18 201

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18

ISSUE

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ISSN 1109-5008

Webpagehttp://www.aeihoros.gr

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: , , 383 34 http://www.aeihoros.gr, e-mail: aeihoros@prd.uth.gr.: 24210 74456 fax: 24210 74388

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. (1992) " : ", , 4/92: 45-75, : /.

. (1994) , : .

10

Biehl D. (1986) "The Contribution of Infrastructure to Regional Development", Final Report and Annex (2 .), Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities.

Folin M. (1981): "The Production of the General Conditions of Social Production and the Role of the State", : Harloe M. Lebas E. (.), City, Class and Capital. London: E.Arnold.

Hirschman . (1958): The Strategy of Economic Development. London: Yale University Press.

Skayannis P. (1990) "The General Conditions of Production and Infrastructure: the case of post civil-war Greece", D.Phil. Thesis, University of Sussex.

Lpple D. (1973) Staat und Allgemeine Produktionsdedingungen: Grundlagen zur Kritik der Infrastrukturtheorien, West erlin: VSA.

Marx K. (. 1973) Grundrisse, Middlesex: Pelican. Musgrave P. Musgrave R. (1980) Public Finance in Theory and Practice. London:

McGraw-Hill.Rosenstein-Rodan P. (.1966) "Notes on the Theory of the `Big Push"", : Ellis H.

Wallich H. (.), Economic Development for Latin America, London: Macmillan, 57-81.

Rostow W. (1956) "The Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth", The Economic Journal, LXVI: 25-48, London: Macmillan/Royal Economic Society.

11

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12-65

13

he Infrastructure Projects in Greece and the presence of Mega Transport Infrastructure Projects (MTIPs): Changing paradigms and priorities

This article deals with the development of infrastructures in Greece with special reference to the mega transport infrastructure projects (MTIPs). The review starts from the end of the 19th century and spans until today, trying to decipher the major political, economic and social challenges that historically influenced the formation of the Mega Transport Infrastructure Projects. We propose a periodisation according to broader periods that relate both to socio-political changes and to changes of the priorities of the country that reflect the transformation of the regime of accumulation. We present critically the main factors for each period and the way they have influenced the planning, financing and creation of infrastructures, hence of the MTIPs.Emphasis is particularly attributed to the periods after the 80s which we consider as the most informative for the formation of todays framework for planning and materialisation of MTIPs. The paper concludes with our thoughts on the difficult dilemmas and questions related to MTIPs that are in the phases of planning or construction, given the importance of several broader challenges such as privatisation, economic globalization, environmental protection, and the economic and institutional viability of the state.Keywords

Infrastructure, transport, construction, mega transport infrastructure projects (MTIPs), Community Support Framework (CSF), planning, National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF).

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( ) (2010) " ", 8/12/2010, . ( : http://www.agelioforos.gr. : 1/3/2012).

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.. (2011) " 2018 ", . ( : www.ametro.gr. : 1/3/2011).

. (1978) " ", : . (.), , : , 193-208 ( , 24 1975).

. .. (1946) " ". : , .

[] (2000) " (1821-1897)", 1833-1897 // , [Online]. ( : http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/gr/1833_1897/economy/choros/04.html).

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. ., 2005. " (1964-2004)", , 91, .

. (2008) " 1960-2007: , ", ( : www.ine.otoe.gr. : 1/2/2013).

. (2006) " ", Archive. ( : http://www.archive.gr/news.php?readmore=204. : 25/2/2013).

A., 2004. " : ". , , .

. (1981) " 1948-1974", , 2: 7-38.

., E. (2009) " , 1830-2007", : . (.), , , : - .

. (1984) " : , ", , . 3: 134-174, : .

., ., ., ., . (2007) 1830-1939. : , : .

. (2000) . , : .

. (1976) , : . ., ., ., ., ., .,

, . , . (2007) . 170 , : (2 ).

[] (2011) " 2021", , .

. (1991) : (1889-1956), , : .

60

. (1982) (1982-1910): , , : .

. (1989) : , : .

., (2012) " ", 3 , , 9-10 2012, .

. (2009) " : 1922 1972", , . ( : www.uadphilecon.gr. : 11/2/2013).

. (1994). " ", : (1945-1967), 115-132, : .

. (1994) , : . . (2009) " S :

;", : 25 , 69-118, : .

( ) (2010) " ", 8/3/2010, .

