Post on 05-Apr-2018
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
1/33
XIII
DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING
AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SAMUEL CLARKE
ETHICA ORDINE GEOMETRICO
DEMONSTRATA SPINOZA.
1. , , , .
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
.
2. , ,
.
,
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
2/33
,
, , ,
,
.
, , .
,
. , ,
,
. , , ,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
3. Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, ,
, , , ,
, , , .,
, a
priori. , , ,
, .
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
3/33
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
(
)
.
4. Ethics Benedict Spinoza , , ,
, .
,
, , ,
,
. Dr. Samuel Clarke ,
Spinoza , ,
,
. , , .
CLARKE.
I.
5. . :-
, .
,
. . ,
, , ,
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
4/33
. ,
,
, ,
, .
.
:
1
.
2
, ,
.
, ,
, , :
3
, ,
.
4
, .
,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
. :-
5
, ,
.
6
, .
7 , ,
, .
Dr. Clarke
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
5/33
.
, , :
. .
:-
1
.
2
, ,
.
3
, ,
.
4 , .
5
, ,
, .
.
x = .
y = .
z = .
p = .
q = .
, , x = " ,
x (XI.
7), x = 1, x = 0, .
:-
1
x = 1
2 x = v[y(1x) + z(1y)]
3
x = v[p(1q) + q(1p)]
4
p = vy
5
q = v(1z)
v,
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
6/33
1x = 0 (1)
x = [yz + (1y) (1z)] = 0 (2)
x = [pq + (1p) (1q)] = 0 (3)
p(qy) = 0 (4)
qz = 0 (5)
6. , ,
y, z, p, q, , ,
,
,
.
y,
z, .
.
x (1), (2), (3),
(2) (3) x (1). ,
yz +(1y)(1z)=0 (6)
pq +(1p)(1q)=0 (7)
p (4) (7), ,
p(1y) + pq + (1p)(1q) = 0 (8)
,
(1y)(1q)=0. (9)
q (5) (9),
qz + (1y)(1q) = 0
x(1y) = 0. (10)
(6) (10), , , ,
yz + 1y = 0.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
7/33
z,
1y = 0, , y = 1. (11)
y,
z = 0. (12)
(11)
.
(12)
.
(6), (7), (4), (5),
p q . y (4)
(6),
p(1y) + yz +(1y)(1z) = (0)
(p + 1z)z = 0, or, pz = 0. (13)
z (5) (13),
qz + pz = 0
,
0 = 0.
(7), q, 0 = 0
, p.
, ,
. , p,
0 = 0, q, ,
, , .
,
(7) p q,
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
8/33
.
(7),
p(1q) + q(1p) = 1, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
Dr. Clarke,
.
II.
7. . :
1
.
2
, ,
.
3
,
, .
4
(, ,
).
5 ( ,
, ).
, ,
,
:
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
9/33
x = .y = .
z = .
p = .
q = .
, :
1
x = 1
2
x = v{y(lz) + z(1y)}
3
z = v{p(lq) + (1p)q}
4 p = 0
5
q = 0,
, v,
lx = 0 (1)
x{yz + (1y)(1z)} = 0 (2)
z{pq + (1p)(1q)} = 0 (3)
p = 0 (4)
q = 0. (5)
x, p, q, y, z = 0.
x, p, q, z,
y=1.
:
1
.
2.
Dr. Clarke . ,
, x, y, z, p, q,
,
.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
10/33
., .
, ,
Clarke,
, .
1
( ), , .2 , ,
.
,
.
, . ,
, .
8. .
III.
.
:-
1
,
, .
2
.
3
.
, ,
x = .
y = .
z = .
w = .
x(1y)(1z) + y(1x)(1z) + z(1x)(1y) = l, (1)
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
11/33
x = 0, (2)
w=v(1y), (3)
v,
wy = 0. (4)
, , 0 1,
. x
y(1z) + z(1y) = 1 (5)
, yz +(1y)(1z) = 0. (6)
(4) (6), y,
w(1z) = 0,
w = vz
,-.
(5), , ,-
, .
9. Dr. Samuel Clarke ,
. :
,
, . , ,
, ,
, ,
. : ,
( Sir Isaac Newton
,
), , .
,
.- (. 25, 26).
, ,
:
1
,
, .
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
12/33
2
,
, .
3
,
.
4
, .
5
,
.
6 .
, ,
.
:
x = .
y = .
t = .
z = ,
.
w = .
v = .
,
q :
x = q{y(1t) + (1y)t}.
tz = q(1w).
y = qv.
v = q(1x).
x = qz.
w = 1.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
13/33
, q, ,
.:
x{yt +(1 y)(1 t)} = 0. (1)
tzw = 0. (2)
y(1 v) = 0. (3)
vx = 0. (4)
x(1 z) = 0. (5)
1 w = 0. (6)
w, v, z, y, t,
x = 0,
, .
