Βιβλίο Περιλήψεων 1ου Συνεδρίου ΙΑΚΕ

download Βιβλίο Περιλήψεων 1ου  Συνεδρίου ΙΑΚΕ

of 194

description

Περιλήψεις των επιστημονικών ανακοινώσεων που παρουσιάστηκαν στο 1ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο του Ινστιτούτου Ανθρωπιστικών και Κοινωνικών Επιστημών (ΙΑΚΕ) στο Ηράκλειο

Transcript of Βιβλίο Περιλήψεων 1ου Συνεδρίου ΙΑΚΕ

  • 7/18/2019 1

    1/194

    1

  • 7/18/2019 1

    2/194

    .... 1$

    2

  • 7/18/2019 1

    3/194

    + k^iikm oqsjmkhn tk_]pm

    " @J]ZXZ @ZZ^ \[ `Z \]^ `X ,XQ]\R^`RX

    R 8ZRXXRX 1\R^`X

    A\[ ` Q] ^`X Q]RX \]`R

    >1?79417@ >?,878; @;10?7=

    E\RR Z^_

    oupmr ks`r

    i_k pZh

    p ]kZh

    jjkmti @ o^i]Zhr

    < J

    3

  • 7/18/2019 1

    4/194

    .... 1$

    4

    ImAmKmEmI;@7== ,;6?>7@78; 8,7 8=7;;78; 1>7@4:;

    INSTITUTE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL S CIENCES

    Web/%0e %a'e7eeb(9c+) 777%a'e#.

    I

  • 7/18/2019 1

    5/194

    0RZR`R[ @ZRZ `Z 7X^`R`Z`Z

    pn^]pmr

    :] 1X smt ks^i

    [imhr h kstomt ihmu

    @`]RRJ_ /]JRZ_ smt jjkmti

    ?pjjs_r p\kzshmu i^hspmkhr @hsuzqr

    h ohmkzkr

    ]`_ 7XX_ smt

  • 7/18/2019 1

    6/194

    1\R^`ZXR 1\R`]Z\ Z @X]Z

    >?=10?=@

    >X`_ @\]Z_ 4QV 0=G@FV`5=OFQ /]=OOO]O

    :194

    Ba$"% Wa%%ili"% 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ A"gb"rg` (T=O=

    Gia! A!d$ea Pm Ga$a!ci!i 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ APULIAE BARI

    ,\]` :] *QXT 0=GT=` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    ,X]_ ;R[Z_%O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ %@=QX

    .]Z @]7[QF 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    .R`^R ]^ 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ %@=QX

    .Z_ @\]Z_1CQT=V` /OQ 5=OFQ

    /R]_ >XJR`_1CQT=V` 5=OFQ %@=QX

    /RJ`ZJZ @`]Z_7Y?QXQV %_9545%/. *%5

    /Z]JR`Z 2 *QXT 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    /]`R[\ZZ_ .^RZ_ *QXTQV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    /]JZ]_ 7XX_7[QV 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    0]Z_ .^_%O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    1Q]_ 6[]Z_ *QXTQV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    8RX :] 7[QF 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    8ZJRXX_ :R_ *QXTQV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    8Z] .^R7[QF 7Y?QXQV ) *

    8`^J[_ ,QX^RZ_7[QV 7Y?QXQV ) *

    8Z]X ,R`]X *QXT 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    8ZZX]_ v 9RJ_ :]RZ_1CQT=V` 5=OFQ %GO^O *05%

    8Z]Z`_ 4_%O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    8Z`Z_ :X_%O=T]FV 0=G@FV` *%5

    8\]R` :] *QXT 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    9_ 8^`_ 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    9Z]_ 0RZX^_7Y?QXQV %_95%/.

    :X`_ >XJR`_7Y?QXQV %_95%/.

    :X`^_ /]JRZ_%O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    :] 1X7[QF 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    :`]Z\ZZ .^RR *QXT 0=G@FT=` %TQCQ 5=OFQ

    .... 1$

    6

  • 7/18/2019 1

    7/194

    :Z ,JJR *QXT 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    :\\_ 6_%O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ %GO^O

    :\X`R]Z_ RX%O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ %@=QX

    :\]]_ >`]Z_7Y?QXQV F QX 5 / )XGXOFV 7QX^O QX 9QXT@QX 5==V

    :\Z_ @_ 4QV 0=G@FV 5=OQX 5=T^O

    :XZ v 8 4]%O=T^T= 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ %GO O *05%

    ;RZZ @ZX *QXT 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ /]=OOO]O

    \_ ;Z_ 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    >\XXZ /]JRZ_1CQT=V` /OQ 5=OFQ

    >\\`]Z @_1CQT=V` 5=OFQ 1X]=V

    >\]^`Z 8^`_)XGXOFV 7QX^O 9QXT@Q 5QQY 5==V = .TX>]O

    >]RR_ /]JRZ_7[QV 7Y?QXQV 5 *` 5TQ>OQV *QOFV =

    5==@]@FV 0=GQF@V %G=V *=XV 0TFV

    ?Z`^ 7XX7[QF 7Y?QXQV ) *

    ?\`_ ;R[Z_7[QV 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    ?ZJ ,JQ7[QV 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    ?Z\_ ;R[Z_ 0=G@FV )==QX 3C=V *OFV 5=OQX %GO^O

    ?Z^^_ 7XX_7X?QXQV /*5

    @`_ ]^`Z_ 4QV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ %GO^O *05%

    @]Z\ZZ 17[QF 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    @]Z 8`]X7[QF 7Y?QXQV 5 *@] v ?JZ\ZZ 1JJ7[QF 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    @Z_ @\]Z_ *QXTQV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ /]=OOO]O

    @\X`R_ 7XX_ %O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    ^RZ_ @`XZ_7[QV 7Y?QXQV 5 *

    ^R_ /R]JZ_ %O=T]FV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    ]JZ_ 7^ *QXTQV 0=G@FV %75%/8*` 0=G@FV 7Y?QXQV *%5

    `[\ZZ_ ;Z_ *QXTQV 0=G@FV` 5=OFQ )XFV 2=QO=V:^TO=

    ` ,^\^%O=T^T= 0=G@FT=` 5=OFQ 0TFV

    7

  • 7/18/2019 1

    8/194

    =]JX`R 1\R`]Z\ `Z @X]Z

    >?=10?=@

    pZh i_k

    ,;7>?=10?=@

    o^i]Zhr jjkmti

    /?,::,1,@

    ]kZh p

    >16;=@ =78=;=:784@ 07,17?4@4@spmtjom\Zkkr pqsmr

    :194

    @phZh p

    @phZhr jjkmti

    ^mwZkmtr zkqskskmr

    imhup >qi^sq\hnir qi^mr

    iZhr jjkmti

    o]Zhr sjZsr

    Z[[r @jspmr

    whZhr mitxpnkr

    spi\hZr ?^{p\mr

    `zps`Zhr zZkkr

    p`Zhr hnimr

    isZh t\^k

    .... 1$

    8

  • 7/18/2019 1

    9/194

    /]` `Z @X]Z

    @;=;7@1@

    >p]Zjoq ^pyxnp

    ?p\mpZhr zZkkr

    sqsZh ^[pzk

    mt]Zhr zZkkr

    pZh

  • 7/18/2019 1

    10/194

    61:,781@ 1;=41@ = @;10?7=

    u 0RZ]JR[`` R 1\^

    u 0RZ]JR[`` R 1]ZJ_ m>m1m `X \^

    u 0R\ZR`R^R ,JJ

    u 0R R :QZZZJ

    ZR`R

    p\Zkzq ]mhq h mhmkmj sr ^ho]^tqr

    u 1\R R ZZJ

    Zq h ]]qhi o]\z\h iii^o]pq qtj[mti^tsh

    u 1]ZJ_ `X m>m1m JR X \^

    u 7^`Z] `_ 1\^_

    u 8RXZ`Z_ ^`X 1\^

    u 8ZRXXRZZJ _ 1\^_

    u >ZR R [_ R 1\^

    .... 1$

    10

  • 7/18/2019 1

    11/194

    8^[]R^ >]R]R] 8]`_

    m @`]Z ,]XZ`

    ^ ]s^p hkmomq xp^s`mtj^ sk ]ptq smt kqssmusmt

  • 7/18/2019 1

    12/194

    .... 1$

    12

  • 7/18/2019 1

    13/194

    8^[]R^ _ >]Z]Z _ =]JX`R_ 1\R`]Z\_

    R Z >]Z]Z _ 1\R^`ZXR_ 1\R`]Z\_

    ^ ]s^p xpZ qr hizqmp`mtj^ qsm m k^iikm oqsjmkhn tk_]pm smt

    kqssmusmt

  • 7/18/2019 1

    14/194

    ]]qhir h jZqr sr k_^r s^xkmim\^r ^ sk hthimwmp szk ophsh{k smt qtk^

    ]pmt ^io`mtj^ ns ^ho]^tsh h h]jfh hmknss h{r h nim nqm qxmimuk

    s j^ s j^i_s szk ^ho]^tsh{k ^jZszk omhsqmtk j xpqj o\ kwmpZr \ni s qu\xpmk _js omt op\js^u^s sm qtk_]pm

    ][]Z_ `_ =]JX`R_ 1\R`]Z\_ = >][]Z_ `_ 1\R^`ZXR_ 1\R`]Z\_

    1X >m :] @\]Z_ m >X`_

    7[QF 7Y?QXQV 4QV 0=G@FV

    %G=V *=XV QX 5=OQX /]=OOO]O

    .... 1$

    14

  • 7/18/2019 1

    15/194

    >?=/?,::, @;10?7=

    15

  • 7/18/2019 1

    16/194

    .... 1$

    16

  • 7/18/2019 1

    17/194

    17

  • 7/18/2019 1

    18/194

    .... 1$

    18

  • 7/18/2019 1

    19/194

    19

  • 7/18/2019 1

    20/194

    .... 1$

    20

  • 7/18/2019 1

    21/194

    21

  • 7/18/2019 1

    22/194

    .... 1$

    22

  • 7/18/2019 1

    23/194

    23

  • 7/18/2019 1

    24/194

    .... 1$

    24

  • 7/18/2019 1

    25/194

    !

    25

    >1?71=:1;,

    0RZR`R[ @ZRZ `Z 7X^`R`Z`Z

    1\R^`ZXR 1\R`]Z\ `Z @X]Z

    =]JX`R 1\R`]Z\ `Z @X]Z

    /]` `Z @X]Z

    6`R_ 1X[``_ `Z @X]Z

    8^[]R^ >]R]R] 8]`_ m @`]Z ,]XZ`

    R]`R^[_ `_ >]Z]Z `_ =]JX`R_ 1\R`]Z\_R `Z >]Z]Z `_ 1\R^`ZXR_ 1\R`]Z\_

    >][J] @X]Z

    >?=@81894:1;=7 =:7941@

    ,YRZ[J^ `X \R`RX ,\[ `X \][`^ `_ 1\R`]Z\_

    ^`Z >m0m {|t|z{} \[ `X RXZ`Z n^`X XZ`Z 3QV %OT=>V

    ; `X^`^ ^`X \Z `_ ]^_ R \ZR`R >R Wailio Baro

    @XL]JG^SG @ZVLSZ =RUZJMXLRG_ UGR 8ZRX[`O`G_l 3O`WG`G LG]WZJ_ -T^ 2XM]O>LQXf0BLC

    4 LU\GSKL^O ^`OX L\Z `O_ \GJUZ^WRZ\ZSO^O_ ^`Z \G]HKLRJWG ULX`]RUgX K`RUgX f]gXl

    ,\[ `Z ^ZVLSZ `Z MQXZ_ U]H`Z_ ^`Z ^ZVLSZ `O_ GJZ]H_7FZV 2QX>V

    4 ^R\ ]^ ^`X \^7XT]O 5=O=FV

    >ZJX`_ ^` RYZ =RZXZR ]^

    \^ R ZRXXR X^`^ 3QV 5==>V

    >1?79417@ >?==?78; ,;,8=7;@1;

    04:7=?/78=4, 8,7 18>,701@4 0RZ]XZX`_ RZ]JR \]RZX` R^_ R Q^_

    `Z Q`]R[ \RXR 2=T= 0Z=>

    4 RZ]J X]JX \ZR`X ^ `Z Q`]Z `Z `\R^XZ 3>@= 2QC

    4 YRZ\Z^ `Z \ZZJR^` ^`X \RJJR ]J^ `Z X\RJJZ

    (=TXZ=> 5==]FT` .Q 7=v

    AZ #$"jec& f_ \G]HJZX`G_ LXS^^O_ `O_ GX`G^SG_ `O_ KOWRZ]JRU[`O`G_ UGR `O_

    G\Z`LVL^WG`RU[`O`G_ `O_ LU\GRKL`RU_ KRGKRUG^SG_u WRG LW\LR]RU \]Z^MJJR^O

    7C= 5=TQQ

  • 7/18/2019 1

    26/194

    04:7=?/78=4, 8,7 1,?:=/1@ m>m1m @4; 18>,701@4

    0RZ]Z\ZRX R^ Z `^`R^[_ `X ^^X

    ^ \ZR_ `Z`_ ^X`Z_ ]^R_ `Z]^_ 2=T= %O]O>QX 0RZ]JR R^ R >1 `Z \]RJ `_ R^_ `_

    XR_ _ `]_ ^ `]ZXR[ \]RZX

    )CQO= '==TQX` /]>OOV 7=O>V

    R \RXR ^`X \]^ `_ \R`R_ RR^_

    ^`X >]Z^ZR 1\^

    7=>QV 5==>V` '=QV 4TZ=O>V` 2[>V 0=Q@=OO>V

    Z `^]Z \Z ZRQ X_ ]R`R[_ X^`Z^[_ \X ^`X R`Z]J

    `_ `X_ ` ` `` ][XR `_ r]^_s7YTQV 5TV4 \^ `X \RRX `X `X^`X R X^`^ `Z_

    ^`X XR ZRXX)FT= 7=OQY

    07,>=977@:784 ,//4

    4 \Z `X `X^`X JZXX ^`X \^ `X \RRX `Z_

    7=TQY= %T==F

    4 ZRXt `\Z\ZRX XR J^^ R \ZX`R R`Z_

    \[ ` Q] ^` Q]X `X 8m0m.m:m%=TO (]T@>QX

    = ][Z_ `Z RQX` R `X \R`RX Z`RZ ^ZZ^`X \]ZQ^ `_ R\ZR`R^R_ \^_%GO> 2 2=T=O>

    6^R_ ]Q^R_ R \RJJR_ ^`]`JR_ JR `X X^`^

    `X Z\X Q`X ^`Z XR[ ^ZZ *=OQXF ) 2=>V

    :Q`R[_ [RZ_ ZJZ`X_ R X^X^Q^ ^`Z \^RZ

    `_ R\ZR`R^R_ Q^_)CQO= 2C

    070,8784 :16=0=9=/7,

    0R^ Q`RX XXZRX ^ \[ X `_ 8RX_ 0RQ_u

    R X`R R`R \][`^%C=OTQV / %O==QXQV` 2>TQV 0QXQXO>T=Vf1>@V

    0YR[``_ \]ZZ]RZ [JZ R Z]QZJ]X J] YX

    ^`R_ Z \]`_ `YR_ `Z Z`RZ ^ZZ

    /]>OOV (T@QT>V` (^T@QV 2=O]V

    1]X`R_ ]J^_ ^`Z RZ R R[]^ ^X]J`R_ Z`Z]_

    2=T= )T=]O>

    >]JJ ^X]Z Q^_ ^ `Z X`R[ \][J] ^\ZX

    2=T= *X=GQX` 7X=OF 8Z@QX

    .... 1$

    26

  • 7/18/2019 1

    27/194

    4 J `Z `YR R _ R^`Z]_ wR \][`^ R^_

    ^` 6]^`R o JX^Zx%O=== 0Q=O>

    0R`R `_ JJR_ \JX^ `_ R`Z]J_ `_ J^^__ RQXZ_ li!g(a f$a!ca \[ ` Q] ^`X \R`R \]Y

    7Z=O= 0QT=

    4 \R^` `_ ZRR_ ZRZXZ_ R R^`^ `_

    _ R`R[ X`RXZ ^`Z XR[ ^ZZ *X=@@= 0TQ

    0R^ `X :Q`RX ^`Z Z`R[ ^ZZ ]^ `X m>m1m

    R X\`Y `_ Q`R_ ^_ (^T@QV 5T>V

    = ^`[Z_ `Z Q]^`RZ J]`R^Z R `_ X\`Y_ ``[``_

    ^`Z XZ >][J] @\ZX ^` 6]^`R 0Z`RZu/X^ZR ^`Z XZ >][J] @\ZX ^` 6]^`R 9Z (^T@QV 7T@>V

    = ][Z_ `Z \R`RZ ^`X YRY R X\`Y

    `X X`RX \]ZJ]`X&OO= 7Z==O>` 7X=OV 8T>V

    0RKGU`RUM_ LX[`O`L_ \Z ^URGJ]GLS`GR UGR UGVVRL]JLS`GR O MXXZRG `O_ GLRZ]SG_m

    :R R] JR RQ`R R ZR^`R \]Z^JJR^

    7X=OV 8T>V` &OO= 7Z==O>

    `RXZX`_ `ZX ]X` v R`R \][`^ JR `Z XZ Q

    `_ XZZJ_ `_ / `Y_ `Z JX^Z /]>OOV 8]T>V

    =R `][ZYZR QXRZ rZRs ^` ^ZR R `X 6]^`RX

    `_ 0`]ZQR_ 1\^_ `_ \]R[Z {~u|zz%=TO 8CQX

    8X JJ[X_ ZJZ`X_ ^` JR]R R^_

    `_ ZJZ`X_ ^`Z XR[ JX^RZ 0=TO= :]>QX

    4 ^Z `X X`RX R`RX \]Z^JJ^X ^`X R]JR

    \]RZX`RX ^`^X `X Q`X `Z Z`RZ ^ZZ

    ]ZJ X[_ #$"jec& JR `Z R rdaa daas

    (^T@QV ;QXT>V` (^T@QV 1T>V` (^T@QV 6>V

    170784 ,//4

    0R` X\`YR R`] w`R^[_x u ` \]\`^_

    0=T=O ,=[=TCO=

    6`Z\Z^ `Z`^ R ^XR^Q`R_ ^Z_ \RRX

    R ]_ RR_ \R`R_ XJ_ 2=T= 0Q>

    ^ R_ \RZRXX_ _ \Z\`R ^ ^`X \^

    \RRX Q^R_ ^Z_

    *=OQXF 0QQ?>V` 2=T= 0QO

    !

