25

1998

.

80

0

1918-1998 90 RAF

STUKA

0 (19041905)01 : (1942-1943)

S tu k a I /S IC 3 . .(. R o b e r t Taylor)

4

74 75 77 78 79 80 82 Q UIZ

, ? 6

14 (1862-1867)

21 (1942-43)

28 (1904-1905)

36 (1081-1085/1107-1108)

46 1918-1998: 80 RAF

55 STUKA

64

" " - -: I : . : -: , .. / , .. / . -. .. . .. ./ , .., ... / .. / . . . , .. / , () .. / / / / / / / / / / . / I / / / / / / / - / / / : 000 : - : 49, 10683 / : . .. 3951. 10210 I : 38.21.985 / 38.11.386 FAX: 38.11.386 ( 12 ): 9.600 . I -- . 15.000 . : 13.200 . / 12.000 . / 15.600 . ( ): , .. 3951, 10210 - : , 49, : FILMS: GRAFFITI : . -. : . 8.

1998 - 56 - , 54 , /- 1941-1944. , - .

, - 1998 , - - . . , , , , , , , . , . , , , , " . - - , - - .

, . 21 , - - .

..

F-102A Delta Dagger (s/n 61032), 342 (342 ) , , (Zeist). 61032 , 32 (32nd TFS) USAFE, , - . F-86 Sabre ( 25385 ), - , F-100 Super Sabre (41871 ), - " (gate guard) - , F-15A Eagle, - . , 32 TFS

.

To F-102A, 60 70 , MiG-15 - - , .

- 1492 .X.

( 148, 511, - 1998) , - - , - 1492 .. : ( : ) - - 1492 .. . ,. - , . / , , . XIOSBANK, . 0123- 196394-402 .

- , , , .

- 1 (25-28 1998), - . , , , . 200 ( , , , , , ) . , , . , - , - ( 17 ), ( ), Benjamin Slot ( Siphnos, an island economy with a special character), ( ), ( Isolario 18 ), . - ( 1609 ), - ( 1880 James Bent ( Cyclades, of life among the insular Greeks) - ( ). - ( ), Monazzi ( ), Roy Conyers-Nesbit ( R.A.F. Antishipping Operations in the Aegean ) Christina Goulter-

Zervoudakis ( The Special Operations Executive and Intelligence Operations in Siphnos"). .

70 DORNIER

70 Dornier (1928). 12 Dornier Do-X,

Aktiengesellschaft fur Dornier - Flugzeuge Altenrhein, - 1926.

Do-X , , - - . Altenrhein, , . , 100 , .

, . Altenrhein , 700-800 . Dornier Manzell Altenrhein.

Do-X 1927. 12 , - . -

, . Do-X : 40 m, 10 m, - 48 m, 48 t, 175 km/h 210 km/h. 14 66 - -.

21 1929 Do- X , 169 ( , ) . . 1930 Jupiter Siemens, Do-X, Conqueror Curtiss. 140 Do-X

, , 43.500 km. . . Dornier ' .

" 8- . 1941-1944 , 53 . , - - , . . - , , , . S S . . - , ' (1996), .

Do-X & 1928 Dornier Altenrhein , (. Dornier).

(Judenbefehl), (Kommissarbefehl) commandos - . - , , . 1995 ' , , , . , . . - , ( ) . , 1997, , , , .

, . 1993 - (!!!).

' , - , , 1998, 1.200 1.000 3.000 - . , , .

. -

"

0 .

, , 01

,

,

.

, . .

. - . , , , , , . (479 ..) (338 ..), , 10 . . (I 19, 2-3) , , (7 ..) ( 1 ..), :

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, , 31 ..

, , , . - . , - ,

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, , , . , , , - . , , , , ,

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8 9 . ( &).

. - , , - , . 6 .. " , , 8 .., . (I, 82), 300 . . , , .

( 7,11,1) . . ( 1, 25), , . fair play , , . - - , - - .

,

. , , , . (armilustrium), -

, ( 7, 601-615). , , , .

, , . , - . , , iussus populi . comitia centuriata , , . - . .. ' , , - .

- , . , , . , , , , () .

(fetiales), . , ,

. 46 .. .

3 .. , .

- , . , , . , , - (5, 81), ", , , . , , . , .

, ( , 109c). , , , .. - , , , .

- , , . (1, 32, 5-14), - : , . . - - , 33 , .

. (fetial) , . .

, , . , , , . (indutiae ) , . , . , , ( .) . , () - - Q - , .

. , . ( , .) - , . ,

, .

. , . , 421 .., , , 10- , .

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, , , . , , . , , , , , . , . , , - , . , 424 .. ,

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, , , , , - . , . . , .

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. , , , . , , .

, , , - , -

,

.

.

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12

, . , , . " - , , . , . , , . , , , .

, - - . - - . , , , . - . , - - , , , . , , , . .

.

-

. , , -

. , fetia les, ( , ).

. - , , - . , . ,

. , , (, ). , , .

. . , 464 ., - - . (2, 34, 2-6) 192 , , , .

, - . , . . , . , , . , .

, . : , -

( 425 ..), , , . , , , - - . , . . - , , , , - , !

, , , . , , - , . , , , , .

. , - . .. , 371, , , . 4 ..

, , . . (1, 87) , , : , . , .

, , . , , , , .

Cn. Mucius, 14 . , 32 , 15 ( Mainz).

, . , , , , .

,

, - . .