[] (2009) " 1929, 1928-1940", : ( , ).

& [&] (2005) , Trademco Planning , .

, [] (2010) : , 22/11/2010. ( : www.ametro.gr. : 1/3/2011).

() 65//06.05.2010, 3845/10:" ", : .

61

() 188//4.11.2010, 3891/10:", .", : .

() 33//3.3.2011, 3920/11:", ", : .

() 152//1.6.2011, 3986/11:" 20122015", : .

() 28//14.02.2012, 4046/12:" (....), , , ", : .

Business Monitor International [BMI] (2008) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2008", 1/5/2008.

Business Monitor International [BMI] (2009) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2009", 29/4/2009.

Business Monitor International [BMI] (2010) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2010", 14/3/2010.

Business Monitor International [BMI] (2012) "Greece Infrastructure Report Q2 2012", 22/3/2012.

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Kafkoula K. and Vitopoulou A. (2002) "Visionaries versus politicians: rejecting the resource of knowledge in building the Greek post-war cities", Sixth International Conference on Urban History, Edinburgh.

Lambropoulos S. (2010) "PPPs in Greece: Past, Present and Future", European International Contractors (EIC) General Assembly, 8th October, Athens.

Munkman C.A. (1958) American Aid to Greece, New York: F. Praeger.

62

OMEGA Centre, 2012. "Mega Projects Executive Summary. Lessons for Decision Makers: An Analysis of Selected International Large-scale Transport Infrastructure projects". Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, p.2.

Papaioannou P. Peleka M. (2006) "Recent Experience on Success and Failure Stories from Funding Large Transportation Projects in Greece", 1st International Conference on Funding Transportation Infrastructure, 2-3 August, Alberta, Canada.

Reuters News (2011) Greek road operators want toll dodgers punished, 8/2/2011 ( : http://uk.reuters.com. : 1/3/2011).

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[]: http://www.fhw.gr/fhw/.o [Ypodomes Portal]: http://www.ypodomes.com. [] , :

http://www.hradf.com. ( : 24/8/2012).New Maddison Project Database, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University

of Groningen: http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/.

() , , , , , 383 34 ,e-mail: leoska@uth.gr

, , , , , 383 34 ,e-mail: george.kaparos@gmail.com

63

-1. ,()62-73,74-80,81-86,87-07,08-12

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5,0%

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1962-1973 1974-1980 1981-1986 1987-2007 2008-2012

( )

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-2. ()2005

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, ) 149.150 453 (22,9%) 1.267

1928 6.204.684 673.210 (-514.585 , -415.945 , +1.221.849 )

129.281 802 (31,1%) 1.930

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: ., E., 2009

66

, 18: 66-93

: 1989-20061

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(, , , , , ) 1989-1993 ( 1986-1989) 2000-2006. - , . , (), - . - , , () , .

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1 , " ".

67

Infrastructure in Greece: n appraisal of the aid of the Community Support Frameworks 1989-2006

The article attempts an overview of the contribution of EU aid to basic infrastructure (transport, environment, telecommunications, energy, health-care, culture) in Greece from the first CSF 1989-1993 until CSF 2000-2006. The purpose of the article is not to assess the progress of EU aid in infrastructure in detail, but to give a comprehensive and concise picture of this. After a brief introduction and some theoretical assump-tions, the paper analyzes the objectives of planning in each period for infrastructure in the horizontal level of the sectoral programs and the results of their implementa-tion. In the last part there is a conclusive analysis of the problems faced by the aid for infrastructure, which opens the dialogue for the identification of the (political) reasons, since many of the problems still exist today.Keywords

Basic infrastructure, Community Support Framework (CSF), transportation, environment, energy, telecommunications.

1.

, () , . (, , , , ) 1989 2007-2013 ( , , ) . , , -, - ( ) (Dallerba, 2005). 1993, , ( ) , , , , .. (Martin, 1998). , ,

68

-. , (.. Martin Rogers, 1995) "" "" . , . , (2008) , , ( ) , , , , - , , - . (Basile .., 2001) , , - .

: () () (1986-1993) (2000-2006) , () () . , ( , ), - . , 2 8-10-2010 9 , , (1989-2006) .

, , , - .

2 " , : : ", 8/10/2010, , -.

69

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, . , -, , , - .

2.

- , 1, ( ) , .

42 2010, 72, 4 . - (, , , , ) 27 , , 48,4 ( 2010).