    27

  • 7/18/2019 1

    28/194

    >]ZJZX`_ `X R XQ`R[`` `X `X ZX Q`X

    R `X \R`RX ^`Z \^RZ `Z ;Z @ZZ -=V * 0QXTQY=V

    ^\`` `_ 01>u R ^^ `Z_ `X R \XZ:T=@QY= 0QXQXT=

    ; \]Z^JJR^ ^ X ]ZXZX \][ X`R`\ZX`_ `R_ Q^R_

    ^Z_ \Z\\ R^

    5=O=@^V 5==TQX` 7]T= 8?OQX` ;=TQY= 7=GQQYQX

    4 YRZ\Z^ `]ZXRX \R`RX ]JX JR Q`_

    ]_ RR_ \R`R_ XJ_ 8TYZ]O 7XTQXQV

    0R`_ X\`YR_ R`]_ R \^ Z]R^[_ YRZ[J^

    \RJJR X`R`\R^7QZ= ;>QX` *CO 2Q@=>

    18>,701@4 1;4978; v 07, .7= :,64@4

    1\^ XX R ZQ^m >]`R_ ]ZJ_ ^`Z ^ZZ

    `]_ R]_ :`RX_ R ^ \X` ^Z `_ 1]\_

    2[>V %?=^V` *CO 5==QQYQX

    4 R\ZR`R^R \]Z^JJR^ `_ R Z Q^_

    (^T@QV (=QX>V

    4 \RJJR Y `Z Q]Z ][XZ*=OQXF 0QQ?>V` 2=T= 0QO

    /R `X \^ `Z Z^Z\Z` \]\`^ ag"$e

    R Z \JZ^RZ\ZRXZ_ `[_)O= 2Q@>OQX

    >]ZJ]` R Z Q^_ R X\] *Y= ;=T==>

    18>,701@4 8,7 1>7:=?@4 18>,70178;

    4 Q`R ZZJ R \R[]^ _ \]JZX`_ \][_

    `_ \JJ`R_ YZQX^_ `X \R`RX%=TO 3>

    @R^[_ \R`RX ]^`]RZ``X ^ `R_ ]_

    `_ QZR_ ^^_ JR ` Q^ K=TO= 6?QX

    ,YRZ\Z^ `X ]X `_ RZ]Z\ZRX_ R^_

    ^`X \R[]^ `Z \R`RZ R `X \R`R Q]RX[``

    *X=@@= 7T=Z` )O= 5==QQYQX

    ,\[ `X ]X R X\`Y R`RZ \]RZXZ ^`X

    XZ^ZR \R[]^ `X \R`RX \]\`^ `Z ]J^`]Z

    ^RX \R^`X ^`Z Z 0Z`R[ @ZZ ?QXZ

    3>TQV 8=@^V

    .... 1$

    28

  • 7/18/2019 1

    29/194

    18>,701784 ,` 2=T= 5=>` 9=QF 5==QQYQX

    ,\Z`^ `Z \RZ]`RZ ]JZ `Z ^ZRZ ^ZZm

    ,\[R_ \R`RX R ^ZRX ^ZX >ZRZ`R \]Z^JJR^

    2=T= 0==O>

    ,YRZV[JO^O `O_ L\SKZ^O_ `fX WGQO`gXl \L]RJ]GRU GYRZV[JO^O v GYRZV[JO^O WL IGQWZ_

    0Q> 2=T=` 8QT>@QX %@@F` 3=@>QX 2=T=

    >JZ^RZ\Z^ R ]\Z\Z^ ^` RZ^ `_ \^_

    \JJ`R JX^ R `XR_ YRZ[J^_ 5QX[TOV 7Z=>V 4 G`ZGYRZV[JO^O ^`O ^ZVRU `HYOl 2XG KOWRZ]JRU[ L]JGVLSZ ^`G M]RG WGQO`gX

    UGR KG^UHVfXm :RG WLVM`O \L]S\`f^O_ LX[_ WZX`MVZ G`ZGYRZV[JO^O_

    %GO> ;==>

    18>,701784 1?1;,

    0^Z_ R \]Z` ` `Z ^R^[ R `X Z\Z^

    r]X`RX ]J^RXs ^`Z RZ \[R_ \R`RX

    ->OO= (]@>` '=V 5==?=QX

    = ][Z_ `X \]ZZ]RX RXX ^`R_ R`R_ X[``_`Z Q`Z_ `_ R^`Z]_m :R ^J]R`R ]X JR `X ]^ `Z_

    \[ \R]Z_ R ]]RZ_ ^Z_

    '=F *TFO 0QOQQYQX` Ja#ier Roale Pardo` Raq"el de Si$!e Herrera

    ,XJR[`` R Z]_ \RZRXX_ `Y \R`RX R JZXXm

    :R ]X`R \]Z^JJR^ ^ X`RR_ R \[R_ \R`RX

    \]`ZQR_ \^_1=T>V *=OQXF

    4 JZX \]^ R XR `_ X^X^Q^_ R \R]R ]X

    `Z ^ZRZ ZR^Z ^`Z XZ[ 4]Z 2=T= 5=O=@]> 1Q^ Q`RX XXZRX ^`Z X\RJJZ ^ `XZZJRX

    \]ZZ]_ R \RZRXXRX R \R]`R ]X 2=T= 5QT=>

    1\[R ^`X \RZRXX ^ZZuZRZJXR_ R Z ][Z_ `Z RQX`

    `_ ^ZR_ ZX_ 2=T= 5T=O

    4 Q]\`R R^`^ _ RZJ]R_ \ZRZ`R_ ]X_ X`^R_

    R ^^`^R_ *X=@@= ( 6FOQX

    2]X ]^_ `R ` RZ]Z\ZRX R^

    `X Q`RX `_ @ Z`RZ%=TO 8T>

    !

    29

  • 7/18/2019 1

    30/194

    6` J_ \Z ^`ZX`R ` ]^ `Z RR`Z

    2]X \Z \]J`Z\ZRQ ^ \X` 1]\ ^Z

    (^T@QV *TTQV ;=>OV` %GO> 2O=` 7XT]O 4XC=V ;=>OV 18>,701784 >=97784

    Z \X[ XZZQ`R[ \^RZ \Z ]`]R^ ` R`Z]J

    `_ .tQR_u,tQR_ \^_ `X \X`` |z{zu|z{~

    `J] \ZRZ`R R \Z^Z`R \Z`^ 5=OFV %G=O=QX

    ,\Z`\^ R ]R`R X^ `Z QZ `ZXZ_ `X \R`RX

    `_ 1]\_ 2X^_ ^ ^RZ_ `Z_ `Z \R`RZ `Z_ ]JZ

    %T@YTQV %T@XTQX

    4 LU\GRKL`RU \ZVR`RU ^`O WL`GXLf`L]RU[`O`GAZ N`OWG `O_ \ZV\ZVR`R^WRU_ KRGLS]R^O_7YT] '=T=QX

    4 `Z `Z Q^Z `Z ZZ]Z ^ZZ _ \ZR`R

    r^R^_s ]J^_ R ZRZJXR_ ^` R]R `_ XR_

    ZRZXZR_ ]^_%== '=>

    4 RXZ`Z _ ^Z R[]^_ ^`]R_ \R`R_ \ZR`R_

    2=T= 5===OF` /]>OOV 5=T=[QXQV` %=TO 8=O=T^QX

    H \ZR[`` ^`X \^ R \_ ` \Z] X \]^R`X ZRZXZR R ZRXXR X\`Y

    2=T= 5===OF` 2=T= 0==O>` 2=T= )T=]O>` 0C=V %C=OTQV

    :R \ZRZ`R \]Z^JJR^ `_ \RZRXX_ RQX` R \R`RX

    ^` ^ZR ZX%@=GF 6Q@>` *CO 2O>QX

    4J^ y ^XR^Q`R XZZ^X ^` RZ^ \R`RX ZXX

    +Z 7==>

    8_ \]`R_ ^` R`Z]J X[_ QZZJRZ t Y`^`RZ X`]Z

    >XRX 1Y`^X

    /]>OOV 8]T>V` 3=QV :=OQXT>V

    1\R`R >ZR`R R =Z]Z @ZZ p,X`R^R_ \[R R

    `R^R_ ^`X ]ZJ `Z RXZ`[Z Q^Z \[ `Z { ]R ^]q

    %GO> ;==>

    18>,701784 =9=/7,

    @`]`JR_ `X[^_ \Z^ R `ZX`

    ]X ]^_ ^ X ` X`Y_ `_ , JX^Z ^`X 1

    3Q= %=QQYQX

    .... 1$

    30

  • 7/18/2019 1

    31/194

    4 \]^ `X \]QRX ^` ^XR^Q`R R ZRXXR X\`Y

    `X \RRX (=TXZ=> 'QXT>

    >]JJ \RZRXXRX RXX R \\ JZ_ Q`X/ `Y_ Z`RZ *TFO (>` /]>OOV 7=O>V` *CO '=>

    Z \RR[ \RXR _ ]^`]R[`` ]`]R^`R ]X_

    R Z ZRXXRZ\ZR`R[_ `Z ][Z_ -=V ( 2=TQY=V

    4 YRZ\Z^ `Z RR`Z JR \RZRXX R \]^ `Y

    ^XZXm :` ^ J Q`X /X^Z7>??=V 5==CTQX

    1X^^ `_ `Z`^_ `X Q`X Z`RZ ^ZZ ` ZQR

    `XRX `_ ZQ]\_ ^ `_ `X_ v A$&uThe$a#+

    *X=@@= 7 :QXOQX>

    1,?:=/1@ m>m1m /7, 4; 18>,701@4

    4QR_ \]`]ZR ^`X X`Y `X >1 ^`X \^m

    2]X ^`X >]`ZQR 1\^ 9^Z%=TO %T>=

    : X rRs ^`ZX 8X` :]OF '=[QXT>QX` *XGT= 5=O>

    ^` ZJZ`Xm :R RRXR \]Z^JJR^ `X YRZ\Z^

    `X m>m1m7T@=OF ,=OC=

    Z \][`\Z `ZXX X`RRXX Q^_ `Z 7X^`R`Z`Z

    4`]Z[JX R 4`]ZXRX :XRX 0= 0=O>

    \ZZJR^`R[ XZ_ 0= 0=O>

    1\RZRXX `Y ^ZZ R ZRZJXR_m 4 ^Z `X m>m1m ^ `

    %O=== 0=OCQX

    1]J RZ]J_ Q^RX X`RRXX

    '=QV 4TZ=O>V` 7=>QV 5==>V

    4 R^ `X X \ZX ]^ m>m1m *XGX= 7==TCQX

    @^`` Y`ZRX_ `]ZXR_ Q^_ ^ `X >1 ^`X

    Y \Z^`^_ \^ 2=T= 8^QX` 2[=F 8QXT=CV

    7@=?7, 4@ 18>,701@4@

    >]R\`^R_ \ZRXX \[ ` ] `Z /X^Z ,]]XX 2^^_ R

    `X \]]``X `Z ` `X \]ZZ {|u {

    2O= f 5=@= %>O` 5CTQV 5T?=T>OV

    1]ZJ_ `X ]X `_ X_ JJ_ ^`ZX R[ ]Zm Z \]RJ

    `Z 0R^Z 6X 6^^ZX_ `X rR] `]R`s {| v {}z

    /]>OOV /]ZV

    !

    31

  • 7/18/2019 1

    32/194

    >]R]R 0Z`RX @ZX >RZ_ {~zu{~~m

    = XR^`R[_ `[_ X`RQR^` `Z QX[^Z ^`R_ ^]J_ @ZX

    `Z ``Z_ 8^`Zm ,XZ`_ ]R_ \J_(^T@QV 0=Q@T>V

    ,]Z :Z^Z @ZR_ 3_ XZ]_ ^`R_ RRZJ]R_ \J_

    R YRZ\Z^ `Z_ ^` R`R \]Y

    )FTV 0=T>V

    =RZXZ R \^ ^`X 8]` ` `X \]ZZ `_ R`ZXZ_

    `Z X^RZ ` \]` ^\`` R_ R^`Z]R ^\``_ ^^_

    (^T@QV 2=>V

    4 ?[ `_ \^_ `_ \X^`^_ RZZJR ]^`X 1XX `]]QR^`X \RJJXm 4 \]\`^ `_ ?[_ 7]R`

    *XGT= 5==Z=O>

    -`\_ Z]_ ZRXXR_ RZ^_ `X ]R^`RXX ^`X ^`] `Z]Z]`

    ^`X 8]` \]\`^ `_ ]R^`RXR_ ZJ]ZX`_ 9^RQZ w{u{x

    &OO= 5=T>

    ]`]R^`R `Z XRZ \R`RZ ^^``Z_ ^`R_ ]_

    `Z |{Z RXm = Z]R^`R[_ R QXZX`]R[_ `Z ]`]_

    &OO= 7@=OQY

    Z \X\R^`R[ \[Q]Z `Z ^Z ^`X 1 R R^ `X

    ^RX J^^X ` ` ]ZXR \]ZZ {~ v {7QZ= 7=

    8,7;==:71@ @4; 18>,701@4

    /]u/ JR } X_ \RJJR \]Z^JJR^;TY= %@=QX>

    ,YRZ\Z^ ]JX *eb |mz ^` ^ZR `Y '=T?>T= %>

    r>RXR JR [Z_sm 2X_ `][\Z_ \RZRXX_ R ZRXXR_ R`^_

    %=TO (]O]>` 2=T= 7QTY` *X@O= ` % 5==>=R XJ_ `_ ^ZR_ ZX_ ]R`]RZ `_ ^X^X_ YRZ\Z^_

    RXZ`[X \]ZJ]`X R XQ]\RXZ XRZ%== )CQX

    6`R Z^ \^_ ^`X 1 \]\`^ `Z :Z^Z

    @ZR_ 3_ 0Z XXm 8RXZ`[ R ]\ \]ZJ]` ^`Z

    :Z^Z ` ` |zzu|z{ \[ `ZX @ZJZ X `Z 2=T= % )T=>

    =R 8ZRXXR_ @\Z_ ^`Z 0RQ`R[ >][J] @\ZX `Z XRZ

    ;\RJJZ R ZRXXRZ\Z^ `Z \RRZ

    .]TQV *XGT>V` '=V 4QOQV

    .... 1$

    32

  • 7/18/2019 1

    33/194

    4 JX `X Q`Xt`]RX JR `Z ][Z `X XX \XX`R ^ \]R^``R

    ^ZRZ ZR^Z 0]O=OOQV 0=T=V` ;TO= 5===OQY

    4 \^ ^ \[ `R_ `X_ u ^Z `_ R^Q`R_ \R]_(^T@QV 0QX>V

    >][J] >]ZJJ_ =R_ ,^R_ ^ Q`_ Z

    Z \]RJ `Z ~Z 9Z 4]Z 8]`_

    2=T= 5===>` 5=@^O= 2=T=@>` 7=XTQY= 1QX` (^T@QV 7QX>TV`

    %GO> 5TQ[>` 7X=OV %@>V` /]>OOV ;=QX>V

    Z ^R[ >]RZX `_ 8]`_ JXX `Z RXR[ \ZR`R^[

    *X=@@= 5==T>` 2=T= ;=TC`

    ;TXQY= 'TCOQX` 7C= %TO>

    4 YRZ\Z^ `X >1 ^` R^ `X X \]QRX

    )FT= 5=T]OQX` ,=[=TQY= ;=T=OQX

    >RZ`R ]ZJ X[_ ZX`Z ^\]`R_ Y \Z^`^_ @ZR_

    \^_ ^`Z Q `_ 1R`_ 3X_ @ Z`RZ 2=T= 5QCO

    8RXZ`[Z_ \RJJR \]^ ^`Z \^RZ `Z Z]`^Z

    `_ \XXR_ ]_ ` `_ XZ^ZR_ _ v :]`Z

    ,=[=TQYM= ;=TS=OWIAQX` )FNEWT= 5=WT]OIAQX

    4 \Z^ `X Z^RX Q`X _ R] JR X`R_\R`R_ \]Z^JJ^R_m >]Z`^R_ \[ `X ]ZJ Z \R`RX

    \]ZJ]`X 2=T= ;=>

    4 \]RZX`R \^ JR X RZ] \[ X [XR

    \R`R Q^ 1X]JRu>]RZX)CQO= ;QXT=OQY

    8=7;;7=9=/7, 4@ 18>,701@4@

    ,\[R_ \RRX \]Z^ZR_ R \]`Z^ZR_ R_ JR `Z QX`Z

    %GO> 0=@=OO>` 2=T= 5QT=>

    @J]R`R Q]^ R\ZR`R^R_ R ^\]R\`R_ \^_m@^R_ u ZZR[``_ u RZ]_ u ZRX_ \]Z^R_ *CO 0=O=T>

    8ZRXfXRUM_ GXR^[`O`L_ ^`Z ^ZVLSZ UGR O MXXZRG `Z r\ZVR`R^WRUZ \]ZXZWSZsm

    4 QLf]SG `Z \ZVR`R^WRUZ ULGVGSZ `Z PmB"($die( UGR O MXXZRG `Z habi&(%

    %OGF 0=T=@@F

    1\^ R Q]^%=TO 2=O^=

    ,X`RR_ R ^`][`\ JR ` ]`]R^`R `X \JJ`X

    ^` R 1XR_ /^^_ `Z Z`RZ

    *CO 5 2=T>

    !

    33

  • 7/18/2019 1

    34/194

    >=977@:=@ 8,7 18>,701@4

    :ZX`]XZ_ \ZR`R^[_ Q]^`R Q] R Q]^`R \^

    ;TZQTQV %T?=OV,X\`Y \Z^R_ ]ZJ_ \[ Q`_ X\] ^` \^R

    `_ \]RZX`R_ \^_ *X=@@= '=@O>` 0XT=F 5=[=QX

    ,[]` \RR \RR ]J^ ^`X 1 R `ZX [^Z%T?F (]T@QY

    ,X\`Y `Z\RZ \ZR`R^`RZ R`Z Q ` \]QR

    r`Z G$i 4]Zs

    5O )==O>QX` %T@XT^ 8=@=T>` 0=TO= ;=>

    7` \ZR`R^Z ^`X \^ R Z ][Z_ `Z_ ^`X `Z\R ZRX[``

    %@@F ,=[=T>QX

    4 \^ _ Z]_ \ZR`R^R_ \]^_ ]R`R ]`` R

    p`^`Z^ Q^ ^ \[ `X `Xq '== 1>O= 0=QYT

    .ZX`_ ` ZXZ\`R _ \Z]]_ R R`R \]Z^JJR^

    `_ X`RX_ R^`Z]_ ^ \[ `R_ \J_

    *XGT= 0=QY` (^T@QV %O=@O]QXQV

    `[`` Z ^`X \RR ZJZ`X ^] >ZRZ_ XR Z ]_

    `X \RRX `Z_ ][XXk /]>OO= 0QX` *X=@@= 7X@TQX

    X_ R RZ]JR[`` ^`X \^m :` \]\`^_ RXZ`[Z

    R`R_ ]^_ w#$"jec&x ^`Z Z /X^RZ XX

    %>OT= 0QXTQX>

    4 R^ `_ Z^R_ ^RZJ]_ ^ \RR Z`RZ

    ` ]^ R^`RX ^X R Q`]RZ \RXRRZ

    '=F 2>O

    0R[]^ ^`^X R X`RX `X Q`X JR ` R`]^

    `_ \ZR`R^`R_ ]ZXZR_m 4 \]\`^ `_ 8X^Z 3 * 2=>

    r: JR` ] XRks 0RQ`R X`R \][`^ R^_

    `Z Q`Z_ `X ,]X 1XRX ^`Z /X^RZ R ^`Z 9RZ

    2=T= 5T>

    1\^ ^ \[ `X X 1\R`R[ r^X]RZs R^_ R

    Q^_ JR `X 7^`Z] ^R^XZ ^`X YRZ\Z^ `_ `^`Z^_

    Q^_ R `X R]X`RX R ^X]J`RX `XRX \]`]^_ ]JZ X_

    /]>OO= 6=QX>

    5`X R Z]n ZR X]YR_ `X XRX X \]QRX

    0=TO= 7=T=ZQX

    .... 1$

    34

  • 7/18/2019 1

    35/194

    4 YRZ\Z^ ]JX X_ ` R`R \]Z^JJR^ _ Z\R_ R^`Z]_

    ^`Z \^RZ R`Z]J_ `X 8X`]X 0R .Z :Q^_ `X 0X

    /]FZ :T=@QYV

    1?/,@4?7,

    1ZR^[_tQ`Z\Z^m ,\[ `Z ^`X \R`R \]^

    *XX[= %@X>` :]OF 2=@TF` ,=[=TCO= 0=T=O

    ,XZJZX`_ RZJZ ^ `Z Q`]Z `Z `\R^XZ X R`R[

    ]J^`]RZ X^`Z^Z `_ \]J`R[``_ _ 3>@= 2QC

    0RZ]J ]ZJX Z]`_ Q^_m

    Z \]ZJ]`R^`R[ \]RZX a## i!)e!&"$

    7=>QV 5==>V` '=QV 4TZ=O>V6`]R[ \RXR JR n JZX_ Q`X Z`RZ ^ZZ7YTQV 5TV

    @R^[_ 1\R`RX 0]^`]RZ``X ^ `R_ ]_

    `_ 8QZR_ @^_ JR ` :Q^

    K=TO= 6?QX` (B^T@HQV 0QXTQXSCWTQ@MQX` 3=QV 4QOQV

    4 RZ]`R[`` ^ \[ \X_ J]R_

    /]>OO= 8=@=T>` *CO '@T>` :]OF 2=@TF` '=F 8QY=

    ,JJR J^^ R R^`R `X ^ \[ `Z ]JZ `Z Vi!ce!& Va! G"gh

    R RQ`R R`R \][`^2[=F 8QXT=CV` 2=T= 8^QX

    ,;,?4:1;1@ ,;,8=7;@17@

    4 Q]`R \]Z^JJR^ `X \]ZJ]`X \]^_ ^` ^Z

    JR `X X`R`\R^ \]R^``RX ^ZRZ ZR^Z

    0]O=OOQV 0=T=V` ;TO= 5===OQY

    Z RX[XZ `_ \ZX`R\]Z^\^_ `X JXRX ^`X J^ `_

    0`]ZQR_ 1\^_ \R]R R]X^ ^`Z XZ[ ?QXZ

    %>OT= 3TQXQ@>OO p/R `Z [ ^Zq R \]^`^ X^ `RR^`RZ Q`]Z R

    Z\RJJR_ \]Z^JJR^_ \[ `Z_ XZ_ JR `Z_ XZ_7YTQV 5TV

    ;[]_ R ][ZR ^` \Z^X R ^` R[]^ ^`^X

    R ^XR^Q`X 3=QV 7X]OV

    R_ \R`R_ \]`R_ Z^X `X_ R Z ][Z_ `Z_ ^`X

    \RZRXX Q`X `X `X `Z \]RJ `X R^`ZY]X^X `_ p&a&eq

    *X=@@= 8=QY=

    0RZ]Z\ZRX R^ '=QV :]QXQV

    !