(1 )= : , , &, 1956.(2) : , , 9, 1956.(3) : , , , 1956.(4) . Garlan: WAR IN ANCIENT WORLD, London, C hatto and Windus, 1975.(5) M . Sage: WARFARE IN ANCIENT GREECE. Routledge, 1996(6) G .Shipley: THE LIM ITS O F WAR, War and so c ie ty in the G reek w orld, Routledge, 1986.(7) C. Phillipson: THE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CUSTOM O F ANCIENT GREECE AND ROM E, London, 1911.(8) V. D. Hanson: THE WESTERN WAY O F WAR, N ew York, 1989.(9) W. K. Pritchett: THE GREEK STATE AT WAR, Berkeley, 1971.(10) M . R o stov tze ff: . , 9. 1984.(11) D. M arkantonatos: THE HUM AN ATTITUDE TOWARDS WAR IN HERODOTOS HISTORIES, ( M aster), London, 1995.

13

-/.

(1862 - 1867)

14

1863, , 62

.

,

0

.

,

30 , .

.

&

.

0 (Casimir Lai)

3 1 . .

. , , . . . . .

- ; (Maine) .

- , .

. -- (Abd el Cader) .

. : , ( R. Hook).

15

- ; .

- , .

- , .

.

- , .

- , . .

28 1863

(Vera Cruz) , - - .

(Clement Maudet) .

34 . 1848 . , , . - . (Benito Juarez). , , ", .

.

, 1861.

1857 , , , , . . . 1860, , .

. , . - , -

.

1861 , , . , , .

1862 .

- ', , , '. . : , .

. . -

f g . * , -

(Maximilian) (Charlotte), , .

1855 , . 1861 1867 ( ), , ( ), , , , . 10-12,000 . -

& . 1808 . . ( , ).

, (rurales), 2.200 . .

, . , , " (guerilleros). 1866 35.000.

, , , . (3.000 ) , .

, . ( ). (Porfirio Diaz), (Mariano Escobedo), (Zaragosa) ..

.

. , Springfield, Enfield . , , Henry, - Parrot .

.

1862-1866

: , , , , , , , . ( ) 1 . - , .

1857, . Chassepot, 1866, . .

, , . ( , ,). , . , .

1862 (Corps of Contra-Guerrilas) (Du Pins). 850 , . : , .

, 29 1864. 0 . , 9 & ( Brown).

, , . . - .

0

1863 ' - , . , . 26 1865 - , 1.164 22.374 . , , , , , - , , , , .

1865 29.353 7.658 . , . , ,

.

6.800 , . , , , . . 1866, , .

(1.500) . . 1866 754 .

:

, 6.000 (Lorencez), 1862 . (Puebla), 4.000 - . . , , : 28.000 (Bazain), (Forey)

(Douay). .

- (Chiquihuita), . , , " - ", . . , . - , . . , .

.

, - 6 .

17

29 1862 , (Jeannigros), . 3 1 . , , 3 62 : (Henri Tonei), , , . (Dubois), (Meersche), (Bertolotto), (Bernardo) - (Morzyki).

3 , - (Danjou) , . -

35 , , . , , . , (Magenta), - .

(Jean Napoleon Villain) . , 27 , - .

- , .

30 1863 3 - . 62 , - . 22 . , ,

. . . , .

(Palo Verde), . , . . (Hipp) - .

- . . - . . : Adelante! fuego! (! !). . , . . . . . .

, , . , , , , . , , , . , . -

, - 1863. 1860 ( . Chapel).

. ( . Chapel).

.

, . . . - . . , - , " .

. , , ,

, , .

- . . 1.200 (Milan). . - , , . . , , .

. . . . . .

. . . , , , - .

(Groux). . . . , . - : - (Norzyki), (Magnin), (Berg) , , . , , , .

, , . , , , - .

. , . -

, 1863. ( Brown).

, " . .

, - . , 800 , . (Faves) . : Nous avons des cartouches et nous ne rendons pas" ( ). , , -- . .

. , . , . . : Adelante! Vamonos al asalto, que viva Mexico!" (! , !). . . . . ,

, . , , ( , ).

, , . , . . - , .

19

. . . ! , - . ot - , , - . . : Vive la France! Vive la Legion! ( ! !), , - . , , , . . (Compas) : .

. 62 11 2.000 , 300 . : - .

2Q . - sas

. , , , .

1863-1865

. 19 1863 , . , . 10 .

1864 , (Guadalahara), - (Zacatecas), (Acapulco) (Durango). 29

.

.

.

/

. \

- (Chapultepek). 1865 , , - (Oaxaca) . (Sinaloa) (Chihuahua), - . 21 3 . .

1866-1867

1866 , , . 8 , , . . , , .

5 1867 . (Queretaro). 12 . 2 , , 12

. 27 - . 15 - . 19 - (Miramon) (Mejia). 20 15 .

, . , , Kat . : .

(1) Mario Giuliani: CAMERON, Pegaso Editions, 1997.(2) Rene Chartrand: THE MEXICAN ADVENTURE, Osprey Publishing, 1994.(3) Wyatt Biassingame: , , 1968.(4) Martin Winrow: UNIFORMS OF THE FRENCH FOREIGN LEGION 1831-1981, Blanford Press, 1986.(5) V. Vuksik & Z. Grbasic: CAVALRY, Cassell, 1993.

0

I

' .

,

,

,

.

1942 , . . , , , . , . 1 .

