ΘΕΜΙΣ - 2ο τεύχος

315
ΘΕΜΙΣ Τεύχος 2 ο , Μάρτιος 2013 Τεύχος 2 ο , Μάρτιος 2013

description

Ψηφιακό νομικό περιοδικό ''ΘΕΜΙΣ''Τα εγκλήματα αντιποίησης αρχής και της απρόκλητης φθοράς ξένης ιδιοκτησίας, αστυνομική βία και βασανιστήρια, πράξεις νομοθετικού περιεχομένου, παραπομπή υπουργών σε ειδικό δικαστήριο και πολλά άλλα . . .

Transcript of ΘΕΜΙΣ - 2ο τεύχος

2, 2013 2, 2013

: , , , , & , , , , bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland , , , , , , , - & , , , ... , , LBSU, '', '' , , , , , , , , , ,

/ domain names : / ( ) / ( 1978) 25 : 933 936 : Lex Mercatoria : / 10

6 10 11-14

16-28 29-40 41-49

50-55 56-61 63-69

70-88

89-94 95-118

119-126 127 132 133 146 147 148 149 154 155 171 172 315

, , ,

-

(domain names) , , (. Domain ames). , . , . To domain name 0 255 . IP (Internet Protocol Number). . . , . , domain name, , 1. , 2. , 2 3 [.gr], - , (-), () 3. domain names , 4. ,

. , Internet, . 26 ., , domain name, 1999, .817. 2 . , , 1999, . 1048. 3 593/14-4-2011, ( Domain names) .gr, 1, 4 , , . 395.

1

5, , . , 6, ex lege , (erga omnes), . , 7, , 8, . , . , , 9. , . , , - . , , , 10, , . , domain name , . , , , , 5 , domain name , , . 401. 6 domain name , , , . . , . 204. 7 593/14-4-2011, ( Domain names) .gr, 41, 5, . 8 . , , . 13. 9 593/14-4-2011, ( Domain names) .gr, 14, . 10 15 . 593/14-4-2011, ( Domain names) .gr, 131,

11. , , . , , . domain name (IP address) domain name . , IP , domain name 12. , , . domain name domain name , 13, , , , . , , . , , 14. domain name , , 15. 13 . 146/14 ( )16, 11 , Internet, . 40. 12 domain name , , , . . , . 202. 13 . , . 637/1999, 1999,1276 (1278), /, . 30, , . 9485/2000, 2000, 1109 (1112) 14 371/2012, . 608/2009 ( ) 15 3359/2003, 2003, 695 (698) 16 domain name , , , . . , . 266, , , (. . ), 13-15 . 8

. , (WIPO) domain name : IP , domain names , 17. sui generis , , . . ( ) , , , : ) , ) , , , 18. , , .gr []19. , ( prior in tempore, potior in jure)20. , WIPO, First Report, ., domain name , , , . . , . 253. 18 1604/2003, 45.807, 4008/2006 2007.183 19 593/14-4-2011, ( Domain names) .gr, 81 ii, 20 . , , 2002, . 218 , .. , , 2002, . 446 , 606/2005 2005, 810, 3746/2001 2001.853, 1250/2000 51.38617

. 21. , domain name 13 . 146/1914 . . , . , , , . - - .

21

. , .., ., 391-296, . 385-390

: ( )

6 . 2928/2001 , . 42 . 1 . 3251/2004 253 . . , 187 1,2 187 . , , , , . , 2928/2001 (1729/1987, 2713/1999 ..) , , . . , ,

, , . . , , (97 241 ) , (2.1.) , , (6 1 ). 253 . , , 93 . 3 . 139 . , , , . , . , , , .( 1896/10) .

. , , . , , . ,, ( ) . , , , ,, ( Ramanauskas ) .

, , ( Teixerira de Castro ). , ( ). , ,, .

, , . , 253 , , . ,

, (Khudobin ). , , . , ,, 484 510 . (. Perlala ). , , , .11 . 2 3904/2010 6 , 484 1 . 510 .1 . .

, . . . 1, . . 1821 1844. 10.12.1948 , . , 3 2 . . 2. , , . . , 1. 2. . . , . . 7/2002, 5 . 772 . . , 2000, . 1440

, , , . . , 3. 1984 . 1500/1984 137 137 . . 4. , , , . , , , , . 137 . , (. 1), , 3 (. 3).

3. 4.

. . , . . 7/2002, 5 . , , , 2000, . 1433

2 1984 . 5. 4 . , 6. 137 137 137 137. 137 7. . 13 . . . . . 8 , (vis absoluta) . . 120 , . 5. 6. 7. 8. . , , , 2000, . 1436 . 1500/1984 . , , , 2000, . 1445 , , . 121-123

, . , . . , . 9 5 . 7 . 3 22, 23 25 . 137. . 10. , , .9. ,

10. . ,

. 11 . , , , , , , (), (DNA) , . 20 . , . , , 25 , . 74 . 15 . 141/1991 , ,

11. . ,

12. . , 13. 6 . 1 . , ' , , . . . 278 . 2 . . .

12. 13.

. -, . -,

, 14. , , . 15 . 16 . , , , .

14. Aerts (30.7.1998), . 64 ., Kudla (26.10.2000), . 94, Kuznetsov (29.4.2003), . 112, . -, 15. Dougoz (6.3.2001), . 46-48, Peers (19.4.2001), . 74/75 16. 10/2000 , 2000,1017

17. , , , . 2 , , , , . 18. . . 4 2 : , , . , , 3169/2003. . ,

17. . , , . 309 18. . -,

, , . . . . . . 3 2009, , , . 27 2009. , , . 19. 2011, , ( ) , , . , , , . . , , / . .

19.

, ,

., , 2011, : , 2 .., . . , , , . . . 20 . , , . . : , . , . , .. , 21. . . 22.

20. , , 21. . , , . 282 22. . , , . 282

, ( . V) : : , . , , , , , . , ; , . : , . 3 (, ) . , , , , . , , . 137. 1988 2012, 12 , 137 (1), (2) (3) 23. 13 2011, , , 2002. , 2012 24. , 1999, , - , , 14 , 1500/1984 ,

23-24. , ,

. , , ' 25 . , .1500/1984 , 1117/1991, 21.4.1967, 2061/198, , . 26

. 27. , . . ,

25. . - 1437/1997 608/1998, 26. 213/1997 ,267 111/1995 7(1997),398, . , . .. 7/2002 5 27. . ,

, , , , , , 28 , . , , , , , , , 28, .