    35

  • 7/18/2019 1

    36/194

    .... 1$

    36

  • 7/18/2019 1

    37/194

    >?=@81894:1;=7 =:7941@

    ,YRZ[J^ `X \R`RX ,\[ `X \][`^ `_ 1\R`]Z\_ n ^`Z >m0m

    {|t|z{} \[ `X RXZ`Z n^`X XZ`Z

    3QV %OT=>V` %O=T]FV 0=G@FV 8*5%*7 5=OQX %@=QX

    mk

  • 7/18/2019 1

    38/194

    rI!dig!a'"!alig$a'"!sm ; `X^`^ ^`X 1]\ `_ ]^_ R

    ^^ `X ^XR^Q`X ^`X \ZR`R \Rm

    Wailio Baro` 0=G@FV 5=OQX A"gb"rg` (T=O=

    omiioi hpq qsr x{p^r smt tpzofhmu nsmt m]\^ qsk olzq opmqnkszk

    h q^ hsqspmw szk ^j^izk uoplr h szk qx^]zk `zr szk kp{ozk ts_r sr

    ^p\qhZ ^oqwi^r hmkzk^r o{i^ ]tksmsszk ^op^Z`^ hmpqshZ sr qtiim\

    h_r ^jo^p^r szk kp{ozk xmksr zr w^sp sr j^skqs^tsh_r pm_r on s hpZs

    j_i omt oissmks ]s^p on sk hpq qs `{k smt tp{ kw^p{ qs k_

    j^skZqs^tq opms^kmksr smk npm %*d%#*a2+*a()%#.a2+* k_mr npmr %*d%#*a2+*a( om

    s^i^s on sr i_l^r %*d%#*a2+* \kZhsq h *a2+*a( ^khnr h tom]i{k^

    sm ^khn qsmx^m qsk \kZhsq po_jomksr q^ wimqmwhmur qsmxqjmur smt S%

    )+*C.%0c$(e9 o^p ]jmhpsr ^zp{ ts s jmpw j^skZqs^tqr zr _hwpq jr ]

    jmhpshr ]wzkr mom qtk^oZ\^s stsnxpmk j h osq omt

    opm[Zii^s ton sm hpZsmr sr ]hr h opmhi^ tjn a*#e. +mommr qtkqsZ sm op{sm

    omishn qtkqj k_ ]Zqsq omt ]km\^s \ sk o]\z\h _p^tk wmpZ

    s qjq szk omish{k qtkqjZszk snqm zr [zjsh{k wmpj{k \ jmpwzsh_r j^

    sqxjsqsh_r ]^p\q^r nqm h zr w^sp \ smk ^okopmq]mpqjn smt pnimt sr

    omishr o]^r qsm qu\xpmkm qxmi^m

    @X]J^ @ZZ =RZJXR_ R 8ZRX[``_ 3`` ]ZJ_

    -T^ 2X]O>QX 0C` %O=T^T= 0=G@FT= *GOQY = 0=QT=QY

    5=OQX %GO^O *05%

    m xmi^m hm\_k^ h mknss oms^imuk sp ]hpsZ iiZ stsnxpmk h i

    ii^lps{j^k qtqsjs s qu\xpmk hmkzkh op\jshnss khuosmtk mim_k h

    om qtxkZ opm[ijs qtjo^pwmpZr szk o]{k omt qx^s`mks j^ sk oms^i^qjshn

    ss sr qtk^p\qr ts{k szk sp{k qtqsjZszk opmqoZ^^r omt ^oh^ksp{kmksqsk k\hnss tsr sr qtk^p\qr \kzp`mtk s s^i^ts xpnk j ]s^p Zk

    q qsmk ]^k x{pm qtk^p\q xmi^mt hm\_k^r h mknssr omqhmo^ qsk

    t\ \kzqsh qtkqjsh h hmkzkh kZostl szk o]{k h qsk opmqzoh ^h

    o]^tsh h hmkzkh smtr ^ostx j_q on s j^\qsmomq sr on]mqr szk sp{k

    qtqsjZszk k\hnss sr qtk^p\qr j^slu ts{k szk sp{k qtqsjZszk ^os^

    k^s ]s^p qs qu\xpmk ^omx omt opmh^j_kmt k ksj^szoqmuk s ]ph{r tl

    knj^k opm[ijs ^o]{h^s j j^ssnoq on s qtkzr omjmkzj_k

    ]pqspnss snjzk mjZ]zk opmr j o^pqqns^pm qtk]tqj_k qtk^p\sh ]pZq

    j^ [Zq sr qx_q^r ^joqsmqukr h iiimvomqsplr h j^ opZiiim qsnxm s ]j

    mtp\ ]hsuzk iii^o]pqr omt opZ\mtk hmkzkhn h^wZim

    .... 1$

    38

  • 7/18/2019 1

    39/194

    sk mji ts sm ^k]w_pmk ^oh^ksp{k^s q^ `sjs ^wpjm\r s mom ]^t

    hmiukmtk smk qx^]qjn opm\pjjsqjn \ sk timomq opmsZq^zk h sk kZiy

    ]pZq^zk opmh^j_kmt k ^kqxt^ m hmkzkhmo]\z\hnr pnimr smt qxmi^mt h m om

    s^i^qjsh_r iii^o]pZq^r j^slu smt xmi^mt sr hm\_k^r h sr mknssr

    4 \^ `X \Z `_ \JZ^RZ\Z^_ `Z \]RJ X`]RX

    `RX ]X ,\[ `Z ^ZZ `Z QXZ_ ]`Z_ ^`Z ^ZZ `_ JZ]_

    7FZV 2QX>V` 4QV 0=G@FV 5=OQX 5=T^O

    ^ sk opoZkz ^q\q ^ox^pqmtj^ k oksqmtj^ qs ^lr ^pzsjs m^r j^s[mi_r qsm o\hnqjm hmkzkhmomishn h mhmkmjhn smom ^op_qk h

    ]jnpwzqk h sm ^ho]^tshn smom

    ^ om ^qjhZ h^j^kkmjm^sjs qjsm]mshk m opoZkz j^s[mi_r qs

    ^ho]^tshZ qtqsjs snqm h^ksph{k ]tsh{k xzp{k p^sk nqm h sr

    o m[^shr kzqr h szk Ziizk xzp{k smt tophsmu qmqiqjmu

    m^r ^k m [qh_r opm[i_y^r m ophsh_r im\h h s ]^mim\hZ qjkmks

    szk opoZkz ^ho]^tsh{k j^s[mi{k

    {r ^pjk^umks m j^s[mi_rj^spptjq^r qsk ^ho]^tq snxmr ^k nx

    jnkm hsknq szk j^s[mi{k ts{k iiZ h ^pjk^ smtr qsm oiqm nx jr \^\m

    kmsm\pwr iiZ jr ^pjk^umtqr qsmpr j^ j^m]mim\hn ^p\i^m sk qsmpht\hpsh

  • 7/18/2019 1

    40/194

    op\jshnss ts xphsp`^s zr j hpq o\hmqjzk ]qsZq^zk j^ s^pZqs

    ]^k qjq j hpq mom oknk jhpmopn^qj k _x^ j^\ius^p^r qtk_

    o^^r \ sm lhn jr quqsj iiZ h sm j_iimk sr @jmhpsr

    ^ w^sp ts_r sr ony^r opmqoqz k k]^lz s qzoi hpq omt qtk

    s^i^s qsm x{pm sr ^ho]^tqr hZsz on sk ^o]pq tsmu smt jmks_imt sr hmkm

    jhr ^\_tkqr

    >ZJX`_ ^` RYZ

    =RZXZR ]^ \^ R ZRXXR X^`^

    3QV 5==>V` 0=G@FV k %O )XGXOFV 0COTQX 5QFV +TXO=V= 8T]V` 8F= 5QFV *FV 5=OFQ 0TFV

    k ^ho]^tq sm s^i^tsm mxtpn smt mkzkhmu pZsmtr qj^p zr _x^ ^o

    ]pZq^ qsk ^l_il sr ^tpzofhr ^ho]^tshr omishr mhmkmjh hpq~ nq hm

    kzkh ^kqzjZszq ^k ^whs j_qz sr ^ho]^tqr q^ j mkzk @^lmsszk

    opmuq ^q\q ^ox^p^ k khkq^ j q^pZ on `sjs omt qx^s`mks j^

    s opmkw^p_ks ^pzsjs ^qsZ`mksr qsr opnqws^r ^l^il^r qsk ^tpzofh ^h

    o]^tsh omish h qsmk spnom j^ smk momm ts_r k]sZqqmtk smtr npmtr qtqx_sqr

    sr qt\h^hpj_kr omishr j^ sm oi_\j szk ]jnqzk omish{k ,5b(%c ,+(%c9 c+),(e8 ^

    tsn sm oiqm ox^p^s hpsh oqhnoq sr j^sZ[qr on sk sps\h sr Jqq[nkr qsk EU h htpzr ^l_sq szk qt\hpmsqh{k qtkqszq{k szk omish{k

    opms^pmsszk h szk qtqssh{k qsmx^zk sr s`_ksr \ sk ho]^tq h sZpsq

    qsk EU jwq ]]^s j^slu Ziizk

    qsmtr j^sqxjsqjmur qsk mpmim\hnss sr ^tpzofhr ^ho]^tshr omishr

    j^ _jwq qsk _ksq sr qtqx_sqr omish{k oqxniqr h omish{k ^ho]^tqr

    h hsZpsqr iiZ h qsmk ^ohmpqjn szk s^i^tszk on s jhpmmhmkmjh s`_ks

    ij[Zkmksr tony j^slu Ziizk sr kiuq^r szk ?pZ[p C+.0 Pe,%* M5.,$9 Ba(( h

    Wa('e*$+./0

    qsr ^oos{q^r sr mhmkmjhr hpqr qsk ^tpzofh qsps\h \ sk ^ho]^tq

    h sk hsZpsq

    qsmk spnom j^ smk momm ^\\pZw^s hmkzkh ]Zqsq qs ]jnpwzq h l_il

    sr opmkw^p^qr qsps\hr ^l^sZ`^s j^slu j^sZ[q on sm E-5%09 e"c%e*c9

    smt qsk opj^spmomq sr hmkzkhr ]Zqsqr qsk ^ho]^tsh omish qsm

    oiqm sr EU

    qsk hsZqsq szk op\jZszk /0a0e + ,(a9 qsk h qsk iiZ] kwmphZ sr

    hpqj^r opj_spmtr qtqx_sqr ^ho]^tqr h hmkzkhr ^kqzjZszqr

    .... 1$

    40

  • 7/18/2019 1

    41/194

    >1?79417@

    >?==?78; ,;,8=7;@1;

    #

    41

  • 7/18/2019 1

    42/194

    .... 1$

    42

  • 7/18/2019 1

    43/194

    04:7=?/78=4, 8,7 18>,701@4

    0RZ]XZX`_ RZ]JR \]RZX` R^_ R Q^_

    `Z Q`]R[ \RXR

    2=T= 0Z=>` *=XV 5*

    D qu\xpmk PYd]Y\z\dhb _x^d ^qsdZq^d sm ^k]dYw_pmk hYd sk opm[ijYsdhb sr qsk YkZ

    ostl dhYkmsbszk omt Ywmpmuk sk ^o^l^p\YqY s ]dYx^pdq hYd sk oYpY\z\b sr \k{qr

    D hpdsdhb hYd ]jdmtp\dhb qh_y Yoms^imuk sdr dhYknss^r Yts_r md mom^r ]pmtk Yon s jdY

    zr qsp\jYsY qsk to^poipmwnpq hYd Yon sk Zii zr YoYpYssY qsmdx^Y \dY sk YkZ

    ostl hYd mimhibpzq smt Ykp{omt

  • 7/18/2019 1

    44/194

    _p^tk j^ qhmon s ]^p^ukq sr qx_qr smt ^sphmu xk]mu zr j^n]mt ]]qh

    ir j^ sk kZostl sr ]jmtp\hr qh_yr szk js{k

    _p^tk hmimuq^ _k jo^pjshn qx_]m j^ sm momm ^wZpjmq^ sm ^sphn

    xk] zr j_m]m ]]qhir q^ ]um jjs szk mkzkh{k omt]{k sr ?| sZlr smt @

    jmshmu qxmi^mt ]]hsh op_j[q sk qtkmihr ]Zph^r zp{k h

    ^wpjnqsh^ qs jjs sr qsmpr h sr ^i_sr ^p[Ziimksmr

    oms^i_qjs sr _p^tkr k]^hkumtk s ^sh qtj[mi smt ^sphmu xk]mu

    zr ]]hshr j^n]mt qsk hii_p\^ sr ]jmtp\hr qh_yr szk js{k sr o^p

    jshr mjZ]r qt\hpshZ j^ sk mjZ] ^i_\xmt

    4 RZ]J X]JX \ZR`X ^ `Z Q`]Z `Z `\R^XZ

    3>@= 2QC` )=>= .=TFV %@]@FV` 0QO]OF =OGT]Q@QV

    m _spm smt so^qj_kmt qsm ^lr s kosuxh^ on smk >p`iZkm A5#5/0+

    B+a( s ]^h^s smt h oms^i^ j hiis^xkh j_m]m omt xpqjmom^

    sm _spm zr ^p\i^m \ kqsmxqjn h ]Zim\m opmh^j_kmt k toZpl^ ii\ q^ sm

    jhn smohn h o\hnqjm ^oo^]m s^xkh_r smt s _xmtk [p^ ^tp^ ^wpjm\ o\hm

    qjzr q^ hmkzkh_r omish_r ^po^tsh_r h ^ho]^tsh_r ]pZq^r h ^k

    opmqpjmqj_k^r htpzr q^ jmommur omt xpqjmommuk sk o\hnqj \i{qq smt

    ^Zspmt j_m]mr smt s qs qxmi^ qtkksZs qtkzr qs oiq smt jjsmr

    sr ^sphr

  • 7/18/2019 1

    45/194

    hiis^xkho]\z\h j_m]m omt ]^k hpk^ ]^k ^o[Zii^ iiZ hmu^ h opmqw_p^

    ^p^qjs \ s qtk^]smomq h s x^pw_sq h qtj[Zii^ qs ]jmtp\ ^k^p

    \{k omis{k ^ sm s jomp^ m ho]^tshnr j^ txZpqsm h ]jmtp\hn spnom k l^h k ksj^szoq^ ]Zwmp opm[ijs omt jompmuk k opmhuymtk q^ j ^ho]^tsh

    mjZ] omw^u\mksr sm ]]hsqjn h sk spo^`h o]\z\h j_m]m h k m]\q^

    s Zsmj qsk o^pwj hpsh qtk^]smomq smt F.e%.e ooi_mk sm p^uj sr hps

    hrkqsmxqshr km\pwr ksZqq^ sk _p^tk q^ _k tpus^pm hmkzkhn qtj[mihn

    omishn mhmkmjhn h qsmphn oiqm nomt m ^p^tksr^ho]^tshnr qtk]i_\^s h

    iii^o]pZ j^ smtr js_r smt ]^thmiukmksr sk o^i^t^pzsh omp^ szk js{k

    j_q on qt\h^hpj_k^r ]pZq^r

    4 YRZ\Z^ `Z \ZZJR^` ^`X \RJJR ]J^ `Z X\RJJZ

    (=TXZ=> 5==]FTj` *=XV 5*

    .Q 7=v` *=XV 5*

    sk ^omx jr opmtqZ`^s j j^\Zi kZostl s^xkmim\h{k j_qzk h ^ho]^ts

    hmu im\qjhmu omt hiuosmtk ni s \kzqshZ ksh^j^k h sr [j]^r ^ho]^tqr

    snxmr sr opmuqr ^q\qr ^k k hs]^l^ o{r j^ sk ^kqzjZszq h lmomqszk k_zk s^xkmim\{k qsk opmqxmih ^ho]^tq ^ost\xZk^s sm o_pqj on smk op

    ]mqhn spnom ]]qhir opmr s ]jmtp\ ]tkjh{k jqh{k o^p[iinkszk nomt

    m tomim\qsr jomp^ k xpqjmom^ zr ^ooi_mk ^ho]^tshn j_qm \ k tomqspl^

    ]Zwmp^r jmpw_r jZqr szk jhp{k js{k p_smksr ^zpshZ qsmx^ ^p^tk

    shZ ]^]mj_k hupmtr opm[ijsqjmur iiZ h mimhipzj_k^r opmsZq^r \ sk _ksl

    szk qsk pmqxmih ho]^tq ^ox^pmuj^ k j[iukmtj^ sr _ksmk^r jwq[s

    q^r qx^shZ j^ s xpq smt tomim\qs qsk sZl szk kozk sk opmqxmih ^ho]^tq

    m i^hspmkhnr tomim\qsr jomp^ k xpqjmom^ q^ ]pqspnss^r omt wmpmuk ni

    sk sZl k oms^i_q^ qj^m ^p\qr kZj^q q^ mjZ]^r o]{ksZiii ^ho]^tshZ im\qjhZ jompmuk k oms^i_qmtk qjkshn ^p\i^m \ sk