, . , ,

. 1 1942 . 100 1/9/1942 II - . 143 , . . , .

, 15 , . , . , . 21

.

, - . , - , , , , .

, , . 200 (130 , 70 ), , .

. - , . , , (commando). , . commando , , 1 SAS, . -

22 - , , . , - . . . .

, , , , - , , - , , - SAS. , 1.900 km . , ,

, -, , . - . . , - 140 km , .

. 60 - , 50 km , . 8

. - , . .

- , , , , , , . 100 , 42 14 - , 32 1/41, 3/41,12 3 1 - . 18 ( ). Vickers Mk III , . 26

31. Bren. 61 , .

25 - 1943 - . , , ( ), . , 2.000 km. , - - , , - , - -

.

, , . . - SAS. , , , . -- . , , - - - .

Jeep.

& .

.

, , 8 " . . , , - , .

. ( ).

- , .

, -. , ( ).

, - L , , - -. L, , - , . 23 - * , .

, 22 1943, . , - , - . . , . . , () . - , - , - . . , -

. . . , ' .

. . , . 0 , - , : . ; . - , .

L , 8 . .

24 .

, -- , , , .

L , , . , . 3 . , .

9 , - - - .

8 60 15 21 Panzer Afrika Korps. - . , .

, , , . , - . , . Bofors . - . - , : ; ; (I).

, - 50 . . , . - , Luftwaffe - . ,

, . . Stuka - . .

Luftwaffe - - . Blitrkrieg . 60 , .

, , , . , , . .

-

. : . - : Well done .

- . - .

. 8 (50 , 4 , 1 - ) . , - , 2 - , 10 .

L . . 164 .

15 21 Panzer. - 26 . - , - . L - - - - . 29 1943 , - .

.

, . , , . . . .

, . . - . . 1917 , . - , : ".

- . , , . 8 , . , 5 1943 . , . 1941 : - 1941 , 25 .

6 , , - . , .

- - - () . . , 1 , 8 . 1 , - . 6 . 4 50 51 . " . . 2 , . Luftwaffe.

, . . -

26 ** . :

. ,

. .

7 . - . , - , - , . - .

10 - , , , . .

.

, . - : ; . : . .

. 12 . . . , . -

. .

17 - . 2.400 km, 3.400 .

, 60 km - , - 1943. .

. , ( ) .

, - , . : ". . , , 860 km , . , :

.

, , . . , . - 22 1943 , . , . -

.

, , . . - ( ).

1943 , SAS, SBS LRDG, . , , . . , .

. , .

.

, . - , . - . , . , .

() . , . . , , ,

. - , .

, , , , , , .

: & I. , . . .

.. . 9 .

() I. : 1942-45, ", , 1995.(2) . : , ", , 1979.(3) . : , , , 1988.(4) , - , , 1982.

27

,

(1904 - 1905)

0

,

.

,

", .

1872 , : - . . . - . . , 1870 -

28 , , . . , , , .

1894 41 , , 350 . . , . " , - , .

11 , ,

. , . .

: , . , , ". : - ,

. . , , .

, , , , . -

, . , . 1896 , . , , , 1898 25 . , 25 , , , , . , , .

. 35.000 , . . " ( ), .

2 0 . - , , , , . , ( ) , . : - . . . : . 101 , - , . . - , , .

. 1903 , , . 3 1904 .

. , , . , : . . , 6 1904, , - , : - Tsessarevitch Retvisan Pallada..

, . , -

.

. 13 . 13 . .

. , ( ) . .

. . . , , , .

, 1.500 . 6.500 . . .

, - - .

, , ! 6 1904 , -

.

.

, . .

, .... , , , . -

400 16 , . . , , . - , ,

( ) , . ( ) . .

100.000 1904, 30.000 . 100.000 30.000 . - . 20 1 1904 , . , 4 j ( ) 2 3 ( , ).

12 1904 , "( ), . , Petropavlovsk, 600 31 , . , , .

5 , . , , .

, , : , , , . , - 40 - 10.000 . - - , , .

, . , ( ) - .

: . . " 10.000 . -

32 - - .

10 1904 , . , 305 mm ( ) .

14 22 1904 - , . : . 27 , 288 mm , . : ! ,

, . 6 , 11.000 , . . 2 1905 - , : . , , : - , . , . . , . - . . .

, . - , . 10.000 . . , , . . , 1912, . , , .

. -

. , . , : , , . . . , - , , , . 14-15 , . , - .

. . . - 18 , . .

. .

, . :

1 KoupKt .

4 , , , , .

2 , , ,

5 - . , 1 .

3 , , . , , .

( ) .

16.000 . 325.000 .

, . 5 20 km . 24 1 - . 26 . - , .

, , : , - . , , , -

.

24 28 . 29 . , 1 , . - , . , , - , 13 . 1905 . , , . .

655.000 , ' .

: () 2

, , , , , . 1 -10.000 , 80,000 35 km 30.000 .

3 , . 80.000 15 km.

.

() 1 , . 100,000 40 km.

- , .

30.000 , 2 (), 3 () 1 ().

330.000 .

, . .

33

. 26 50 km . 28 . 1 , . . , 60 km , . , , . - . , . , , , . - 40 km , .

-

2 4 - * !

15 km .

2 3 . - Kat . .

3 . Mta 80.000 60.000 , , . - 5 , . , 20 km

. 6 . , , . , .

7 , . , 7 8 . , , . , -

( ), , 2 ( ), , ( ) , ( ).