28. . , . .. 7/2002 5

H ( 1978)

, , . . , , . 1973, . , . 1974 1976 . , .22 1958 1982, . 1-3 1958 , . . , . . .23 Issues of Greek-Turkish Relations, Hellenic Republic-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.mfa.gr/en/issues-ofgreek-turkish-relations 23 The Delimitation of the Aegean Continental Shelf, Republic of Turkey-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-delimitation-of-the-aegean-continental-shelf.en.mfa22

1 1973 , , ( TPAO), . , :24 - 1 1973, . , 29 1958 142/1969 1182/1972 , , , , , . , , . 1 2 1958, 1961 , , . , 1 1958, , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , 6, 1, . , , , , , . , 57 , , , , , , , 24

Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Application instituting proceedings Greek Note Verbale, 7 February 1974

, , , , , . , , 2, 2 3, 1958. 27 1974 : 25 , , , 1958 20 1969 .26 , , , , , , , . , ' . , . , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , ,Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Application instituting proceedings Turkish Note Verbale, 27 February 1974 26 , , 1967.25

, , . , , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , - , , . , , , , , . , , . , . - 29 1974, , , , , , . . , . 32 . 4 1974 Candarli . 1 , . , .

18 1974 , , , 12 . , .27 . . 22 1974 . 1975 . . : . . , , , , . , , , . . . 27

., ., , .. 2000, .448-449

, . , . , . .28 . . , . : .29 . . , .30 .31 . . , . , . . -. 1975 . , . .32 Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Application instituting proceedings, Turkish Reply, 6 February 1975. 29 , ,1 1974. 30 , 9 1974. 31 , , 30 1974. 32 , - , , .252.28

, . . , . . , , . . , 5 1976 . 6 1976 , . , .33 . . . . , , . .34 1958, 12 . . - : ,33 34

., ., , .. 2000, .458 9 1976.

. , . . . . , . 1960 . . 1960 . . . . . 25 consensus 395 . . , 1928 17 36 37 . 31 1975 . . . 41 33 . , ad hoc , .

. 11 1976 (Ordonnance)35. . , , . ) ) . . , . , , . . . . . . 395/1976 , . , , . .36 , 10 1976 : 1) , , . , , , , , , , . 2) , , 35 36

http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=81&case=62&code=gt&p3=9 , .

. 3) , . 4) , , . 5) . 6) . 1976 , . , . , 1928 , . , 1973. . 1974 , , O Connell , . . , , , . 19 1978 . , 31 1975 , . . 1931, . . , .

37. , , , , . 11 1976, . 38. - . : ) , , , . ) , , . ) . ) , , . ) , . ) , . ) , , . ) . ) . ) . . 10 11 1978. 1981 . 1983 . . . 39 , .

37

, . ,. 42. http://www.sigmalive.com/news/international/475524. 39 http://www.theestimate.com/public/032301.html38

.40 , , . . . , . . : . , .

40

http://www.eleftheria.gr/index.asp?cat=19&aid=7248#.UU4UD1cavIc

; . ( ) ( ) . (1) . . ( 175 ) , , , , . (2) . . (3) ( ) . () , . , () . . , minimus . , () 1. http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_2_09/09/2012_494984 2. . , - , , , 1957, . 110 / ., - , , 1954, . 175/ ., ( 167 . ), 1954 / 944/1998, 1126/1988 1053/1998. 3. . , ( ), 1967, . 38 . / . , , 167-182 , .. , 1994, . 16 .

. : , , , , . (4) ( , , ) (hooligans, ). (5) . ( ) , , . (6) I.

175 . (7) , (8) . (9) 1990 175 176 . 8 1991 136 137 . (4. . , , , 8-9/2012 5. , : , .. , 2009, . 827 6. , : , 1998, . 18 7. 736/1988 , 474/2003 22/1953 - 8. 672/1988 , 4765/1988 . 9. 120/1995 . 1052/1995 495/1997.

) 12 1994 . ( 8 ) . 21 1996. . 175 ) ) . , . . 9,10 14 , 11 . . 175 , , , . 1052/1995 , 120/1995 51 495/1997 (, ..) . ( )

1419/1984. (10) (1951-1967) .. 4000/1959 . 1951-1967 . (11) 10. 28/14.03.1984 = 32, 173 . 11. Spinellis, Die Entwicklung des griechischen Strafrechts in den letzten dreissig Jahren, ZStW 95 (1983), 461 .

, . . . .. 4000/1959 . . .. 4000/1959 ( teddy boy) . ( , , ) . , (lex certa) . 4000/1959 . 1366/1983. . .. 4000/1959, 1419/1984 . .. 4000/1959 , 4000/1959 . / . 1419/1984 .. 4000/1959 (teddy boy). . 1419/1984 (, ). (12) . 175 175,.1 , , 1 . '' '' . (13)12. . , ( 308, 361, 382,.1 3) , 1986, . 359 . 13. . , , , 8-9/2012

() . (14) , , , . (15) ( ) . (16) ( ) . (17) ( ) . (18) . (.. ) . (19) : ) (.. ) . (20) , (21) ) (.. ). , . 14. . , , . , 2008 . 289 . 15. , : , .. , 2009, . 422 16. , : , .. , 2009, . 422 & . , , , 8-9/2012 17. . , , , 8-9/2012 18. , : , .. , 2009, . 422 423 19. 1053/1998 & 1126/ 1988 20. , : , .. , 2009, . 422 21. . , , , 8-9/2012

, . (22) , , - . (175,.2 ) , , , , . (23) , . . (24) , . . . ( ). (25) . . (26) : . , . , .

22. , : , .. , 2009, . 422-423 23. , : , .. , 2009, . 423-424-425 24. , : , .. , 2009, . 423 25. . , , , 8-9/2012 & , , 1965, . 326 . & . , , . , 2008 . 292 . 26. 1472/ 1990

, . . 4/2012 . 275 . , 2 . (27) (175 ) 176 : , , 6 . . , . . ( 308 361 ) . H .. 4000/1959 . 1366/1983 . 1419/1984. (28) . . ( ) , . () . (29)27 243,.2 . 28 . , ( 308, 361, 382,.1 3) , 1986, . 360 . 29 , , , 1992, . 249

. . 1419/1984, .. 4000/1959. , , . (.. ) . (30) (quidis ex populo). , , , . . (plus) , , . (31) . , , . . : ( ) . ( ) .