    ^honkq h timomq ]]hsh{k q^kpzk omt omqhmomuk qs jZq jr h o^

    pqqns^pzk ^kkm{k ^knr \kzqshmu ksh^j_kmt h{r h qs ]^jsh opmq_\\q

    ^kkm{k on ]Zwmp \kzqshZ ksh^j^k r opZ]^\j op_smtj^ _k mimhipzj_km

    ^ho]^tshn q^kZpm omt timomh^ q^ sZl smt ko\z\^mt j^ o]Z j\{r mjZ

    s qxmih xpmkZ k hshi^] \k^s qwr qtj[mi smt i^hspmkhmu tomim

    \qs qs ]]hq \z\r h jZqr h jZiqs nx zr j_qm omt x^p`^s m ^ho]^t

    shnr iiZ zr o]\z\hn tihn j^ sm momm iii^o]pZ m jsr h qtj[Zii^ qs

    jqh opmqoZ^ smt o]mu h sk ^ow smt j^ smk hnqjm szk k_zk s^xkmim\{k

    45

  • 7/18/2019 1

    46/194

    AZ #$"jec& f_ \G]HJZX`G_ LXS^^O_ `O_ GX`G^SG_ `O_ KOWRZ]JRU[`O`G_ UGR `O_

    G\Z`LVL^WG`RU[`O`G_ O_ LU\GRKL`RU_ KRGKRUG^SG_u WRG LW\LR]RU \]Z^MJJR^O

    7C= 5=TQQ` 0=G@FT= 5TQZQTFV 5*u

    m j mjZ] mhs{ js{k ^knr ^opxhmu qxmi^mt omwq`mtk k qtjj^s_

    xmtk q^ @\zkqjn \ sk hmim\h ^shkq mtismup h oiqm tomqsplr \

    qtjj^smx q^ k^iikmtr @\zkqjmur ]^k topx^ qsm xmi^m nozr ^oqr i\mqsZ sk

    s j_q tihms^xkhr tom]mjr omt jompmuqk k ^ltop^sqmtk sr kZ\h^r szk j

    s{k m _j qt\h^hpj_km m spnomr _hwpqr smt opm[ijsqjmu szk js{k h szk

    opmsZq^zk smtr \ j wih opmr sm o^p[Ziimk j^shkq ^i^u^pmr h _kr m o^pm

    pqjnr m h\sr oiZ qtksmkqsr ^jytxzsr xk ^oi_l^ h ^xk ]^qj^ts^ qsk

    mjZ] m js_r k sp_lmtk _k ,.+&ec0 qsm momm qtjj^s^xk ^^imkshZ h xp

    qjmommuqk s si_ks smtr sr ]_^r smtr sr hknss^r smtr h sr zr s{p \k{q^r smtr

    opmh^j_kmt k wsZqmtk qsm ^otjsn oms_i^qj

    ^ihnr qsnxmr szk js{k ]^k sk ^o[pZ[^tq on sk ospmo

  • 7/18/2019 1

    47/194

    04:7=?/78=4, 8,7 1,?:=/1@ m>m1m @4; 18>,701@4

    0RZ]Z\ZRX R^ Z `^`R^[_ X ^^X

    ^ \ZR_ `Z`_ X`Z_ ]^R_ `Z]^_

    2=T= %O]O>QX` 7[QF 7Y?QXQV )QFV *=XV

    sm oiqm jr ]wmpmomj_kr ]]qhir d%!e.e*2a0ed %*/0.5c2+* m ]]hsh_r

    op^j[Zq^r qx^]Z`mks _sq {qs^ k ksomhpkmks qsr ]s^p^r h jmk]h_r kZ\h^r

    hZ^ js sk osq ts hp[{r _\h^s h ]tqhmi sr ^wpjm\r sr

    sZ s \k{j jr opzs^umk \ smk ho]^tshn ]^k k k ]op\js^u^s ]ph{r

    wZqjs ]wmp{k h smtr spnomtr j^ smtr mommtr hZ^ jsr j^ [^[nss jk^

  • 7/18/2019 1

    48/194

    ^wYpjnqdj j^ hYius^pmtr npmtr s ]dYwmpmomdj_k ]d]YqhYiY R^ ni^r qx^]nk sdr o^pd

    os{q^dr ]dYodqs{hYk Y ]dYsbpq smt ^k]dYw_pmksmr smt jYsb hYd ]jdmtp\Y hdkbspzk

    [ qtjj^smxb qs jYqdYhb ]dY]dhYqY hYd dhYkmomq Ywmu ]d]YqhYiY Z\\d`^ i\m zr

    omiu smtr d]dYs^pmtr spnomtr j^ smtr mommtr hY_kYr jYYk^d \ Yoms^i^qjYsdhb ]dYx^pdq

    sr sZlr ] YkYk_zq smt hijYsmr j^ _jwYq qs [dzjYsdhnssY hYd qsk hYiid_p\^dY ]^

    ldmsbszk Rtjo^pYqjYsdhZ D omdhdiY szk ^k in\z ]pZq^zk wYk^sYd ozr ^k]^hktsYd zr sY

    hsdhb \dY kY opmq^\\dqs^ omdhdiY szk opmqzodhmsbszk sr mjZ]Yr szk ]d]Yqhmj_kzk Id

    qzr ^kYd jY YoZksq qsmk opm[ijYsdqjn hYd sm Z\xmr szk ^hoYd]^tsdh{k Yo_kYksd qs xY

    msdhb ]dYwmp^sdhnssY szk tomh^dj_kzk

    0RZ]JR R^ R >1 `Z \]RJ `_ R^_ `_XR_ _ `]_ ^ `]ZXR[ \]RZX

    )CQO= '==TQXj` )T 5=OQX 0TFV

    /]>OOV 7=O>V` %O=T]FV 0=G@FV 5=OQX 0TFV

  • 7/18/2019 1

    49/194

    R \RXR `X \]^ _ \R`R_ RR^_

    ^`X >]Z^ZR 1\^

    7=>QV 5==>V` *=XV 5TQZQTFV

    '=QV 4TZ=O>Vj` 9YGXOQV 0*51-3*8 1=GQX

    2[>V 0=Q@=OO>V` *QXTQV 0=G@FV 5=OQX 0TFV

    s oiq sr ho]^tshr xpqr szk sm ywhn oxk] oms^i^ _k qu\xpmkm

    ^p\i^m sm momm jomp^ k oms^i_q^ _k k_m j_qm jZqr qsk ^ho]^tsh ophsh

    ^wnqmk lmom^ mpZ ^ sk xpq smt npmt ywhn oxk] kw^pnjqs^ q^ nq

    oxk] _xmtk ]jmtp\^ j^ s xpq sr ywhr s^xkmim\r h sp_xmtk ^s^ q^

    qtj[sh_r oiswnpj^r nozr m tomim\qsr ^s^ q^ _ltok^r qtqh^t_r j^ mnk^r wr

    nozr ^k m sjoi_s^r

  • 7/18/2019 1

    50/194

    smohr hmknssZr smt pZiii opmz^s omjnkzq h m o^pmpqjnr oml_

    kzq smtr opmr nw^imr sr opm[mir jr o\hnqjr hmknssr omt ^kms^ ]^k ^k opZ

    j hsqh^t k qu\xpmkm qxmi^m qtk^x`mksr sk kpzoqsh opZ]mq on smk @

    wzsqjn h ^ks^u^k ]^k op_o^ k \km^ sr p\]^r s^xkmim\h_r ^l^il^r h s omp

    qjs szk ^sh{k oqsj{k qsnqm k kZ\h k opmz^s opZiii hii_p\^

    sr ]Z `{qr ^ohmkzkr h sr qzjshr _hwpqr zr _kr qsnxmr opZiiimr h qZ

    lmr j^ sk ]]qhi szk ^sh{k ^oqsj{k sr xpqr szk hio ^ tsn sm qh^oshn

    ]]pqsh _hoil sr mjZ]r ksprmpm_j j^ ssim m sqphm omt hmjh^

    sk h opj_k^ \ nqmtr ^xk sk sux k sk ophmimtqmtk j ^lp^sh hii

    s^xkh h hmkzkh opmqwmpZ q^ _kk on smtr i\mtr x{pmtr nomt _xmtk hnj sk ^t

    hp k qtkpm`mks qs j^\Zi qshZ h_ksp s o]Z

    xmpm^sph ts opZqsq]pZq opmtqZqsh^ jZiimk ^os^i_qsh^ q^ ]

    jmshZ qxmi^ sr

  • 7/18/2019 1

    51/194

    07,>=977@:784 ,//4

    4 \Z `X `X^`X JZXX ^`X \^ `X \RRX `Z_

    7=TQY= %T==F` )XGYOT= )QQY 7[QQX 7Z>=V

    T+ qxmi^m h mhm\_k^ ^lhmimtmuk hnj k oms^imuk smtr [qhmur wmp^r hm

    kzkhmomqr smt k_mt snjmt m momm [pqhmks q^ j ]tkjh iii^o]pq h

    iii^lZpsq \mk^fh ^joimh j^ smk npm k tom]i{k^ ni^r ^h^k^r sr ^k_p\^^r j^

    sr mom^r m \mk^r qtjj^s_xmtk qsk ^ho]^tsh ]]hq szk o]{k k\kzp`^s

    oi_mk zr qjkshnssmr opZ\mksr \ s [^iszq sr oms^i^qjshnssr smt qxmi^mt

    ^k^p\momq tsr h ^kqxtq sr oms^i^ [qh qtkqs{q momq]oms^ j^sp

    ptjqshr opmqoZ^r qsm qj^pkn qxmi^m tlknj^kmr ptjnr j^skZqs^tqr opmrsk iiZ] sr ]um s^i^ts^r ]^h^s^r h m j^\Zimr pjnr iim]o{k omt `mtk jnkj

    h ^p\Z`mks qsk x{p Ziil^ sm qhkhn sr mjmm\_k^r \izqqhr h ^kmshr

    qs ^iikhZ qxmi^ tsnxpmk ^ho]^tsh hmknss p^ ksj_szo j^ s k_ qxm

    ih op\jshnss sr omitomisqjhr sZlr h quk]^q smt qxmi^mt j^ sk mhm\_k^

    szk iim^k{k o]{k Zpxq^ k k]^hku^s q^ _k on s om qjkshZ ^ho]^tshZ

    `sjs sr wmsqr szk iim]o{k js{k oms^i{ksr ksh^j^km j^i_sr h ^o

    qsjmkhr _p^tkr _qsz h o^pmpqj_kr hijhr qs x{p jr

    Rsk oYpmuqY ^dqb\q ]d^p^tkZsYd sm wYdknj^km sr qtk^p\YqYr hYd ^odhmdkzkYr j^sYlu

    qxmi^mt hYd mdhm\_k^dYr hY{r md Yony^dr hYd Yksdiby^dr szk ^hoYd]^tsdh{k hYd szk j^sYkY

    qs{k \mk_zk qx^sdhZ j^ Y s jmpwb hYd sm ^]mr sr j^sYlu szk ^odhmdkzkYr qtk^p\YqYr [

    s \mk^fhb ^joimhb sr mdhm\_k^dYr szk Yiim^k{k jYs{k \ smtr oYpZ\mks^r omt ^op^Z

    `mtk sk ^odhmdkzkY szk ^hoYd]^tsdh{k hYd szk \mk_zk hYd ] s ]dYomidsdqjdhb ^smdjnssY

    szk hoYd]^tsdh{k Sm ]^\jY Yoms^i^sYd Yon kk_Y hoYd]^tsdhmur hYd mhs{ j^sYkZqs^r

    \mk^r ?dY sk ]d^lY\z\b sr oYpmuqYr _p^tkYr opmqwmpns^pm ^p^tksdhn ^p\Yi^m ^zpb

    h^ qtk_ks^tl hYd opmsdjbh^ s^xkdhb sr jd]mjj_kr qtk_ks^tlr

    SY Yoms^i_qjYsY sr _p^tkYr _]^dlYk nsd qtk^p\YqY YkZj^qY qsmtrqsdr ^hoYd]^tsdhmur

    j^ smtr j^sYkZqs^r \mk^r oYpZ sY nomdY ^jon]dY omt opmhuosmtk kYd Yph^sZ hYib hYd Ywb

    k^d hYd sdr ]um oi^tp_r qx^sdhZ dhYkmomdj_k^r >_[YdY toZpxmtk o^pd{pdY \dY [^iszq Ytsbr

    sr qx_qr

    #

    51

  • 7/18/2019 1

    52/194

    Nd j^sYkZqs^r \mk^r wYk^sYd kY ^kYd id\ns^pm ^odwtiYhsdhm Yon smtr ^hoYd]^tsdhmur q^

    opmmosdh_r ]d^uptkqr sr qtk^p\YqYr smt qxmi^mt j^ sk mdhm\_k^dY QX` :Q@QV

    H \i{qq zr hmkzkhn opmfnk omt ^hwpZ`^ h kskhiZ hZ^ ostx sr hmkzkr h

    sr kp{okr ^ohmkzkr ^k omiujmpw h omiuoimh h xphsp`^s on ^s^

    pm\_k^ O ]wmp_r qsm in\m ]um mjis{k jomp^ k wmpmuk s wzksh s jmpwmim

    \ s quksl hio h ^k ts_r omt jr [mmuk k ksiwmuj^ s ]wmp^sh

    \^z\pwh smtr opm_i^tq sm ]wmp^shn hmkzkhn smtr ton[pm ^ j \izqqh hm

    knss toZpx^ oimr mjis{k h oimr \izqqh{k omhi{k ]i_hszk m mom^r ]hpkmks q^ \^z\pwh_r mp`nks hsZsl ]Zi^hsm h ]{js h q^ hmkzkh_r

    hZ^s hsZsl m \i{qq^r szk ]wnpzk hmkzkh{k mjZ]zk ox sr k^mir i^r

    j` qt\hpmsmuk h spmwm]msmuk sk ^kh jr \i{qq

    ^ sk ^q\q jr ts wim]mlmuj^ k hZkmtj^ j opnsq ]]qhir sr omk

    shr ]i_hsmt ^ks\j_kr qsm km tpzofhn iqm

  • 7/18/2019 1

    53/194

    ho]^tshn ^hjZq j^ qsnxm sk onhsq qt\h^hpj_kzk ]^lmsszk

    ]wmp^shm qtjj^s_xmks^r qs ]]hq sr \izqqhr ]]qhir op_o^ k ^k

    j^p{kmtk \ smtr \^khmur qsnxmtr [ \ smtr ^]hmur qsnxmtr \ \ sr j^n]mtr h

    ] \ s oms^i_qjs

    sk o^poszq sr ^hjZqr sr mkshr @i_hsmt j_q on s @> ]tkZj^

    sr 2 2=T=O>` MSc` )XGYOT= QX )QQY 7[QQX -T=QX

    snxmr sr ^p\qr ^k j^i_s smt pnimt smt ]^ttks h szk ^ho]^tsh{k ]

    jmshmu qxmi^mt hsZ sk opm{q sr ]omisqjhr ^ho]^tqr h qs oiq srqu\xpmkr hmkzkr sr o\hmqjmomqr h smt ^l^tpzofqjmu pmtqZ`^s ]i]

    ^]{ qjkshnss smt pnimt sr \^qr h szk ^ho]^tsh{k h kiumks m l^r

    qsnxm h ophsh_r j^ sr mom^r \^q h m ho]^tshm jompmuk k opmzqmtk om

    s^i^qjshZ s ]omisqjh ^ho]^tq qsm qxmi^m

    ]hns^p h nqmk wmpZ sr oms^i^qjsh_r ]omisqjh_r ophsh_r sr \^qr

    opmtqZ`mks qtjo^piosh_r ]pZq^r qx^sh_r j^ sk opm{q sr ]jmtp\r jr

    qtk^p\shr hmtismupr kZj^q qs j_i smt qxmi^mt iiZ h sr ^tpus^pr smohr

    hmknssr sr qnsjr qtjj^smxr nizk szk js{k qs qxmih `z sr ]omisqjhr

    ^ojnpwzqr szk ho]^tsh{k h Ziizk j^sqxjsqsh{k ]pZq^zk q^ _k t_ihsm k

    itshn opn\pjj

    jm h nqmk wmpZ sr oms^i^qjsh_r ]omisqjh_r ophsh_r szk ^ho]^tsh{k

    j_q q^ j omitomisqjh qxmih sZl opmtqZ`mks qtjo^piosh_r ]pZq^r nozr

    ^wpjm\ ^kiihsh{k spnozk ]]qhir h ]]hsh{k ]pZq^zk \ sk ^kqxtq sr

    tsm^hsjqr nizk szk js{k mp\Zkzq hpsh{k qt`sq^zk h ^wpjm\ s^xkh{k

    w\qr qsk sZl opm{q sr qtjj^smxr szk \mk_zk q^ ]omisqjh_r qxmih_r ]pZ

    q^r ^kj_pzq on smtr \mk^r \ sm omisqjhn ton[pm h sr kZ\h^r szk js{k

    ^kj_pzq szk \mk_zk \ s qxmihZ opm\pZjjs \ sk opnm]m szk js{k q^ tsZ

    h \ sm o{r m \mk^r jompmuk k [mqmtk qsr hs mhmk ^p\q^r szk o]{k smtr

    h{r h Zii^r ]pZq^r

    #

    53

  • 7/18/2019 1

    54/194

    s qtjo^pZqjs ]^ sr ^p\qr wk^s ns m ]^ttks_r h m ^ho]^tshm

    jompmuk k [mqmtk qsk oms^i^qjsh ^wpjm\ jr ]omisqjhr omishr qsm

    qxmi^m h ns m spnomr \ k sm ^osuxmtk wmpZ sk tm_sq h timomq qtjo^piosh{k ]omisqjh{k px{k omish{k h ]pZq^zk

    _imr qtj[mi sr opmuqr ^p\qr qs ^ho]^tshZ opZ\js ^k kZ]^l

    sr qjkshnssr smt pnimt ]^ttks h ^ho]^tsh{k qsk ^ostx ^wpjm\ sr ]

    omisqjhr ^ho]^tqr h{r h opmtqq jr oms^i^qjshr qtjj^smxhr

    qtjo^pioshr ]omisqjhr opmq_\\qr on ni s j_i sr qxmihr hmknssr h

    q^ _k oimtpiqshn ]jmshn qxmi^m

    6^R_ ]Q^R_ R \RJJR_ ^`]`JR_

    JR `X X^`^ `X Z\X Q`X ^`Z XR[ ^ZZ

    *=OQXF ) 2=>V` MSc` )XGXOFV QX )QQY 7[QQX -T=QX

    ^p\q op\js^u^s sm _j sr ^kqzjZszqr szk iim]o{k js{k qsm

    qu\xpmkm ^iikhn qxmi^m opmtq szk omisqjhZ ]wmp^sh{k iim]o{k js{k

    qsm ^iikhn qxmi^m ]jnpwzq^ j` j^ sr khssZl^r qs ]jm\pwh quk^q smt

    jshmu oitqjmu k_^r ^ho]^tsh_r qtkh^r hkmup\ ]^]mj_k qsk Zqhq smt

    ^ho]^tshmu h o]\z\hmu _p\mt h k_]^l^ j^ ^oshshnss sjs nozr

    qmsj szk jmpwzsh{k ^thp{k smt qtknimt szk js{k ^lqwZiq ^tkmfh{k

    qtkh{k jZqr h kZostlr hkspzk qnsjr h k^p\mur qtjj^smxr szk iim^k{k

    js{k qsk o]\z\h ]]hq

    pnh^s \ _js quk^s h omiuoimh s mom ^ksZqqmks qsm oiqm ^knr

    \^khns^pmt opm[ijsqjmu omt wmpZ qsk ksj^s{oq szk `sjZszk sr ^s^pnssr

    _k `sj omt oqxmi^ _ksmk oi_mk h s ]h jr hmkzk sm oiqm tsmu smt

    opm[ijsqjmu ^ksZqq^s h ]h jr ^tqq \ sm qt\h^hpj_km _j hns zr

    ^ho]^tshm ]^k sm ksj^szo`mtj^ jnkm ^zpshZ iiZ h j_q qsr op\jsh_r

    qtkh^r szk qxmih{k jr sZl^zk hj^pkZ

    k imonk ]hmim\j_k \zk h sm ^k]w_pmk jr \ hZ^ s omt _x^ k

    hZk^ j^ sm j_iimk ts{k szk o]{k nozr h nizk szk js{k jr iiZ h j^ s ]h

    jr qtjj^smx qsk ^l_il smtr j_q on sm ^ho]^tshn h o]\z\hn jr _p\m

    sk ^p\q ts ^ox^pmuj^ s [[im\pwh ]^p^ukq szk op\nkszk omt

    ^o]pmuk qs ]]hq ^kqzjZszqr szk iim]o{k js{k qs qxmi^ jr

    snxmr jr ^k k kxk^uqmtj^ sr s^r jr q^pZr opm[ijZszk omt qtk]_mks j^

    s qxmih omp^ ts{k szk js{k j oms^i^qjsh ksj^s{oq szk momzk qtxkZ

    smtr m]\^ qsk o^pzpmomq h smk qxmihn omhi^qjn

    ? sm qhmon tsn ^qsZ`mtj^ sm ^k]w_pmk jr qsm ^qjhn ^p^tkshn^oqsjmkhn

    .... 1$

    54

  • 7/18/2019 1

    55/194

    h o]\z\hn qt\h^j^km j_q qsm momm op\jsmom^s ^ho]^tq szk iim]o{k

    h oikkmqsmukszk js{k sr x{pr jr

    qsZ`mtj^ qsmk ^iikhn x{pm h opmtqZ`mtj^ qsmx^ omt om]^hkumtk s j^s^l_il sr ^iikhr hmkzkr q^ omitomisqjh ^k{ kZitq jr ^qsZ`^s qsm x{pm sr

