/9 9:00- 15:00 9:00- 15:00 9:00- 15:003 3 - 2011 (17 .)1 2 3 (5 .)(7 .) (5 .) 24/11 25/11 26/11 16:00- 20:1516:00- 20:15 9:00- 16:00 E 51 , M 51. 02, 04, 05, 06, 07 1 3 2011 (19 .)1 2 3 (7 .)(7 .)(5 .) 22/616:00- 20:15 24/6 23/69:00- 15:45 9:00- 15:45 2 3 2011 (18 .)1 2 3 (7 .)(7 .)(4 .) 7/9 16:00- 20:15 9/9 8/99:00- 15:459:00- 15:453 3 - 2011 (17 .)1 2 3 (5 .)(7 .)(5 .) 1/12 2/12 3/1216:00- 20:1516:00- 20:15 9:00- 16:00E 52 , M 52. 1. 48 54 .2. . [ , . - ].3. ( , , ) . 10 -4 . 1 : ( ) 2 : ( ) 3 : ( ) : ( )10. .( - ) , . - , ( ) . , , - -, . - . - , , , -, - , : , , , , - , , - , , - , .. , , . , : , , -, , , . E 53 , M 53. 10.1 : - , , - , - , . , : , , - . . (, ) - . - , , , - , , . . - - . , . - , , , , . , , - ( ), , - , , .10.2 , , , , , - . : , . , . , - , , , . - - . - , , , -. , : , - , . , , - . - , , - .. E 54 , M 54. - , . , , . , , , -, , , , , , - .4 - .10.3 - , 3 : --, - ( , ).- : , , , . - , , , , - . , . - , . , . - . , , , , , , ..- : , , . , , , - . . , - . - ) , , , , . , ) , , ) - , ) , . : , ( ) . ) , , , ) , , , , - , , . E 55 , M 55. . , -, , , , , , , - . , -, .10.4 - - . - . , , - , . , , , - (email email) .10.4.1 , . : , - , ( ), , ( , , - , , ..) - . , , - ( , - ). . - . 1 ... . (),.. . , 20 - (). , , - , . () ( ). . - , - . , . - , - . . ... (5-10 ).E 56 , M 56. :..... . e-mail, . -, ... : .. . ( ). , -, (, ). , 4 , . . , , , ( ) ( ) ( ). . ........................1.:2.:3. :4. ;5. (- , , , , .);6. ;7. - ;8. ; .10.4.2 , : , , , , , .. . , . - : , , , , . , , , , , , - , .., . , - , 1 2 , .E 57 , M 57. , - (.., ), . . , / , , - , . - , / , . , 1: [ 1 ]. , . 2 . , , , - . , . - . - . 1 , - . , , , - .. .. ( , , , ). , , , - . - , , . // , - // . // . . , ,. / (, ). ( ). ( ) / / - ,, - . , , .. .. , , . ..E 58 , M 58. 10.5 10.5.1 , : . , , -4 . - . , - , . , .10.5.2 , email . e-mail - . , . email , - . , . -, 1 , . : , , , (= , = - , = ) . , - , . : ( )..10.5.3 - . - . - , . - 20 50 - 60 , : 1. . - / . : 1 , ,.. . , E 59 , M 59. 2. . . . : , , 3. (.. , , .). , - , - . : , . , , , - , , . 4. ( , , , .). 5., , . 6. , , (.. , , , .).10.6 10.6.1 , /E-mail / : , / /. . , , : 1. , , , - , .E 60 , M 60. 2. - , , , . , , - / 4 / /[ = , = , = ]: / /. / :) , ) . , , .3. - , , ..10.6.2 - : , - . , , , - , , , - . - , , , . - , - , . 80%. ., ., : -, - , , 1998. ., : , , , 2005. . .., : , ,, 1998. Keegan D., , , , 2001. Race Ph., , , , 1999. Race Ph., 500 , , , 2001.E 61 , M 61. 5 . E: . - . , , , (, ), (-, , , .). T , . K , -, , , -. , (Dewey 1934,Eisner 2002, Gardner 1990, Fowler, 1996 Efland,2002). , . , - : ; ; o . , (. ). , (. ). - , : , , (. ). : , - , . : . . . . . , , - , . (, , , ). - , -. (Anderson, 2005, Perkins 1994, Olson 2000, Ritchhart 2006). : : , , , , (-). , E 62 , M 62. , , . A , . , - , , - . , . 