30 , , , 1992, . 249 31 , , , 1992, . 250 & . .. .. . 171/92, 1992 . 6 . 1463 & , : , .. , 2009, . 422 423

, . "-", "", "" , , , !! ( ) , . , . 79,.3 . , ( 22 ) 83.2 . ( ). . . (32) . , , , . , . . 382, .1 . . .

32

. , , 1995 . 176

. ; , . , , 600 . , . , . , , . , , : , , , 2 3 3 4 . .. 2 , . , , . . ; . . , . 86 . 1 . , . , . 4 . , , , . , , , .

, , . , . , , . , . , . , , . , , , . , , . , . () , . (86 + . 3126/2003). , , . , , . ( , ) , .

, . , 137.1. ,235 262, (. ) 315, . , 73 693/1977, 6 802/1971 (: ), 3 2509/1997 (: ) 1 . 3 3126/2003(: ). , , , . . : .. () ( ). , ( 2368/2007 2008, 823), ( : 1611/2007 2008, 527), , , . , , , . , () , , . ' , , , , () . , , ' , , (235 1 . 1 1608/1950), , (). , , , ,

15 . , . . , . 86. , , . . . , . 86 . 7.3 . 3126/2003 . 86.4 . , , . . , . , 86.1-3 ,

(.3216/2003). . , , , 2012, , . . , , ( 62 ) , . , 4 . 86 , 4.1 ( ) , , . , , , , . . , . , , . . , , . . , ( 86.3) ( 4) , . . 15 20 ( , 111.2 + 113 ) , 2 , .

, . 4 86 26 .

, . , . . , , , , . (1) , , , , ( . 113 4 ), 336 . , , . , . , . , , , . . -, , ,, . , , . . , , . . , . , , , . .336 , . ,

, , . .3500/2006 - 53/2001 , , . 1998-2004 520 , . , . (2)Human trafficking trafficking 21 . trafficking ? . , , , , , . , . , , . , (.5), (.6), (.5 .4), (.22), (. 4 ). , , , , .

, , , . trafficking , , ( 2004 .), . . . (Ad hoc Committee on the elaboration of an International Convention against Transnational Organised Crime) . , . hard law soft law . 5 , .9 .9 .4 5 . 2002/629/ . - . (3) . 98% , . . . 15 (4.000.000 ) 700.000 50% . 15 44 .

- . , , . Innocenti UNICEF 25% 29% 35% 45% . 90%-95% 22% . . , , 2000, . , , , , . , . 19 , .. ( .: . 336, 337). . 932 , ', 2011 . 27354 . . 2,21 . 1,7 .2, , . : H 1983, , .. 3500/06. : , , , , 2/2007 .

, . . , . , , , . (4) . . . , , . . . 2003 1.200 10% 15% . . 3304/05 , . 3488/06 . 3488/06 , , , , , , . , . , . , , . . , . , . , .914 ( ) , . 16

, . . . 16 .3488/06 .337 . , 6 3 1.000 . , .

M 25 4046/2012 . 6/28-2-2012 : , 25 . , . : . 2 . 6 . 3845/2010 24 , . 74 . 8 . 3863/2010 25 ( 80% ), . 74 . 9 .3863/2010, 15-18 ( 70% ). . . . 29 . , . 1 . 2 . 4046/2012 V, , , 22 , / 10 ( 25) ( ). , . 4.1 4 , V , , , 22% 1 2012 25 , 32% . 510,95 ( 425,86)

22,83 ( 19,06). . 4093/2012 , . . 4046/2012, . , 11,3 . 4093/2012. : Y . (. 3 . 1 .1876/1990) (.8 . 1 .1876/1990). .1876/1990. . ( ... 262-1975). . 1876/1990 . , .10 .1870/1990. . 1876/1990 , , . . : ,

, . . 22 . 2 . , , , . .106 , . , , . . 23 . 1, 22 . 2 106 . . . , 22 .1, 4 .1 . . 25 .1 , (.2 .1 ), (.5 .1 ), , .22 .1 . . . 22 .1 , , . : ... ,

, .2 . 1 . 5 . 1 . ... 6/28-2-2012, ( ) , 2010 ... , . 2 . 1 , , . ..... 2010-2012, 751,39 586,08 25 510,95, 510,95 14 , 7153,3 . , . , , , , . . 2 . 1, , . , . : 1 . 2 ... 6/28-2-2012, 25 32% ..... . 4 , . 22 . 1 . . . 4 , . 21 . 3 , ,

. , , , . . 4 . 1 22 . 1 . , 25 . , , . . , , . .

. 25 . , 4 . : ... , .. , . 21 .., .. . 21 , 2000/78 .3304/2005, .

. . 25 , , ... ( . 5-5-2009, C-388/07, Age Concern England). , . ... . 15-18 . 7 . 7, 10 . 2, 4 1 . 23/5/2012, (). , . 3863/2010 , . 66/2011, / . / , . 65/2011 66/2011, . 1 . 2 , . 1 , 1 , . : , . .

, , ... 6/28-2-2012 25 . , , , . . , . . , , .

: 933 936 , , 41, . (. 20 . 1 , .6 . ). , , , , , . 42 . , . , , , ( 623 . ), , . , . ( 159), , .43 , , 933 ( ) 936 ( )41 . (1998) , . 1, . 7 . 10. 42 . , . . , . 1 . 1 . 43 . , , . 148, . 394

: : 933 . 583 44, ( 495 .). , , . 583 . , , , , . , ( 919, 920)45. 46. , , , , . , , ( 76. 1)47 , 933, , 72 , , . 48 , , ; . ., 933, . 154, . 421 . , . . 34, . 480 .7 45 . (1998) , . . 35, . 523 V , , , . 46 . 919-920 , .. 933 . 154, . 422, ., , , 47 . . (1998), , . , . 35, . 525 48 . (1998) , . . 35, . 526 V)44

936, , . 933 ( ), 49. 583 , 583 936 50. -, 51. , . 52 ( - ) , . ( 936 . 1), . , (919-920,325), , , . , , , , , 933 . , , , , ; . , . 49 . 481/10 2011/343 NOMOS 50 . (1998) , . . 42, . 684-685). 51 . .(1998) , . . 42, . 701-706 ) 52 . . (1998) , . . 42, . 707-712