    ^iikhr ^ho]^tqr h ^l^sZ`^ s opm[ijs ^kqzjZszqr szk iim]o{k js{k

    qsm ^iikhn qxmi^m snqm qsm ^qjhn nqm h qsm o]\z\hn ^oo^]m k]^hkumksr

    stsnxpmk h sr k^oZph^^r smt qtqsjsmr omt opZ sr qjksh_r [^is{q^r ^qj

    hmu htpzr xphsp qs_hmks ^jon]m qsk Zpq sr jmkmihnssZr smt j^ pksh_r

    qtk_o^^r snqm \ smtr \\^k^r nqm h \ smtr iim]omur js_r

    :Q`R[_ [RZ_ ZJZ`X_ R X^X^Q^ `Z \^RZ

    `_ R\ZR`R^R_ Q^_

    )CQO= 2C` :Q@QV` )T 5=OQX %@=QX

    m qxmi^m ^hsnr on x{pmr ^qjnr ^k h quqsj qx_q^zk ^ho]^tq mw^i^

    k op_x^ qsmtr js_r sr ^thp^r k kosuqqmtk h k hii^p\muk s qtkqj

    sh smtr kmjmquk h ^]hns^p sk ^kqtkqq kZ\h ts hqss ]s^p

    ^oshsh qsm qu\xpmkm omitomisqjhn qxmihn o^p[Ziimk im\ms^xkh kZ\kzq k

    ]^hku^ h o^l^p\Z`^s qx_q^r h qtkqjs h jomp^ k tlq^ sr qtjo^pwmp_r

    sr ^kqtkqqr h k hii^p\q^ s qtkqjsh kmjmquk smt o]mu O j

    shnr im\ms^xkhnr njimr on sk oi^tpZ smt nsk i^smtp\^ j^ ]omisqjhn opmqk

    smiqjn jomp^ k oms^i_q^ _k \nkjm o^]m qtkZksqr smt ^tsmu h smt Ziimt h

    k ]^tpuk^ sr ]tksnss^r ]omisqjhr ^ohmkzkr szk js{k j^slu smtr

    sm oiqm tsn opmuq ^p\q _x^ zr qsnxm k k]^l^ s qtj[mi smt j

    shmu im\ms^xkhmu mjimt qsk hii_p\^ sr ^ohmkzkhr ]^lnssr sr ^kqtkq

    qr nozr to\mp^umtk m kZ\h^r sr qu\xpmkr omitomisqjhr hmkzkr h sm sj

    \ ]omisqjh jZq pnh^s \ [[im\pwh _p^tk mom qtqx^s`^ h qtk

    ]_^ s i^smtp\ smt jshmu im\ms^xkhmu mjimt j^ sk _kkm sr ]omisqjhr jZ

    qr {qs^ k ^lxmuk qtjo^pZqjs \ sr ]tksnss^r omt ^jo^p_xmtk zr opmr sk

    hs^utkq sr ^ohmkzkr sr ^kqtkqqr h sr ]omisqjhnssr

    r qtj[mi sr ^p\qr ^zp^s kZ]^l smt pnimt h sr opmqwmpZr smt j

    shmu im\ms^xkhmu mjimt j^ ]omisqjhn opmqksmiqjn qsk hii_p\^ sr [qhr

    ^ohmkzkhr ]^lnssr sr ^kqtkqqr

    #

    55

  • 7/18/2019 1

    56/194

    .... 1$

    56

  • 7/18/2019 1

    57/194

    070,8784 :16=0=9=/7,

    0R^ Q`RX XXZRX ^ \[ X _ 8RX_ 0RQ_uR X`R R`R \][`^

    %C=OTQV / %O==QXQVj` 5TQX[=V :QFV 5=OQX %GO^O

    2>TQV 0QXQXO>T=Vf1>@V` 1CQT=V 5=OQX %GO^O

    sm opnk Zppm ^ox^p^s qtkZksq ^mim\r h ^oqsjr qsm oiqm sr ]]

    hshr j^m]mim\r jjZszk sr pzsm[Zjr ho]^tqr pms^k^s omiuoi^tp

    j^i_s kkm{k ]^jshnss h quk]^q oqsjmkh{k o^]zk ]^oqsjmkhnss

    nozr szk jjsh{k h sr ^mim\r {qs^ m js_r sr opmh op{sr ^w[^r kksij[Zkmks ^oph{r s qtkZw^ szk ksh^j_kzk h s qtj[mi smtr q^ ni^r sr ^h

    wZkq^r sr `zr

    k @h ^k _k qukmim ^mim\h{k h^j_kzk omt o^p_xmtk smk qtpn sr

    oqsr nozr tsnr ^hwpZqsh^ j_q on ]wmp^sh_r qsmph_r h ^pomqsmih_r qtk

    h^r h j^ ]wmp^shZ ^hwpqshZ j_q

    pnim omt ]^k ^k hpZ kp{ok wimim\hZ ]jmtp\js s [[i sr ^jo^

    p_xmtk _kkm^r omt ^k ]tksnk k xpqjmommuk qsk ^ho]^tq qs ]]qhi szk

    jjsh{k ? opZ]^\j mpqj_k^r [qh_r jjsh_r _kkm^r nozr ts smt qtkn

    imt sr oihnssr sr ]p^snssr h

    ^ [Zq s ]^jsh opmq_\\q sr \k{qr h ^kiihsh_r j^n]mtr h s^xkh_r

    ]]qhir omitspmoh ]]qhi qx_] ^p\qr hZ opms^kmks h^j^k omt jom

    pmuk k lmommuk \ s ]]qhi oi{k jjsh{k ^kkm{k qsk opzsm[Zj ^h

    o]^tq {qs^ m jsr k ksj^szo`^ s \k{q zr ^k minss h qx^sh j^ s `z

    smt

    opnsq wmpZ s jjs szk pqh^tsh{k jsh{k h sk ^t_ihs `{k

    ^k{ kosuqq^ sm oiqm \ ^p^tksh j^i_s q^ ]jmshZ qxmi^

    57

  • 7/18/2019 1

    58/194

    0YR[``_ \]ZZ]RZ [JZ R Z]QZJ]X J] YX

    ^`R_ Z \]`_ `YR_ `Z Z`RZ ^ZZ

    /]>OOV (T@QT>Vj` 7[QV 7Y?QXQV 5*

    (^T@QV 2=O]V` %O=T]FV 0=G@FV 5=OQX 0TFV

    o^pqqns^p^r ho]^tsh_r ophsh_r wk^s k qsp`mks htpzr qsr ^zp^r qs

    ]zk qtksp{ksr _sq sk Zomy ns m jhpm js_r qsk px sr hsZhsqr szk ]^

    lmsszk \pjjsqjmu xpqjmommuk zr ^o sm oi^qsmk wzkmim\h_r qsps\h_r @^k

    ^k qw_r zqsnqm k s ] kostlhZ jmks_i qxumtk \ ni^r sr iw[sh_r \i{q

    q^r ij[Zkmksr tony s ]wmp^sh wzkmim\h h jmpwmim\h ]mj sr h^jZr h

    k k l^hZp^r m qsps\h_r omt xpqjmommuk s o]Z q^ hZ^ qsZ]m kiihshZ

    ]_smtk _k p^o^psnpm qsps\h{k xpqjmom{ksr hZ^ wmpZ ^h^k sk mom s ]

    ^zpmuk oms^i^qjshns^p

    ^ [Zq s opoZkz qhmonr sr opmuqr qt\xpmkhr j^i_sr sk ^l_sq smt

    [jmu qtj[mir qt\h^hpj_kzk ]^lmsszk smt opmwmphmu in\mt szk js{k qsk kZ

    ostl sr hknssr mpm\pwj_kr \pwr i_l^zk hsZ s wmsq smtr qsk |

    sZl smt ]jmshmu

    @hnqm ]^ho_ks^ js_r lmim\hk zr opmr sm ^hwpqshn smtr i^lin\m [

    sm opmqioshn smtr i^lin\m \ sk hknssZ smtr qsk sx^ hsmkmjq mosh{k ^p^

    qjZszk ] s wzkmim\h smtr ^o\kzq h ^ s jmpwmim\h smtr ^o\kzq oqr m

    js_r lmim\hk qsm s_imr snqm sr | sZlr zr opmr sk hknss mp

    m\pwj_kr \pwr i_l^zk j^ _k hpspm omt o^piZj[k^ i_l^r m mom^r ]wmpm

    ommuksk zr opmr s qtxknss h s jmpwjh smtr ]mj iiZ h y^t]mi_l^r

    oms^i_qjs ^ppxh{k oik]pmjh{k kiuq^zk _]^lk ns m i^lim\h_r wzkm

    im\h_r h jmpwmim\h_r ]^lnss^r smt opmwmphmu in\mt szk js{k ^l\qk _k q

    jkshn omqmqsn sr ]hujkqr sr ^o]mqr qsk mpm\pwj_k \pwr i_l^zk h

    y^t]mi_l^zk snqm qsk | sZl js_r qsr ]um op{s^r sZl^r smt ]jm

    shmu wk^s k [q`mks o^pqqns^pm qsr i^lim\h_r h wzkmim\h_r smtr ]^lnss^ropmh^j_kmt k \pZymtk mpm\pwj_k qsnqm ^k lmqj^zsm ns jmpwmim\h

    ^o\kzq ^x^ j jhp iiZ qssqsh{r qjksh qtj[mi qsk mpm\pwj_k \pw

    hnj h j^sZ smk _i^\xm szk i^lim\h{k h wzkmim\h{k ]^lmsszk Ziqs qtj[mi

    sr sk j^\ius^p qsr opZ\z\^r i_l^r xjir qtxknssr h qsr opZ\z\^r y^t]m

    i_l^r q^ qx_q j^ sr oi_r i_l^r k]^hkumksr _sq sk ^o]pq sr jmpwjhr ]mjr

    szk i_l^zk qs xpq sr jmpwmim\hr ]^lnssr

    tkmihZ s ^tpjs tsZ ]^xkmtk s xpq omiioi{k ]^lmsszk smt opmwmphmu

    in\mt qsk mpm\pwj_k \pw szk i_l^zk ^kqxumksr sk Zomy \ s xpq p^o^p

    smpmt qsps\h{k hnj h qs pxhZ qsZ] sr jZqr smt \posmu in\mt

    .... 1$

    58

  • 7/18/2019 1

    59/194

    1]X`R_ ]J^_ ^`Z RZ R R[]^ ^X]J`R_ Z`Z]_

    2=T= )T=]O>` :XV 5TQZQTV` MSc

    p^tksh_r p\q^r ,.+&ec0/ ^qjm^shk sm ^os_j[pm smt qsk | Jth^mt qsm oiqm szk ii\{k omt op\jsmommuks qsm x{pm sr @^ts^pm[Zjr

    ho]^tqr sk s^i^ts o^ks^sr ^oim\ ^ho]^tshr omishr oms^imuk hkm

    smj h ^ksZqqmks qs wimqmw smt _mt xmi^mt mom ksij[Zk^s smtr j

    s_r zr jhpmur ^oqsjmk^r h ^p^tks_r omt qtk^p\Z`mks opmq^\\`mksr [zjshZ

    s qxmih \k{q j_q on ]^oqsjmkhr wuqr ^pzsjs

    sk opmuq ^p\q ^hhk{ksr on sk op]mx ns ^p^tksh hmtismup sk

    mom qsmx^u^ k ]jmpw{q^ m ^qjnr szk p^tksh{k p\q{k qtkpsZs q^ j^\Zim

    [jn j^ sk kZostl sr qtk^p\shr hmtismupr qs [Zq jr q^pZr o]\z\h{k

    h ^oqsjmim\h{k px{k omt qtkmy`mks qsk opm\z\ sr opzsm[mtir smt o^p

    jsqjmu sr smjhr h mj]hr ^tukr sr ^k^p\shns^pr qtjj^smxr qs jZq

    `smuj^km sk sm ^Zk ]jnpwzq sr ^k ^whs j_q on sk ^wpjm\ smt ^qjmu

    smusm ]ns uopl sr qtk^p\shr hmtismupr qsmx^u^ h m]\^ qsk timomq

    smt o{s^pmt qsnxmt omt mw^i^ k _x^ hZ^ qxmih jmkZ] s j^\qsmomq sr jZ

    qr h kZostlr

    _p^tk sk ommsh j^ s xpq sr j]mjj_kr qtk_ks^tlr zr p\i^m qtiim\r

    oipmwmp{k h wmpmuq^ sk | sZl smt mt ?^khmu Jth^mt phi^mt psr

    oi_xhk ]_h js_r h ]_h ^ho]^tshm omt qtjj^s^xk qsk timomq p^tk

    sh{k p\q{k s qxmihZ _s h

    _q on s ]^p^ukq szk ^pzsjZszkopm_hty^ ns nim ^zpmuk sr p^tksh_r p

    \q^r zr j jqh ]]hq omt ]k^ s ]tksnssqsmtr js_r k ^p^tkqmtk

    \ _k _j omt smtr ^ihu^ h \\`^ s ^k]w_pmks h sr hiq^r smtr k _smtk

    qsnxmtr k mp\k{kmtk ]pqspnss^r h k sr lmim\muk h^p]`mksr nx jnkm k_

    \k{q iiZ h hkmupmtr ^k^p\mur spnomtr k sk opmq^\\`mtk]mti^umksr mj]hZ

    ]jmtp\{ksr s^ihZ hZs ]hn smtrpZiii qtk^p\sh hmtismup qjk^ pjmkh qtkuopl kZostl qx_q^zk j^

    qtjjs_r o_p on ksop_q^r h{r h ^otj \ qtk^p\q j^ qhmon sk o^

    pZszq jr ^p\qr ^k{ ]jmtp\ sr wk^s k ^lpsZs on s ]Z^q js{k

    h ^ho]^tsh{k on sm xphsp h sk ^otj smtr k qtj[Zimtk qsk hmk opm

    qoZ^ s quk^q sr mjZ]r sm _j h smk spnom ^oim\r smt iiZ h sk mp\Zkzq

    h hskmj szk ^oj_pmtr ^p\q{k

    h^km omt omj_k^ mimhip{kmksr j p^tksh p\q ^k m ^kmtqqjnr h

    hkmomq j_q on _k sl] _p^tkr h khZityr nomt m h_kr _x^ hs_q^

    s opmqzohZ [{js h sr ^jo^p^r smt

    59

  • 7/18/2019 1

    60/194

    >]JJ ^X]Z Q^_ ^ `Z X`R[ \][J] ^\ZX

    2=T= *X=GQXj` *=XV 5*

    7X=OF 8Z@QX` *=XV 5*

    kZ\h \ kopmqpjm\ sr ]]qhir \ kqsmxqjn h spmomomq sr

    qsmxm^qr sr ^ho]^tqr ^k o^pqqns^pm ^oshsh on oms_ >qhn xphspqshn

    szk qxmih{k sZl^zk qj^p ^k omhimjmpw

  • 7/18/2019 1

    61/194

    4 J `Z `YR R _ R^`Z]_

    wR \][`^ R^_ ^` 6]^`R o JX^Zx

    %O=== 0Q=O>` .Q@QV

    im h o^pqqns^pm iim]om js_r opmq_pxmks qsm qxmi^m m momm k wmp^r

    ^knr Ziimt omisqjmu h omii_r wmp_r h Ziir pqh^r m ]^]mj_km tsn opmtq

    ]i] o]{k on Zii^r x{p^r qsm ]jnqm ^iikhn qxmi^m _\k^ ksh^j^km opm[i

    jsqjmu s s^i^ts xpnk on ]Zwmpmtr wmp^r p^tksh_r ]pqspnss^r op^j

    [Zq^r k_ _js qs [[i h k_mr opmqksmiqjnr qs kitshZ opm\pZjjs

    qsmx^umtk qsk ^kqxtq smt ok^ujsmr iii^\\ur qtk^p\qr h \Zor qs oiq

    smt qxmi^mt opmqoZ^^r ts_r qtk^x{r ^ks^kmks snqm on s j^pZ szk ^ho]^tsh{k nqm h szk k_zk kitsh{k opm\pjjZszk

    ^min\mr h\sr qsk hmkzk ts szk ks_q^zk h szk qt\hpmuq^zk szk ]

    wmp{k h sr kqnssr szk ]^mim\{k h szk s^xkmim\{k smt psqqjmu h sr l^km

    wm[r op_o^ k pp{q^ sm ]hn smt in\m k m in\mr sr i^r smt pqsmu ^k m

    ]pnjmr omt

  • 7/18/2019 1

    62/194

    0R`R `_ JJR_ \JX^ `_ R`Z]J_ `_ J^^_

    _ RQXZ_ li!g(a f$a!ca \[ ` Q] ^`X \R`R \]Y

    7Z=O= 0QT=` 9Q\FZ= )>]T *%5

    pzspxhn qhmon sr opmuqr ^q\qr oms^i^ kZ]^l szk ]tksmsszk jr

    k^zs^pqshr opmq_\\qr sr ]]hshr sr

  • 7/18/2019 1

    63/194

    4 \R^` `_ ZRR_ ZRZXZ_ R R^`^ `_

    _ R`R[ X`RXZ `Z XR[ ZZ

    *X=@@= 0TQ` 7[QF 7Y?QXQV 4=FV 4QOQ=V 5*

    opmuq ^q\q ^l^sZq^ sk ^oqsj sr hhr hmkmjr iiZ h sm jZ

    j sr hhr hmkmjr zr _k ksh^j^km sm momm xphsp`^s \tkh^m

    \k^ j j^\Zi qsmph kqhnoq k`smuk m op{s^r kZ\h^r omt m]\qk

    qsk ]ptq sr oqsjr sr hhr hmkmjr h sk q\z\ sr qsmk ok^oqsjhn

    x{pm q^ ]^k_r ^oo^]m iiZ h qsk iiZ]

    sk qtk_x^ ^l^sqmuk s kitshZ opm\pZjjs qomt]{k smt jjsmr sr

    hhr hmkmjr qsk ]]qhi smtr qsm iikhn qxmi^m opspmuk m ]wmp_r

    omt _xmtk s k_ ]]hshZ oh_sh ^]hZ nqm wmpZ qs _jwti qsmx^ omt o^p_xmtk

    iiZ h qsr k_^r hi_r shsh_r omt opmtqZ`mtk qx^shZ j^ sr _jwti^r h q^lqsh_r smtr

    sZq^r k ts_r toZpxmtk h omt opmtqZ`mks

    snxmr sr qt\h^hpj_kr ^q\qr ^k omp^ smt jjsmr iiZ h sr ^oqsjr

    sr hhr hmkmjr j_q qsm xpnkm sm o_pqj sr on sk _jwti ]Zqsq q^ ^h^k

    sk j ]xzpqj_k j^ q^lqshn spnom h sr l^r h sk ^o]pq omt jomp^ k _x^

    qsk ^kqxtq sr opmqzohnssr szk iikzk js{k nqm wmpZ qsk j^zq szk _j

    wtizk ]hpq^zk qsm qxmi^m qsk hmkzk iiZ h qsr qx_q^r j_q qsk mhm\_k^

    o^]m Ziizqs^ qsm momm ]pqspmom^s zr [Zq ^oqsj sr hhr hmkmjr

    ^l^sqmuk ^oqr ni ^h^k s qsmx^ omt om]^hkumtk ns hh hmkmjsk ^oqsj omt _]zq^ {q qsk \tkh^ x^pw_sq

    sq ^ox p^s k qtjoipz^ sm _j sr \tkh^r ^ho]^tqr qsk iiZ] iiZ

    h ]^k{r h j^ sk qtj[mi sr hhr hmkmjr omhqs{ksr j^ tsn smk spnom

    sm _ii^jj omt toZpx^ qsmk smj_ tsn

    _imr om]^x^ ns sm jZj sr hhr hmkmjr ^k _k jZj smt ii

    khmu ^ho]^tshmu qtqsjsmr omt ]^k ^k \tkh^m ]^k wmpZ q^ ]xzpqjmur h

    _jwti^r ]hpq^r iiZ ks^s jomp^ k ^kqxuq^ j^ px_r h l^r \np h hmpsq

    {qs^ k ]jmtp\muk mimhipzj_k^r mhm\_k^^r omt jompmuk k m]\qmtk q^ [^i

    szj_k^r hmkzk^r

    0R^ `X :Q`RX ^`Z Z`R[ ^ZZ ]^ `X m>m1m

    R X\`Y `_ Q`R_ ^_

    (B^T@HQV 5BTHLMBHA>LEV` 5TQJUW>NBOQV *SHUWENQOHLFV g 5=HA=@]@HLFV 0=GQAF@EUEV 5a* 0TFWEV

    kZostl szk ^xkmim\{k sr ipmwmpr h szk ohmkzk{k _x^ ^ow_p^

    qjksh_r ii\_r qs kitshZ opm\pZjjs h qs ]]qhi h jZq szk j

    jsh{k qsm ]jmshn qxmi^m sm \kzqshn ksh^j^km szk jsh{k m jompmuk

    63

  • 7/18/2019 1

    64/194

    k tomqsplmtk hsqsZq^r ]^p^ukqr h khZityr ]pqspnss^r ^oitqr opm

    [ijZszk iyr omwZq^zk h kZostlr sr hpshr qh_yr sr qtj[mihr _hwpqr

    h ^ohmkzkr h k olmtk sm pnim \kzqshmu ^p\i^mt^ sk opmuq ^p\q \k^ j quksmj hpsh ^{pq szk im\qjh{k h ]]