Dr. Clarke.
( v, z, y, t, x, w = 1),
0 = 0.
.
,
, .:- ,
, .
tz = 0,
z = q(1 t) .
, ,
,
.
.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
14/33
10. Dr. Clarke ,
,
.
IV. .
,
,- , , .
V.
,
, .
VI.
.
, , ,
, , .
, ,
, , , ,
.
:
1
, .
2
, ,
3
.
4
.
x = .
y = .
z = .
w = .
t = .
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
15/33
, , ,
xy(1 z) = 0. (1)
x(1w) = 0. (2)
w(1t) = 0. (3)
tz = 0. (4)
t,w, z,
xy = 0,
y = 0/0 (1x);
,- .
VII. .
, ,
,
,
.
:1. ,
.
2. ,
.
3. ,
.
:-
x = .
y = .
z = .
, ,
x(1y) = 0. (1)
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
16/33
y(1z) = 0. (2)
zx = 0. (3)
y z,
x = 0.
,.
11. , Bishop Butler, Demonstration,
, ,
, Dr. Clarke ,
.
,
, ,-
Dr. Clarke,
Butler. Butler :
, ,
. ,
, .
Dr. Clarke .
. Butler
,
,
, . Dr.
Clarke, , ,
,
.
12. VIII. .
,
, ,
,
.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
17/33
, ,
,
. a posteriori
.
, ,
, .
,
.
, , :-
,
. ,
... , ,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
. , ,
,
... , ,
,
, Spinoza ,
(
) . , ,
.
:
1. , .2. , , ,
.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
18/33
3. , .
4. , .5. , , , .
,
x = ( )
1x = .
y = .
p = .
q = .
r = .
s = .
x = vy.
1x = v {p (1q) (1r) + q (1p) (1r) + r (1p) (1q)}.
p = vy.
q = vs (1s) = 0.
r (1q) (1p) = 0.
, , q = 0, , q
,
x = vy, 1x = v {p (1r) + r (1p)},
p = vy, r (1p) = 0,
v, ,
x (1y)=0, (1)
(1x) {pr +(1p)(1r)} = 0, (2)
p(1y) = 0, (3)
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
19/33
r (1p) = 0. (4)
y,
Dr. Clarke. , x (1) (2),
(1y){pr + (1p)(1r)} = 0. (5)
, r (4) (5),
r(lp) + (1y){pr + (1p)(1r)} = 0,
{1p + (1y)p} x (1y)(1p) = 0;
(1y)(1p) = 0. (6)
, p (3) (6),
1y = 0,
y = 1 ,
, .
.
y (1), (2), (3),
(4), , ,
(1x){pr +(1p)(1r)} = 0, r(1p) = 0. (7)
x,
r(1p) = 0, r = vp, ,
, .
, , r,
(1x)(1p) = 0,
, 1x = vp,
,,
.
, p,
(1x) r = 0,
,
1x = r(1r),
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
20/33
, ,
.
r = vx,
,
, .
13. .
, , 1
,
2
, ,-
. , .
, , , ,
. , , .
,
, . ,
.
( VI. 16)
, , , ,
, ,
.
, (2) (4)
px = 0,
.
(1x) {pr + (1p)(1r)} + r(1p) + px = 0. (8)
p,
r = 0,
, .
r (8),
(1x)(1p) + px = 0, or, 1x = p
, ,
.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
21/33
IX. ,
, .
,
, .
,
,
.
14. . , , , . ,
,
.
, (
) ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
; ,
,
, ,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
. , ,
,
, . ,
,
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
22/33
, , ,
, , .
,
. , ,
,
.
.- . 112.
:
1
, , .
2
.
3,
, .
4
,
, .
5
.
:
w = .
x = .
y = .
z = .
p = .
q = .
r = .
t = .
, ,
, , , ,
:
w = v {x(1y)(1q) + y(1x)(1z) + z(1x)(1y)}.
x = v(1t).
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
23/33
y = v {p(1q)(1r) + q(1p)(1r) + r(1p)(1q)}.
p(lq) + q(lp) = v(1t).
t = vw.
, v,
w {1x(1y)(1z)y(1x)(1z)z(1x)(1y)} = 0, (1)
xt = 0, (2)
y {1p(1q)(1r)q(1p)(1r)r(1p)(1q)} = 0, (3)
{p(1q) + q(1p)} t = 0, (4)
t(1w) = 0. (5)
, ,
, ,
, .
t z r.
w, x, y, p, q . ,
.
w (1) (5),
t{1x(1y)(1z)y(1x)(1z)z(1x)(1y)} = 0. (6)
p (3) (4)
yqr + yqt + yt(1r)(1q) = 0. (7)
q
yt(1r) = 0. (8)
x (2) (6)
t{yz + (1y)(1z)} = 0. (9)
y (8) (9)
t(1z)(1r) =0.
t, z, r.
t = 0/{(1z)(1r)}
= (0/0)zr + (0/0)z(1r)+(0/0)(1z)r+0(1z)(1r)
= (0/0)z + (0/0)(1z)r
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
24/33
, , , ,
.