, . , , .53. . , , , 54. 933 72 55, . : 933 936 . , , . , , . , , . , , . 56, , , 53 . . (1998) , . . 42, . 710 , , , . 54 . . , 936 . .506 , . . .(1998) , . . 42, . 734-735, 851/2009 /2009/1476, 162/03. NOMOS 55 . 64/2011 NOMOS 56 . 933 . 154, . 425, (1998). , . .35, .529-530

. , 933 , , , , . ( ), , , 57, . 58, , (. 76,86 ), . 936 , , . , . , 59 , , 60, ( 76 ), 61. 62 . , , . , ,

57 .(1998) , . .35, .530 58 . 59 . 936 , 936, . 495-496 .(1998) , . 42 , . 713-714, 717 60 770/2009 . NOMOS, 481/10, 372/09 2010/332 61 . 936 , 936, . 494 .(1998) . , .42, .718 62 .(1998) , . . 42, . 721

, , 63. : - 933 . , . , . , , 64. , , , , 934 65. , , , , , . 66 , 69 . 1 , . ( 934 ) (159 )31.

63 , . . 936 , .. 496 64 . (1998) , . . 34, . 478 65 . . 933 , 402 . . (1998) , . . 34, . 495-496 66 . , . .34, .496 , . 159, , (159 .1). , (159 . 3) . , 159 . 2, , , (. , 159 . 4 )

, 933 , , 1, ( , , ), ( ( , ) ( ). 936 . , . , 67. , 936 , 933, . 933 , 936 68. , , .69 . , , . , , . , , , 933, , , 933, 67 .48/10 NOMOS 68 . . 936 , . 484 69 . (1998) , . .42, .700 , , 936 , , . , . 933 , 936 .

, . , 936 ( )70. , 936 , , ( )71. , .72. , , . , 936 . , , 73, , 74. : 933 , , . 934 ( ), 70 870/00 / 2003/282 71 , . . 103/02, 870/00

72 . 1414/96 NOMOS , 10 , 73 , . . . (1998) , . 42, . 698-699 . . , .504 74 . 481/10 . 2011/345

. . , , , . , 75. 936 . , , , , , . , ( 1020 ), 76. , . , 936, , . 77 - : 933 . , , 936, , . , (

75 81/11 . 2012/380 701/2012 . OMOS 76 . 228/10 NOMOS 77 , . . 936 , . 510-511

, 933). , , 933 , . , , , .78. , . , , , . 79. , , ( ), . 4055/12, 99 . 1 933 , : .. , .. , , 80 . 933, , . , ( , ). , , 933 , 81. 933 , 78 . . (1998) , . 37,. 547, 79 . . (1998), , . 37,. 547, . . 933 , . 419 80 . 15 81 . . . (1998) 1, . 41, . 618-619 11108/81 1981/772

, 583 933 82. , , , , 933, . 933 , . 2 , , 584. , , . , , .83. 84 . 933 . , 936, , 937, 933. 936 85 , . , , , . , , , ( 220 )

82 . . . (1998) 1, . 41, . 620 11674/12 . NOMOS, 67/2012 NOMOS, 3602/11 NOMOS 933 , . , . 4055/12 , 2013, . 18-19 83 . . 933 , 420 84 , . . (1998). , . 38, . 557 85 (. )

( )86, . , ( ), , ( ). , , 87. , , , , , , 933 .88 .. , 936 , 936 . 1 . , . , 936 , .89 . ( 938-939 ): , , , , . , , , 90 . , 937 . 3 , ,

86 . . (1998), , . , . 42 , . 773, 87 . . . (1998) . 42 776 1451/87. 88 . . . (1998) . 42 762 89 . . . (1998) . 42 765 . . , 936 . 507-508 90 . . (1998), . , . 43, . 786

91. 933 936. , , , ( 686 . ), . , . : , 938 . 3, , 933 936. , , . 933, 936 92. , 936 , , 936, .93. , , ,94 , , 938 . 1 .2 , . , , , . , 933 936, 91 , . . (1998), . , . 43, 787 92 779/2000, 2013 . . 93 . . (1998), , . . 43, . 808-809 94 , . . (1998), , . , . 43, 797

. 933 936, 933, , . , 936, , 95. , . 4055/12 19 . 5, 938 . 1 2, , . , ( ), .96. , ( ), . , , ( ). ( 938-939 ): , , , 95 , , . 496, //, , . 1806,429/1993 , / 1994 152, 64/2011 , . Nomos 96 , . ,, LL.M, , . , . . (1998), , . . 43, . 792 , , ,

, . , , , 97 . , 937 . 3 , , 98. 933 936. , , , ( 686 . ), . , . : , 938 . 3, , 933 936. , , . 933, 936 99. , 936 , , 936, .100. , , ,101 , , 938 . 1 .2 , 97 . . (1998), . , . 43, . 786 98 , . . (1998), . , . 43, 787 99 779/2000, 2013 . . 100 . . (1998), , . . 43, . 808-809 101 , . . (1998), , . , . 43, 797

. , , , . , 933 936, . 933 936, 933, , . , 936, , 102. , . 4055/12 19 . 5, 938 . 1 2, , . , ( ), .103. , ( ), . ,

102 , , . 496, //, , . 1806,429/1993 , / 1994 152, 64/2011 , . Nomos 103 , . ,, LL.M, , . , . . (1998), , . . 43, . 792 , , ,

, ( ). 4055/12 . . 1 938, : , , , 104 . , , , , . , , , . , . ( ) , , , , , . , 48 , . 691 . 4 , . , , , , , . , 104 (. www.nomikospoudastirio.gr, . . . 4055/12

. 3 5 12 , , , , . , 938, , . , , , . 4 , . , . . 3, , . , . 2 938 , , , . , 938 933 936 , . , 938, 933 936, . 938 939 . , ,

105. , ( ), . , , , 106. , , 933 936 , , , , , . , - , , , , , 107, 108, .

.