    hsth{k ^p\i^zk h ^wpjm\{k omt qtjo^pij[Zkmks qs k_ kitshZ opm\pZj

    js qomt]{k omt ^wpjnqshk oimshZ

    s qtk_x^ opmtqqsmuk ^oi^\j_k op]^\js h ^k]^hsh_r jjsh_r

    ]pqspnss^r j^ xpq szk q^ ]Zwmp^r o^pmx_r szk jsh{k

  • 7/18/2019 1

    65/194

    = ^`[Z_ `Z Q]^`RZ J]`R^Z R `_ X\`Y_ ``[``_

    ^`Z XZ >][J] @\ZX ` 6]^`R 0Z`RZu/X^Z

    R ^`Z XZ >][J] @\ZX ^` 6]^`R 9Z

    (^T@QV 7T@>V` 7[QV 7Y?QXQV .Q@]O

    ^ksphnr qhmonr sr ^p\qr ^k ]^p^ukq sr qhmom^qr smt k_mt pm\pZjj

    smr omt]{k qs pqh^tshZ @jmshmu?tjkqmt h smt k_mtpm\pZjjsmr omt]{k

    qs pqh^tshZ Jth^mt zr opmr smtr Zlmk^r smt pqh^tshmu \pjjsqjmu h sr kZ

    ostlr stsnssr

    ]hns^pm qsnxm ^k ]^p^ukq sr k\hnssr ii\r szk opm\muj^kzk

  • 7/18/2019 1

    66/194

    = ][Z_ `Z \R`RZ ^`X YRY R X\`Y

    `X X`RX \]ZJ]`X

    &OO= 7Z==O>j` :Q@QV

    7X=OV 8T>V` ;V

    m

  • 7/18/2019 1

    67/194

    ij[knj^k^r l^r h sm hmkzkhn oiqm qs iy jr onwqr ox q^ _js ]x^

    pqr onpzk

    s kpzoqshZ jjs k qtxkZ ]^iqsh_r to^psmk`^s qjq szk lzk

    _kks szk omish{k mons^ ]^k k]^hku^s qjq sr qtjj^smxr szk ^k^p\{k om

    is{k q^ j ]jmhpsh ]ht[_pkq omt ]jmpw{k^ j^ smk hius^pm spnom \ ni s

    j_i sr sk mhmkmj iiZ h sm o^p[Ziimk

    ]^oqsjmkh opmq_\\q omt opms^k^s j_q on s ]quk]^q ]wmp^sh{k k

    sh^j_kzk smt @^jshmu kmt iqmt pm\pZjjsmr omt]{k @ smom^

    s^s sr o^pqqns^p^r wmp_r q^ [Zq ^zpsh h opmp^sh \ sm ]]Zqhmks {qs^ k

    jk ^ost\xZkmks oms^i^qjshZ m qsnxm sr ^ho]^tqr \ sk ^wnpm kZostl

    tjo^pqjshZ xZk^s ^thp \ smtr js_r k ^l^sZqmtk h k lmim\qmtk

    minoi^tp sr hmkzkh_r mhmim\h_r h o^p[iimksh_r qx_q^r omt mhm]mjmuk j [{

    qj h t^kshZ ]jmhpsh hmkzkk _k opZ]^\j miqshr opmq_\\qr opms^k^s q^ j j^i_s o^poszqr _kr

    spnomr ]quk]^qr smt o^p^xmj_kmt szk jjZszk qs oiq hkmsnjzk ]pZq^zk

    {qs^ k ^os^txmuk hZomm on smtr qsnxm sr ^ho]^tqr \ sk ^wnpm kZostl

    `RXZX`_ `ZX ]X` v R`R \][`^ JR `Z XZ Q

    `_ XZZJ_ `_ / `Y_ `Z JX^Z

    /]>OOV 8]T>V` 7[QV 7Y?QXQV 5*

    sr px_r sr ]^h^sr smt _\k^ ^q\z\ qs qxmih ^ho]^tq szk jjZ

    szk sr ^xkmim\r qsm ?tjkZqm h sm Juh^m omt timommuqk sk j_m]m ,.+&ec0 ^xk

    opnjmmtr qhmomur h hmk_r j^n]mtr ]]qhir h lmin\qr j^ sr j^s\^k_qs^p^r

    p^tksh_r p\q^r sr ]h_r ^jsh_r @pqspnss^r szk zjsh_r @pZ

    q^r smt ?tjkqmt

    jjs sr ^xkmim\r ]^k _xmtk qt\h^hpj_k ]]hs_ ui h ]^k ]]Zqhmks

    on smk h\s j_q on sm qxmihn [[im m jZj \k^s j_q on ^p\q^r szk j

    s{k sm _j szk momzk ^oi_\^s on smtr ]mtr smtr js_r ^k{ m h\sr _x^ sm

    pnim qtksmkqs ^jok^tqs hm]\s sk omp^ on sk ^oim\ smt _jsmr j_xp

    sk opmtqq sr p\qr qsk sZl hZ^ jsr jk^ k qtk^p\Z`^s j^ smtr qtj

    js_r smt k iuk^ opm[ijs k k`sZ k [pqh^ h k lmim\^ oipmwmp^r j

    k^ ozr k jk^

    ^ostx sr j^n]mt wk^s nsk m jsr l^o^pkZ smk ]Zqhim q^ _k ^]hn _j

    h \k^s tsnr t^ks qsm _j omt k_i[^ k j^i^sq^

    ? k wsZq^ m jsr qsm opoZkz ^oo^]m ^k opssm k _x^ hshsq^ sk

    hknss k p^tkZ opZ\j omt ost\xZk^s j_q on j qs]h \kzpj h joimh

    j^ s ]Zwmp ] oqsjmkhr _p^tkr

    67

  • 7/18/2019 1

    68/194

    kshsZqsq sm smt hpZ p^tkshmu jjsmr sr ^xkmim\r sr < sZlr

    smt Jth^mt j^ ssim p^tk h ^pjsqjnr j^ tsn sr p^tkshr p\qr omt [

    q`^s qs @^p^tksh Zq qs_pq^ s ]tksnss hm]\qr \ sk ^honkq^oqsjmkhZ qzqs{k jsh{k ^p^tk{k qs oiq sr ]^ts^pm[Zjr ^ho]^tqr

    ^q\z\ on sk ^onj^k qxmih xpmkZ smt opnjmmt jjsmr sr ^xkm

    im\r qs ? sZl smt ?tjkqmt oms^i^ j jmk]h ^thp j^swmpZr sr ^jo^pr

    omt _x^ omhs^ on sm jZj smt Jth^mt q^ tsn

    sk opmuq ^q\q o^p\pZw^s ]]hq h s qsZ] timomqr jr ]]

    hshr opnsqr omt wim]ml^ k j^ssp_y^ sm js q^ p^tks ^pij[Zk^ sm qx^

    ]qjn h o^p\pw sp{k qtk^p\sh{k ^ho]^tsh{k q^kpzk omt ^joi_hmtk qs]hZ

    smtr js_r qsk o^p\pwh sk o^pjsh h sk _p^tk ^pzsjsmim\mt h

    lmommuk q^ j^\Zim [jn sr h s ^p\i^ qtjj^smxhmu qsmu Web ^p\pZwmks oqr s oms^i_qjs h pjk^ szk oms^i^qjZszk on sk op\jsmomq

    opnjmzk ^p^tksh{k ]pqspmsszk on js_r Jth^mt

    =R `][ZYZR QXRZ rZRs ^` ZR R `X 6]^`RX

    `_ 0`]ZQR_ 1\^_ `_ \]R[Z {~u|zz

    %=TO 8CQX` )T .QQ@=V` MSc 5==@]@FV` )OT= QX (XO=QX 3 /]O=V

    ^ [qh op]mx ns sm jZj szk pqh^tsh{k ^k wpmkjsqshn h j^ ^

    zpshZ ^p^qjs qsk ]\z\h sr pkr qsk @^k p^tk xmih{k >[izk h

    qsk ksqsmx omish opmq_\\q smt qhmonr sr opmuqr _p^tkr ^k k ]^p^tkq^

    sk ^hnk szk ^s^pn]mlzk ^kh{k Ziizk qs ^iikhZ qxmihZ [[i szk pqh^tsh{k

    sr @^ts^pm[Zjr ho]^tqr sr o^pn]mt

  • 7/18/2019 1

    69/194

    8X JJ[X_ ZJZ`X_ ^` JR]R R^_

    `_ ZJZ`X_ ^`Z XR[ JX^RZ

    0=TO= :]>QX` *=XV 5*` Med

    opmuq ^p\q ]^p^tkZ sk opmtq h ^ho]^tsh lmomq o^`{k h om

    sh{k _p\zk \\inwzkr im\ms^xkr j^ ^oh^kspm s qxmihZ ^\x^p] ^j^k ^m^i

    ikhr Jm\ms^xkr nizk szk sZl^zk smt ?tjkqmt smx^umksr q^ j hpsh ^{pq

    sr ]]qhir sr \\inwzkr im\ms^xkr qsk s^i^ts [j] tomxp^zshr ^ho

    ]^tqr qsk iiZ] ]^p^tk{ks h j^i^s{ks m opZj^spm ]]qhir sr l_kr im

    \ms^xkr ]]mksr _jwq qs ]ss qx_q h iii^o]pq szk ^oqjzk opm]\pw{k

    sr ^ho]^tshr ]]hqr qs qsmx^m_sq szk \\inwzkzk ^oim\{k [Zq^ slkn

    jqr h qsk opmtqq szk j^m]mim\h{k opmq^\\q^zk omt ksmo`mks qs qtkmihZmhs{ h^j^k omt kmim\muks qs ^\x^p] szk | h ?| sZl^zk smt ?tjkqmt

    m ^jshn o^p^xnj^km szk kmim\muj^kzk \\inwzkzk _p\zk omt ^oh^ksp{k^s

    qsk oqs qsmk snom jr nozr smk [{kmtk m l_km ^oqh_os^r qs wi qs qtj[zq

    kp{ozk h `{zk qsmk Zkpzom q^ qx_q j^ s wuq qsr mhm\^k^h_r qx_q^r qsmk o

    spzsqjn nozr ^hwpZ`^s on _kk wi_iik qs pmjksh ]Z^q smt omshmu tom

    h^j_kmt tomqsp`^ h k]^hku^ sk ]omisqjh ]Zqsq sr im\ms^xkr h{r

    h sk ksqsmx on sr ^oqj^r opm]\pw_r qsmxm^q omqoqjsh jmpw j^

    qx^sh tsms_i^ szk o^pqqns^pzk im\ms^xkh{k _p\zk qtkqsZ ]tkj szk ^\x^p]zk

    ^k{ ]^k jomp^ k jk tom\pjjqs^ qx^]nk hmih omtq sr \tkh^r \pwr

    im\ms^xkhZ ^] omt opmqw_pmks opmr kZ\kzq o^pmp`mks qsk omq h sk o^`m\pw ^k{ _k jnkm ^h szk h^j_kzk kh^ xpmkhZ qs im\ms^xkh op\z\ smt ]^u

    s^pmt jqmu smt mu {k _imr ]oqs{k^s qu\hiq szk j^m]mim\h{k

    opmq^\\q^zk szk h^j_kzk j^ s hkmkqshZ h^j^k

    tjo^pqjshZ ]]qhi sr \\inwzkr im\ms^xkr qsr sp^r sZl^r smt ?tjk

    qmt j_q on s ^\x^p] ^j^k ^m^iikhr Jm\ms^xkr ]uks opZ sr nom^r

    ]tkj^r k top^sq^ smtr qhmomur \ smtr mommtr o^p^iw

    4 Z `X X`RX R`RX \]Z^JJ^X `X R]JR

    \]RZX`RX `^X X Q`X Z Z`RZ ZZ

    ]ZJ X[_ #$"jec& JR `Z R rdaa daas

    (^T@QV ;QXT>Vj` *=XV 5*s` Med

    (^T@QV 1T>V` *=XV 5*sf5*` Med

    (^T@QV 6>V` *=XV 5*s

    pnhiq sr qu\xpmkr omiuoimhr op\jshnssr oms^i^ j^slu Ziizk hi

    i_p\^ snjzk hk{k k qtk]jmpw{kmtk sm j_iimk j^ npmtr o^p[iimkshr h hm

    kzkhr ^wmpr ? sk ^os^tl szk px{k sr ^wmpr m pnimr sr ^ho]^tqr ^k

    69

  • 7/18/2019 1

    70/194

    hmpqshnr h{r qtj[Zii^ qs [^iszq sr hknssr szk omis{k k hskmmuk h

    k ksj^szo`mtk `sjs kZostlr h o^p[Ziimksmr on tsk s ^{pq osmuk

    s ii\_r szk qsZq^zk iiZ h szk qtjo^pwmp{k smt snjmt {qs^ ts_r k qtkZ]mtkj^ sk ^wnpm kZostl

    ii\_r q^ qsZq^r ^k oms^i^qjshns^p^r nsk xpqjmommuks qsps\h_r ]

    ]qhir omt ]^k qxmimuks jnkm j^ sk onhsq \k{qr iiZ ost\xZkmtk qtkq

    jsh ^joimh h opmqwmpZ ^jo^pr pmr sk hs^utkq ts ^zpmuks k\h^r

    m ^kiihsh_r jmpw_r ]]qhir h jZqr m mom^r jompmuk k ^joi_lmtk ^k^p\Z

    smtr qj^pkmur js_r h tpkmur omis^r qsk opmq_\\q szk opoZkz `sjZszk

    ^ sk opmuq j^i_s ^o]{h^s ]^p^ukq szk \k{q^zk h qsZq^zk szk js{k

    @jmshmu \ sm opmqss^tnj^km ^]mr sr smohr ok]r sr n]mt sm ^iZw Da)a da)a

    isnk opk h j^sZ on qx_]m ^p\qr ,.+&ec0

  • 7/18/2019 1

    71/194

    170784 ,//4

    0R` X\`YR R`] w`R^[_x u ` \]\`^_

    0=T=O ,=[=TCO=` *=XV 5*s

    opmuq ^p\q _x^ zr qsnxm sr sk opmtqq j^i_sr o^poszqr o]mu j^

    @Zxts

  • 7/18/2019 1

    72/194

    ^ho]^tsh_r kZ\h^r ooi_mk ^l^sZ`mtj^ sm [jn qsmk momm s opm[ijs tsZ

    qx^s`mks h iii^o]pmuk snqm j^ sk tsm^hsjq nqm h j^ sr qtkqjsh_r ]t

    qhmi^r szk o]{k j^ h xzpr ^]h_r ^ho]^tsh_r kZ\h^r

    m ]^\j sr _p^tkr oms^i^s on js_r xzpr ^]h_r ^ho]^tsh_r kZ\h^r

    h omt ij[Zkmtk opnq^s ^ho]^tsh tomqspl ^s^ j_q qsk stoh sZl ^s^ q^

    l^xzpqs jj kslr xmp\q szk j_qzk qtiim\r ]^]mj_kzk _\k^ q^ ]jnq

    ]jmshZ h \tjkZq qxmi^ sr onir smt phi^mt h smt ^ujkmt h nim m qtjj^

    s_xmks^r qtjoipzqk sm pzsjsmin\m >zjZszk j^ smtr tkmjihmtr sk hijh

    PANAS h sk hijh tsm^hsjqr smt R+/e*be.#

  • 7/18/2019 1

    73/194

    ?k^s ^hs^kr kwmpZ qs )ed%a h qsk lmomq smtr qsk ^ho]^tsh ]]hq

    q^ o]Z j^ jqh_r kZ\h^r

    o]Z in\z sr xpnkr omstxr smtr iiZ h ^o^] ]^k [mmuks ]s^p

    on sr op]mqh_r j^n]mtr ]]qhir _xmtk kZ\h qzs^ph{k hkspzk \ jZq

    @^p^tkZs m pnimr smt ^ho]^tshmu j_q on k_ jmks_i ]]qhir h qt`s_s

    oms^i^qjshnssZ smtr

    qt\h^hpj_k [[im\pwh ^p\q hiuos^ sm ^zpshn oiqm sr _kslr szk

    )ed%a qsk ^ho]^tq h jZiqs qsk ^ho]^tq o]{k j^ jqh_r ]tqhmi^r pm

    ^hsZq^r sr p\qr jompmuqk k wmpmuk qs ]^l\z\ _p^tkr q^ iikhZ qxmi^

    nomt ]oqszknsk k h hsZ onqm _ksl szk )ed%a qsk ^ho]^tq [^is{k^ s

    jqh ]]hq h s ]]hsh opZl sZ onqm ]i] oms^i^qjsh ^uhmi

    qs xpq h opss ^k xpq szk jksh{k o^p[iinkszk qsk ^ho]^tq o

    qr s oms^i_qjs sr _p^tkr jompmuqk k qt\hpmuk j^ kZim\ oms^i_qjsksqsmxzk ^p^tk{k Ziizk xzp{k {qs^ k ]oqsz^ hsZ onqm _smjm ^k sm ^iikhn

    ^ho]^tshn quqsj h ^iikh ^ho]^tsh hmknss k ]^xs^ qsmtr hniomtr sr s

    )ed%a

    >]ZJZX`_ `X R XQ`R[`` `X `X ZX Q`X R

    `X \R`RX ^`Z \^RZ `Z ;Z @ZZ

    -=V * 0QXTQY=V` 0=G@FV 5=OQX 0TFV`

    )XGXOFV *T@=TQX

  • 7/18/2019 1

    74/194

    ^\`` `_ 01>u R ^^ `Z_ `X R \XZ

    :T=@QY= 0QXQXT=` MSc` )XGYOT= QX ) 7[ 3C=V %=TO=QY

    @spxr ii^jjshr pmqmxr h o^phkshnssr @ ^k qtxkns^p

    ytxsph ]spx sr o]hr ihr O ^oomiqjnr sr ^hsjZs qsm o]{k

    qxmihr ihr k j k^tpmim\h hsZqsq omt xphsp`^s on _ii^y opmqm

    xr to^phkshnss opmpjshnss h jomp^ k ]tqx^pZk^ sr o]h_r wi^r sr

    qx_q^r j^ qtkmjihmtr k opmhi_q^ Z\xmr ]spx_r sr ]Z^qr hsZxpq mtq{k

    h ^\hijshnss hsZ sk ^w[^ q^k^r j^ @ ksj^szo`mtk qtxkZ opm[i

    js qsmk uokm phspqshZ sr @ jomp^ ^oqr k ^jwkqsmuk q^ o]Z kton

    jmk h hsioshZ j^ ^tqq qs `Zxp j^ _ii^y uokmt

    hmonr sr opmuqr ^p\qr ^k kqhnoq sr [[im\pwr qx^shZ j^ s

    @ qtqx_sq szk qtjoszjZszk sr j^ sk _ii^y uokmt qs o]Z xpnkzk

    h ^l\z\ qtjo^pqjZszk \ sm qx^]qjn osmuj^kzk ]pZq^zk \ sk ksj^s{

    oq smt opm[ijsmr qujwzk j^ sr px_r opm\z\r t\^r sr sZ[

    ^m]mim\ i^hspmkh k`sq qsk jxk k`sqr P5b)ed Zppzk qx^sh{k

    j^ s @ h s qx_q sr j^ sk _ii^y uokmt ooi_mk ]^p^tkhk ]^k^r ]]

    hsthm snom mp\kqj{k h sph{k o^pm]h{k h ^iikh [[im\pw

    QT=V

    7]T= 8?OQX` 1CQT=V 5=OQX .==V

    ;=TQY= 7=GQQYQX` %O=T^T= 0=G@FT= 5=OQX .==V

    k[Zjq sr omnssr sr ^ho]^tqr j_q on sk kZostl oms^i^qjsh{k

    ^ho]^tsh{k opm\pjjZszk \ sk tomqspl js{k j^ ^ho]^tsh_r Zii^r ]tqhm

    i^r jompmuk k khnymtk s qxmih ]ppm h k tlqmtk sk opmq[qjnss q^ ni^r

    sr [j]^r sr ho]^tqr @mjhZ qsmx^ szk oms^i^qjsh{k ho]^tsh{k opm\pj

    .... 1$

    74

  • 7/18/2019 1

    75/194

    jZszk oms^imuk m hkmsnj^r ]pZq^r \ sk lmin\q iiZ htpzr \ sk tomqspl

    nizk szk js{k ]s^p nsk m ]pZq^r ts_r timommuks q^ ^tpu oiqm h ]^k

    oms^imuk jhp_r kq]^r oms^i^qjshnssr q^ _k qxmihn quqsj omt ]^k ^k ph^sZ

    wihn opmr s ]wmp^shnss h sr smjh_r omhiq^r

    sm oiqm tsn opmuq j^i_s oms^i^ j_pmr jr ^tpus^pr _p^tkr \ sk ]^

    p^ukq h sk opmqpjm\ smt jmks_imt sr ksonhpqr qs ]]qhi h op_j

    [q qsm ^iikhn qxmi^m h qt\h^hpj_k qsm ?tjkZqm opmuq ^oj_pmtr j^i_s

    _x^ sp^r qsnxmtr sk pxh ]^p^ukq h ^hs^k j^i_s sr ]^kmur [[im\pwr

    nozr ^oqr h sk hs\pw szk ^jo^ph{k ]^]mj_kzk omt qx^s`mks j^ sk omit^o

    o^] ]]qhi zr j_qm ksj^s{oqr szk ]tqhmi{k jZqr qsr sZl^r jhsr ]tkj

    hnssr [ sk omsuozq szk xphspqsh{k smt iikhmu qxmi^mt qs ]^ts^pm[Zj

    ^ho]^tq omt ]jmpw{hk on sm ^qjhn oiqm h sr ho]^tsh_r ophsh_r omt

    ]^qon`mtk q^ ts \ smk opmq]mpqjn szk opms^knj^kzk opmqpjm\{k smt jmks_imt srksonhpqr qs ]]qhi h op_j[q {qs^ k ^k ^wpjnqjm qsm oiqm smt