, . , - . uou , . , - .

. - , 9 , . , 10 20 km . 14 , 22 , , .

. - . , , 80 km. 40-50 100 .

14.00 27 1905 , 20.000 , , . , , . . 45 . . , - , . , , . ot . , . .

, , - -

.

. , , :

. . , .

. . , . , . : , . , .

. ( ) .

.

. , . , . , , . , . . - .

. , . - .

1912, , 1 . : " , , , .

, . , - . , , . , . , , . . . ,

- , , , - : , ! .

(1) (). : , , 1908.(2) J. Colin: LES GRANDS BATAILLES DE L HISTOIRE, DE U ANTIQUITE A 1913, Ernest Flammarion, , 1926.(3) Jean Mabire & Yves Breneret: THE SAMURAI, Wyndham, , 1976.(4)X. , (MX): , , 1909.(5) , , , , 1912.(6). Martynow, : , ", 1910.(7)Kikou Yamata: GENERAL NOG/, Library Gallimard, , 1931.(8) . N ., (): , , , 1922.(9) Robert . Massie: NICOLAS AND ALEXANDRA, World Books, , 1969.(10) Geoffrey Regan: THE GUINESS BOOK OF MILITARY BLUNDERS. . 1991.

01

0 L1L J

7 0 / 01

.

.

, , , . (976-1025) . , .

. 1081 , , ,

- (1081-1085) (. Angus M e Bride,

01

. 1081

.

, ,

( 1081- 1085/ 1107- 1108)

. . ( 12 ., , ).

.

. . - , , , . , ,

, .

, . - 1017 ( 11 ) 1091 . , , ,

. ( 9 .)

, , (, , , ). - - . .

1057 ( 1059 ) , ( 1071) . . , - . 1081 , - , - - .

- - , . - , -

37

. 1081 - . , , , , , - . , , . , , - , .

, ' 1025, - ( ). , . , .

, ( ) .

: - . . . , . . . - - . , , , 1081.

- . , , - ( 12 Ordericus Vitalis ). , , , Gesta Roberti Wiscardi , Gaufredus Malaterra De rebus gestis Rogeri Calabriae et Siciliae comitis et Roberti Guiscardi ducis fratris eius Chanson de Roland , , .

- - . , , , - , , , . , .

( ),

: - ' '' . . , 10 . , , . - - . Trivium Quadrivium ( Quadrivium , , , Trivium , ). , . " , . . . , , . , " . , , . , . . , , . . ,

, , , , , , , . . 1081-1085, , Gesta Roberti W iscardi , . . , . Wilmans , , , - . , . . , . , .

. 1081, . (, , C abinet de M edailles).

, , .

(1071)

. , . , . - , . . - .

, - . .

. , . - , . , , . , .

- , . - , - . .

. , . 1081 1085 .

, . , . - . - , . , - 24 , Notitiae Graecae Episcopatum ( - ). . , .

. , , , . , . ,

, , 150 , 17 1081.

, . , , . - . , , , . , .

. . , , . , .

, , ( 10 - - 39 - ) . . . , - . - . , . . . , , .

1081

, .

40

, . , , . - , , . .

. . , , , . - - .

, . 15/10/1081 - , , - . , .

: 9 : 14 . Ay. 16 .

: : . . : : . : : : : :

. ,

:

: : ,

: . . : : : : : ,

: : : . : .

. : : : :

(18/19-10-1081) : , , - . , , , .

( :. ). , & .

, . .

. . , , . , . - , , - . . , , .

. , . , ( ) . , , , , .

, . : , . - . , , , , , (21/2/1082).

. , ( -

, ( : . ). .

- . , , .., . , 6. , . VIII-IX). . , , .

1082 - 6 , - . - , . , , - - - - . 6 , , , .

, , . . - . . ( ), . - - , - . - - .

, . , , , - , . 0 - . ( , ). . ( ). , . -

( 1082). , . . .

. , .

, 3 23 . - . , , 1083 .

, , . ,

.

. , - , . - . J 'J . m m : --- . - . .

. ( 1083). - , - . . . -

, , .

. - . ( ). , , .

. - , , . - , - . , , . .

( ) , 1083. . , . - -

m m , . . - . , , , . , , .

, - . , , . .

1083 ,

. ( - ), . 1083.

6 .

-

' ( 1084- 1085) - -

' . . , . . . (, , C abinet de M edailles).

. ( , , ) . ( , M e tro p o lita n M useum o f Art, , 610- 630).

, . - .

, . , , , . - , .

, , . 1084 , . , . - .

, . . - . . - , . . , , , - . - .

, . , () - . - , . . . .

. .

, , . . , . , - , . , , . - , , .

, , , - . 17 1085. . . - , . .

. - - , , . - , ,

, , 1071.

. ( ) , . , .

. - . , , , , . - , - ' ( 1204) .

. (, , m s gr 135. , . 1362).

, - (1098-1104). - . . , , , . , ', . .

. , , . 1105 - 43 , . . . , . , . .

. , , . ( ) , . . - . -

.

- - . , , , . .

- 1107. 12 . , , ', . , , , ... . .

, , . , . , .

, -

44 , . , - . . .

. 13/10/1107. . . 1/11/1107 . . . - , , -

. ( ) . . . , , . .

. , . , . .

( : . ). .

. . .

, , . , ,

. : , , . - , - , - . . , , . . . , () , . .

, . , , , , . , . , . .

- , . . . - . . . . .