105 909/2006, 1469/05, 1685/05, 352/94, 340/2006, 1538/08 106 . 9/2010 NOMOS . , / 2011, 10 107 . (1998) , . . 34, . 479). 108 . (1998) , . 1, . 1, . 13

O : , , , . , , ( ), . , , . , . , - - 44 1 . , , , ( , , ), , () . . . ' , 1975. ' ( 77 1927 35 2 1952) . , , , , (...). ' . () ... , ,

, ( , , 35 2 1952) . , , , , . , , : . : 1: : . 2: : . , - . . : 1: : . 2: : . 43, -. . : 1: ( ). 2: ( 43 3 4). . : 1: : 43 1975/1986/2001. : 43 . , . ( ). - . . , . , , , , . ( ). - ,

. - . 2: : 44 1 1975/1986/2001. , , . 3: : 48 , . . 48, , , . () . 26 , . . , , , ' , de constitutione . , , ; ... . , , ' . , , . 1 44 1975/1986/2001, , , . 72 1, . , , . 44 1 . () , ,

( ) ( ). . : . : . , , , . . , . , . 44 1. , . . : , . , . , , , . . , . , , , . 44, , . ( ) , . , , . . : , , , . , , . , :

, . V. : , , . 44 1 , 44. V. : , , - -, . . 1 35. , . , , . , . , , 72 1, , . 1 44 : , 40 , . , 64 1. , . , . , ( ) , ex nunc ex tunc, . . , .

, , . , . 1977, , . , 1985 . 1999 , , 6 . . 4 1999 ... . 2007 , ( 29.8.2007 - 205/'/29.8.2007 ). 2009, . , 200.000 , 4.500 , , (, ), . , , , . , , , . , . , , 2007. , 44 1 , , , .

: ( ) : 109 17 1998, 110 , 15 17 1998. , . , .111 , 112 , , , , , , . Benvenuti, criminal juris gentium113 : , , , 114. 115, 116 , .

ICC (International Criminal Court) 111 Brownlie, I. Principles of Public International Law, OUP, Oxford, 2003, p530 112 , , , 1966. Brownlie, I, supra 2, 546-556 113 Benvenuti, P. , 'The repression of crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide through national courts', Jus rivista di scienze giuridiche, 1, anno XLVI, 145-155, 145 114 , ICC, . 3. 115 12/08/49: Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field , . 49, Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, . 50,Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, . 129, Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in time of War, . 146. . Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 8 June 1977, . 85, the Convention on the Repression and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948, . 4 6 the Convention against Torture and other Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, . 7. 116 . Kleffner, J. K, Complementarity in the Rome Statute and National Criminal Jurisdictions, (OUP Oxford 2008), 6, 'The Impact of Complementarity on national implementation of substantive international criminal law', (2003)1 JICJ, 86-113 and 'Complementarity as a catalyst for compliance', in J. K. Kleffner, G. Kor, (Eds.) Complementary Views on Complementarity. Proceedings of the International Roundtable on the Complementary Nature of the International Criminal Court. Amsterdam, 25/26 June 2004, (T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague 2005), Gioia, F. State Sovereignty, Jurisdiction and Modern International Law: The Principle of Complementarity in the International Criminal Court, (2006) 19 LJIL, 1095-1123110

109

, , 117 . 118 119 120, ad hoc 121 122 123 . : ICC , 124 , 125. , , 126 , 127. , 128, , 129. . , 130. , , ,, . 1 : 1.1

courts tribunals Shaw Malcolm N., International Law, CUP, Cambridge, 2008 6th edition, ss 399-402, T. Taylor, Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: a Personal Memoir (NY, Knopf: 1992), Meron, T. reflections on the prosecution of war crimes by International Tribunals, 100 AJIL, 2006, p 51, Lauterpacht H, Introduction to international criminal law and human rights, London, 1950, p6, Brownlie, I., International law and he use of force by states, Oxford, 1963, p167 119 1945 , , . 120 McArthur 1946 121 7 . ICTY 827 1993 ICTR 955 1994. 122 Schabas, W. the UN international criminal tribunals: The Former Yogaslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leona, Cambridge, 2006, Kerr,R., The international criminal tribunal for former Yugoslavia: an exercise in law, politics and diplomacy, oxford, 2004, 123 Morris V, Scharf P T, the international criminal court for Rwanda, NY, 1998, van den Herik, the contribution of the Rwanda tribunal to the development of international law, the hague, 2005 124 , . 2 125 , 3 126 , 4 127 , 6 128 , 5 129 , 9 1 130 Broomhall, B. International Justice and The International Criminal Court: between sovereignty and the rule of Law, OUP, 2003, p 19118

117

1.1. rationae materiae To : , , . 5 . , .131 , 5, , , , . . , . 132 ( ) . . , 5 , . , , , . . 124, optout . ICC . 31 31(1a) . 33 . , , , . 5 . Raphael Lemkin 1944133. , . 1946 .134For an extensive review of the crimes punishable by the Court, see Machteld Boot, Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes: Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, Antwerp: Intersentia, 2002. 132 ICC, Antonio Cassese, International Criminal Law 2nd edition, 2008, 149-152, 162-178 133 Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress, Washington D C : Carnegie Endowment for World Peace, 1944 134 G A Res. 96 (I)131

135. , 136. , .137 6 2 .138 50 .139 , , , , . , , . . ad hoc . . kayesu, ICTR 140. , dolus specialis, - , . . 5 . 141. , , mens rea , . , , . , , ,

Nehemiah Robinson, The Genocide Convention: A Commentary, New York: Institute of Jewish Aairs, 1960; Pieter Nicolaas Drost,Genocide: United Nations Legislation on International Criminal Law, Leyden: A. W. Sijtho, 1959; and William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 136 Kambanda (I C T R-97-23-S), Judgment and Sentence, 4 September 1998, para. 16; Serashugo (I C T R-98-39-S), Sentence, 2 February 1999, para. 15; 137 U N Doc. A/C O N F.183/C.1/S R .3, paras. 2, 18 and 20 (Germany), para. 22 (Syria), para. 24 (United Arab Emirates), para. 26 (Bahrain), para. 28 (Jordan), para. 29 (Lebanon), para. 30 (Belgium), para. 31 (Saudi Arabia), para. 33 (Tunisia), para. 35 (Czech Republic), para. 38 (Morocco), para. 40 (Malta), para. 41 (Algeria), para. 44 (India), para. 49 (Brazil), para. 54 (Denmark), para. 57 (Lesotho), para. 59 (Greece), para. 64 (Malawi), para. 67 (Sudan), para. 72 (China), para. 76 (Republic of Korea), para. 80(Poland), para. 84 (Trinidad and Tobago), para. 85 (Iraq), para. 107 (Thailand), para. 111 (Norway), para. 113 (Cte dIvoire), para. 116 (South Africa), para. 119 (Egypt), para. 122 (Pakistan), para. 123 (Mexico), para. 127 (Libya), para. 132 (Colombia), para. 135 (Iran), para. 137 (United States), para. 141 (Djibouti), para. 143 (Indonesia), para. 145 (Spain), para. 150 (Romania), para. 151 (Senegal), para. 153 (Sri Lanka), para. 157 (Venezuela), para. 161 (Italy), para. 166 (Ireland) and para. 172 (Turkey). 138 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 2 139 William A. Schabas, An introduction to the International Criminal Court, 3rd ed, CUP, 2007, p 94 140 Akayesu (I C T R-96-4-T), Judgment, 2 September 1998, paras. 2289. 141 Jelesic (I T-95-10-T), Judgment, 14 December 1999, para. 82.