70

(48,9%) (57,3%) (75,1%). 7,3 ( 9,6 ), 3 ( 4,2 ). 2,2 1,4 , , , 1,1 . - 5,4 , 3,4 .

1. (1989-2006)2010(.)

% % % %

2.908 48,9% 10.131 57,3% 13.990 75,1% 27.029 64,1%

5.279 49% 20.912 63,0% 24.238 79,4% 48.448 66,8%

956 16,1% 479 2,7% 1.435 3,4%

1.940 18,0% 865 2,6% 2.805 3,8%

1.233 20,7% 3.677 20,8% 2.461 13,1% 7.371 17,4%

1.788 16,0% 4.512 13,6% 3.303 10,8% 9.603 13,2%

239 4,0% 1.277 7,2% 1.558 8,3% 3.074 7,2%

354 3,2% 1.774 5,3% 2.080 6,8% 4.208 5,8%

612 10,3% 1.654 9,4% 2.266 5,3%

1.405 13,0% 4.087 12,3% 5.492 7,5%

449 2,6% 666 3,5% 1.115 2,6%

994 3% 898 2,9% 1892 2,6%

5.948 100% 17.667 100% 18.675 100% 42.290 100%

10.766 100% 33.144 100% 30.519 100% 72.448 100%

: ,

: , , . , , .

, , 2010:100, (1993):47,2, (1999):70, (2006):88)

71

2.1. 1986-1988 () 1989-1993 ( )

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1 ( ), - . , 3,1 ECU ( 5,6 ECU) ( , 1989). - 2.

72

2. 1989-1993 (1989)

1 ( . )

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- 142

- 178

- /. 153

- 80

364

- 190

- 190

- 80

- 157

305

: 1989-1993, ,

2, , - . ( ), , , 1996. - , (1991-1993) . , (1991) .

. 1989-1994 60 . - - 40 . - , , ( 800-1.000 ., . , 1994).

73

- "" . , , "crash programme" ( , 1989 Caloghirou, 1994) - , - .

, , . , , . ( , 1989).

- , , , .

, ( ), . , -. , - 37,4% , 28,8% (.. , ) ( , 2004).

,

74

( , 1989).

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1994-1999 - , , 17,6 . 10 () 3.

3. 1994-1999(1994)

( . )

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1.327,4

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294,1

250,7

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75

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(BOT). , . (, 1998). 1998 830 ( -) (, 1998). 1 2000 .

- 200 ./ , , , - - ( , 2000). , , -, . , , ,

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76

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, 2005 "" , 600 . (, 27-1-2005). , "" . 58% , 34,4%. 1997 . (-, -, ) ( ) 1996. , "" - .

, 2001 (1999+2) . ( 14 ) ( ), , ( 1994-1999, 2002).

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.

77

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, . . , , , (.. ) (.. ) ( , 2-6-2011). .

78

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79

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2000-2006 9 . 4 ( ).

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4 , () .

80

4. 2000-2006(2000)

( . )

6.646

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2.650

399

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481

- 392

: 2000-2006, ,

(3.519 . ) , , , ( ). , (67 .) , -, . 2003 70% . 2003 37%, 2005 41%, 2007 80% . 2004, , , , - . , , (, 2008).

2010 160 . - , 61,5 . ( 94,6 . 4,3 . ). 1994-1999, 163,5 . .

81

, 70,5 .

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", , " ( ) , , . , , - , , (&, 2000). . 2006 39,77% 30% (&, 2006), "" 2010. , - , . " " - . 72 (- , 2-6-2011).

(&, 2011):

82

, "" , , , , .

() - . -, . 2000-2006 , , (, 2000). , 2003 16%, 2004 2007 69%. (, 2009) 2009, 29% . 45% , .

( 1.400) , .. - , , ..

(, 2009) :

H (, , , , ..), (, , ) ,

,

-,

83

.. -, - , , , , ..,

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, , - . 55% 2007 (2003: 20,4%, 2005: 37,6%) ( , 2010). - , , .

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- . ( 2003: 7%, 2005: 31%), ( 50% ), 2008. . , - ( ) .

84

3.

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:. , -

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. - . .

. 700 . - . - (, ) , -, - ( 70% , . , 2010), - 11 , - .

.

85

100% , - . - , , (.. - ) 5. -, , - - ( , , NATURA .).