- . . , -

(9) . : 01 (1082- 1083) , . 4 (1984)33-45.(10) -: 01 . , 45 , 15 (1989) 3-11. m m(11) : 10 1393. , , 1979.(12) : () . , . 2 (1986) 25.(13) . : (1081-118) . . , .(14) Averil Cameron: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN SIXTH-CENTURY BYZANTIUM. Variorum Reprints.London, 1981.(15) THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF BYZANTIUM.Prepared at Dumberton Oaks. A.P. Kazhdan. A.M.Talbot, A. Cutler, T.E. Gregory, N.P. Sevenco, New York-Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991.

To . - 1996-97.

, .

- 1108. . - . () .

- - , . , , . , , . ' .

, . (1147-1148 1185), .

(1) : , . , .(2) Herbert Hunger: : , . .. , .. , .. , , 1987, 1992, 1994.(3) St. Runciman: A HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES, Cambridge, 1951.(4) K. Setton: A HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES, Madison Wise., 1962.(5) . : , , 10(1957-1958) 115-125.(6) : ( 1996) 35-65.(7) .. , , 11- 13 - , , 1986.(8) . : (1082-1083) , . 13/2 (1985) 1253-1265.

.

<

00 o ' *

* W apiti II W estland . 5 , 30.

46

I00

I I

- , , , " - , , RAF , .

RAF. 1940, ",

, . RAF ' , . , (Royal Flying Corps/RFC) ( 1 1918) (Royal Air Force/RAF), , , -

1918 - 1998RAF 80th Anniversary Vickers Vimy Am bulance 45 RAF,

30.

, ,

,

, " ROYAL AIR FORCE (RAF),

- -

. 80 ,

RAF,

, ' ,

,

.

RAF , ,

, .

80 ,

RAF 1918 .

. '

, - - - . . , - .

. . . .

S ir Hugh Trenchard, RAF. .

47

Handley Page V/1500 RAF

.

48

, . . , , , . : . - . 7-8 . , , 40-50 , - .

, , , . , , , , . , , .

-

7 Lightning F. 56

, 1963

R A F .

The Firebirds".

S ea K ing HAR.3

.

. . , RAF , . 0-400, RAF 8 1918. V-1500, 30 250 lb ( 1.650 lb) Lewis 0,303 in. , , .

- -

1912, , . , - , .

" RAF (Sir Hugh Trenchard, KOB, DSO), ,

, RFC, , (Royal Naval Air Service/RNAS), (Royal Air Force), : RAF.

. 1920 12 De Havilland D.H. 9 RAF - (Somaliland), . RAF , , . - , imperium" . 1 1922 D.H.9A , , , ( - - ) .

. , , , ( ). , Westland 20 RAF 517 Wapiti 243 Fairey IMF, 379 (Fleet Air Arm). 20

- VC- RAF, EF.2000 Eurofighter. " RAF 21 .

H arrier GR.1 1 H unter FGA.9 45 58 R A F (1969).

RAF : Grebe Gamecock Gloster, Siskin Armstrong Whit worth Woodcock Hawker. , - , , . Vimy

Commercial, 1919, - RAF, Vimy Ambulance, . , 80 , - , .

30 , , - , RAF. , , , - , ( , , ). 1936 RAF ( 16 Saro Cloud ), ' , , RAF.

, - , (flaps) , - ( / ), - - , , RAF. -

- - . RAF , H aw ker H a r t

, !!! , . . - , . , 1928 Irvin RAF : , , .

, , 1937 RAF Gladiator , 1940

Messerschmitt BM09E! Gladiator . Bristol 840 hp, 0,303 in, . RAF, , 30, Hawker Aircraft Fury

Hurricane, 1935. 1.000 hp 0,303 in . Hurricane ", () , 1.000 RAF, - . Spitfire Supermarine Hurricane, RAF .

'30 RAF , , Battle Blenheim, , , Hampden, Whitley Wellington. To 1935 Avro Anson, , 11.000 . RAF (Coastal Command) Sunderland, .

RAF , 1935 , , ' , Whittle.

-

- RAF . - - , , - RAF. ,

, , , Spitfire Hurricane, , , . - .

RAF, , . 390 1938, 55.000 , , , 2.100 (1948). RAF 1938 20 ( ) - 1.500 ft (450 m), 1945 ( ) 1.700 -

, . , , , , . Halifax Stirling , - Manchester , (Vulture) . -

Hurricane Spitfire Hurricane , Tempest, Typhoon , Mosquito, , Mosquito Beaufighter . Beaufort Bristol. RAF , , , Boston, Maryland, Baltimore, Marauder, Ventura, Mitchell, B-17, P-47 ( ), -51, Catalina, C-

R A F

Vampire I M e te o r Mk.lll.

47 Dakota, Harvard . RAF , Dakota Harvard. Hurricane - , - . ^

1943 Meteor, , , , -

, 6.000 ft ( ), , . . 73 RAF 30, 87 1936 100 . , .

RAF, . ,

, Merlin, Lancaster, . (Gee, Oboe) (Pathfinder) (Bomber Command) RAF, , - . RAF (Coastal Command), , .

RAF Gladiator, Spitfire

(Frank Whittle). 1944 RAF, . 1943 , Vampire De Havilland, RAF.

RAF , , Harvard Dakota. , 1948-49,

H a lifax M k.lll .

C-54 Skymaster (DC-4). , ( ), . - ( ) RAF, . . : , .