135

, .142 , , Srebrenica, 1995.143 as such 6. : For the purpose of this Statute, "genocide" means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such. 1948 , , . , . CTR, as such 1948, . , , . , . , .144 , . , , 1915. .145 , . 146 5 : , . , 1995 Tadic, 142 143 144 145

Sikirica et al. (I T-95-8-I), Judgment on Defence Motions to Acquit, 3 September 2001, para. 80. Ibid., para. 590.

Niyitegeka (ICTR-96-14-A), Judgment, para. 53 United Nations War Crimes Commission, History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War, London: His Majestys Stationery Oce, 1948, p. 35. 146 Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of Major War Criminals of the European Axis, and Establishing the Charter of the International Military Tribunal (I M T ), Annex, (1951) 82 U N T S 279, Art. 6(c); International Military Tribunal for the Far East, T I A S No. 1589, Annex, Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Art.5(c); Control Council Law No. 10, Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace and Against Humanity, 20 December 1945, Ocial Gazette of the Control Council for Germany, No. 3, 31 January 1946, pp. 505, Art. II(1)(c); Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, U N Doc. S/R E S /827 (1993), Annex, Art. 5; Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, U N Doc. S/R E S /955 (1994), Annex, Art. 4.

, .147 , .148 7 . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 7 : , , , . , . . 149. , . , , , . , , .150 7 , . 1997 ICTY, . - 151. , . , , . 152. , 7 . ad hoc .153 Ambos, lex stricta ,Tadic (I T-94-1-A R 72), Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, (1997) 105 I L R 453; (1997) 35 I L M 32, para. 140. 148 Kunarac et al. (I T-96-23 and I T-96-23/1-A), Judgment, 12 June 2002, para. 83 149 Elements of Crimes, Art. 7, Introduction, para. 3. 150 Elements of Crimes, para. 2. 151 Tadic (I T-94-1-A), Judgment, 15 July 1999 152 William A. Schabas, An introduction to the International Criminal Court, 3rd ed, CUP, 2007, p 105 153 Kupres kic et al. (I T-95-16-T), Judgment, 14 January 2000, para. 563. See also Stakic (I T97-24-T), Decision on Rule 98 bis Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, 31 October 2002, para. 131.147

22(2) : The definition of a crime shall be strictly construed and shall not be extended by analogy. In case of ambiguity, the definition shall be interpreted in favour of the person being investigated, prosecuted or convicted. , 8. , . , , 1920 228-230 154 .155 , , (threshold). . . prima facie , . , , 8 : The Court shall have jurisdiction in respect of war crimes in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes., the non-threshold threshold, . in particular , 156. , -157. , , . ICTY Kunarac: he criterion of a nexus with the armed conict . . . does not require that the oences be directly committed whilst ghting is actually taking place,or at the scene of combat. Humanitarian law continues to apply in the whole of the territory under the control of one of the parties, whether or not actual combat continues at the place where the events in question took place. It is therefore sucient that the crimes were closely related to the hostilities occurring in other parts of the territories controlled by the parties to the conict. The requirement that the act be closely related to the armed conict is satised if, as in the present case, the crimes are com- mitted in the aftermath of the ghting, and until the cessation of combat activities in a certain region, and are committed in furtherance or take advantage of the situation created by the ghting158.

Convention Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), 18 October 1907, 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (3d) 461. 155 Leslie C. Green, International Regulation of Armed Conict, in M. Cherif Bassiouni, ed., International Criminal Law, 2nd edn, Ardsley, N Y: Transnational Publishers, 2003, vol. I, pp. 35591. 156 Hermann von Hebel and Daryl Robinson, Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the Court, in Roy S. Lee, ed., The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute: Issues, Negotiations, and Results, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999, pp. 79126 at p. 124. 157 Elements of Crimes, Art. 8, Introduction. 158 Kunarac et al. (I T-96-23 and I T-96-23/1-A), Judgment, 22 February 2001, para. 568

154

1949159 1929. . , aut dedere aut judicare. H , , . 1907160 1977161 . . , 3, . 1977, . 3 d , , , . 3 . , , , .. , , , , . , Schabas, . - ICTY 162. , . , . , , . , ICC , 163. 15(2): The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime ofConvention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. 160 Convention Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV), 3 Martens Nouveau Recueil (3d) 161 Protocol Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conicts, (1979) 162 Delalic et al. (I T-96-21-A), Judgment, 20 February 2001, para. 140. 163 William A. Schabas, An introduction to the International Criminal Court, 3rd ed, CUP, 2007, p 134159

aggression once a provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. , . 39 , , : The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression . , . , CJ Bruno Simma . , 164. Schwebel, . .165 , , 166. 25 . , , . , , . 8 bis 2 , . , . 1 2017167. 1.1. rationae temporis H 11 . , , 1 2002. , ICC . , 24 2011 1 2011 126. , 01/09/11. , 24, .Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), 19 December 2005, Separate Opinion of Judge Simma, para. 3. 165 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Merits, [1986] I C J Reports 14 at 290. 166 The Crime of Aggression and Article 25, Paragraph 3, of the Statute, Doc. ICC-ASP/ 4/32, Annex II.B. 167 Review Conference of the Rome Statute concludes in Kampala ICC-ASP-20100612-PR546, Press Release: 12.06.2010164

, . , . . , , , . , . , , .168 Sierra Leone , 169. . , . nullum crimen mulla poena sine lege, . 22 . , . , , . . Hans Kelsen nullum crimen 170. , Eichmann 1961 1998 Erdemovic . , . 1907 Briand-Kellogg , . , 11 22 ICC ad hoc . Schabas . ad hoc , 6, 7 8 . . . , , . 12(3) .William Schabas, An introduction to the International criminal court, 2nd edition, CUP, p70 Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, signed on 16 January 2002 170 Will the Judgment in the Nuremberg Trial Constitute a Precedent in International Law? Hans Kelsen The International Law QuarterlyVol. 1, No. 2 (Summer, 1947), pp. 153-171169 168

, continuous crimes. , , 7. . , . , . . 17(1) . , 28 1969 , . , . . , . , , . . . , 23 2010 . , , , ICC . 1.1. rationae loci , , 12(2)(). ad hoc 13(b). . , , , . , , . , . , 50% .