- , , , , , - -, , (, , , ) - . (1989-2006) ( 2.500 ) . - , . - 1996 2002 ( -), . - 9.200 (, 2009).

5 , (, /).

86

. 620 . . - , (.. ), - 30%. . - . , , , - . , (- , ), . - , , .

3.1.

, - . - 80 . 27 ( 2010) (----- ) 64% ( 42,3 ). 48,4 2010.

40.000 . . , 10.000 . (), ().

(2012) 1600 . ( 3.000 . 2013, ,

87

- , ).

30.000 . , 75.000 . (Ypodomes Portal). 1989-2010 - 1.500 . , 70 . , . , 1 . 7 . ( , 5-1-2011). 65 . . 20 . ., , 9 . . 20 . . , - , 17,3% (2000-2008), , -27 28,4% -15 36,8% (EC, 2005).

-. 18 25 - 2.552 . (2008), 20 25 264 . (2008). 2005 1,7% 14% -25 (EC, 2008), 20 25 - 2008 1995.

2000 .

: () 25,8 . 24 -

. , 60 . , 26 . . 2.000 ,

260 , 1.700.000 .

88

14.000 - 700.000 (&, 2008).

3.2

, , . , , . ( ) 53.000 . 65.000 ( ). , ( ) 44.000, 130.000 ( ) 42.000 ( ). 2000 ( ) (Global View AE-Speed AE, 2004 &, 2008).

3.3.

, , - - 1989 2008 (2006+2) .

, "", , . - . , , , - ( - 2/6/2011) - . (, , ) (

89

, ..) - , ( -, 8/10/2010).

. . - , overbooking ( , ), ( ) (, ), / /. ( 30-40% ) , , - (, 1994). , - . (745 . ), 30 - 5-6% (, 2010). , . 75%-25% (- ), (25% -75% ) ( -, 8/10/2010).

90

, - . (, , ..) -. , -, .. - . - (, 1994). . , , 5 (9/6/2004) "" , .

, . , . - - ( ), - ( ), - - ( - ). ( ) (-, -, -) . , , (, , ) (-, , ) ( -, 8/10/2010).

, , - , -, (20-30 ) .

91

1989 2020 , - , , , (TGV) -, .

, - ( ) . - ( ) -, , (. ) - . - , , . , (, 1994).

Global View AE-Speed AE (2004) " ", Global View AE- Speed AE, .

. (1995) , : .

. (1995) " ' 1994-99: ", , 10/95.

(2002) " , 1994-1999", ".

1994-1999 (2001) " - , ", 1994-1999, .

1994-1999 (2002) " ", 1994-1999, .

92

[] (1998) 2000-2006. ( : www.hellaskps.gr/kps/2000.htm).

(1989) 1989-1993 , :

. (1994) " () ", , 7/94.

. . (2004) , : .

. . (2008) " : ", , 14: 127-160.

. (1994) , -: .

[] (1994), " , , ", , 1803.

. (2010) "", , 25/10/2010. [&] (1994) " 1994-1999,

", . [&] (2000) " , ",

- , . [&] (2006) "

2006", - , .

[&] (2008) " , ", .

(1994) " 1994-1999, ", .

, [] (2000) " 2000", -.

, [] (2000) " ", .

, [] (2008) " , 2008", -, .

, [] (2009) " 2000-2006, , , .

93

(1994) " -, - ", , .

(2010) " ", , .

(2003) " 1994-1999, ", - .

(&] (2011) " , ", .

Aperghis G.G. Gaethlich M. (2006) "The natural environment of Greece: an invaluable asset being destroyed", Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 6(3).

Basile R., de Nardis S., Girardi A. (2001) "Regional inequalities and cohesion policies in the European Union", ISAE Institute for Studies and Economic Analyses, Working Paper 23.

Caloghirou Y.D. (1994) "Reforming Greek Telecommunications", : Williams H. Borman M (.), Telecommunication: exploring competition, Ios Press.

Dallerba S. (2005) "Distribution of regional income and regional funds in Europe 1989-1999: An exploratory spatial data analysis", The Annals of Regional Science, 39: 121-148.

European Commission [EC] (2005) Energy & Transport in Figures 2005, Brussels: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport in co-operation with Eurostat.

European Commission [EC] (2008) Energy & Transport in Figures 2008, Brussels: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport in co-operation with Eurostat.Martin P. (1998), "Can Regional Policies Affect Growth and Geography in Europe?", The World Economy, 21(6): 757-774.