    ^iikhmu qxmi^mt

    oms^i_qjs sr qtqx_sqr szk ^tpjZszk sr ^hs^kmur [[im\pwhr kqhno

    qr h sr omsuozqr szk qsmx^zk omt qtk_smtk s wtqm\kzj smt ^iikhmu qxm

    i^mt h ]s^p smt ?tjkqmt ]^xkmtk ns ^k ^whs opmqpjm\ smt jmks_imt

    ksonhpq qs ]]qhi h op_j[q ton sk opmvon^q ns kostxmuk s

    hsZiii ^p\i^ \ sk lmin\q h s ]]qhi

    t\h^hpj_k ^p\i^ h ]]hq^r _\hpr kxk^tqr szk js{k omt ]^k ks

    omhpkmks qsm m ^oo^]m sr ]]qhir qs \i{qq h qs jjshZ ]]hsh_r op^j[Zq^r [qqj_k^r q^ qsps\h_r h ^joimtsqj_k ]]qhi \ smtr js_r smt

    mt ^oo_]mt ]]qhir h{r h ^ho]^tsh_r op^j[Zq^r omt opmqmjmZ`mtk j^

    ts_r sr ^]hr ^ho]^tqr \ s o]Z omt ^ksZqqmks qsm m ^oo^]m ]]qhir

    lp^shr qjqr ^oqr ^k hsqh^t ^p\i^zk qtk^xmur ophmimuqr sr

    opmn]mt szk js{k s qsmx^ sr momr kspmwm]msmuk h ]jmpw{kmtk s

    ]]qhi

    ^tpjs sr opmuqr _p^tkr oms^imuk s [Zq sr kZostlr smt opmqpjm

    qj_kmt jmks_imt ksonhpqr qs ]]qhi h op_j[q omt qtj[Zii^ qsk

    oms^i^qjshns^p tomqspl nizk szk js{k ]kmksr smtr qnsj^r ^thp^r ^ho

    ]^tqr k^lZpss on s ]s^p smjhZ smtr xphspqshZ

    4 YRZ\Z^ `]ZXRX \R`RX ]JX JR Q`_ ]_

    RR_ \R`R_ XJ_

    8TYZ]O 7XTQXQV` *=XV 5*s

    qjksh hkq qsmk x{pm sr ]hr

  • 7/18/2019 1

    76/194

    kZ\h^r k _x^ s ]tksnss wmsqr q^ _k qxmihn o^p[Ziimk qsm momm qtktoZpx^ j^

    smtr qtkmjihmtr smt h ^k qtj[sn qsr kZ\h^r smt ]T 5=OQX %GO^O

    *CO 2Q@=>` *=XV` MSc

    @Zxts^r

  • 7/18/2019 1

    77/194

    18>,701@4 1;4978; v 07, .7= :,64@4

    1\^ XX R ZQ^m >]`R_ ]ZJ_ `Z ZZ

    `]_ R]_ :`RX_ R ^ \X` ^Z `_ 1]\_

    2[>V %?=^Vj` )XGXOFV 7[QQX )YTV *X=T=V 2XFOV

    *CO 5==QQYQX` *=YT= *O]O

    iiimjZq mjnsj jZq ,ee. )e*0+.%*# opm_hty^ on qt`sq^r j^ ^t

    pzofhZ qxmi^ zr s^xkh hir ophshr ^ho]^tqr ^kihzk sm qxmi^m jr on sm

    [pqh^ ^wpjm\_r q^ ]^jsh_r ^knss^r m ^\hph^ ^tpzofhn opn\pjj

    j^ ssim HELP H+7 0+ Ed5ca0e Lea.*e./ 0$.+5#$ Pee.)e*0+.%*# m xmi^m @^us^pr t

    hpr tsikr sk _kr on smtr _l ^tpzomtr ^spmtr omt opk j_pmr qsm opn

    \pjj sm momm ]phq^ ]um xpnk sZ s ]Zph^ sr qtk^p\qr

    ^l^sZqj^ sm ^zpshn oiqm sr j^n]mt sk ^wpjm\ h lmin\q sr sq opm

    _hty^ j j^\Zi \hZj on ^wpjm\_r iiimjZqr q^ ]Zwmp qxmi^ q^ ]Zwmp^r

    x{p^r nomt Ziims^ ^uhmi h Ziims^ om ]uqhmi jomp^ k ^wpjmqs^ q^ hZ^ jmpw sr

    ^ho]^tqr kihzk j_m]mr j^i^sh^ h hsnok wpjnqsh^ qsk ho]^tq ^k

    ihzk nomt m ^ho]^tnj^km _xmtk sk opmvoZpxmtq \k{q h ^jo^p^r q^ omhimtr

    smj^r o^pqqns^pm ^k^p\ ^joimh smtr qsk ^ho]^tsh ]]hq smtr _]zq^ s ]t

    ksnss k o^pjsqsmuk q^ _k o^p[Ziimk hnj i\ns^pm ]qhimh^ksphn ^kqxtq^

    sk tsmo^omq smtr h ^k^p\momq^ s _iq \ sk hsZhsq sr k_r \k{qr

    iiimjZq zr _k opzsmomphn ^p\i^m qs x_p smt ^ho]^ts i^smtp\^ j^ smk

    hius^pm spnom qsk ^ho]^tq ^kihzk >^[zr qs [[im\pw j_m]mr sr ii

    imjZqr [pqh^ ^wpjm\ h q^ Zii^r [j]^r ^ho]^tqr iiZ tsn jomp^ k ^k

    ksh^j^km jr Ziir _p^tkr

    ^wpjm\_r sr iiimjZqr o^pioshZ jompmuk k hs\mpmommuk nozr o

    phZsz

    p\qsp iiimjZqr ^ tsZ ^kih^r ^ho]^tnj^km ]i{kmtk smj^r h

    ksh^j^k omt \kzp`mtk h jompmuk k opmtqZqmtk in\z ^kqxniqr ^o\\_ij

    smr h omt _xmtk ^k]^xmj_kzr ^k]w_pmk h \ Ziimtr qtk^ho]^tj_kmtr smtr

    #

    77

  • 7/18/2019 1

    78/194

    kqxtsh iiimjZq ^ tsk kih^r ho]^tnj^km j^ omiu hi_r o]nq^r

    q^ smj^r nozr \i{qq s jjshZ oipmwmph hZ kij[Zkmtk sk ^ho]^tq

    ^knr mjZ]r qtk^ho]^tj_kzk smtr j^ ]tkj^r qsm ksh^j^km

    mt Zqr h sr ^ho]^tqr ^kihzk

    opmuq ^p\q ^l^sZ`^ sk @ >mt Zq on sk mosh sr ]omisqjhr

    o]\z\hr omqsp`mtj^ sk kZ\h ^wpjm\r szk px{k h szk lzjZszk oZkz

    qs mom qsp`^s ]omisqjh ^ho]^tq qsm oiqm sr ^ho]^tqr ^kihzk

    upmr qhmonr ^k oms^i^qjsh ^ho]^tq h hsZpsq nizk szk ^kihzk ]xzr]hpq^r ^k{ [qhm qsnxm oms^imuk ^kqxtq sr hknssr smt ^ho]^tnj^kmt \

    tsm]x^pq sr jZqr h kZostl hpshmu qsmxqjmu pZiii opmuq ^p

    \q qsmx^u^ q^ opmsZq^r h hs^ttksp^r \pjj_r m mom^r oqs^umtj^ qtj[Zimtk

    qsk k[Zjq smt pnimt smt ^ho]^ts ^kihzk qs opmx mimhipzj_kr ^ojnp

    wzqr h hsZpsqr szk ^kihzk h{r h qsk oms^i^qjsh iii^o]pq j^slu

    nizk szk qtks^i^qs{k sr jZqr

    opmtq ^kihzk snjzk j^ ^kmomisqjh pqh^tsh h \izqqh ]wmp^s

    hnss qs sjjs @ >mt Zqr oms^i^ j opnhiq \ smk ^ho]^ts i^s

    k ]x^pqs^ ^kih Zsmj s mom _xmtk ]wmp^sh_r kZ\h^r h ^k]w_pmks h

    qt\xpnkzr k opmqpjnq^ sr o]\z\h_r smt ^k_p\^^r h ophsh_r qs k_ ]^]mj_k

    .... 1$

    78

  • 7/18/2019 1

    79/194

    sr omitomisqjhnssr tjo^pqjshZ m ^ho]^tsr \ k ^osux^ smtr opoZkz

    qsnxmtr mw^i^ k ij[Zk^ tony smt sr opm\muj^k^r ^jo^p^r szk ^ho]^tmj_kzk

    k ^kppuk^ sk ^joimh smtr q^ k_^r ^jo^p^r h j^ s tomqspl smt k m]\^ smtr

    ^kih^r qsk ^pjk^ szk ^jo^p{k ts{k j_q on ]wmp^sh_r mosh_r _imr m ^ho

    ]^tsr hi^s k opmzq^ sk omisqjh k^hshnss sk om]mx smt omisqjhZ

    ]wmp^shmu h sm qsmxqjn \ s qs^p^nsto h sr opmhsiy^r

    4 \RJJR Y `Z Q]Z ][XZ

    *=OQXF 0QQ?>Vj` *=XV 5*s

    2=T= 0QO` 2QXQ@QV

  • 7/18/2019 1

    80/194

    smt ^pzsjsmim\mt qs qxmi^ smt ]^\jsmr ]jmpw{h^ j qw_qs^p qtkmih ^

    hnk szk oms^i^qjZszk sr _p^tkr sm momm qtjoipzq^ sk opmqoZ^ \ sk quksl

    szk \^kh{k qtjo^pqjZszk

    /R `X \^ `Z Z^Z\Z` \]\`^ ag"$e

    R Z \JZ^RZ\ZRXZ_ `[_

    )O= 2Q@>OQX` *=XV

    o\hmqjmomq mhmkmjh h omisqjh oms^i^ sk htppx qtkqs{q smt

    qu\xpmkmt hmkzkhmu h qsmphmu \\k^q ^zp^s oms_i^qj sr hsqxtqr szk

    l{k smt k^mwi^i^t^pqjmu h smt j^phkhmu \^jmkqjmu xzpr k ^l^sZ`^s k

    ^jo_]zq sr mw^i^s ^k j_p^ h q^ j opm\muj^k omisqjh ]^kmomq omt ]

    ^thmiukh^ on sk opnm]m sr oqsjr qs ]tsh mpmim\h ^h]mx sr h sk oi

    pmwmph ohmkzkh okZqsq omt tknq^ sk o^t^r ohmkzk szk snjzk

    oZkz qsmk oiks h qtk_p\q^ qsk kZ]^l smt ^k omiimr s^xksmu xphsp szk

    qtknpzk ? tsn km^s Zhps q^ ks]qsmi j^ smk ok^tjshn omisqjn h qtkzr

    ^hij[Zk^s zr o^i \ sk kh stsnss s \i{qq h sk ]mqtqsq hZ^ imu

    ]s^p ^h^kzk omt ]^k ]_smtk sk mhmkmjh omish ]ukj k ^op^Zqmtk sr

    o\hnqj^r ^l^il^r sm qt\h^hpj_km oiqm h j^ ]^]mj_k sk omitomisqjhnssszk qu\xpmkzk hmkzk{k m ^kmh^kspqjnr h m hmqjmomisqjnr oms^imuk sm [qhn ]

    omim _kks smt mommt sm ^hZqsms^ ^ho]^tshn quqsj hi^s k hmpq^ sr ^o]{

    l^r smt opmr sk hs^utkq sr omspmor jr omisqjhr mjmm\_k^r iiZ h sr

    om]mxr sr ^s^pnssr

    opmuq ^q\q ^ox^p^ k ]qwkq^ sr _kkm^r smt hmqjmomisqjmu h sr

    o\hmqjmomqr k k]^l^ s xphspqshZ smtr \kzpqjs h sr j^slu smtr

    qx_q^r h k omsto{q^ sr qtk_o^^r sr o\hmqjmomj_kr hmkzkr qs ]jnpwzq

    sr stsnssr szk omis{k h qsk om]mx sr ^s^pnssr s qtk_x^ j^ w^sp s

    ^{pq sr Ma.0$a N5//ba5) qsm [[im sr o_p sp]mr spzsqjnr mqjmomi

    sqjnr \ sk hmqjmomish ^ho]^tq zr oZksq qsr opmhiq^r smt mt {k

    kiu^s ^j[_i^ sr qtiim\qshr sr h m ^kqsZq^r omt ts ^\^p^ _imr ^ox^

    p^s hs\pw szk qtk^o^{k sr o\hmqjmomqr qsmk ^ho]^tshn ^qjn h ^l^

    sZ`^s m pnimr szk ^kh{k hps{k qs ]jnpwzq sr ^ho]^tshr omishr h qsk

    timomq szk px{k sr ]omisqjhr ^ho]^tqr

    .... 1$

    80

  • 7/18/2019 1

    81/194

    >]ZJ]` R Z Q^_ R X\]

    *Y= ;=T==>` 5TQX[=F :QFT=f*FQ 5T@T== 5==@]@FV 0=>TV %75%/8*

    kZ\h qt\\pwr smt Zppmt pm\pZjjs @ >mt Zqr h kop opm

    huos^ on sm ns s Zsmj j^ kop hnj h qj^p [{kmtk ]hpq^r q^ ni s ^o

    o^] sr hmkzkhr smtr `zr >qhnr qsnxmr smt Zppmt opmtqq smt oiqm sr

    k_r ksiyr \ sk kop omt k hmkzkh _ksl kZ]^l sr k\hnssr

    j_pjkr \ ^]h_r omish_r omt zr qsnxm _xmtk sk ksj^s{oq ^]h{k opm[ijZszk

    j_q on sk ^ho]^tq ^kihzk

    _pmr ^ho]^tq zr kp{okm ]hzj

  • 7/18/2019 1

    82/194

    .... 1$

    82

  • 7/18/2019 1

    83/194

    18>,701@4 8,7 1>7:=?@4 18>,70178;

    4 Q`R ZZJ R \R[]^ _ \]JZX`_ \][_

    `_ \JJ`R_ YZQX^_ X \R`RX

    %=TO 3>` *=XV 5*` MEd

    ^ho]^tshnr htpzr in\z sr omiioinssr szk o\{k oipmwnpqr omt [pqhmk

    s ^uhmi qsk ]Z^q szk js{k h l sr hmkzkhmmhmkmjh{k ii\{k [pqh^s

    q _k qxmi^m omt _s^ q^ jwq[sq sk t^ks smt m ^oZ\\^ij smt ^ho]^tshmu

    qt\hsi_\^s qs ^o\\_ijs tyimu hk]ukmt nqmk wmpZ sm ^o\\^ijshn Z\xmr

    h sk ^o\\^ijsh ^lmt_kzq

    smtr ^ho]^tshmur ^o\\^ijsh ^lmt_kzq ^h]i{k^s j^ qj hnozqr j^

    omjZhptkq h omqsqmomq on sr hmkzkh_r qx_q^r iiZ h on s opm[ijs

    sZil koms^i^qjshnss h ]tkj \ mtqqsh ^ho]^tsh opmqwmpZ

  • 7/18/2019 1

    84/194

    s ^shZ qtkqjs sk qm]ml sk ^up^q qsnxzk j_q on sr hiq^r s si_ks

    h sk ^ojnpwzq on sr [qh_r _kkm^r sr ^shr txmim\r ^k j^ knj

    h qhmon `z mom ^ost\xZk^s j^ sk uopl ^sh{k kmxs{k qx_q^zk j^ smtr Ziimtr j^ sk hii_p\^ ^sh{k xphspqsh{k sr opmqzohnssr h sk [zq ^sh{k

    qtkqjZszk ^l^sqs^ imonk q ts sk ^q\q hsZ onqm ^shnss [^is{k^

    smk spnom h sk omnss sr `zr smt ^ho]^tshmu h hsZ onqm ^kqxu^ smtr qzjs

    hmur \kzqshmur h qzjshmur onpmtr _sq {qs^ k kmjsm]msq^ sk `z smt k mpm

    ^sq^ qsnxmtr k ^ojmpwz^ h k tlq^ sk tsm^hsjq smt

    ^o\\^ijsh ^lmt_kzq opmtqZ`^ omii_r mjmnss^r j^ sk hsZiy XV` *OQ@T=OF %@]@F

    ^ho]^tshZ opm\pZjjs op_o^ k qx^]Z`mks _sq {qs^ k ksomhpkmks

    on sk px qsk omhimjmpw sr jZqr mih x^]q \ Zq qsm

    x^u^ qsk opmx qzk ^thp{k jZqr \ nimtr pmksr s ^jon] omt opmhimuk

    s jr ^kr hmor k^iqshZ ^ho]^tshZ opm\pZjjs s mom ]^k ^k opm

    qpjnqj sp^r px_r sr ^k

    pmx omiioi{k j_qzk kopZqsqr

    pmx omiioi{k j_qzk ]pZqr h _hwpqr

    pmx omiioi{k j_qzk ^joimhr qs ]]hq jZqr

    .... 1$

    84

  • 7/18/2019 1

    85/194

    m ]hstm UDL*e0 qsmx^u^ opzspxhZ qs qtiim\ h ^o]^l spnozk oms^i^qjshr

    xpqr smt oiqmt m ]hstm omqhmo^ k opmZ\^ s ]jmtp\ hmkmsszk op

    hshr kZj^q q^ ^ho]^tshmur wmp^r on ni sk tp{o ]kmksZr smtr s ]tksnssk xpqjmomqmtk k ]jmpqsmuk h k lmomqmtk opmq[Zqjm ^ho]^tshn o^

    p^xnj^km on j oi^Z] ^ho]^tsh{k o\{k oopnq^s k]^hku^ s ]tksnss

    sr ]tkjhr smt i^hspmkhmu ^ho]^tshmu o^p^xnj^kmt ton sm opqj sr

    ywh [[imh h oiswnpj hmkzkhr ]hsuzqr smt UDL*e0 ]kmtk s ]t

    ksnss q^ ^ho]^tshmur js_r \mk^r h Zii j_i sr hmknssr k k`sqmtk

    h k opmqpjnqmtk opmq[Zqjm ho]^tshn o^p^xnj^km qs _js k]w_pmksnr smtr

    h [Zq^ szk k\h{k smtr _imr sm UDL*e0 qhmo^u^ k kosul^ ]\^r h i_r p

    hsh_r omt omsto{kmtk sk oms^i^qjshnss szk ^p\i^zk hi{k ophsh{k smto^p^xmj_kmt h s^hjp{kmtk sr qx^sh_r ]]hq^r jZqr