. uti possidetis juris, , . . . , . . . , , PNA ad hoc , . , . , ICJ. , . , . ICC . , . , . 120, proprio motu . 1.1. rationae personae To 12(2)(b). , - a ad hoc . , . , , 27 . , , . , ICJ Arrest Warrant . , . 98(1), , . , .

98(2) . , status of force agreements-SOFAs, , . , 26 18 . , . 31 . . , . . , David, , jus cogens. , . , . , . . 32 . mens rea . , . 15 , . , . , . , . , . , : , . , 33 . , , . , . 1.2 AD HOC - - ad hoc ,

12(3). , ad hoc ex posto facto171. ICC 9 . . . , 44(2) , 5 . ICC .172 . 1.2. . , Laurent Gbagabo, 19 2002173. Gbagabo 2010 Alassane Ouattara 2004174. , 19 2002 2010. , , . , acts committed on Ivorian territory since the events of 19 September 2002 tous les crimes and exactions commis depuis mars 2004. 1.2. (PNA) 22 2009, , . PNA ICC , 1 2002, . 2008 2009175.

G. Palmisano, 'The ICC and Third States', in F. Lattanzi, W. A. Schabas, (Eds.), 393. Similarly, C. Stahn, M. M. El Zeidy, H. Olsolo, 'The International Criminal Court's ad hoc jurisdiction revisited', (2005) 99 AJIL, 421-431, 422. 172 Situation in the Republic of Cte d'Ivoire, Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to article 15, ICC02/11-3, OTP, 23 June 2011 173 Rpublique of Cte D'Ivoire, Declaration under article 12(3) of the Rome Statute, 18 April 2003 174 Rpublique of Cte D'Ivoire, Letter reconfirming the acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court, 14 December 2011 175 Office of the Prosecutor, Letter to the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights, 12 January 2010, available at http://www.icc- cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Structure+of+the+Court/Office+of+the+Prosecutor/Comm+and+Ref/Palestine/

171

, Fact-Finding , .176 , ICC, , . , Luis Moreno Ocampo, . 130 , -. . , . , Fatou Bensouda . , , , , . H 26 2012, 177 , status non-member observer State, . , . status 1948 10 2002, . 29 , , 1947, 178. 1.2. 13 2012 Fatou Bensouda 2012. . , , 15 , , , . , , , , , . , Human Rights Council, 'Human Rights in Palestine and other Occupied Arab Territories. Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict', A/HRC/12/48, 15 September 2009. 177 Status of Palestine in the United Nations, A/67/L.28, 26 November 2012, http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0080ef30efce525585256c38006eacae/181c72112f4d0e0685257ac500515c6c?OpenD ocument 178 General Assembly grants Palestine non-member observer State status at UN, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43640&Cr=palestin&Cr1=#.ULiQAoaP1Cc176

. , Fatou Bensouda Song, 45 179. , 19 , 180. 2. , . , . , . ICC . 17, . , 181. , 17, , , . , 17(1) : Article 17 Issues of admissibility 1. Having regard to paragraph 10 of the Preamble and article 1, the Court shall determine that a case is inadmissible where: (a) The case is being investigated or prosecuted by a State which has jurisdiction over it, unless the State is unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation or prosecution; (b) The case has been investigated by a State which has jurisdiction over it and the State has decided not to prosecute the person concerned, unless the decision resulted from the unwillingness or inability of the State genuinely to prosecute; (c) The person concerned has already been tried for conduct which is the subject of the complaint, and a trial by the Court is not permitted under article 20, paragraph 3; (d) The case is not of sufficient gravity to justify further action by the Court. , , , , . 2.1 17(1)() , .

179

Letter of Referral by the Government of Mali, 18/07/12, Decision Assigning the Situation in the Republic of Mali to Pre-Trial Chamber II, 19/07/12 181 John T. Holmes, complementarity: national courts versus the ICC, in The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: a commentery Vol I, Cassese, Gaeta, Jones (eds), 25 July 2002, OUP180

criminal investigation182. , 183. ICC . , , . 17(1)(b) , . , , 184. , Robinson , truth and reconciliation , 17. , , , 185. 2.2 17(1)(b) . , , . , ICC . . , , . , . 2.3 NE BIS IN IDEM 17(1)(c ) . , , ICC , 20 . 17 20 . ICC. , . , 20, 3 . ( ). , Carsten Stahn, complementarity, amnesties and alternative forms of justice: some interpretive guidelines for the international criminal court, JICJ, 2005, 709 183 John T Holmes, the principle of complementarity in R S Lee (ed), The international Criminal Court: the making of the Rome Statute, 1999 at 77 184 Darryl Robinson, Serving the interests of justice: amnesties, true commissions and the International Criminal court, 14 EJIL 2003, 499-450 185 SC resolution 1593, 31 2005, 5182

, , . , . , , , . , . , (parole) (pardon). William James Calley, 1970 My Lai . . , . , , . , Richard Nixon . , , , ICC. , ne bis idem , , (conduct). , , ICC. , conduct . , , . , , . , , . . , 20(3) : No person who has been tried by another court for conduct also proscribed under article 6, 7, 8 or 8 bis shall be tried by the Court with respect to the same conduct. , . crime, . . 2.4 . , .