Martin P. Rogers C.A, (1995) "Industrial location and public infrastructure", Journal of International Economics, 39: 335-51.

Papadaskalopoulos A. Christofakis M. (2008) "Transport infrastructures, development axes and spatial development: The spatial development in Greece in national and Balkan context", Studies in Regional and Urban Planning, 11b: 33-55.

o [Ypodomes Portal]: http://www.ypodomes.com.

, . , , . 136, 176 71, e-mail: v.avdikos@gmail.com

94

, 18: 94-115

1

,

,

. . , , - . . (, , ) . .

1 "5 " - () (IMET) , 27-28 2011 cd " ".

95

.

, , , .

Territorial impacts of transport infrastructure and policies promoting sustainable spatial development

This article deals with the interaction of transport infrastructure and sustainable spatial development. First, it examines the role of transport infrastructure and the significance of accessibility. Second, it identifies the main objectives of European policies, i.e. parity of access, balanced development, environmental protection and socio-economic cohesion, the effectiveness of which is linked to the changes in the supply and demand of transport infrastructure. Third, it proposes a simplified theoretical model concerning how spatial development patterns interrelate with changes in transport infrastructure. Selected socio-economic, traffic and environmental indicators corresponding to both the steps of the model and the policy objectives are introduced in order to monitor the territorial impacts of transport infrastructure. The approach is tested with empirical examples drawn from a recent study of the multimodal transport corridor that has the Egnatia Motorway as its main backbone and connects North Greece with South Italy and Northwest Turkey. The conclusion underlines the contribution of the approach for the formulation and assessment of alternative policy priorities promoting sustainable spatial development.Keywords

Transport infrastructure, accessibility, territorial impact, sustainable spatial development.

1. :

- . , . - .

96

- (Vickerman .., 1999).

, . , . . , , - (, , , ). , , . , , , - , - . .

- . Krugman / (Krugman, 1991: 23-25). - . , . (McQuaid .., 1996). - , .

. -

97

(Giuliano, 2004). , , . . - . , (Buunk .., 1999 Buunk, 2003).

- . , , , - (Vickerman .., 1999). (Martin and Rogers, 1994) - , . , , - (. , , , - , ..) -. , , , , - (Massey, 1979: 50-51).

H (SASI, CODE-TEN,CGE-Europe) - ().

SASI, - "Socio-Economic and Spatial impacts of Transport Infrastructure Investments and Transport System Improvements" (Schrmann .., 1997 Schrmann Talaat, 2000), , - .

98

- , - . SASI - "IASON: Integrated Assessment of Spatial Economic and Network Effects of Transport Investments and Policies" (Spiekermann Wegener, 2006) CODE-TEN ESPON (European Spatial Planning Observation Network).

CODE-TEN "Strategic Assessment of Corridor Developments, TEN Improvements and Extensions to the CEEC/CIS" (ICCR, 1998) .. - . - CODE-TEN . Union Territorial Strategies Study (MCRIT and INRETS, 1996) - SASI. ESPON, SASI, CGE-Europe (Brcker .., 2005). - (Brcker, 2002). , - (Lundquist, 2008).

.

2.

- , / .

99

(CEC, 1999), (CEC, 2008) (CEC, 2001).

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100

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- , , , - .

. . (2004) " : ", , () ... ( .. ) ( . .).

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117

Metro and Urban Form n Thessaloniki: Characteristics, Planning Ideas for their Interconnection and Critical Obstacles

An integrated transport management for the efficient use of critical and highly expensive infrastructure and a shift to public and alternative transport modes are recognized today among the most crucial policies for achieving sustainable spatial development. The purpose of this article is to relate the urban form of the city of Thessaloniki with the metro under construction in an attempt to read their spatial interconnection, to highlight the potential for connecting transport and urban planning through specific planning and design schemes and to identify the key obstacles raised in implementing such policies. It is argued that, despite the observed high rates of suburbanization and the dispersal of urban activities in the urban periphery over the last twenty years, the compact part of the city of Thessaloniki, which is crossed and served by the metro, still holds a large share of population and urban activities and is dominated by mixed land uses, advantages that should be used with specific planning proposals and initiatives. Moreover, it is argued that the most critical obstacle to the promotion of these policies is the absolute focus on the process rather than the outcome that characterizes the Greek planning system.Keywords

Urban form, compact city, Thessaloniki metro, urban planning, transport planning.

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