    >qhm snxm ]hsumt UDL*e0

    kZostl jr qtqsjshr j^m]mim\r h m hmpqjnr hpspzk \ sk k

    \k{pq szk hi{k ophsh{k \upz on sk

    qx^]q h kZostl ]]hsthr ywhr [[imhr mom o^p_x^ qti

    im\ h hs\mpmomq szk hi{k ophsh{k pZiii tomqsp`^s j ]]

    hsth hmknss sr momr m xpqs^r jompmuk k k`sqmtk ksiiZlmtk h

    opmqpjnqmtk ophsh_r ]]qhir h jZqr ton sm opqj sr ]jmtp\ ^knr ]hsumt hmkmsszk hir ophshr j^ ^k]w_pmk \ hkmsnj^r

    ophsh_r h ^ojnpwzq qsk oms^i^qjsh xpq opmq[Zqjzk qs ]]qhi

    qtiim\ h kZostl hkmsnjmt qx^shmu omit\izqqhmu o^p^xmj_kmt sm momm

    tomqspl^ sk ^kslh opmq_\\q h sm momm o^p\pZw^s h omh^u^s j^

    s jmpw jqh{k ksh^j_kzk qsk ywh [[imh

    kZostl szk ]^lmsszk h qsZq^zk szk ^joi^hmj_kzk qsk ^ho]^tq _sq {qs^

    k ]qwi`mks opnq[q h xpq ^kslh{k ophsh{k ]]qhir h jZqr

    ton sk mjop_i szk hmkmsszk hir ophshr

    ]^l\z\ ]mhjqsh{k huhizk ^wpjm\r j^ ksopmqzo^tshn pjn ^joi^hnj^

    kzk wmp_zk \ sk opmqpjm\ h ^joimtsqjn smt ^ho]^tshmu o^p^xmj_kmt j^ [Zq

    sr toZpxmtq^r kZ\h^r h sk lmin\q smtr

    ^kj_pzq h ^ohupzq szk oms^i^qjZszk smt _p\mt q^ ni sk tp{o h

    ]Zxtq oms^i^qjsh{k j^n]zk ]]qhir j_qz sr ]hsuzqr j^ qx^shZ _p\ ]hst

    h opzsm[mti^r

    H p\q tom[Zii^s qsm oiqm smt _p\mt UDL*e0 N LLPGRCOME

    NIUSCNWUDL*e0 $3,7775d(*e0,.+&ec0e5 pn\pjj @pZq uomr _p\mt COME

    NIUS M5(2(a0e.a( *e07+.'/

    # #

    85

  • 7/18/2019 1

    86/194

    ,YRZ\Z^ `X ]X `_ RZ]Z\ZRX_ R^_ ^`X \R[]^

    `Z \R`RZ R `X \R`R Q]RX[``

    )T *X=@@= 7T=Zj` 7[QF 7Y?QXQV V *=XFV 5TZCT=V +?TQX

    )O= 5==QQYQX` *=XV 5*s

    sk ho]^tq h ojnpwzq ho]^tsh{k op_o^ k qxumtk m px_r sr ^ho

    ]^tqr ^kihzk qsnqm \ sm in\m ns m ^ho]^tshnr hi^s k ^ho]^uq^ qs qtk_

    x^ hZ^ opmqoZ^ ^ho]^tqr ^ojnpwzqr smt op_o^ k tm^s^ jmks_i

    opnsto omt lmommuk h sr px_r sr @]hshr \^khZ sr mom^r sm

  • 7/18/2019 1

    87/194

    ,\[ X ]X R X\`Y R`RZ \]RZXZ `X XZ^ZR

    \R[]^ `X \R`RX \]\`^ `Z ]J^`]Z ^RX

    \R^`X ^`Z Z 0Z`R[ @ZZ ?QXZ

    3>TQV 8=@^V` *=XV 5*s

    m p\qspm tqh{k oqsj{k qs^\Z`^s qsm m @jmshn xmi^m ^ujkmt zr _k

    on s p\qsp omt ^lmoiqshk on pn\pjj smt ?|

  • 7/18/2019 1

    88/194

    @sto{k^s h tomqsp`^s m qxtpqjnr ns o^poszq i^smtp\r smt p\qs

    pmt jomp^ k oms^i_q^ _k qt\h^hpj_km opZ]^\j twqsZj^kr ^k]mqxmihr

    ]mjr ^ojnpwzqr ^ho]^tsh{k ]s^p q^ j qt\htp nomt xp^Z`^s ^ojmk qs

    qjq h sk l sr ^ho]^tshr ]]hqr qsk lmomq szk kp{okzk h

    tih{k onpzk h htpzr ^joqsmquk qsm _p\m szk ^ho]^tsh{k

    .... 1$

    88

  • 7/18/2019 1

    89/194

    18>,701784 ,j` =XV` =X[=F ZQFT= 5=OQX 0TFV

    2=T= 5=>` %ZQ 585* 0TFV` =X[=F ZQFT= 5=OQX 0TFV`

    9=QF 5==QQYQX` %ZQ /QT=V = %T[=QQ@=V 0TFV` =X[=F

    ZQFT= 5=OQX 0TFV

    ^q\q wmpZ q^ ]um Zlmk^r

  • 7/18/2019 1

    90/194

    oqr @ qtk_[i^ qsk kZostl smt ^o\\^ijsqjmu smt h{r _\k^ Zkpzomr

    sr opZlr h nx oinr ^wpjmqsr smt kitshmu opm\pZjjsmr

    _imr ^zpmuj^ Zlm in\mt sm \^\mknr ns ^k{ @ ^x^ qsmx^ tsmlmin\qr h

    ^s^pmlmin\qr nksr opzsm[mti smt ^ho]^tshmu ]jmup\q^ hij ^i^u^pr

    _hwpqr szk opm[ijsqj{k ^joqsmqukr ^ihpk^r h kqsmxqjmu kZj^q qs

    j_i s @ j^{kmksr sm pkshn wmpsm omt w_p^ m npmr lmin\q qsr j_p^r jr

    ,\Z`^ `Z \RZ]`RZ ]JZ `Z ^ZRZ ^ZZm

    ,\[R_ \R`RX R ^ZRX ^ZX >ZRZ`R \]Z^JJR^

    2=T= 0==O>` 7[QF 7Y?QXQV ) * sV 5TZCT=V -T=QX

    opmuq ^p\q ^qsZ`^ qsm ^ojmpwzshn _p\m smt qxmihmu qtj[muimt to^utkmt

    \ sk oqsjmkh h o]\z\h hm]\q szk ho]^tsh{k \ sk o\\^ijsh

    kZostl h [^iszq smtr >qhn qhmon sr _p^tkr oms^i^ ]^p^ukq szk ony^zk

    szk ^ho]^tsh{k h szk qxmih{k qtj[muizk q^ qx_q j^ sm ^ojmpwzshn _p\m smtr ?

    sk ^os^tl smt qhmomu ^oi_xh^ ommsh opmq_\\q j_qz sr j]mjj_kr qtk_k

    s^tlr j^ qsnxm k wzsqsmuk omhi^r oi^tp_r sr op\jshnssr q^ ns wmpZ sm qxmihn

    quj[mtim sm ^ojmpwzshn smt _p\m s opm[ijs omt ksj^szo`^ zr ^ojmpwzsr

    iiZ h s opm[ijs szk ^ojmpwzknj^kzk

    upm ^upj sr _p^tkr ^k ns h m ]um oi^tp_r mjnwzk qtjwzkmuk ns m qjkshns^pmr pnimr smt qxmihmu qtj[muimt ^k m ^ojmpwzshnr oqr ]i{kmtk mjnwzk

    ns m ^ho]^tshm ksj^szo`mtk smtr qxmihmur qtj[muimtr j^ hxtomy h opmhs

    iy^r \^\mknr omt mw^i^s qsm ns smtr [i_omtk zr tomywmtr lmim\s_r tjo^p

    qjshZ ]wk^s qjkshnss sr ^k]mqxmihr ^ojnpwzqr sr ]^p^ukqr szk

    ^ojmpwzsh{k k\h{k szk ^ho]^tsh{k iiZ h s ^jon] opm[ijs omt ]j

    mtp\muks ^lsr sr _ii^yr ^k]w_pmksmr on s j^pZ sr mis^r \ sm ^qjn smt

    xmihmu tj[muimt iiZ h sr ^ojnpwzqr szk ^ho]^tsh{k

    ,YRZ[J^ `_ \Z^_ `X Q`X

    \]RJ]R YRZ[J^ v YRZ[J^ QZ_

    0Q> 2=T=` *=XV 5*s

    8QT>@QX %@@F` *=XV 5*s

    3=@>QX 2=T=` *=XV 5*s

  • 7/18/2019 1

    91/194

    ssr h qtkpsZs snqm j^ sr o]\z\h_r ]]hq^r h smtr o]\z\hmur qsnxmtr

    nqm h ^tpus^p j^ s i^smtp\ smt qxmi^mt

  • 7/18/2019 1

    92/194

    >JZ^RZ\Z^ R ]\Z\Z^ ^` RZ^ `_ \^_

    \JJ`R JX^ R XR_ YRZ[J^_

    5QX[TOV 7Z=>V` 7[QV 7Y?QXQV )* V 5TZCT=V -T=QX

    x{pmr sr tpzofhr ho]^tshr mishr ]jmpw{k^s [j ton sk ^o

    ]pq sr o\hmqjmomqr h smt in\mt \ sk mhmkmj sr \k{qr omwZq^r m

    hs^tukq^r s opm\pZjjs h sm qukmim szk omish{k omt timommuks qsr x{p^r sr

    tpzofhr kzqr qx^]Z`mks qtxkZ j^ s qtjj^smx to^p^kh{k wmp_zk nozr UN

    ESCO h m

  • 7/18/2019 1

    93/194

    4 G`ZGYRZV[JO^O ^`O ^ZVRU `HYOl 2XG KOWRZ]JRU[ L]JGVLSZ ^`G M]RG WGu

    QO`gX UGR KG^UHVfXm :RG WLVM`O \L]S\`f^O_ LX[_ WZX`MVZ G`ZGYRZV[JO^O_

    %GO> ;==>` )T *^O %@]@FV` Ma!er *=XV 5* s

    ^q\q ts _x^ qhmon k opmtqZq^ s oms^i_qjs ^knr jmks_imt tsmlm

    in\qr smt js zr j^i_s o^poszqr omt ^wpjnqsh^ qs @ sZl smt mt @jms

    hmu xmi^mt ?_ph ^iszq sr tsm^hsjqr h tsmo^omqr smt js

    >^iszq sr omnssr ]opmqzoh{k qx_q^zk j^slu szk js{k h j^slu js{k h ]qhZimt

    tsmlmin\q smt js opmZ\^ sr ksqsmx^r hknss^r h qsm ]Zqhim ^o

    ]p{ksr hsitshZ qs [^iszq sr omnssr smt ]]hshmu smt _p\mt Zlmk^r sr ^

    q\qr wmpmuk sr ^lr opj_spmtr smt _jsmr

    u\hpq op]mqhmu spnomt lmin\qr smt js h smt jmks_imt tsmlmin

    \qr >qhZ xphspqshZ smt jmks_imt tsmlmin\qr

    qsnxm sr ^wpjm\r smt jmks_imt q^ ns wmpZ s [^iszq smt js ^o]mq

    tsm^hsjq qtjo^pwmpZ hio iiZ h sr omnssr smt op\nj^kmt _p\mt sr mjZ]r

    qsk mom kh^ h szk qx_q^zk j^slu szk j^i{k sr

    m oiqm sr ^wpjm\r smt jmks_imt qtkh^r j_q qsr mom^r i^smtp\q^

    sm jmks_im quk^q sZlr xphspqshZ mjZ]r ^kj_pzq \mk_zk hio

    ^q\z\ smt jmks_imt tsmlmin\qr opmvom_q^r ^wpjm\r smt jmks_imt

    tsmlmin\qr m jmks_im wpjnqsh^ q^ ni s ]]hshZ ksh^j^k sr sZlr q^ qtk

    ]tqjn j^ sk mj]mqtk^p\sh j_m]m hsZ s ]^jsh opmq_\\q szk ]]hsh{k

    ksh^j_kzk kqxuh^ on s opm\pZjjs sr ^t_ihsr `{kr omt kspmwm]msmuqk

    s oms^i_qjs sr tsmlmin\qr j_q on ]Zwmpmtr pnimtr h opzsm[mti^r omt

    kij[Zkmtk s o]Z sq ^xk sk ^thp k lmomqmtk s mw_i sr ]]hqr

    h k ]mx^s^uqmtk sr ]_^r s ]pZq smtr q^ ]Zwmpmtr smj^r omt mim_k h tlZkmksk

    m smj^r h m ]pZq^r

    93

  • 7/18/2019 1

    94/194

    ]]hq wpjm\r smt jmks_imt m jmks_im wpjn`^s qsk opZl mu onqm

    ons^ h o{r p]^\js on s \i{qq h s jjshZ j^ o^p\pw mimhipzj_kzk

    ]pqspmsszk

    oms^i_qjs sr ^wpjm\r smt jmks_imt qsmtr js_r smjhZ h mj]hZ

    h{r h qsm ]Zqhim

    .... 1$

    94

  • 7/18/2019 1

    95/194

    18>,701784 1?1;,

    0^Z_ R \]Z` ` `Z ^R^[ R `X Z\Z^

    r]X`RX ]J^RXs ^`Z RZ \[R_ \R`RX

    ->OO= (]@>j` *=XV` =ZQ QX 527

    5T?=QOF *=X QX 8*5%*7

    '=V 5==?=QX` 1CQT=V 5=OQX %@=QX

    opmuq _p^tk j^i^sZ _kk k_m ^ho]^tshn ^qjn sr ^p^tksh_r ^p\q^r ,.+

    &ec0 qsm Juh^m mommr l`^ k j^i^s^ ^oqsj_k h{r m opmq]mh^r omt smk qtkm

    ]^umtk ^k tyi_r hmonr sr ^k ]^p^ukq szk ony^zk h szk ksiy^zk szk

    ^ho]^tsh{k ]^ts^pm[Zjr ^ho]^tqr szk ith^zk sr n]mt \ sr ]tqhmi^r h sopm[ijs omt ksj^szo`mtk qs ]]hq qx^]qjmu h timomqr ^p^tksh{k

    ^p\q{k

    ^osno _p^tk ^k ommsh ]^k^p\h^ hsZ sm ]Zqsj kmtpmt gmt

    h zr [qh j_m]mr ^oi_xsh^ j^i_s o^poszqr _xmksr zr hupm j^m]mim\hn

    ^p\i^m sk j]mjj_k qtk_ks^tl

  • 7/18/2019 1

    96/194

    on ^ho]^tshmur omt \kzp`mtk sm ksh^j^km oqr ^oqjkmtk sk kZ\h k t

    lmuk m opmqw^pnj^k^r {p^r ]]qhir h _smtk zr opmvon^q kZ^q qsmtr

    ^ho]^tshmur k jk ^k k\hqsh iiZ opmp^sh oqr opspmuk ns op_o^

    k ksj^szoqsmuk hZom^r ^k]mqxmih_r ]tqhmi^r {qs^ k qtk^p\Z`mks pjmkhns^p

    j^slu smtr iiZ opss hpkmtk h j hius^p hm]\q on sm pZi

    ii ^oqjkmtk ns ^k qhnojm m js_r h m jsp^r k ^oi_\mtk _js omt

    smtr k]w_pmtk iiZ h k hsp\^ lmin\q j^ [jn j^sZ sk mimhipzq jr

    ^p^tkshr ^p\qr _imr opms^kmtk m pjnr szk js{ksp{k hZ^ ,.+&ec0 k ^k

    jhpns^pmr ^k{ ]Zph^Z smt k ^k ^sq

    opoZkz ony^r szk ^ho]^tsh{k smt p^tkshmu ]^\jsmr qtkqsmuk opmsZq^r

    opmr ^o^l^p\q h q^ hj o^poszq ]^k jompmuk k \^kh^tsmuk zqsnqm ]ukks k

    oms^i_qmtk o^]m hpshmu opm[ijsqjmu j^ o{s^pm qsnxm sk ommsh k[Zjq

    smt ^qjmu szk ^p^tksh{k ^p\q{k qsm qu\xpmkm iuh^m

    = ][Z_ `X \]ZZ]RX RXX ^`R_ R`R_ X[``_

    `Z Q`Z_ `_ R^`Z]_m :R ^J]R`R ]X JR `X ]^ `Z_

    \[ \R]Z_ R ]]RZ_ ^Z_

    '=F *TFO 0QOQQYQXj` 9Q\FZ= )>]T QX 5=OQX V 7==>O=

    Uni#eridad de Salamanca` SpainJa#ier Roale Pardo` 8=V 0=G@FV V 5==@]@FV 7[QFV QX 5=OQX

    V 7==>O=

    Raq"el de Si$!e Herrera` %O=T^T= 0=G@FT= V 7[QFV V O=

    H jZq sr qsmpr qsr qxmih_r sZl^r qtxkZ o^pqsp_w^s \upz on sk kZ\kzq

    h{r qjksh o\ Zksiqr qsmph{k oipmwmp{k \ smtr js_r oms^imuk s h^

    j^k omt k\k{qhmtk

    qsnqm opsp^s _k opZ]mlm _ii^jj qsmx^zk \ sm pnim omt ]]pjs`mtks h^j^k hj^pkZ qsr sZl^r sr qsmpr k h htppx szk ]zk zr j_qm ]]

    qhir ^k ]jwq[ss

  • 7/18/2019 1

    97/194

    _jo^pm h s_qq^pr pxZpm opmq_smksr qsk ^p\q Zii j qtkqs{q tsk sr

    ]]hshr jo^pr h sm p{sj hsZ onqm ts op^Z`^ sr \kzqsh_r ]]hq^r omt

    _smks q^ ^wpjm\ \ sk ^os^tl jr [Zr hsknqr opmr nw^imr szk js{k

    x^shZ j^ s j^m]mim\hZ xphspqshZ sr p\qr _p^tk ts [qqsh^ qsk kZ

    itq szk ohmkzkh{k iii^o]pZq^zk j^slu ]qhZizk h js{k omt _i[k x{p

    hsZ sr k\kzqsh_r ]pqspnss^r nozr ts_r hs\pZwshk j_qz xm\pwq^zk

    ]hns^p m ^ohmkzkhm huhim omt qsnx^tk qsk ^pjk^ slkmjhk [Zq^ sp{k

    hs\mp{k ^ksmoqjmu ^pjk^r h kqsmxqjmu szk h^j^kh{k oipmwmp{k

    qmk wmpZ s oms^i_qjs sr jo^phr tsr _p^tkr tsZ _]^lk ns nim m ^h

    o]^tshm ^oh^ksp{kmks o^pqqns^pm qsmk ^ksmoqjn oipmwmp{k opnim omt [

    us^p h^j^kh hsknq ^ost\xZk^s j_qz sr ^pjk^r h smt kqsmxqjmu szk

    ]^{k qsnqm onhiq j^slu szk ^ohmkzkh{k huhizk omt ^ksmoqshk j^\i{k^

    qsk o^poszq sr pjk^r szk ]^{k nomt m _jo^pm ]Zqhim qj^zqk tyins^pomqmqsZ oqr m _jo^pm ]Zqhim _xmtk _k ^tpus^pm h om oimuqm ^pjk^tshn o^

    p^xnj^km omt jmpZqshk j^ smtr js_r smtr on smtr pxZpmtr

    opmuq _p^tk jr ^osp_o^ k kmlmtj^ sm ]pnjm \ j ]]hsh ii\ opmr

    sk ^otjs hs^utkq sk kZostl h hii_p\^ szk qsps\h{k h^j^khr hs

    knqr ]ns ^pjk^ smt s qtj[k^ qsr ^iikh_r sZl^r opmhuos^ on sk ^l^]h^t

    j_k \k{q pnkm j^ sm xpnkm mp`^s onqsq omt toZpx^ j^slu osq^zk szk

    ^ho]^tsh{k ]ptjZszk h s^ih{k oms^i^qjZszk szk js{k \ tsn h kZitq

    sr hj^pkr ^ho]^tshr opZlr qsm qxmihn o^p[Ziimk j^ssp_o^s q^ j^`mtqr

    qjqr ^p^tkshn ^p\i^m \ k j^{q^ sk ^k in\z onqsq

    ,XJR[`` R Z]_ \RZRXX_ `Y \R`RX R JZXXm

    :R ]X`R \]Z^JJR^ ^ X`RR_ R \[R_ \R`RX

    \]`ZQR_