, 17 . , . . , . , , . 2.4.1 17(2) . , : In order to determine unwillingness in a particular case, the Court shall consider, having regard to the principles of due process recognized by international law, whether one or more of the following exist, as applicable (a) The proceedings were or are being undertaken or the national decision was made for the purpose of shielding the person concerned from criminal responsibility for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court referred to in article 5; (b)There has been an unjustified delay in the proceedings which in the circumstances is inconsistent with an intent to bring the person concerned to justice; (c) The proceedings were not or are not being conducted independently or impartially, and they were or are being conducted in a manner which, in the circumstances, is inconsistent with intent to bring the person concerned to justice. due process . , . due process , 186. . Kleffner, , , , due process187. , Solera , . , , , state of mind . 2.4.1. , . . , , , M. A. Newton, 'Comparative Complementarity: Domestic Jurisdiction Consistent with the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court', (2001) 167 Military Law Review, 20-73, 58 187 Jahn Kleffner, Complementarity in the rome statute and national criminal jurisdictions. 2008, 70-95186

, .188 , , , . , , , . 2.4.1. . : , . 189 190. O , . , . . ICCPR, 4 , . , 103(1) , 71 , . . , . , , , . , 17(2)(). , ICC per se. 3 4 . 2.4.1. . due diligence . , 188 189

Office of the Prosecutor, Draft Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations, 4 October 2010, ICCPR, 1966, 14(3)(c) 190 ECHR 6.1, IACHR 8,1

, 191. . 1966 14(1) , . ECHR 6(1) IACHR 8(1). , . 14 1966 [] . , , , . , , , . , . 32, . : , , . , . 17 ICC . ICC . due process . 2.4.2 17(3), , : In order to determine inability in a particular case, the Court shall consider whether, due to a total or substantial collapse or unavailability of its national judicial system, the State is unable to obtain the accused or the necessary evidence and testimony or otherwise unable to carry out its proceedings. , . , failed State. . , , . 191

Sharon A. Williams, article 17, in Otto Triffterer (ed) commentary on the Rome Statute of the International criminal court: observer notes: article by article, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft 1999

. , . , , . . , , . , . 192. : ) , ) ) . . , ICC. , , , . 2.5 17, 1(d). . , , .193 ILC . , 194. , ICC, : the gravity threshold Is in addition to the drafter's careful selection of the crimes included in articles 6 to 8 of the Statute, a selection based on gravity and directed at confining the material jurisdiction of the Court to the most serious crimes of international concern. Hence, the fact that a case addresses one of the most serious crimes for the international community as a whole is not sufficient for it to be admissible before the Court.195John T. Holmes, complementarity: national courts versus the ICC, in The Rome Statute of th International Criminal Court: a commentery Vol I, Cassese, Gaeta, Jones (eds), 25 July 2002, OUP 193 C. Crdenas Aravena, 'The admissibility test before the International Criminal Court under special consideration of Amnesties and truth commissions', in J. K. Kleffner, G. Kor, (Eds.), 119 194 M. M. El Zeidy, 'The Gravity Threshold under the Statute of the International Criminal Court', (2008) 19 CLF, 35-57, 39. 195 : being all the crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the court serious, the insufficient gravity criterion represents an 'additional safeguard, which prevents the Court from investigating, prosecuting and trying peripheral cases. Situation in the Republic of Kenya, Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya, 56192

, , , 196. 2005, , Lords Resistance Army. 2006, , 197. , , 20, . , , , , 5.000.000 . , Bosco Ntaganda, . , , . , , 198 , . , , 199. , 200. Ntaganga201. , , . Abu Garda , 12 (AMIS). 202. , 145(1)( c), . , , , . , W. A. Schabas, 'Prosecutorial discretion and gravity', in C. Stahn, G. Sluiter, (Eds.) The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court (Koninklijke Brill, Leiden 2009) 229-246, 229-231. 197 Office of the Prosecutor, Response to communications received concerning Iraq, 9 February 2006 198 The Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a warrant of arrest 199 Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Prosecutor's Appeal against Pre-Trial Chamber I's 10 February 2006 Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, ICC-01/04-125, O.T.P., 14 February 2006. 200 Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Judgment on the Prosecutor's appeal against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I entitled Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for a warrant of arrest, article 58, ICC- 01/04169, A.Ch., 13 July 2006. 201 The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Warrant of Arrest, ICC-01/04-01/06-2-Anx-tENG, P.T.Ch.I, 22 August 2006 202 The Prosecutor v Bahar Idriss Abu Garda, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, ICC-02/05-02/09-243- Red, P.T.Ch.I., 8 February 2010, para. 31, referring to The Prosecutor v Bahar idriss Abu Garda, Prosecutor's Application under Article 58, ICC-02/05-02/09-21-Conf, 20 November 2008, para. 7.196

AMIS . , . , . (rationae materiae), (rationaei loci), (rationae temporis) (rationae personae). To , ICC, . , , , . , , . , , . , . , , . , . , , . , .

: . , . , . . : , , . . . , . 1950 , . . 1960 . , . . ( ) , . . . , . , . 1980-2000 . , . . , . . 2008 , .

. , , . . . , . , ... , ... ( ) ... . . status . , 2013 . . 2013 ...... ( ...) ... . . : ... . . 50.000 100.000 . , , , , . (, , ) , .203 2013. , 9 2013 2013 204.: , http://www.tovima.gr/finance/article/?aid=495972 204 : , http://www.moneymoney.gr/news/deka-erotisis-ke-apantisis-gia-ton-enieo-foro-akiniton/170203

. : , , , , .205 . . ( ) . . 50.000 , . 206. . () . , . , ...207 , .208 . ; ; . . ; . , 205 http://www.tovima.gr/finance/article/?aid=495972 206 : http://news.in.gr/economy/article/?aid=1231233399 207 : http://news.in.gr/economy/article/?aid=1231233372 208: : http://www.forologoumenos.gr/permalink/22669.html

. ( G.Jeze) ( 1,2,4 78 .). , , , , , . .209 . . 78 .1 , , , . .210 4 78 . 1 , . ( 303/2001). : ) , ,) , 78 .1 , , ,) , ) . . , . , . , . , , . 211

209 . , , , ..,- 2011 ,.2-3 210 . ,.. .68 211 ,

. . , interna corporis ( ) . ; , ; . , . , (....) . . ; , ...... . 1101/2012 : ) , ) , , ) , , .212 ...... ( ) , . ., .. .78212

1101/2012 http://www.inka.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1101-12%CE%91%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A6%CE%91%CE%A3%CE%97-%CE%94%CE%95%CE%97-%CE%93%CE%99%CE%91-%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%95%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%97%CE%94%CE%95.pdf

... . 9 10 .2251/1994 . .... 5 . 1213 2 . 1214 . . 53 . 4021/2011 4 . 1, 5 215 ( 1 216), . , . 1972/2012 217. , . ... . , . ...... , . , (.4 .1 ), (.4 .5 .) 17.1,2 . . 1 213

, , . 214 . 215 .1 .5 . 216 . 217 : http://www.capital.gr/news.asp?id=1429312

.... . ...... , . , . , (.. ). , , , ; , . , , . ,, . ... . , . . ......, ... . . . , .