RAF Spitfire Tempest , Vampire Meteor . RAF Venom, F-86E Sabre, USAF 1949. 1951 Hunter, RAF . 1952 RAF ( RAF ) 430 Sabre, . 1950 RAF - -29,

52 Washington. , Canberra, RAF .

, '50 , " . V" (Valiant, Vulcan, Victor) 90, , .

RAF 50 (1950-53), , 77 (RAAF).

1954 - , English Electric .1. (1956) RAF, Lightning,

4 1957. , - . - !!! , . . Avro 730, - F.155T SR.177. RAF.

RAF : Shackleton, - Lancaster, P2V-5 Neptune. 50

RAF , . RAF Dragonfly Whirlwind, S-51 S-55 , Sikorsky.

1960 RAF

, 1127, - 1150 1154, / - (V/STOL) Harrier (P.1154RAF 1154RN ). RAF Harrier GR.1 1969, 1 .

TRS.2 Canberra . , 1964, -

-29 , 57 RAF.

Warlus II 276

SAR.

Puma Aerospatiale. RAF Gazelle, , - . 1977 Sea King Sikorsky, Westland

53

RAF

, 1965. , .

1968 RAF Phantom FGR.2, Spey Rolls- Royce, - C- 130 Hercules, . 60 RAF, , Wessex, S-58 Sikorsky.

, , , , , . RAF , , .

60 - , Sepecat Jaguar. To RAF 1974, 1986. , . Jaguar, .

1182 ( / Hawk) , RAF. Hawk - 21 1974. - 16 . Hawk, RAF .

70 " RAF. 1971 , 48 ,

- HAR.3. 1982 RAF

- - . Harrier Sea King RAF . , , Vulcan ( - ), - , , 16 !!! (1982) RAF , Tornado, , Panavia. ( )

(165 ADV - F.2/F.3 ), (228 IDS - GR. 1 ).

RAF , 41 CH-47C Chinook. 32 CH-47D, , 58 . RAF - - .

2000

90, , , ,

43 Phantom FG. RAF.

1

Vulcan .2 RAF, .

, - , , , RAF (1993) " 2000. - - RAF ( 1 RAF, / - Harrier GR.7, " HMS Invincible" HMS Illustrious , ).

RAF : (Strike Command), (Logistics Command) -

54 * * (Personnel and Training Command).

RAF 1968, . . RAF ( 200 700 ) (groups). 1 RAF . 11 /18 , , . 38 .

, (Support Command), .

H urricane I 111 RAF,

,

(1938).

(Support Management Group) / 1.200 , RAF. (Maintenance Group Defence Agency) , , . (Communication & Information Systems Group) , , - , , RAF (RAF Signals).

RAF (1 1994) , RAF. 500, - 150 . RAF, (Red Arrows).

RAF , , - 21 . RAF , Eurofighter (EF-2000), - 2001-232 . RAF 21

, 80 , . RAF .

(1) Peter R. March: THE ROYAL AIR FORCE ALMANAC 1995, The RAF Benevolent Foundation, , 1995.(2) Robert Jackson: AIR FORCE: THE RAF IN THE 90s, Guild Publishing, , 1990.(3) Christopher Chant: THE HISTORY OF THE RAF. 1939-1989, Chevprime Ltd., , 1990.(4) Peter R. March: THE RAF 1998, SQUADRONS& UNITS, The RAF Yearbook 1998, The RAF Benevolent Foundation, , 1998.(5) Bill Gunston: RAF 80th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL, Aeroplane Monthly, 1998.(6) Air Pictorial : THE RAF IN ITS 80th YEAR, 1998.(7) Peter Foster: THE ROYAL AIR FORCE IS SEVENTY-FIVE, Aviation News, 1993.(8) Denis J. Calvert: R AFIS 75, Aircraft Illustrated, 1993.(9) .

STUKAi& V .

.

.

JU-87 STUKA

.

,

, TO STUKA

.

. - . . 30

, - . , , . . ,

, 1942.

1931, . , , , Curtiss Helldiver . 1936 . , . - , Stukas, 2.000 . Junkers , Arado, Blohm &Voss Heinkel, -

56 .as** Sturzkampfflugzeug (

) Ju-87 Junkers (, , Stuka ) - , . , . Stuka Ju-87A 1937, , . , 1938, , , . 640 hp 12 Jumo 211- Da, . Stuka

700 kg , 20% . Ju-87 : , . 1938 Gruppen () - - Stukas . Stuka -

. Luftwaffe Stukas, . Ju-87 250 kg.

, , . Stukas . Ju- 87 , - .

Stuka; , . Stuka - , , -

. , . Stuka - . 800 , .

Stukas

. - Ju-87 75 , 1.000 . Stuka . .

Stuka . . - , , , , , ! . , , , - . Stukas .

Luftwaffe. , - , . , -

. 9,81 m/sec, G. 4 G, , . 5 6 G . - , . . , .

Stukas . 4 G . 5 G , . . , . 8 G! 5 G blackout , . 5 G , 8 G. . . G 30 40 . - .

- Stukas, , .

Stuka , MG-81Z 7,92 mm. . 3.000 .

Stukas 1940. , .

9 G. Stukas , - .

PANZER-STUKA

1939 Luftwaffe - , . , . . , , VIII Stukas.

1 1939, 219 Stukas ( ) , . . 55 71 . Stukas , . 8 Luftwaffe - - , - - - , - - , . Stukas, , . , , . Stukas , : ...0 . , , .