. (8)
t=0/y(1r) = (0/0)yr + (0/0) (1y)r + 0/0(1y)(1r)=(0/0)yr + (0/0)(1y)
, , ,
.
.
, .
1.
, : , ,
;
. .
z, p, q, 0 = 0.
2. ,
, ;
x, t, p
xt + pt = 0;
t = 0/(p+x)=(0/0)=(1p)(1x).
, , .
3.,
.
pqy = 0,
y = 0/pq = (0/0)p(1q)+(0/0)(1p).
,
, .
4.
;
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
25/33
y(1z) = s, , ,
ts(1r) = 0
s = 0/t(1r )=(0/0)tr+0/0(1t).
, , , ,
, .
.
,
.:
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
1t = yz + (0/0)y(1z) + (0/0)(1y)z + (1y)(1z).
,
.
,
, .
, ,
, .
15. , , , , ,
, , , ,
.
1. (w) (x), (y), (z).2. (x) (t).3. (y) (p), (q), (r).
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
26/33
4. (p) (t).5. (q) (t).6. (z) (u).7. (r) (u).
8. .
,
v, :
w(1x)(1y)(1z) = 0, (1)
xt = 0, (2)
y(1p)(1q)(1r) = 0, (3)
pt = 0, (4)
qt = 0, (5)
z(1u) = 0, (6)
r(1u) = 0, (7)
t(1w) = 0. (8)
V(1V) = 0.
, ,
.
,
, ..
, ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
, .
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
27/33
16. . . Spinoza.
.
1. (causa sui), , .
2. (in suo genere finita) ..
,
. .
, .
3. , (in se), (per seconcipitur), ,
.
4. , , .
5. , , , .
6. , , , .
., .
() .
,
.
7. , , , ,
, .
8. , , .
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
28/33
., ,
, ,
.
.
1. .2. .
3. , , , .
4. .5. .
6. . (Idea vera debet cum suoideato convenire.)
7. . , ,
. , .,
, 3 5,
, ,
. ,
V. .
. , ,
,
Ethics ,
. ,
,
,
Spinoza.
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
29/33
17. , , , Spinoza ,
1
, x,
, x' , ,
x + x' = 1; (. I.)
, x = 1 - x'.
2
, y,
, y'
y =1 - y'. (. II.)
3
, z, , z'
z =1 - z'. (. III.,V.)
4
, f, , f';
f =1 - f'. (. VII.)
5
, e,
, e'
e =1 - e'. (. I. . VII.)
,
, . . III.,
,
z = y.
, . IV., Spinoza,
y = e.
, . VII.,
f = e.
, . V
z' = x', ,
z = x.
,
:
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
30/33
x = y = z = f = e = 1 - x' = 1 - y' = 1 - f' = 1 - z' = 1 - e'.
, Spinoza ,
.
z = 1 - e',
, ,
.
z = e,
, , .
. Spinoza
,
. ,
,
, .
18. V. , . :
,
,
, , ,
. .
. , . IV.,
. . VI. . , ,
,
.
VIII. , .
. , , V
, VII. , ,
. , , ..
,
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
31/33
, VII. , ,
, V. , , .
,
, . .
, .
. Spinoza
,
, , ,
.
.
: Quum finitum esse revera sit ex parte negatio, et infinitum absoluta
affirmatio existentiae alicujus naturae, sequitur ergo ex sola Prop. VII. omnem substantiam
debere esse infinitam.
Clarke, Butler (. 11),
.
, a priori,
,
, Spinoza
. , ,
, ,
.
, . , . , XIV.
,
, XV. , XVII.
, XVIII. .
VI., ,
.
, V.
, .
Ethics Spinoza, ,
, .
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
32/33
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, .
19. , , Clarke Spinoza
, a priori, , ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
; ,
,
, a priori,
. Spinoza
: Mens humana adaequatum habet cogni-tionem aeternae et infinitae
essentiae Dei (. XLVII., 2). . XXXIV., 2
Omnis idea quae in nobis est absoluta sive adaequata et perfecta, vera est
VI., 1, Idea vera debet cum suo ideato convenire. ,
: De natura rationis est res sub quadam aeternitatis
specie percipere (. XLIV., 2). ,
, ,
, ,
,
. , , ,
,-
,
8/2/2019 DEMONSTRATION OF THE BEING AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD, DR. SA
33/33
,
, , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
- ,
,
.
, ,
,
.