5 : , , . , . . - , . () , . . ( ). ( , , - , ). , . , . - ., , . , ( Olson, 2000, 2011 ). . ( ). . . , . . , . - . - . , . , , , , - (Anderson, 2005, lson, 2000 Perkins, 1994). :E 63 , M 63. :1 : , 10-15 .2 : , 1-2 .1 : , 5-15 projects . projects Visible (VT) Artful Thinking (AT) projects, projects Project Zero(PZ) Harvard. V 10 , . T PZ : http://www/pz.harvard.edu (. ) Visible Thinking (VT): VT ( ) : ) ) - (thinking routines) ) ( ). VT - . To VT :http://www/pz.harvard.edu/vt/visiblethinking (. ). Artful Thinking: AT, : -, , . Artful Thinking ( ) . - ( ). . To AT :http://www/pz.harvard.edu/vt/artfulthinking (. ). VT/AT , , - , , . projects , - . ( , . . ( , , , , , ). .E 64 , M 64. -. : : - , : - .5T VT/AT, Perkins, - , . - .2 : , 1-2 D. Perkins (1994)., , (Ander-son,2005, Olson 2000). : D. Perkins D. Perkins, o , ( ). , (Ritchhard, 2002), - . . D. Perkins, he Intelligent Eye: Learning to Think by Looking at Art, , , (.. , , ). , Perkins (. ).H , Perkins, - (. ). Perkins . - . , : (Perkins, 1994: 82-90 ).1 : X : , - . - , . - , , . 1 : . . , . 1 ; , , ; , . ; (, ..). . , , . ( ) E 65 , M 65. http://pzweb.harvard.edu/tc/routines.cfm ; ; ; , ;, , ; ; , ;. / ; - ; 12 , . . . : ; , ; : ; / . : . : : ( ), ; : , , , , , . : o , ; o , ; o , ;E 66 , M 66. http://pzweb.harvard.edu/tc/routines.cfm 5 . . 10 - / . ; ; . , , - . , , . ; - ; ; ; , . - :o ; - :o - ; ; o , , , , ;o , - ;o - ; , ; E 67 , M 67. 2 : : -, . , - , . , . 2 ; . . : ( , , - ) . . : ( , , , , ,, ). . , . : ( , , , , ..)3 : , : , . , , , . , , - . 3 : ; -: ; . , : (.. ). - ; : . , , , , , , . -. , . . : ; ; . ( ) . .4 : : . , - . , , , , -. D. Perkins , - . , (, 2002, , 2002), 4 : : , - : , - E 68 , M 68. : . / V/T: - : , , - . 5, Perkins : , - . (.. , , ) (Perkins, 1994: 36-74 ). (.. , / -, ).1. , . .2. . . ; ;3: , , , .4: /VT 5: . . Perkins, .6: . - . ;7: -. (VT/AT); Perkins.8: ( ), ;9:) VT : ;) ;E 69 , M 69. Projects VT/AT M Perkins (4 ), . (1, 2, 3, ) (). . Perkins,: .. project. . . Perkins, . , Perkins, 1 , . Project VT/AT, D. Perkins (Dewey, Goodman ). . . .E 70 , M 70. - . 5 (Tishman, Perkins, & Tay 1995). - , (Richhart, 2002,2006). : . . - . , ( ). : ( . - , , ). . , . , - . , , - , , . , (.. - ), . , . -. : - /VT (.. , , ) . . , VT/AT . - Perkins B , , , , , 16 . : 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. E 71 , M 71. 1 : 1,3,5 ; ( ) , , . ; - 15 ; (, , ) ( , - ). . . - , , - . 10 1,3 - , - , . :2 3 A) B) 1,2,5 ) - - . ; - . . - 20 : ( , - , - ) . . . - : (.. , , , ) ) E 72 , M 72. -3,5 .: ; - 5 -: . - 45 ; . - , : (.. : ; -(.. - ; )). - .; : - . . - . -, . . : - - ; ; (.. ) ( - ) - . - -.E 73 , M 73. ) ) 4,6) - - .. , , - , 45 , . 4.6 . , , , , . : : - , - - . - - . : : ,.....( ) ) (, - , ). /VT () 3 , VT/AT/ / : 1.. : , . : . . 2. : , , . : 1. / 2. 3. 4. , 5. 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