57

! , - , ... - . , .

Ju-87 , . 1940, , 40 Stukas X . , - , . , . 10 1940 , Stukas , 324 11 Gruppen, , , VIII , -

58 , . - Ju-87

. , ' . Ju-87 - , 500 kg 50 kg . 7,92 mm .

Stukas . , , Stukas.

Stukas ! Stukas 1940 19 , . , 3 , , , . Stukas -

/ . Stukas 1941 , .

, . Stukas , . 13 , , 200 Stukas , . 9 , . 19 ,

, - . Stukas , .

, , Stukas , RAF. Ju-87 - 4 , . Luftwaffe: . , , . , , , : . Stukas - 122 . Stuka . , , Stuka . , Stukas - , . - 12 1940 , 70.000 .

316 Stukas 13 , Luftwaffe, VIII . II IV - . . Stukas . Ju-87 . Stukas - - .

18 Ju-87 , , , . Stukas . Gruppe I Stukageschwader 77 12 28 , . Stukas, . Ju-87 , - D . . - Jumo 211J 1300 hp MG 81. , 8 mm . , 1.800 kg.

, ( ) . . 28 1940, , .

, 1940 , 1941. " , . - .

4 - 576 , ,

Stukageschwader 2

.

Stukas.

. Gruppen Stukas 8 , 1941 , 600 . - 6 , Stukas , 17.000 ! - , - , . 18

Luftwaffe .

, . - , , 12 - 59 . Stukas VIII - , . . 163 6 , : ' ... , - , , ...'. , , ,, - Stukas . , Ju-87. : Stukas -

120 . , - . , , , , . , . , , ". 50 Stukas - , , . Stukas, 9 , .

, , , . . , -

^ 6 0 'm m m ,

9 , Stukas .

- . . 27 : ... . , ... . RAF

Messerschmitt 109. - , . 21 22 Stukas 23 . - .

27 , . , , .

nou Stuka . -

, , . 20 VIII ( ) 150 Stukas, . , ,

. 42.000 , - . , .

. Luftwaffe - , . -

. Stukas , , ' , -

. 22 . Stukas 4.000 Gloucester Fiji , . Greyhound Stukas . Kandahar

Stuka . , ' , . Stukas - , . Stuka. -

, .

, : , , , , Stukas . , , Stuka .( "Sturzkampfflugzeug" X. - & 1941).

Kingston" Gloucester Fiji , 82% 70% . Stukas , 15.50 Gloucester .

, . 23 Kelly Kashmir , - - . , 24 Stukas . Kipling , , , .

Ju-87 R-4, 1.000 kg, Stukas 1942.

Luftwaffe . 37 mm , , 820 914 425 kg.

() , . , , - , .

, . , . . , . , :

. 300 .

28 , , - , . - Hereward . To Decoy , Dido Stuka 'Orion . , , . 260 280, Orion Stukas .

15.743 , 2.011 , Formidable . , . . Luftwaffe , Stukas , . , Ju-87 . "- . VIII , . Stukas .

TO STUKA

302 Stukas 22 1941, . Ju- 87 . Stukas

61

62

, . , 26 . Stukas 5-8 24 , . 2.582 , . 29 4.017 150 Luftwaffe, 27:1!

Luftwaffe. . - , 42 Stukas! 100 1.600 , 1.000 . Luftwaffe . 1942 Gruppen Stukas , Ju-87 369 .

, 1942. 2.264 23.800 - Stukas . , - - Max 2.300 kg. Luftwaffe . 250 kg, Stukas . 12 in - Stukas.

. Stukas SC 250 50 - . SC 250 , Luftwaffe 500 .

Stuka

, - 1.800 kg. . 65 Luftwaffe .

100WO ! Marat , . , , Luftwaffe , 1942, . 1943 Luftwaffe 1.000 . - , 37 - !

. Stuka . 37 mm , 519 , ( 17 ), 2.500 ! : 14 1943, 25 , 29 1944, 1945. 100.000 , ! - - 8 1945, 47 mm. Stuka , 26 ! .

Stukas . , Ju-87 . ,

, ' .

. 1941 Stukas , . Stuka - , 1.000 kg 270 . -

Stuka 1.800 kg. , . , -34, 28 18 . 55 kg , . 500 kg . Stukas 78 SD 41 , . Stukas .

Mauser 101 30 mm . . - - , : 30 mm , , , , , - , . . 30 mm , . - , . . - . -

0 / , 1944, Stukas, .

Stukas (JU-87G) 1943. Bordkanonen 37 mm -34 .

, Flak 36 37 mm, - . - Bordkanone 37 mm, Stukas

. 1942.

Stukas , , Gruppen 12 ( 1943) Luftwaffe. - Stuka , , Stuka. 1943, Focke Wulf 190 Ju-87 .

1944 Stukas Geschwader () . 2 Stukas , - - , . Stukas , ! " , 1944. 5.000, .

(1) G. Aders & W. Held: STUKA, Schiffer Publishing, 1989.(2) J. Beau: 1940, , 1978.(3) R. Cartier: , , 1964.(4) P. Deichmann: SPEARHEAD FOR BLITZKRIEG. Greenhill Books, 1996.(5) U. Elfrath: JU-87 STUKA, Schiffer Publishing,1993.(6) I. Hogg: TANK KILLING, Sarpedon Publishers.1996.(7) G. Just: STUKA PILOT: HANS ULRICH RUDEL, Schiffer Publishing 19.(8) S. Mitcham: EAGLES OF THE THIRD REICH, Airlife, 1989.(9) G. Williamson: ACES OF THE REICH, Arms & Armour Press, 1989.

64

1938 , , . , - . , , . , . . , 0 , .

2 / .

.

- , -, , . (7 -7 ) , . : 5.000 -

, , .

. - , , -, . :

, , - .

" , . - , . , .

. , . , 41 37 , . 1942 34.000 , 23.000, -

, , . , .

65

23 - . Blitzkrieg (= ) - . 9 , 9 , , . , . -

, , , , , .

1942. , , - , .

- . , , . , , 900 km , . ,

. - , .' 15

, . , , , .

, , - - . ^ ( ), - 3 3 , . Yorktown" Enterprise - , Kikutsuki (. , 19, 1998). 4-8 1942 Shoho , Sokaku . Lexington , Yorktown .

, .

- . - . 380 , , - . , , . ,

(Hyakutake), .

. , . , . , , . , . . , . , - , . , - .

. , . .

. , , . - , - .

- (2-3 1942) , . Kaga , Akagi , Hiryu Soryu

0 , 17 , .

, 17 , .

. , , , , . , .

17

. 29 2

, , , - , - . , , .

14 , , 1 , - - 1943.

24 . 1 , , 1 1942.

, 30% . . , . , , . . , , , . , . , . , - , 75% !

. ,

. 75 mm, .

8.500 , 1.500 ( 700 ). , , , - - - . ' , .

, . .

, , . , - , , -17 . . 17 , .

. 7 , .

, - ,

07.40 7 1942 , , ( 08.00) , . , . , , Task Force North Carolina , , "Saratoga . "Enterprise - Wasp , . 8 . Kat 9 ,

68

. , , , . , , !

19.000 ...

, . 8 8 , , , -

A llig ato r C reek", .

. , 1.500 .

, , . 5 , 1 . 5 , , 1 , . . .

jft; Mugford . , . , . - , , ,

. , 800 km - . , - (coastwatchers), . , - - - . coastwatcher - - .

, - . , , . - , , - . . , .

9 , , . - ,

, -31 S tu a rt 1 , , .

, . , , .

B loody R idge . , .

( Vincennes", Quincy", Astoria Canberra ) , Chicago . 0 . , - . , Leathernecks ( - ) .

, - ,

. . , , (Henderson Field), , , ( ) Hiryu . - , , . 20 , 19 F4F 12 SBD-3, 22

27 14 -400 ( -39). 90 mm , .

. - , , , - , . . - , , - . 12 , . , . . 19 - , - . .

$

( ) , , 13 17 , , . 17 . . , 6.000 28 7 , 5 . , , , 2.000 .

2 28 , - , , . 900 -

18 , 500 5 , - , . " " . - , . - , - , , - slot (=).

, , , , . , . 19/8 , . 20 21 Alligator Creek ( ) ,

m m , , .

2 . , 37 mm, , . , . . ( ) . -31 1 1 . 900 800 , . -

A lligator Creek. .

34 75 .

, . , , 1.500 - . , , 16 30 - . ( ) , , , 18 - , 150 km .

24/8 .

Ryujo 1.500 , ! , , Saratoga" 31/8 Wasp 15/9, Enterprise . Hornet .

, . . , .

. ( 3/9) , 1 . . .

300 - , 12 . , , . 1 1 . 8/9. , . , - . 1.000 , . , ,

-4 0 0 -39. , .

. . ; 35 , 3.000 , 10 . " 29/8 1/9. , , ( ) - .

, , , , . - .

Bloody Ridge, . 12 , , ot - 2 , . , , 600 . , . - , 1.000, 31 103 .

. . , .

-

. & & .

. , . 900 2 , , , . , .

. .

13 , - . - Kongo" Haruna 150 mm , 14/10. 15/10 14 , . . -

. .

30.000 , . . , 2 , 38 , .

4 , .

, , (Esperance), 11 -

71

. .

80% . , , , . banzai () .

. , : Seabees. . - , .

, Bloody Ridge , ( ") , Alligator Creek Bloody Ridge . - , Bloody Ridge . , - Type 97 Chi-ha. , -

72 , - m m .

, . . , ", - , , , , - , .

22/10, , . - - 24/10, - -

J

: ; ;

Type 97 Chi- ha , .

21/10, . , 13 .

24/10, , , . . , - , . , .

26 , 1.500 . .

. 2.500 , . . .

. Hornet Enterprise . - . .

, , , 8/11. , .

ra

3

1

I X ! ,T ij(pp4u - ;

2 ^ . %, 13-14 .

.

I__ ____ i______

/ (7 .- .)- - . - a .. a--------- r-------- -

- , . 38 230 , 17 - 13.000 .

- . 12/13 . 14 . , - Portland Atlanta . Hiei

, . 13/11 11 , , , , . 2.000 , Kirishima . Ironbottom Sound , .

1-4 , . , Aola ,

. 4 .

, . - , - . 20.000, .

, , . Americal ( America New Caledonia) . , - -

-38, -17 . 9 1 , . 2 , . , . , ( )40.000 - 25.000 , " , .

, , . 17/12 23 1943. 132 228 . 22 112 450 , 2 35 , .

XIV , AMERICAL, 25 , 43 ,2 .

( . 76)

73

0 (1587-1629) 1587

. ,

,

,

" ,

.